Integration

b
d
F(t)=G(t)  G(t)dt=F(t)+c  G(t)dt=[F(t)] a =F(b)-F(a)
b

dt a
2
If G(t)=ti+t j+t k find  G(t)dt and  G(t)dt
2 3
1
 2
t 3
t 4
t
 (t )dt =  (ti + t j + t 3k )dt = i + j + k +c
2
G
2 3 4
2
2  t 2 t3 t4  3 7 17
1 G(t )dt =  2 i + 3 j + 4 k  = 2 i + 3 j + 4 k
1

2
Problem:If a=xi-x j+(x-1)k and b=2x i+6xk find  (a.b)dx,
2 2
0
2

 (axb)dx Ans 12, -24i- 40 j+ 64 k

0
3 5

ProblemThe acceleration a of a particle at any time t is given by

a= e −t i − 6(t + 1) j + 3 sin tk . If the velocity v and displacement r are
zero at time t=0 find v and r at any time.
dv     t2 
=a v =  a dt v = (−e −t i − 6( + t ) j + 3 cos tk ) + c at t=0, v=0
dt 2
c=i+3k
v = (1 − e −t )i − (3t + 6t ) j + (3 − 3 cos t )k
 dr   
v= r =  v dt r = ( ) + c at t=0, r=0 c=-i
dt
r = (t − 1 + e −t )i − (t + 3t 2 ) j + (3t + 3 sin t )k
3

Equation of Curve
In ordinary calculus the equation of the curve is y=f(x),
In vector calculus the equation of the curve is r=F(t)

Example r=xi+yj x=cost, y=sint r=costi+sintj is the

equation of the circle in vector calculus. r=F(t)
Example r=xi+yj x=at2, y=2at r= at2i+2at j
is the equation of the parabola. r=F(t)

Three special types of integrals in vector calculus

1. Line integral
2. Surface integral
3. Volume integral

1. Line integral
The line integrals are
1.  [Link]
C

2.  A x dr,
C

3.   dr
C

Explanation
Integration is usually done along x-axis, y-axis.

y=f(x)

f(a+nh)
f(a) f(x)
b
f(a+h)
b


a

f ( x)dx
f ( x)d x f(a+2h)
x
x
a
x=a
a+h a+2h b=a+nh

 f ( x)dx

2
 y

y=d x=f(y)
y
y=c

b b


a

f ( x)dx
f ( x)d x x
a

 f ( y)dy

. But integration is also done along any line and curve

P2
y c
s
s
P1
s
y

o x
x
fig.1

 f ( x)dx  f ( y)dy ,  f ( x, y)ds (line integral)

Three types of line integrals in vector calculus are

P2

1.  [Link] or  [Link]
C P1
P2

2.  A xTds or  A xTds
C P1

3
 P2
3.   Tds or   Tds
C P1

where
A(x,y,z)=A1(x,y,z)i+A2(x,y,z)j+A3(x,y,z)k is a vector function
T= unit tangent vector
s=length of the curve

s =elementary length of the curve

Prove that dr= Tds

T =unit tangent

Q
T =unit tangent r+  r  r s
P
PQ=  s r
ds s
dr o
Td s

fig.2

we know a = aaˆ
dr= Tds

dr is along the tangent and it is equal to Tds

 
r =  s Ts = s

 
dr
=T = unit tangent vector
ds

4
So line integrals are
P2

1.  [Link] =  [Link] or  [Link] A

C C P1
P2

2.  A xTds =  A x dr, or  A x dr T
C C P1
P2

3.   Tds =   dr or   dr  
A.T = A.1. cos = A cos
C C P1

= tan gential component of A

 [Link]=  [Link] is also called the line integral of the tangential

C C

component of A
dr=dxi+dyj+dzk
P2

 [Link]=  (A1dx+A2dy+A3dz)=  (A1dx+A2dy+A3dz)

C C P1

===============================================

Physical meaning of line integral

P2

1.  [Link] or  [Link]
C P1

If A is the force F on a particle moving along C this line integral

represents the work done by the force F

Work=Force x displacement=Fd

F d

W=Fcos  x d=F.d Fcos  is the effective force

5
 
Fcos 
d
F

fig.3

F=2i+3j+4k constant vector

F=-3x2i+5xyj+2zk variable vector

If a body moves along a curve by a variable force how can we

measure the work done.
We consider a curve with elementary length s then
Tds= dr

Fn

F1 F2
Tn s

T1 s T2 s

Fig 4

Total work=F1. T1 s + F2. T2 s + F3. T3 s +…………Fn. Tn s

= Lt s→0  F.T s
=  [Link]
C

=  [Link]
C

Hence W=  [Link]
C

6
 (4,4)

0 1 2 3 4

(4,4)

0 1 2 3 4

1/2 3/2 7/2

5/2
b
Explanation of Lt
x →0
 f ( x)x =  f ( x)dx
a

Area under the curve y=x from x=0 to x=4 A= 1 .4.4 = 8

2
4
4
x 
2
A=  xdx = 2 = 8
0  0

 f ( x)x = 1x1+2x1+3x1+4x1=10 x =1
 f ( x)x = 2 x 2 + 1x 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 + 3x 2 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 2 = 9
1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 7 1 1 1
x =
2

7
 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 1
 f ( x)x = 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 4 + x =
4
9 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 1 16 1 16 x17
x + x + x + x + x + x + x + x = = 8.5
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 32
1
x =
4

 f ( x)x = 8.25
1 32x33
x =
8 128

 f ( x)x = 8.125
1 64x65
x =
16 512

 f ( x)x = 8.0625
1 128x129
x =
32 2048
 f ( x)x = 8 x → 0
4
Lt
x →0
 f ( x)x = 8 =  xdx
0
b
Lt
x →0
 f ( x)x =  f ( x)dx
a

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Evaluation of line integral

[open curve problem]
Example 1. Evaluate the line integral  [Link] where
C
2 2
F=-3x i+5xyj and C is the curve y=2x in the xy plane from (0,0)
to (1,2).
OR,
Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field
F=-3x2i+5xyj along the curve y=2x2 in the xy plane from (0, 0) to
(1, 2).

y = 2x 2

(1,2)
C

8
 (0,0)

Fig.5

 [Link]
C

=  (-3x2i+5xyj).( dxi+dyj)
C

=  (-3x2dx+5xydy) along the curve C, y=2x2 dy=4xdx

C
1
=  (-3x2dx+5x2x24xdx)
0
1
=  (-3x2dx+40x4dx)
0

= − x3 + 8x5 10
=7

Alternative method (using dy)

 [Link]
C

y
=  (-3x2i+5xyj).( dxi+dyj) y=2x2 x2 =
C 2
y 1 1
=  (-3x2dx+5xydy) along the curve C, x = dx = dy
C 2 2 2 y
2
=  (−3 y 11
dy + 5
y
ydy)
0
22 2 y 2
2 3
3 5 2
=  (− y dy + y dy)
0 4 2 2

9
 2
 1 3 5

= − y + 2y2 
2

 2 2  0

3 5
1
=− 22 + 2 22
2 2
=7

Alternative method (using parametric form)

 [Link]
C

=  (-3x2i+5xyj).( dxi+dyj)
C

=  (-3x2dx+5xydy)along the curve C, x=t y=2t2 dx=dt dy=4tdt

C
1
=  (-3t2dt+5t2t24tdt)
0
1
=  (-3t2dt+40t4dt)
0

= − t 3 + 8t 5 10
=7
============================================

[closed curve problem, W  0]

Example 2 Evaluate  [Link] where F=(x-3y)i+(y-2x)j and C is the
C

closed curve in the xy plane x=2cost, y=3sint from t=0 to t= 2 .

10
 fig.6
 [Link]=  [(x-3y)i+(y-2x)j].(dxi+dyj)
C C

=  (x-3y) dx+(y-2x) dy along the curve C, x=2cost, y=3sint

C
2
=  (2cost-9sint)(-2sint)dt +(3sint-4cost)(3cost)dt
0
2
=  (-4 sint cost+18sin2t +9sintcost-12cos2t)dt
0

= 6

[closed curve problem, W=0]

Example 3 Evaluate  [Link] where F=xi+yj and C is the closed
C

curve in the xy plane x=2cost, y=3sint from t=0 to t= 2 .

fig.7

 [Link]=  ( xi+yj).(dxi+dyj)
C C

=  x dx+y dy along the curve C, x=2cost, y=3sint

C
2
=  (2cost)(-2sint)dt +(3sint)(3cost)dt
0

11
 2
=  (-4 sint cost+9sintcost)dt
0
2
=  5sintcostdt
0

=0
[different path same result (end points same)]
Example 4. Evaluate  [Link] where F=yi+xj and C is
C
2
(a) the arc of y=x -4 from (2,0) to (4,12) in the xy plane.
(b) the portion of the x-axis from x=2 to x=4 and then the line x=4
from y=0 to y=12.

y = x2 − 4

(4,12)

C
C2

C1
(0,0) (2,0) (4,0)

fig.8

(a)  [Link]=  ( yi+xj).(dxi+dyj)

C C

=  y dx+x dy
C

12
 4
=  ( x2-4)dx+x2xdx along the curve C, y=x2-4 dy=2xdx
2

=48
(b)  [Link]=  ( yi+xj).(dxi+dyj)
C C

=  y dx+x dy
C

=  y dx+x dy along x-axis y=0, dy=0

C1

+  y dx+x dy along x=4, dx=0

C2
4 12
= 0dx + x.0 +  y.0 + 4dy
2 0

=48

[different path different results (end points same)

Example 5 Evaluate  [Link] where F=xyi+(x2+y2)j and C is
C
2
(a)the arc of y=x -4 from (2,0) to (4,12) in the xy plane.
(b) the portion of the x-axis from x=2 to x=4 and then the line x=4
from y=0 to y=12.

y = x2 − 4

(4,12)

C
C2

C1
(0,0) (2,0) (4,0)

fig.9

13
(a)  [Link]=732 or 552 ?
C

(b)  [Link]=768 ok
C

Two other line integrals:  Fx dr,

C

C
 dr
Ex 6. Evaluate the line integral  Fx dr if F=xyi-yj+x2k and C
C
3 2
is the curve x=t , y=2t, z=t from t=0 to t=1.
Along the curve C, F= xyi-yj+x2k=2t4i-2tj+t6k
r=xi+yj+zk= t3i+2tj+t2k, dr=(3t2i+2j+2tk)dt

Fxdr=(2t4i-2tj+t6k)x(3t2i+2j+2tk)dt
i j k
= 2t 4
− 2t t6 dt
3t 2 2 2t
=[i(-4t2-2t6)+j(3t8-4t5)+k(4t4+6t3)]dt

1 1 1

 Fxdr= i  (-4t -2t )dt+j  (3t -4t )dt+k  (4t +6t )dt
2 6 4 3 8 5
C 0 0 0

= − 34 i+ − 1 j+ 23 k
21 3 10
Ex 7. Evaluate the line integral   dr if = xyz and C is the
C

curve x=t3, y=2t, z=t2 from t=0 to t=1.

 = xyz=2t6, r=xi+yj+zk= t3i+2tj+t2j, dr=(3t2i+2j+2tk)dt
1


C
 dr= 
0
2t6(3t2i+2j+2tk)dt
1 1 1
=i  6t8dt+j  4t6dt+k  4t7dt
0 0 0

= 6 i+ 4 j+ 1 k
9 7 2

14
Conservative Force field/ Conservative field

Spring, throw, work done is zero, force is conserved/preserved

within body, called Conservative field of force.

Fig.10

Gravitational field of force (g=-gk), electric field of force,

magnetic field of force are all conservative field of force.

g=-gk
(4,12)
fig.11

Field of force-collection of so many vectors

fig.12

15
 Def. Conservative field- For a conservative field,
(i)Work done  [Link]=0 around any closed curve C.
C

fig.13
Ref. For (i) Example 3

(ii)Work done  [Link] is independent of the path C joining P1 and P2

C

. It depends on end points only

C1 P2
C= C1 + C3
C

P1 C3
C2

fig. 14

If F is conservative  [Link] =0
C

Now  =  +  ==  −  = 0  = 
C C1 C3 C1 C2 C1 C2

Ref. for (ii) Example 4

Find the condition for a force F to be conservative

16
If F=  where  is a single valued scalar function
then show that the work done in moving a particle from one
point P(x1, y1, z1) in this field to another point Q (x2, y2, z2) is
independent of the path joining the two points.
Q

W=  [Link]
P
Q

=  .dr
P

=  ( i  +  
Q

j +k ).(dxi+dyj+dzk)
P
x y z

=  (  dx +  dy +  dz ) Exact differential  dx +  dy +  dz =d 
Q

P
x y z x y z
Q

=  d
P

=  QP
=  (Q)-  (P)
=  ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) -  ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
Q
Work done  [Link] is independent of the path C joining P and Q.
P

It depends on end points only

Therefore if F=  the force is conservative.
We know that  x  =0
Force F is conservative if  x F=0 (condition)

Ex.8.(a)Show that F=yi+xj is a conservative force field

(b) Find the work done in moving an object in this field
from (2,0) to (4,12)
(c)Find a Scalar potential 

(a) Curl F=0

17
 i j k
  
Curl F= =i( )+j( )+( )k=0
x y z
y x 0
So F is Conservative
Q

(b) W=  [Link]
P
( 4 ,12 )
=  ( yi+xj).(dxi+dyj)
( 2, 0 )
( 4 ,12 )
=  y dx+x dy [Exact differential]
( 2, 0 )
( 4 ,12 )
=  d(xy) = xy (( 42,,120) ) = 48
( 2, 0 )

(c) As  x F=0, F must be 

F = 
yi+xj = i  + j 
x y

=y ……. (1)
x

=x ……….(2)
y
Integrating (1) with respect to x
 =yx +f(y) ………...(3)

=x+ f ( y) ……….(4)
y y
f ( y )
Comparing (2) and (4) =0 ….. (5)
y
Integrating (5) with respect to y, f(y)= c
hence  =xy+c

Alternative method
 
d = dx + dy
x y

18
 d = ydx+xdy
Integrating
=  ydx +
y cons tan t
 xdy
x term vanishes

=xy+c

Alternative method
 
d = dx + dy
x y
=ydx+xdy
=d(xy)
Integrating
 =xy+c

Alternative method
 =yx +f(y)
 = xy+g(x)
f(y)=0
g(x)=0
hence  =xy+c

Example 9.
(a) Show that the Force
F=(-4x-3y+4z)i+(-3x+3y+5z)j+(4x+5y+3z)k is conservative.
(b)Find a scalar function  so that F=  .

(a) F is conservative if  xF=0

i j k
  
x F= =0
x y z
- 4x - 3y + 4z - 3x + 3y + 5z 4x + 5y + 3z

(b) As  x F=0, F must be 

F = 

19
 (-4x-3y+4z)i+(-3x+3y+5z)j+(4x+5y+3z)k = i  + j

+k

x y z

= -4x-3y+4z ……. (1)
x

= -3x+3y+5z ……….(2)
y

=4x+5y+3z ………….(3)
z
Integrating (1) with respect to x
 =-2x2-3xy+4xz+f(y,z) …..(4)

=-3x+ f ( y, z ) ……….(5)
y y

= 4x+ f ( y, z ) …………(6)
z z

f ( y, z )
Comparing (2) and (5) =3y+5z ….. (7)
y
f ( y, z )
Comparing (3) and (6) =5y+3z ….. (8)
z
3 2
Integrating (7) with respect to y, f(y, z)= y +5zy+g(z)
2
f ( y, z )
= 5 y + g ( z ) ….. (9)
z
3 2
Comparing (8) and (9) g ( z ) = 3z g ( z ) = z +c
2
3 2
therefore f(y, z)= y +5yz+ 3 z2+c
2 2
3 3
hence  =-2x2-3xy+4xz+ y2+5yz+ z2+c
2 2

Alternative method
  
d = dx + dy + dz
x y z
d = (-4x-3y+4z)dx+(-3x+3y+5z)dy+(4x+5y+3z)dz
Integrating
=  (−4 x − 3 y + 4 z)dx +
y , z cons tan t
 (−3x + 3 y + 5z)dy +
x term vanishes, z cons tan t
 (4 x + 5 y + 3z)dz
x and y term vanishes

=-2x2-3xy+4xz + 3 y2+5yz + 3 z2+c

2 2

20
 Alternative method

  
d = dx + dy + dz
x y z
d = (-4x-3y+4z)dx+(-3x+3y+5z)dy+(4x+5y+3z)dz
=-4xdx+3ydy+3zdz+-3ydx-3xdy+4zdx+4xdz+5zdy+5ydz
=4xdx+3ydy+3zdz-3(ydx+xdy)+4(zdx+xdz)+5(zdy+ydz)
=4xdx+3ydy+3zdz-3d(xy)+4d(xz)+5d(yz)
Integrating
3 3
 =-2x2+ y2+ z2-3xy+4xz+5yz+c
2 2

Alternative method
 =-2x2-3xy+4xz+ + + +f(y,z)
3 2
= -3xy+ y + 5yz + +g(z,x)
2
3 2
= 4xz+ +5yz + z +h(x,y)
2
3 2
f(y,z)= y +5yz+ 3 z2
2 2
g(z,x)= -2x2+4xz+ 3 z2
2
h(x,y)= -2x2-3xy+ 3 y2
2
hence  =-2x2-3xy+4xz+ 3 y2+5yz+ 3 z2+c
2 2

==============================================
Problem copied from VEC2
Ex. (a)Determine the constant a, b, c so that vector
v=(-4x-3y+az)i+(bx+3y+5z)j+(4x+cy+3z)k is irrotational.
(b)Find a scalar function  so that v=  .

v is irrotational if  xv=0

21
 i j k
  
 xv=
x y z
- 4x - 3y + az bx + 3y + 5z 4x + cy + 3z

=(c-5)i-(4-a)j+(b+3)k =0 =0i+0j+0k

a=4, b=-3, c=5

(b)As  xv=0, v must be 

v= 
  
(-4x-3y+4z)i+(-3x+3y+5z)j+(4x+5y+3z)k = i +j +k
x y z

= -4x-3y+4z ……. (1)
x

= -3x+3y+5z ……….(2)
y

=4x+5y+3z ………….(3)
z
Integrating (1) with respect to x partially
 =-2x2-3xy+4xz+f(y,z) …..(4)

=-3x+ f ( y, z ) ……….(5)
y y

= 4x+ f ( y, z ) …………(6)
z z
f ( y, z )
Comparing (2) and (5) =3y+5z ….. (7)
y
f ( y, z )
Comparing (3) and (6) =5y+3z ….. (8)
z
3 2
Integrating (7) with respect to y, f(y, z)= y +5zy+g(z)
2
f ( y, z )
= 5 y + g ( z ) ….. (9)
z
3 2
Comparing (8) and (9) g ( z ) = 3z g ( z) = z +c
2
3 2
therefore f(y, z)= y +5yz+ 3 z2+c
2 2
3 3
hence  =-2x2-3xy+4xz+ y2+5yz+ z2+c
2 2

22
 Alternative method
v= 
  
(-4x-3y+4z)i+(-3x+3y+5z)j+(4x+5y+3z)k = i +j +k
x y z

= -4x-3y+4z ……. (1)
x

= -3x+3y+5z ……….(2)
y

=4x+5y+3z ………….(3)
z
 =-2x2-3xy+4xz+f(y,z)
3
 = -3xy+ y2+5yz+g(z,x)
2
3
 = 4xz + 5yz + z2 +h(x,y)
2

 =-2x2-3xy+4xz+ + + +f(y,z)
= -3xy+ + 3 y2 + 5yz + +g(z,x)
2
3 2
= + +4xz + + 5yz + z +h(x,y)
2
3 2
f(y,z)= y +5yz+ 3 z2
2 2
g(z,x)= -2x2+4xz+ 3 z2
2
3
h(x,y)= -2x2-3xy+ y2
2
hence  =-2x2-3xy+4xz+ 3 y2+5yz+ 3 z2+c
2 2
==============================================

In fluid mechanics the line integral  [Link] is called the circulation

C

of A about C where A represents the velocity of a fluid

23
Circulation= C=  [Link] [Work done=W=  [Link] ]
C C

If no circulation (irrotational)  [Link]=0 curlv=0

C

Ex 10. Find the circulation of A round the curve C where

A=(2x+y2)i+(3y-4x)j and C is the curve y=x2 from (0,0) to (1,1)
and then y2=x from (1,1) to (0,0).

[Link] = (2x+y2)dx+(3y-4x)dy
Circulation=  [Link]=  [Link]+  [Link]
C C1 C2

y
C B(1,1)
C2: y2=x
C1: y=x2
A

x
O

Fig 15

On C1 , OAB y=x2 so that dy=2xdx

 [Link]=  (2x+y )dx+(3y-4x)dy
2
C1 C1
1
1
=  (2x+x4)dx+(3x2-4x)2xdx=
0
30
On C2 BCO x=y2 so that dx=2ydy
 [Link]=  (2x+y )dx+(3y-4x)dy
2
C1 C1

24
 0
=  (2y2+y2)2ydy+(3y-4y2)dy=- 5
1
3

Circulation=  [Link]=  [Link]+  [Link]= 1 - 5 =- 49

C C1
30 3C2
30

Ex 11. Find the work done in moving a particle along the curve C
in the force field F=(2x+y2)i+(3y-4x)j where C is the curve y=x2
from (0,0) to (1,1) and the y2=x from (1,1) to (0,0).

Problem
Determine the work done by the force of gravity F when a mass m
is translated from the point P(a1, b1, c1) to the point Q(a2, b2, c2)
along an arbitrary path C.

y Q(a2, b2, c2)

C
y

P(a1, b1, c1)

x
y
z fig.37
y

Let F= Xi+Yj+Zk
The projections (components) of the force of gravity F on the
coordinate axes are X=0, Y=0, Z=-mg
Hence, the desired work is
W=  [Link]
C

25
 Q

=  (Xdx+Ydy+Zdz)
P
( a 2 , b2 c 2 )

=  (0dx+0dy +(-mg)dz
( a1 b1 , c1 )

=mg(c1-c2)

09 -12-21 Quiz 1 explanation of projection ds-dxdy

equation plane and its projection 1D 2D 3D

Surface integral

Def: Different types of Surface integrals are (i)  [Link] (ii)

S

 dS (iii)
S
 ndS (iv)
S
 AxdS
S

Physical meaning of (i)  [Link]

S

Suppose fluid is flowing through the surface S

S
S

v
n

n
S
v v= vcos0=vcos  =v.n
S
 vcos  =v.n
26
 v
S S 0= vcos  =vcos  = v.n
2
v

Flow is always along the normal to the surface.

Only component of v along the normal to the surface are taken into
account

vcos 
S

dV=  S vcos 

fig.16

Mass (quantity) of fluid passing through S per unit time

 dV =  v cos S =  v.n S where n is outward drawn normal to the
surface S.

S

S
27
 S S

fig.17

Total fluid mass Q passing through S is

 v1.n1 S +  v2.n2 S +  v3.n3 S ………………….+  [Link] S
= Lt s→0   v.n S
=   [Link]
S

=   [Link] ndS=dS
S

Hence fluid flow Q=   [Link]

S

Heat flow  [Link]

S

Current flow  [Link]

S

In general Surface integral is  [Link]

S

It is a surface integral of the normal component of vector A

 [Link] is the flux of A over S

S

Flux means flow

So surface integral is also called flux integral or flow integral
Evaluation of Surface integral

28
To evaluate the surface integral we are to project the surface
on the coordinate planes.
Projection of a surface on a plane becomes a plane.

First we consider the projection on the xy plane

Elementary area in the xy plane is =dxdy

The angle between two planes is equal to the angle between their
normals

n
S
dS
k
n
dS n
S

dxdy dS

a Projection of a is b=acos 

b

29
 Fig. 18

Projection of dS is dxdy=dS cos  =dSn.k

dxdy
dS =
n.k

Evaluation of surface integral

dxdy
 [Link]=  A.n
S R
projection on xy plane
n.k

 [Link]=  A.n dydz projection on yz plane

S R n..i

 [Link]=  A.n dzdx projection on zx plane

S R n. j

Problem
Example 12. Evaluate  [Link] where F=10zi+10j+3yk and S is
S

the part of the plane 2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first

octant.
Or,
Find the flux of F=10zi+10j+3yk through the surface S where S is
the part of the plane 2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first
octant.
Or,
Find the flow of fluid through the surface S where S is the part of
the plane 2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first octant, if the
fluid velocity is v=10zi+10j+3yk
Or,
Find the flow of heat through the surface S where S is the part of
the plane 2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first octant, if the
heat flux q=10zi+10j+3yk
Or,

30
 Find the flow of current through the surface S where S is the part
of the plane 2x+3y+6z=12 which is located in the first octant, if
the current density J=10zi+10j+3yk

Solution:

Let the projection of the surface S on the xy plane be R

dxdy
 [Link]=  F.n n.k
S R

  
 = i +j +k
x y z
n= 

normal to the plane 2x+3y+6z=12
n= 2i + 3 j + 6k n.k= 6
7 7
20 20
(12 − 2 x − 3 y ) + 30 + 18 y 70 − x + 8y
F.n= 20 z + 30 + 18 y = 6 = 3
7 7 7

4
2x+3y+6z=12
x
6
2
z

x y z
+ + =1
6 4 2

Area of integration 4
2x+3y=12

31
 x
6

x y
+ =1
6 4

12 − 2 x
6 y 6 6

 dxdy =   dydx =  ydx = 

R 0 0 0 0
3
dx =12=A
12− 2 x

12 − 2 x
6 3 6
A=  dxdy =   dydx =  dx =12
R 0 0 0
3
projection of the plane on the xy plane will be a triangle
20
70 − x + 8y
dxdy 7
 [Link]= 
S R
F.n
n.k
= 
R
3
7 6
dxdy

= 1  (210 − 20 x + 24 y)dxdy
18 R
6 (12−2 x ) / 3
1
=
18 
x =0
 (210 − 20x + 24 y)dydx
y =0

 210 y − 20 xy − 12 y 
6
7 2 (12−2 x ) / 3
= 0 dx
4 x =0
6
7  20 4 
=  70(12 − 2 x) −
4 x =0  3
x(12 − 2 x) − (12 − 2 x) 2 dx
3 
…………………………………………………………

Problem 5.21 p-116

Example 13. Evaluate  ndS where  = xyz and S is the surface
S

of the cylinder x2+y2=16 included in the first octant between z=0

and z=3.
Fig 5.8 of the book
dxdz
 ndS=  n
S R
n. j
  
 = i +j +k
x y z

32
n= 

normal to the surface x2+y2=16 is
n= 2 xi 2+ 2 yj2 = xi + yj n.j= y
4 x +4 y 4 4
projection of the surface on the xz plane will will be a rectangle.
3 4 3 4
dxdz
 ndS= 
S R
n
n. j
=   xz( xi + yj)dxdz
z =0 x =0
=   x 2 zi + xz
z =0 x =0
16 −x 2 j )dxdz
4 4
 x3   2 2
( )
3 3 3
1
=i 
3 z=0
3 zdz − j  16 − x  zdz
z =0  0  0
3 3
 2  2
= 64i  z  + 64 j  z 
3  2 0 3  2 0
= 96i + 96 j

Volume Integral

Def: Volume integrals are (i)   dV (ii)  AdV

V V

Physical meaning of (i)   dV

V

V V

Let  ( x, y, z ) be the density of a body having volume V.

And let  V=  x  y  z be the elementary volume then the mass of
the elementary volume  V is   V

33
Total Mass M= 1  V+ 2  V +  3  V+……………….. n  V
= Lt V →0    V

=   dV
V

=   dxdydz
V

In general this volume integral is   dV

V

The other volume integral is  AdV

V

Problem
Example [Link]   dV where  = x2 y and V is the region
V

bounded by the planes 4x+2y+z=8, x=0, y=0, z=0.


V
 dV

=   dxdydz
V
2 4− 2 x 8− 4 x − 2 y
=  x
2
ydzdydx
x =0 y =0 z =0
4−2 x
x yz
2
8− 4 x − 2 y
=  2
0 dydx
x =0 y =0
2 4−2 x
=  x 2 y (8 − 4 x − 2 y )dydx
x =0 y =0
4−2 x
x (8 − 4 x) y − 2 x y dydx
2
=  2 2 2

x =0 y =0
4−2 x
2
 2 y2 2 y 
3
= 
x =0


x (8 − 4 x )
2
− 2 x 
3 0
dx

2
 2 ( 4 − 2 x) 2 2 (4 − 2 x) 
3
=   x (8 − 4 x) − 2x dx
x =0  
2 3

34
 2
1 2
= 
x =0
3
x (4 − 2 x)3 dx

128
=
45
Interpretation: Physically the result can be interpreted as the mass
of the region V in which density  varies according to the formula
 = x2 y

Problem 5.26 Do it
Example-15. Evaluate  F dV where F=2xzi-xj+y2k and V is the
V

region bounded by the surfaces x=0, y=0, y=6, z=x2, z=4.

Since z=x2, z=4, x2=4, x=2

 F dV
V
2 6 4
=    (2xzi-xj+y2k) dzdydx
0 0 x2

Example 16. Evaluate  F dV where F=2x2i-xzj+y2zk and V is

V

the region bounded by the surfaces x=1, y=0, y=6, z=x2, z=4.

Since z=x2, z=4, x2=4, x=2

 F dV
V
2 6 4
=    (2x2i-xzj+y2zk) dzdydx
1 0 x2
2 6 4 2 6 4 2 6 4
=i    2x2 dzdydx-j    xz dzdydx+k    y2z dzdydx
1 0 x2 1 0 x2 1 0 x2

35
 4 4
2 6 2 6
 2 2 6
2 z 
2
=i   2x z  dydx-j  
2 4
x2 x z  dydx+k   y   dydx
1 0 1 0  2 x2 1 0  2 x2
2 6 2 6 2 6
=i   2x2 (4-x2)dydx-j 1   x(16-x4) dydx+k 1   y2(16-x4) dydx
1 0
2 2 1 0 1 0
6
2 2 2
 y3 
=i  2x (4-x ) 2 2
 y  dx-j 1 
6
0 x(16-x ) 4
 y  dx+k 1
6
0  (16-x )
4
  dx
1
21 2 1  3 0
6
2 2 2
 y3 
=i  2x (4-x ) 2 2
 y  dx-j 1 
6
0 x(16-x ) 4
 y  dx+k 1
6
0  (16-x )
4
  dx
1
21 2 1  3 0
2 2 2
=i  12x2 (4-x2) dx-j  3x(16-x4) dx+k  36 (16-x4) dx
1 1 1
2 2 2
=i  (48x -12x ) dx-j  (48x -3 x ) dx+k  (576-36x4) dx
2 4 5
1 1 1
2 2 2
 
=i 48 x − 12 x  - j 48 x − 3 x 
3 5 2 6 5
+k 576 x − 36 x 
 3 5 1  2 6 1  5 1

=i 188 -j 81 +k 1764
5 2 5

36
Discussion:

1D o x
1 2 x

x =0 x=1
y

(1,1) y=1
(0,1)
2D
x y=0
o (1,0)

General equation of straight line is Ax+By+C=0

Intercept form of the equation is x + y = 1
a b

Equation of x axis is y=0

Equation of y axis is x=0

x=1 is a straight line parallel to y- axis

y=1 is a straight line parallel to x- axis

4
2x+3y=12
x
6

37
 x y
+ =1
6 4
Equation of the circle is x2+y2=16

Equation of the straight line passing through two points ( x1 , y1 ) and

x − x1 y − y1
( x2 , y 2 ) is =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1

3D
o x

General equation of plane line is Ax+By+Cz+D=0

Intercept form of the equation is x + y + z = 1
a b c

Equation of xy plane is z=0

Equation of yz plane is x=0
Equation of zx plane is y=0

z=1 is a plane parallel to xy plane

x=1 is a plane parallel to yz plane
y=1 is a plane parallel to zx plane

38
 4
2x+3y+6z=12
x
6
2
z

x y z
+ + =1
6 4 2

Equation of the cylinder is x2+y2=16, z=0, z=3.

Equation of the cylinder is y2+z2=16, x=0, x=3.
Equation of the cylinder is z2+x2=16, y=0, y=3.
Equation of the parabolic sheet is y2=x
Equation of the parabola is y2=x, z=0

General equation of the straight line is

A1x++B1y+C1z+D1=0=A2x +B2y+C2z+D2

Equation of the straight line passing through two points ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
and ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is = =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
`

39