Section A : Grammar

15 The Parts of Speech

NOTES

The parts of speech ( ' kC n&Hksn) v kB i zd kj dsgksrsgS

at ksfuEufyf[ kr gS a&
(i) Noun ( l a Kk) (v) Adverb ( fØ; k&fo' ks "k.k)
(ii) Pronoun ( l oZ uke) (vi) Preposition ( l EcU /l w
pd v O;; )
(iii) Adjective ( fo' ks
"k.k) (vii) Conjunction ( l a ; kst d ; kl eqPp; cks/d vO;; )
(iv) Verb ( fØ; k) (viii) Interjection ( foLe; kfncks / d v O;; )
(i) THE NOUN AND ITS KINDS ( l a
Kk v kS
j ml d sHksn)
Noun og ' kC n gSt ksfdl hi [Link]] oLrq
] LFkku] l ew
g rFkkxq
. k] nks"k, oav oLFkkdkuke gksA(The
name of a person, a place or a thing is called Noun.) t S l s& Mohan, Radha, girl, boy,
army, library, gold, silver, childhood, poverty, honesty v kfnA
Kinds of Nouns ( l a
Kk d sHksn)
Nouns i ka
p i zd kj dsgksrsgS
a%
(1) Common Noun ( t kfrokpd l a Kk) (2) Proper Noun (O
; fDrokpd l a
Kk)
(3) Collective Noun ( l ewgokpd l a
Kk) (4) Material Noun ( i nkFkZ
okpd
la
Kk)
(5) Abstract Noun ( Hkkookpd l a
Kk)
1. Common Noun
i fj Hkk"kkµ Common Noun og l a Kk gSft l l s, d oxZ; k , d i zd kj dsfofHkUu O;fDr; ksa
; k oLrq v ksadksl eku: i l si zd V fd; k t k l dsA (A word that denotes a class of persons,
places or things is called Common Noun.)
tSl s: River, city, village, chair, boy, girl, hill, sea v kfnA
69
Note : Common Noun l sdks bZfo' ks"k oLrq] i [Link] ; k LFkku i zd V ughagksrk gS
A
Communication Skills & 2. Proper Noun
Personality Development i fj Hkk"kkµ Proper Noun l sfo' ks"k O;fDr ; k LFkku i zd V gksrk gS
A(Name of a particular
person, place or thing is called Proper Noun.) t S l s&
Jesus Christ, Mahatma Gandhi, Rana Pratap, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Himalayas, Indian
NOTES Ocean, The Taj, Delhi, Agra, Mount Abu, Narmada v kfnA
fo' ks"k µ Proper Noun and Common Noun dsmnkgj.k %
1. Jaipur is a famous city. (Jaipur– Proper Noun gSt cfd city– Common Noun gS
A)
2. The Taj is a famous building. (Taj– Proper Noun gSt cfd building– Common Noun
gS
A)
3. Rana Sanga was a famous warrior of Rajasthan. (warrior = ; ks¼k)
(Rana Sanga rFkk Rajasthan– Proper Nouns gS ] t cfd warrior– Common Noun gS
a A)
3. Collective Noun
i fj Hkk"kk µ Collective Noun l sv fHki zk; fdUghai zkf.k; ksa; koLrq
v ksa
] dsl ew
g l sgSv kS
j ;g
Singular gks r k gS
A(Things that come in a group or collection are called collective Noun.)
tS l s: cattle, crowd, audence, train, fleet, committee, parliament, class, flock, army,
library, family vkfnA
4. Material Noun
i fj Hkk"kk µ Material Noun l sv fHki zk; , slsi nkFkks±l sgSft ul sdksbZnw
l jh oLrqcu l dsA
(The materials of which things are made are called Material Nouns.)
tSl s: Gold, Copper, Silver, Iron, Wood v kfnA
v U; mnkgj.k µ
1. Iron is the commonest of all metallic elements and its symbol is Fe.
2. Teak is a hard wood and pine is a soft wood.
Note : Material Noun dk Plural ughagks r k bl fy, is dk i z;ksx fd; k gS
] i jUrqbul scuh
oLrq
v ksadkPlural cu l drk gS
A
5. Abstract Noun
i fj Hkk"kkµ Abstract Noun l sv fHki zk; O;fDr ; koLrqds, slsxq
. k] ; knks"kl sgSft l sns[kuk]
Nw
uk] l q
uuk] l ¡w
?kuk; kp[ kukl a
Hko u gksfdUrqdsoy egl w l fd; kt kl dsA(Things which can't
be seen, touched, smelt, heard or tasted but only can be felt are called Abstract Nouns.)
tSl s µ obedience, growth, honesty, health, wisdom, strength, childhood, slavery,
poverty.
EXERCISE 1
Select the Nouns from the following sentences and name their kinds :
1. Agra is a beautiful city. 2. The elephant is a big animal.
3. Honesty is the best policy. 4. Sohan reads in my class.
5. This cup is made of silver. 6. The child drinks milk.
7. My father always speaks the truth. 8. The judge gave his judgement.
9. Sita wrote a letter to her father. 10. Farmers are ploughing their fields.

THE GENDER

laKkv ksadk i z;ksx pkj Genders ( fya

xksa
) esafd; k t krk gSt ksfuEufyf[ kr gS&
a
1. Masculine Gender ( i q fYyax) ] 2. Feminine Gender ( L=khfya x) ]
3. Common Gender ( mHk; fya x) ] 4. Neuter Gender ( ui q l dfya
a x) ]
1. Masculine Gender
70 Masculine Gender dsNouns l suj (Male) dk cks
/ gksrk gS
At S
l s& Man, prince, king,
tiger, washerman, son v kfnA
2. Feminine Gender Section A : Grammar
Feminine Gender dsNouns l seknk (Female) dk cks
/ gksrk gS
At S
l s& Daughter,
princess, hen, peahen, queen v kfnA
3. Common Gender
NOTES
Common Gender dsNouns l suj rFkkeknk(Male and Female) nks
uka
sdkKku gksrkgS
At S
ls
& Friend, student, enemy, teacher, servant v kfnA
4. Neuter Gender
Neuter Gender dsNouns l sui q l d oLrq
a v ksa( t ksuj gS
au eknk) dk Kku gksrk gS
At S
l s&
Tree, plant, table, chair, stool, temple v kfnA
è; ku j [ ksa%
(1) God ( bZ ' oj) , god ( nsork) , angel ( i Q
fj' rk] nsonw
r ) µ bu l cdksMasculine Gender
dk Noun ekuk t krk gS A
(2) Earth, moon, ship, motherland dks Feminine Gender dk Noun ekuk t krk gS A
(Motherland = ekrH̀kw fe)A
(3) Poet ' kC n dk i z;ksx male ( dfo) , female ( dof; =kh) nksuksadsfy, gksrk gS ] ; | fi
O;kdj.k dh i q Lrdksaesapoet dk Feminine Gender ( L=khfya x) poetess fn; k t krk gSA
fdUrqModern Age esapoetess dki z;ksx v PNkughaekuk t krkgS Abl hrjg Chairman
dh t xg Chairperson dk i z;ksx Male o Female nksuksadsfy, gksusyxk gS A
(4) fo' o es aGermany gh , slk v dsy k ns'k gSt gk¡ v i usns'k dksdksbZO;fDr Motherland
ughadgrkgS At eZ u yksx vi usns'kdksFatherland ( fi rH̀kw fe) dgrsgSAv r%Fatherland
a
dksMasculine Gender dk Noun dgsa xsA

(ii) THE PRONOUN AND ITS KINDS ( l oZ

uke v kS
j ml d si zd kj )
Pronoun ' kC
n Pro + Noun nks' kCnksadsesy l scukgSAPro = For ( dsfy, ) Avr%Pronoun
dk v FkZgqv k og ' kCn t ksNoun dscnysesacksy k ; k fy[ kk t k; sA(Pronoun is a word which
is used in place of a Noun.)

mnkgj . k %
Ram is a good boy. Ram always gets good marks in the examination.
( jke , d v PNk yM+ d k gS
Ajke i jh{kk esal nS
o v PNsv a
d i zkIr djrk gS
A)
bu nksuksaokD; ksadksbl i zd kj Hkh fy[ k l drsgS
a%
Ram is a good boy. He always gets good marks in the examination.
pw
a
fd Ram dsLFkku i j He dk i z;ksx fd; k gS
] v r%He l oZ
uke (Pronoun) gq
v kA
Kinds of Pronouns
Pronouns nl i z
d kj dsgksrsgS
a%
1. Personal Pronouns ( i q
#"kokpd l oZ uke)
2. Relative Pronouns ( l EcU /l w pd l oZ uke)
3. Emphatic Pronouns ( n`<+ r kl w
pd l oZ uke)
4. Demonstrative Pronouns ( l a d srokpd l oZ uke)
5. Distributive Pronouns ( foHkkxl w pd l oZuke)
6. Indefinite Pronouns ( v fu' p; okpd l oZ uke)
7. Interrogative Pronouns ( i z' uokpd l oZ uke)
8. Reciprocal Pronouns ( i jLi jokpd l oZ uke)
9. Reflexive Pronouns ( fut okpd l oZ uke)
10. Exclamatory Pronouns ( foLe; kfncks / d l oZ uke)
71
Communication Skills & 1. Personal Pronouns ( i q
#"kokpd l oZ
uke)
Personality Development Personal Pronouns rhu i zd kj dsgksrsgS
a%
(A) First Person : I, we, me, my, mine, our, us, ours dk i z
; ksx Personal Pronouns esa
First Person ds: i es
agksrk gS
At S l s&
NOTES
mnkgj . k %
1. I shall go there. [Nominative case, subject to the verb 'shall go']
2. We shall go there. [Nominative case, subject to verb 'shall go' ]
3. Mohan will teach me. [Objective case, object to the verb 'will teach']
4. You are my friend. [Possessive case, possessing the noun 'friend']
(B) Second Person : You, your, yours dk i z; ksx Personal Pronouns ds Second
Person ds: i es agksrk gS
A
tS
l s&
1. You are a good boy. [Nominative case, subject to the verb 'are'.]
2. He will teach you. [Objective case, object to the verb 'will tach']
3. You are good boys. [Nominative case, object to the verb 'are'.]
uksVµ 1. (i) You dk i z;ksx , d O;fDr dsfy; sgksrk gS A( mnkgj.k 1)
(ii) You dk i z ; ksx dÙkkZ(Subject) rFkk deZ(object) nksuksadsfy, gksrk gS A
mnkgj.k 1&2)
(iii)You dk i z ; ksx , d l sv f/ d O;fDr; ksadsfy, Hkh gksrk gS A( mnkgj.k 3)
2. nksuksan' kkv ksaesaPresent Indefinite Tense esacgq opu dh fØ; k v krh gS A
3. (i) Past Indefinite Tense es averb dh second form v krh gS A
(ii) Past Continuous Tense es awere rFkk Main verb v k; sxhA
tSl s& You were going.
4. Future Tense es awill dsl kFk eq
[ ; fØ; k v k; sxhAt S
l s& You will go.
(C) Third Person : He, she, it, they, him, her, his, its, them, their, theirs dk i z ; ksx
Personal Pronouns dsThird Person ds: i es agksrk gS
At Sl s&
1. Ram travelled for two days. His clothes are dirty.
2. Nature has its own laws.
3. They have lost their way.
4. She had lost her ring.
5. It belongs to them.
2. Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronoun dk i z; ksx okD; dseè; esagksrk gS
A; g v i usi w
oZorhZ(Antecedent) l s
l EcfU/r gksrk gSrFkk nksokD; ksadkst ksM+
r k gS
Av r%bl dk i z;ksx Complex Sentence ( fefJr
okD; ) esagh gksrk gS
A
tSl s%Here is the boy who came in the morning.
bl okD; esawho Relative Pronoun gSAbl dk Antecedent ( i w
oZ
orhZ
) boy gS
A; g fo' ks"krk
(Quality) i z
d V djrkgSAv r%Who, whom, whose, which, that dki z;ksx Relative Pronoun
dh rjg gksrk gS A
mnkgj . k %
1. I know the man who won the race.
2. Have you seen the drama which was staged last week ?
3. He lost his chain which was made of gold.
4. The time which is lost is lost for ever.
5. Do you know the soldier whom the leaders praised.
6. Those who (whom) gods love die young.
72 7. It is an ill wind that blows no body good.
8. All that glitters is not gold. (glitters = pedrhgS
A)
 9. Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. Section A : Grammar
10. This is the road that goes to Mathura.
mi ; q
DZr okD; 1 esaman, okD; 2 esadrama, okD; 3 esachain, okD; 4 esatime, okD; 5 esa
soldier, okD; 6 es aThose, okD; 7 esawind, okD; 8 esaAll, OkkD; 9 esahead, okD; 10 esaroad
v i us&v i usokD; ksaesai z;q
Dr Relative Pronouns dsAntecedent ( i woZorhZ) gSA
a NOTES
3. Emphatic Pronouns
okD; ksaesaft u ' kCnksadk i z;ksx n`<+
r kn' kkZ
usdsfy; sgksrkgS
] mUgsaEmphatic Pronouns dgrs
gS
a
A
tS
l s% 1. I will do it myself. 2. I myself saw him steal.
3. He himself said so. 4. We will see to it ourselves.
mi ; q
Dr okD; ksal s; g fu"d"kZfudyrk gSfd Emphatic Pronouns dk i z;ksx fdl hdk; Zds
Z
djus i j cy (Emphasis) nsus ds fy, gksrk gS A , sls okD; drkZ(Subject) ds l a d Yi
(Determination) dksi z d V djrsgS A
a
uksVµ , slsokD; ksaesaI dsl kFk myself, we dsl kFk ourselves, you ( , d O;fDr dsfy,
i z;q
Dr) dsl kFk yourself; you ( , d l sv f/ d O;fDr; ksadsfy; si z;q
Dr) ] yourselves, they ds
l kFk themselves, he dsl kFk himself, she dsl kFk herself rFkk it dsl kFk itself dk i z;ksx gksrk
gS
A
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
fuEufyf[ kr [Link]è; kui w
oZ
d i f<+
; s%
1. This is a good book. 2. That is my pen.
3. These are fine pictures. 4. Those are your books.
mi ; q
Dr [Link] sLi "V gSfd %
Z
 This, That, These v kS j Those , slsPronouns gS at ksoLrqv ksa(things) dh v ksj l a
d sr
( b' kkjk) djrsgS A
a
v r%bUgsal a d srokpd l oZ uke (Demonstrative Pronouns) dgrsgS A
a
 This – , dopu dkl oZ uke (Pronoun showing Singular Number) gSo These bl dk
cgqopu gS A
bl h i zd kj That – Singular Number dk Pronoun gSv kS j Those bl dk cgq opu gS A
 This o These dk i z ; ksx i kl dh oLrqv ksadsfy; svkSj That o Those dk i z;ksx nwj dh
oLrq v ksadsfy, gksrk gSA
5. Distributive Pronouns
Distributive Pronouns l si F̀kdRo i zd VgksrkgS
AEach, Either, Neither, Everyone, None,
Many dk i z; ksx l a
d srokpd l oZ
uke dh rjg Hkh gksl drk gSA
mnkgj . k % 1. Neither of you can do it. 2. Each of you can do it.
3. Either of you can do it. 4. One of you can do it.
6. Indefinite Pronouns
v fu' p; okpd l oZ ukeksa}kjk fdl h Hkh fuf' pr O;fDr] oLrq; k LFkku dk cks/ ughagksrk gS
A
buesai kz; %One, None, Some, Many, Others, Everybody, They v kfn dki z;ksx gksrkgS AThey
dk i z;ksx fuf' pr O;fDr ; k oLrqdsfy, Hkh gksl drk gS At Sl s&
1. I love my parents though they are poor.
bl okD; esaThey l sfuf' pr O;fDr i zd V gksrsgSA
a
2. They say that Saurav Ganguli is a bad captain.
bl okD; esaThey dk i z;ksx v fu' p; okpd l oZuke dh rjg gq
v k gS
A
7. Interrogative Pronouns
i z'uokpd l oZ
ukeksal si z'u (Questions) i zd V fd; st krsgS
A
a 73
Communication Skills & What, who, which, whose, whom bl h rjg dspronouns gS At S
a l s&
Personality Development 1. What do you want ? 2. What is your father ?
3. Who is there ? 4. Which book do you want ?
5. Whose are these books ? 6. Whom do you love ?
NOTES uksV µ who, whom, whose dk i z;ksx O;fDr; ksadsfy, ] which dk i z;ksx O;fDr; ksarFkk
oLrq
v ksadsfy, rFkk what dk i z;ksx oLrq
v ksarFkk O;ol k; dsfy, gksrk gSA
8. Reciprocal Pronouns
t c fdl hokD; esa, d l oZuke nw
l jsl sl EcU/ fn[ kk; srksml si jLi jokpd l oZ
uke dgrsgS
A
a
each–other, one–another i jLi jokpd l oZuke gksrsgSAt S
a l s&
1. Roma and Bharat love each–other.
2. Mohan, Shyam, Govind and Gopal hate one–another.
uksV µ Each other dki z;ksx nksO;fDr; ksarFkkone another nksl sv f/ d O;fDr; ksadkl EcU/
n' kkZ
r kgS
A
9. Reflexive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun ; g fn[ kkrk gSfd dk; Zdk i zHkko dÙkkZi j gh i M+
r k gSv kS
j fdl h i j
ugha
AMy, your, him, her, our dsl kFk self ; k selves yxkdj Reflexive pronouns cursgS aA
tS
l sµ
1. The players hurt themselves.
2. I crowned myself with success.
10. Exclamatory Pronouns
ft u okD; ksal sfoLe; dkcks/ gks]muesadsoy what dkghi z;ksx gksrkgS
] v kS
j what dsi ' pkr~
foLe; l w
pd fpÉ (!) v krk gS At S l s&
1. What ! you want to go now. 2. What ! you think yourself to be handsome.
3. What ! you have not gone yet. 4. What ! not a trace of Ram.
EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blank with suitable pronouns :
1. The lion was proud of .......................... strength.
2. ..................... cars are going to Delhi.
3. Can ....................... hope to count the stars ?
4. Do anything .......................... you like.
5. ........................ is your father ?
6. ....................... you say is not correct.
7. He and his friend respected .............................. .
8. He .............................. is down needs no fall.
9. ........................... is blowing hard.
10. This is the house .............................. my father purchased last year.
11. ............................ likes to home his own way.
12. She .......................... has cut the cloth.
13. ............................... of the two comes here.
14. I .................. saw him doing this.
15. ......................... were died.

(iii) THE ADJECTIVE ( fo' ks

"k. k)
fo' ks"[Link] i z;ksx l a
Kk; kl oZ
uke dhfo' ks"krki zd V djusdsfy; sgksrk gS
_ (Adjectives are
the words which qualify Nouns or Pronoun.) t S l s& A clever crow; A good boy.
74
i gpkuusdh fof/ %
 Ques. – dkS ok dSl k\ Ans.–pkykd Section A : Grammar
v r%pkykd ' kCn l sdkSosdk xq
. k i zd V gksrk gS
A
Clever : Adjective, qualifying the noun ‘crow’.
Ques. – yM+ d k dS l k \ Ans.–v PNk
Good : Adjective, qualifying the noun ‘boy’. NOTES
Uses of the Adjectives
Adjectives dk i z
; ksx nksi zd kj l sgksrk gS%
(1) Attributive use Or Used Attributively.
(2) Predicative use Or Used Predicatively.
budk [Link] bl i zd kj gS%
Attributive use es
afo' ks"k.k (Adjective) l a
Kk l si gysi z;q
Dr gksrk gS
_t S
l s&
A thirsty traveller is sleeping.
Predicative use esaAdjective ( fo' ks"k.k) fØ; k ( Verb) dsi ' pkr~i z;q
Dr gksrk gS
A
v FkkZ
r ~og Predicate ( fo/ s;) dk v a ' k gksrk gS
At S
l sµ
The traveller was thirsty.
Kinds of Adjectives ( fo' ks"k. k d sHksn)
Adjectives fuEu i z
d kj dsgksrsgS %
a
1. Adjective of Quality ( xq. kokpd fo' ks"k.k)
2. Proper Adjective ( O ; fDrokpd fo' ks"k.k)
3. Adjective of Quantity ( i [Link] fo' ks "k.k)
4. Adjective of Number ( l a [ ; kokpd fo' ks"k.k)
5. Interrogative Adjective ( i z' uokpd fo' ks"k.k)
6. Demonstrative Adjective ( l a d srokpd fo' ks"k.k)
7. Distributive Adjective ( foHkkxl w pd fo' ks"k.k)
1. Adjective of Quality
xq
. kokpd fo' ks"k.k l sfdl h O;fDr ; k oLrqdsxq
. k rFkk nks"k i zd V fd; st krsgS
a&
mnkgj . k % 1. An honest boy is liked by everybody.
2. My youngest daughter is very happy.
3. Kanpur is very big city.
4. He has a good pen.
i gpku µ Adjective esadS l k] dS l h; k fdl i zd kj dk yxkusl sAdjective of Quality dk
Kku gksrk gS
_t S
l s&
Ques. – dS l k yM+
dk \ Ans. – An honest boy.
v r%Honest xq . kokpd fo' ks"k.k (Adjective of Quality) gSA
uksVµ An Adjective of Quality l snks"k (Defect) Hkh i zd V gksrk gS
A
mnkgj . k % A weak boy is a curse.
Ques. – dS l k yM+
dk \ Ans. – A weak boy.
v r%Weak dk i z;ksx bl mnkgj.k esaAdjective of Quality ds: i esagq v k gS
A
2. Proper Adjective
Proper Adjective ( O
; fDrokpd fo' ks"k.k) fdl h Proper Noun ( O;fDrokpd l a
Kk) l s
curk gS
At S
l s& French wine, Indian tea, British goods, Japanese toys v kfnA
i gpku µ Proper Adjective dh ' kq: v kr Capital letter l sgksrh gS
A Check Your Progress
3. Adjective of Quantity 19. How many genders are
i [Link] fo' ks"[Link] sfdl hoLrqdki [Link] FkkZr ~ek=kkKkr gksrhgS Aeq[ ; i [Link] there of Nouns ?
fo' ks"[Link] aµ All, Some, much, little, whole ( l eLr) ] enough ( i ; kZ
Ir) ] sufficient ( i ; kZ
Ir) ]
no, any ( dq N) v kfnA 75
Communication Skills & mnkgj . k %1. He has lost all his welth. 2. Is there any milk in a glass ?
Personality Development 3. He has little intelligence. 4. I want some water.
i gpku µ ; g okD; esal a
Kkl si gysHow much v FkkZ
r ~fdruk; kfdruhyxkusl sKkr gksrk
gS
A
NOTES uksVµ Little dk i z;ksx Negative Sense v FkkZ
r ~^fcydq
y ugha
* dsHkko esagksrk gS
A
4. Adjective of Number
bl Adjective esaO;fDr; ksa
] oLrq
v ksa; k l eq
nk; ksadh l a
[ ; k Kkr gksrh gS
A
mnkgj . k % 1. Five boy are doing their homework.
[Link] hunter has caught seven birds.
i gpku µ ; g okD; esal aKk l si gysHow many ( fdrus; k fdruh) yxkdj Kkr gksrk gS A
uksV µ First, second, twice, thrice v kfn dk Hkhl ekos'k Adjective of Quantity esaghgks
t krkgS
A
5. Interrogative Adjective
i z'uokpd fo' ks"k.k }kjk i z'u (Question) i zd V gksrk gS
At S
l s&
[Link] book is this ? [Link] house is yours ?
[Link] game will you play ?
i gpku µ okD; dsv Ur esai z'uokpd dkfpÉ ( \ ) gksrkgSrFkkwhose, which, what v kfn
dsckn l a
Kk ' kCn v krk gS
A
uksVµ (1) Whose dk i z;ksx Possessive case esagksrk gS A
(2) Who v kS j Whom dk i z;ksx i z'uokpd fo' ks"k.k dh rjg ughagksrk gS
A
6. Demonstrative Adjective
lad srokpd fo' ks"k.k l sfdl h O;fDr] ; k oLrqdh v ksj l a
d sr fd; k t krk gS
AThis, That,
These, Those, Such dk i z ; ksx Demonstrative Adjective dh rjg gksrk gS At Sl sµ
1. This boy is stronger than Ramesh.
2. These toys are not inferior to Japanese ones.
i gpkuµ bl fo' ks"k.k}kjkfdl hO;fDr ; koLrqdhv ksj b' kkjk( l a
d sr) fd; kt krkgSft l l s
og O;fDr ; k oLrqv U; O;fDr; ksa; k oLrq
v ksal si F̀kd~fn[ kkbZnsA
uksVµ , d gh' kCn Demonstrative Adjective dsl kFk&l kFk Adjective of Quantity Hkhgks
l drk gSA
mnkgj . k % Adjective of Quantity Demonstrative Adjective
1. I ate some rice. 1. Some boys are lazy.
2. I have lost all my wealth. 2. All men must die sooner or later.
7. Distributive Adjective
bl fo' ks"k.k }kjk fdl hO;fDr ; k oLrqdksmudsoxZ; k l eq
nk; l sv yx ( i F̀kd~
) dj fn; k
t krkgSA
mnkgj . k %1. Each boy must wait for his turn. 2. That boy is lazy.
3. Don’t be in such a hurry. 4. Those mangoes are sour.
i gpkuµ This, That, These, Those, Such dki z;ksx foHkkxl w
pd fo' ks"[Link] gksrkgS
fdUrq' krZ; g gSfd bu ' kCnksadsi ' pkr~fdl h oLrq; k O;fDr dk i z;ksx gksuk pkfg, A
uksVµ fuEu [Link] <+
ksAbudsv è; ; u l sDistributive Adjective rFkk Distributive
Pronoun dk Hks n v ki dh l e> esal jyrki w
oZ
d v k t k; sxkA
mnkgj . k % Distributive Adjective Distributive Pronoun
1. That boy is clever. 1. That is a clever boy.
2. I hate such things. 2. Such is not my habit.
3. These mangoes are ripe. 3. These are ripe mangoes.
4. Those boys are naughty. 4. Those are naughty boys.
76
è; ku nsaµ Distributive Adjective ds: i esaEach, Every, Either, Neither, Such dsrq
j Ur ckn Section A : Grammar
la
Kk' kCn dki z;ksx gksrkgSfdUrqDistributive Pronoun ds: i esaEach, Everyone,
Either, Neither, No One ; k None rFkk Such dk gh i z; ksx gksrk gS
A
EXERCISE 3 NOTES
Pick out the Adjectives in the following sentences and point out the Nouns
which are qualified by them :
1. You are very talkative.
2. He who climbs high must fall down.
3. The lazy boys are not liked.
4. I have one pen only.
5. I need no other pen.
6. Whose cycle is this ?
7. This book is quite different from yours.
8. It is a wise policy to look before leaping.
9. Open rebuke is better than false flattery.
10. There is no hope for an idle servant.
11. An ideal teacher is respected.
12. The first boy who came here looked very sad.
13. Narendra Modi surprised all his supporters.
14. Our Prime Minister is wise and popular.
15. Ill luck has chased me whole life.
16. This yellow shirt is better than the white one.
17. This is most unfortunate.
18. That boy is the strongest in this class.
19. A wretched father like me has nothing to lose now.
20. Now several boys were found copying in this school.
EXERCISE 4
Using suitable Adjective, complete the following sentences :
1. I do not like your ........................... action.
2. Jaipur is a ......................... city.
3. Varanasi is a ........................ place.
4. He is an ............................. man.
5. I could not eat ............................ rice yesterday in the party.
6. You have ........................ sense.
7. The hand has ......................... fingers.
8. April has ............................... days.
9. ......................... boy must wait for his turn.
10. The oranges are ........................... .
11. I have ............................. sugar.
12. .......................... men must die.
13. There are not ............................. spoons.
14. ............................. boy is industrious.
15. ........................... bag is this ?

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
fo' ks"[Link] i z;ksx rhu v oLFkkv ksa(Degrees) esagksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. Ram is fat.
2. Mohan is fatter than Ram. 77
3. Hari is the fattest boy in the family.
Communication Skills & okD; 1 esacrk; k x; k gSfd jke , d eksVk yM+ d k gS
] okD; 2 esaeksgu dseksVsiu dhrq y uk
Personality Development jke dseksVsiu l sdhxbZgSAokD; 3 esa, d i fjokj dsrhu yM+ d ksadhrqy ukdjrsgq , crk; kx; k
gSfd gjhi fjokj dsv U; yM+ d ksav FkkZ
r ~jke v kS
j eksgu l sv fèkd eksVk gS
Anwl js' kCnksaesadgk t k
l drk gSgjh v U; nksyM+ d ksal sv f/ d eksVk gS A
NOTES
KINDS OF DEGREES ( fMfxz
; ksad sHksn)
Adjective dh rhu v oLFkk, ¡ (Degrees) fuEufyf[ kr gS%
a
1. Positive Degree ( ew
y koLFkk ; k l kekU; v oLFkk)
2. Comparative Degree ( mPprj v oLFkk)
3. Superlative Degree ( mPpre v oLFkk)
1. Positive Degree
Positive Degrees dk i z
; ksx fdl hO;fDr] oLrq; k LFkku dsxq
. k rFkk nks"kdksi zd V djusds
fy; sgksrk gS
At S
l sµ
Rama is very fat. Mathura is a holy place. The sun is very bright.
2. Comparative Degree
Comparative Degree dki z
; ksx nksO;fDr; ksa
] oLrq
v ksa; kLFkkuksadhrq
y ukdjusdsfy; sgksr k
gS
A
mnkgj . k %
1. Jhansi is hotter than Mathura.
2. The younger son of the merchant was wiser than his elder brother.
3. You are senior to me.
uksVµ ( 1) i zk; %Positive Degree dsfo' ks"k.k esaer c<+
kdj Comparative Degree dk
fo' ks"k.k cuk ysrsgS A
a
( 2) mnkgj.k3 dksnsf[ k; sAbl esaSenior dsi ' pkr to dki z;ksx fd; kx; kgSAt cfd mnkgj.k
1 v kS j 2 esahotter rFkk wiser dsi ' pkr than dk i z;ksx fd; k x; k gSA
(3) Senior ( T; s
"B) ] Junior ( dfu"B) ] Inferior ( ?kfV; k)_rFkkSuperior ( Js"B) dsi ' pkr
than dk i z ; ksx ughagksrk gS
] cfYd to dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
A
3. Superlative Degree
fdl h , d gh oLrq; k O;fDr dh rq y uk ml dh l eLr t kfr ; k oxZl sdjrsgq
, ml sl oksZ
i fj
ekuusdsfy, bl dk i z;ksx fd; k t krk gS
At S
l s&
1. Rita is the most beautiful girl in her class.
2. Ram is the best boy in the class.
uksVµ (1) Positive Degree dsfo' ks"[Link] c<+ kdj Superlative Degree dkfo' ks"[Link]
ysrsgS
A
a
tS
l s& clever l scleverer (Comparative Degree) rFkk clever l scleverest (Superlative
Degree).
(2) bl fu; e dsdq N v i okn (Exceptions) gS At S
a l s& Good, better, best ; Beautiful,
more beautiful, most beautiful ; Easy, easier, easiest ; Big, bigger, biggest.
Formation of Comparative and Superlative
( mPpr j r Fkk mPpr e fMxfj ; ksad sfo' ks"k. k cukuk)
Positive Degree ds fo' ks
"[Link] l s Comparative Degree rFkk Superlative Degree ds
fo' ks"k.k cukusdsfu; e fuEufyf[ kr gSa%
Rule 1 : Positive Degree ds fo' ks"k. kksaesa– er c<+
kus l s Comparative Degree dk
fo' ks"k.k cu t krk gSrFkk –est c<+kusl sSuperlative Degree dk fo' ks"k.k cu t krk gS
At S
l s&
78 Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet ( ehBk) Sweeter ( v f/ d ehBk) Sweetest ( l cl sv f/ d ehBk)
 Small ( Nks
Vk) Smaller ( v f/ d Nks Vk) Smallest ( l cl sv f/ d NksVk) Section A : Grammar
Tall ( yEck) Taller ( v f/ d yEck) Tallest ( l cl sv f/ d yEck)
Rule 2 : t c Positive Degree ds' kC nksadsv Ur esa-e gksrk gS
] rc dsoy -r ; k -st c<+krs
gS
At S
a l s&
Positive Comparative Superlative NOTES
Brave ( ohj) Braver ( v f/ d ohj) Bravest ( l cl sv f/ d ohj)
Fine ( v PNk) Finer ( v f/ d v PNk) Finest ( l cl sv f/ d v PNk)
White ( l i Qsn) Whiter ( v f/ d l i Qsn) Whitest ( l cl sv f/ d l i Q
sn)
Large ( cM+ k) Larger ( v f/ d cM+ k) Largest ( l cl sv f/ d cM+ k)
Rule 3 : ; fn Positive Degree ds' kC nksadsv Ur esay v kS
j y l si gysO;at u (Consonant)
gksrkscomparative dsfy, y dh t xg -ier rFkk Superlative dsfy, y dh t xg -iest yxk nsrs
gS
At S
a l sµ
Positive Comparative Superlative
Happy ( i zl Uu) Happier ( v f/ d i z l Uu) Happiest ( l cl sv f/ d i z l Uu)
Lucky ( HkkX; oku) Luckier ( v f/ d HkkX; oku) Luckiest ( l cl sv f/ d HkkX; oku)
Merry ( [ kq' k) Merrier ( v f/ d [ kq' k) Merriest ( l cl sv f/ d [ kq' k)
Pretty ( l q
Unj) Prettier ( v f/ d l qUnj) Prettiest ( l cl sv f/ d l q
Unj)
Rule 4 : ; fn Positive Degree dsfo' ks "k.k esadsoy , d gh Syllable gksv kS j ml dsv Ur
esaConsonant gks] rFkk ml Consonant ( O;a t u) l si gysdksbZLoj (Vowel) gksrksCompara-
tive dsfy; s-er rFkk Superlative dsfy; s-est c<+ kusl si w
oZml Consonant ( O;a t u) dksnksckj
fy[ k nsrsgS
At S
a l s&
Positive Comparative Superlative
Red ( yky) Redder ( v f/ d yky) Reddest ( l cl sv f/ d yky)
Big ( cM+ k) Bigger ( v f/ d cM+ k) Biggest ( l cl sv f/ d cM+ k)
Hot ( xeZ ) Hotter ( v f/ d xeZ ) Hottest ( l cl sv f/ d xeZ )
Thin ( i ryk) Thinner ( v f/ d i ryk) Thinnest ( l cl sv f/ d i ryk)
Sad ( nq%[ kh) Sadder ( v f/ d nq %[ kh) Saddest ( l cl sv f/ d nq %[ kh)
Fat ( eks
Vk) Fatter ( v f/ d eksVk) Fattest ( l cl sv f/ d eks Vk)
Rule 5 : nksl sv f/ d Syllables ( , d v {kj ; kv usd v {kjksadkl eqnk; t ks, d l kFkcksy k
t k, ) v FkkZ
r ~i nka
' k okys fo' ks"[Link] Degree esafo' ks"k.k l s i w
oZMore rFkk
Superlative Degree es aMost yxkdj fo' ks"k.k cuk; st krsgS
At S
a l s&
Positive Comparative Superlative
Beautiful ( l q
Unj) More Beautiful ( v f/ d l q
Unj) Most Beautiful
( l cl sv f/ d l q
Unj)
Different ( fHkU
u) More Different ( v f/ d fHkU
u) Most Different
( l cl sv f/ d fHkUu)
Important ( v ko' ; d) More Important Most Important
( v f/ d v ko' ; d) ( l cl sv f/ d v ko' ; d)
Elegant ( l q
Unj) More Elegant ( v f/ d l q
Unj) Most Elegant
( l cl sv f/ d l q
Unj)
Rule 6 : ft u Adjectives dsComparative o Superlative fn; sx; sRules 1-5 es afdl h Check Your Progress
l sHkh ughacursAosfuEufyf[ kr gS
aµ
Positive Comparative Superlative 20. How many degrees are
there of Adjectives ?
Good ( v PNk) Better ( v f/ d v PNk) Best ( l cl sv f/ d v PNk)
Much ( v f/ d) More ( v kSj v f/ d) Most ( l cl sv f/ d)
Many ( cgq r l s) More ( v kSj v f/ d) Most ( l cl sv f/ d) 79
Old ( cM+
k) Elder ( v f/ d cM+ k) Eldest ( l cl sv f/ d cM+
k)
Communication Skills & uksVµ (1) Adjectives dh Degrees esafo| kFkhZfu; eksadh v i s{kk fo' ks"k.k dh Degrees dks
Personality Development ; kn djsaA
(2) Fast ( rs
t ) Adjective Hkh gSv kS
j Adverb HkhgS
AQuick l sQuickly, Slow l sSlowly
fØ; k&fo' ks"[Link]
] fdUrqFast l sFastly ughacurkgS
a ] D; ksa
fd Fastly ' kCn ghughagS At Sl sµ
NOTES (i) He ran fast. (ii) Srinath is a fast bowler.
(3) dqN ' kCnksadh Positive rFkk Comparative Degree ughacurh gS _t S
l s&
Unique ( v f}rh; ) ] Utmost ( l cl sv f/ d) A
EXERCISE 5
Fill in the blanks with the correct degree of comparison of Adjectives given in
the brackets :
1. Mount Everest is the ....................... peak in the world. (high)
2. This box is ....................... than the other one. (heavy)
3. Shyam is the ..................... man is my village. (rich)
4. His condition is ............................ than before. (bad)
5. Ashok was ......................... than most other kings of India. (great)
6. Kolkata is the ............................ city in India. (big)
7. Reeta is the .......................... of the three daughters. (old)
8. The Taj is one of the ........................ buildings in the world. (beautiful)
9. Some boys in the class are ......................... than Hari. (tall)
10. This way is ................................ than the other one. (short)
Special use of Some Adjectives ( d q
N fo' ks"k. kksad sfof' k"V i z;ksx)
Some v kSj Any d k i z;ksx %
Some dki z; ksx Affirmative ( l dkjkRed) Sentences ( okD; ksa
) esaAdjective of Quantity
i zd V djusdsfy; sgksrk gS At Sl s& I have read some books.
Any dk i z
; ksx Negative ( udkjkRed) ; k Interrogative ( i z'uokpd] okD; k)sa esagksrk gS
A
tS
l s&
(1) They have not read any newspaper. (Negative)
(2) Have you got any news ? (Interrogative)
Exception ( v i okn) %
mu i z'uokpd okD; ksaesaft uesadksbZi zkFkZ
uk dh t krhgSv Fkok dksbZv kKk nh t krhgS
] Some
dk i z;ksx fd; k t k l drk gS
At Sl s& Will you please lend me some money ?
Each and Every d k i z
; ksx %
Each v kS
j Every dsi z;ksx dksl e>usdsfy, fuEufyf[ kr rF; ksai j è; ku nsa%
1. Each v kS
j Every l eku gS afdUrqEvery ' kCn Each dh v i s{kk v f/ d emphatic gS A
2. Each dk v FkZeach without exception v FkkZ r ~i zR;sd v i oknµjfgr gS
A
3. Each dk i z; ksx nksO;fDr; ksa
] oLrq
v ksa; k LFkkuksadsfy; sgksrk gSAEvery dk i z;ksx nksl s
v f/ d O;fDr; ksa] oLrq
v ksa; k LFkkuksadsfy; sgh gksrk gS
A
4. Each fdl hl eq nk; dsdq N O;fDr; ksadkcks/d gS AEvery l Ei w. kZl eqnk; dkKku djkrk
gS
A
5. Each dki z ; ksx ml hn' kkesagksrkgSt c l eq nk; dsO;fDr; ksadhl a [ ; kl hfer (Limited)
rFkk fuf' pr (Definite) gksAEvery dk i z;ksx ml l e; gksrk gSt c l a [ ; k v fuf' pr
(Uncertain ; k Indefinite) gks r h gSA
mnkgj . k %
1. Every seat was unoccupied.
80 2. Three boys were seated on each bench.
3. Everyone of these five stools is broken.
 4. Leap year falls in every four years. Section A : Grammar
5. Shyam came to see me every three months.
6. It rained everyday during winter vacation.

Little, A little r Fkk The little d si z

; ksx NOTES
Little d k i z
; ksx :
Little dkv FkZgS& ughadscjkcj] vFkkZ
r ~Little fo' ks"[Link] fu"ks/kRed (Negative) gksrk
gS
At S
l&
s
1. Little knowledge is dangerous.
2. There is little hope of the patient’s recovery.
A little d k i z
; ksx %
A little dkv FkZdq
N] i jUrqv ko' ; drkl scgq
r de gS
Abl dk i z;ksx Positive ( l dkjkRed)
v FkZesagksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. Now there is a little hope of the patient’s recovery.
2. A little tact would have saved the situation.
The little d k i z
; ksx %
The little dk v FkZgSµ ^T; knk ughafdU
rqft ruk gSog l c*] t S
l s&
1. The little information he has is not enough.
2. The little milk in the milkpot is not sufficient for a good cup of tea.
uksVµ : (1) Old dh nksComparative rFkk Superlative Degree gS
µ
a Old, Older, Oldest
rFkk Old, Elder, Eldest.
Elder rFkkEldest dki z ; ksx , d i fjokj dsl nL; ksadsfy; sgksrkgS
AOld, Older rFkkOldest
dk i z;ksx v U; O;fDr; ksa( t ks, d i fjokj dsu gksa) rFkk oLrq v ksadsfy; sgksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. Hari is my eldest brother. 2. Naina is my eldest daughter.
3. This is the oldest mosque in the town. 4. Afzal is the oldest villager in the village.
5. He is elder to me. 6. She is the oldest lady among these three.
EXERCISE 6
(A) Using Older or Elder, complete the following sentences :
1. I have an ......................... brother.
2. Raman is ........................ than Madan by three years.
3. Her .......................... brother is a teacher.
4. Gita is the ......................... of the two sisters.
5. The nephew is ....................... than his uncle.
(B) Using Oldest or Eldest, complete the following sentences :
1. Vijay is the .................... of my son’s three sons.
2. Shyam is the ....................... member of the Bhama Shah Trust of Mathura.
3. That is Mohan, the major’s ................... son
4. The ......................... temple in the town is near the post office.
5. Mr. John is the ............................ European resident of Kanpur.
(C) Using 'little', 'a little', or 'the little', complete the following sentences :
1. I gave the beggar ............................... money I had.
2. There is .......................... chance of his success.
3. Do not spoil ............................ milk you have.
4. Go and bring .......................... milk.
5. ......................... knowledge is a dangerous thing.

81
Communication Skills & (iv) THE VERB AND ITS KINDS ( fØ; k v kS
j ml d si zd kj )
Personality Development
Verb is an Action word. v FkkZ
r ~Action word dksgh verb dgrsgS A Verb dsfcuk dksbZ
a
okD; ughacu l drkA; fn fdl hokD; esadsoy , d gh' kCn gS] rksog ' kCn Verb ghgksxkAt S
l s&
NOTES (1) Go. (2) Come. (3) Stop. v kfnA

KINDS OF THE VERB ( fØ; k d sHks

n)
fØ; k fuEufyf[ kr i zd kj dh gksrh gS
a%
1. Intransitive Verb ( v deZ d fØ; k)
2. Transitive Verb ( l deZ d fØ; k)
(a) Transitive Verb with One Object ( , d deZokyh l deZd fØ; k)
(b) Transitive Verb with Two Obejcts ( nksdeks
±okyh l deZ
d fØ; k)
(c) Transitive Verb with an Object and a Complement ( l deZ
d fØ; k ft l dk , d
deZgksrFkk , d i jwd gks)
3. Phrasal Verb ( okD; ka ' kksal scuusokyh fØ; k)
4. Linking Verb ( l a ; kst d fØ; k)
5. Auxiliary Verb ( l gk; d fØ; k)
1. Intransitive Verb
, slhfØ; k, saft udk dksbZobject ughagksrkgS
] mUgsaintransitive verb ( v deZ
d fØ; k) dgrs
gS
At S
a l s&
1. He goes. 2. Ram wept.
3. The dog barks. 4. The child is sleeping.
mi ; q
Dr okD; ksaesagoes, wepts, barks rFkk sleeping dsdksbZobjects ughaga
Z A
S
2. Transitive Verb
(a) Transitive Verb ( l deZ d fØ; k) og fØ; k gSft l dsl kFk ml dk deZObject gksAt S l sµ
1. He reads a book 2. You play cricket daily.
mi ; q
Dr [Link] rFkk play dk i z;ksx Transitive Verb dh rjg gSv kS
Z j budsdeZ
(Objects) Øe' k%book rFkk cricket gS A
a
(b) dqN l deZd fØ; kv ksadsl kFk nksdeks±(Objects) dk i z;ksx gksrk gS _t Sl s&
He gave me his books.
bl mnkgj.k esagave , slhl deZ d fØ; k gSft l dsnksObjects – (1) me v kS j (2) books gaA
S
(c) dqN l deZd fØ; k, ¡ , slh gksrh gS
aft udsl kFk , d deZ(Object) rFkk , d Complement
(i w
j d) dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
At Sl s&The boys made Shyam their Captain.
bl [Link] dki z;ksx object dhrjg rFkkcaptain dki z;ksx Complement
dh rjg gq
v k gS
A
EXERCISE 7
Pick out the Transitive and Intransitive verbs in the following sentences and
write the object of each Transitive verb against it :
1. Dogs bark. 2. Boys go to school.
3. The birds flew away. 4. He asked me a question.
5. She gave me a pen. 6. She never tells a lie.
7. They found her asleep. 8. School opens at 7 a.m.
9. The teacher taught us a lesson. 10. He washed his clothes.
11. She loves me. 12. Hari laughs
82 13. I like reading books. 14. She cried.
15. You helped me.
3. Phrasal Verb Section A : Grammar
dq
N fØ; kv ksadsckn esaPreposition ; k Adverb Participle yxkusl smudsv FkZesai wj hrjg
l si fjorZ
u gkst krkgS_t S
l s& Give = nsuk_ Give up = NksM+nsuk( R;kxuk) ABring = ykuk_ Bring
up = i kyu&i ks
"[Link]
NOTES
4. Linking Verb ( l a
; kst d fØ; k)
Linking Verb og fØ; k gSt ksdrkZ(Subject) dksComplement l st ks
M+s_ t S
l s&
1. I am a boy. 2. You are a teacher. 3. My father was old.
uksV µ Linking Verb esadsoy Is, Am, Are, Was, Were dk ghi z;ksx gksrk gS
Av FkkZ
r ~Is, Am,
Are, Was, Were dk i z
; ksx Main Verbs dh rjg gksrk gS
A
5. Auxiliary Verbs ( l gk; d fØ; k, ¡)
; sosfØ; k, ¡ gksrh gS
at kseq
[ ; fØ; kvksadsTense cukusesal gk; rknsrh gS
a
At S
l sµ 1. Ramesh is
playing. 2. She has gone.
uksV µ mi jksDr okD; ksaesais rFkkhas–Auxiliary verbs gSAAuxiliary verbs nksi zd kj dhgksrhgS
a a
%(a) Primary Auxiliaries (b) Modal Auxiliaries.
(a) Primary Auxiliaries ; srhu gS aµ (1) be, (2) have, (3) do.
Be d sv U r xZr µ (1) Be (2) Been (3) Is (4) Am (5) Are (6) Was (7) Were dk [Link] u
gksrkgS
A
Have d sv U r µ (1) Has (2) Have (3) Had dk [Link]
r xZ u gksrk gS
A
Do d sv U r xZ r µ (1) Do (2) Does (3) Did dk [Link] u gksrk gSA
uksV : (1) Primary Auxiliaries dsi ' pkr Not yxkusl sSentence ( okD; ) Negative cu
t krkgSA
tSlS & He is not sleeping.
(2) Primary Auxiliaries dksdrkZ(Subject) l si gysj[ kusl sokD; Interrogative cu
t krkgSA
tSl sµ Is he sleeping now ?
(b) Modal Auxiliaries: ; sfof/ l w pd l gk; d fØ; k, ¡ gS
AbUgsamodals Hkhdgk t krk gS
a A
(i) Modal Auxiliaries dksv kt dy Modals HkhdgrsgS A
a
(ii) Modal Auxiliaries es afuEufyf[ kr Verbs dk l ekos'k gS%
(1) Must (2) Should (3) Needn't (4) Will (5) Shall (6) Can (7) Could (8) May (9)
Might (10) Ought to (11) Used to (12) Dare (13) Need.
(iii) primary Auxiliaies es
afuEufyf[ kr Verbs dk l ekos'k gS
%
(i) Be (2) Have (4) Do
bl i zd kj Modals dsv UrxZ r 16 fØ; kv ksadk l ekos'k gS
A
uksV µ budh foLrr̀ t kudkjh Chapter 8 Modals esav yx l snh x; h gS A

(v) THE ADVERB ( fØ; k&fo' ks

"k. k)
Adverb dkuse Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition ; k Conjunction dksModify djus
dsfy; sfd; k t krk gS
Abl fy, bl sModifying Word Hkh dgrsgS A(Adverb is a word which
a
modifies a verb, adjective, adverb, perposition or conjunction.), t S
l s&
1. He reached there easily. (Verb) Check Your Progress
2. This flower-vase is very beautiful. (Adjective) 21. Name kinds of the verb.
3. He writes quite legibly. (Adverb)
4. The fan is just over my head. (Preposition)
83
Communication Skills & 5. The doctor came just after the patient was shifted to another Nursing Home.
Personality Development (Conjunction)

KINDS OF ADVERBS ( fØ; k&fo' ks

"k. k d sHksn)
NOTES
Adverbs rhu i z
d kj dsgksrsgS
a%
1. Simple Adverbs 2. Relative Adverb 3. Interrogative Adverbs.
1. Simple Adverbs
buesaTime, Place, Number, Manner, Degree, Affirmation o Negation dsokD; cuk; s
t krsgS
At S
a l s&
(a) Simple Adverbs of Time ( t ksl e; d ksO ; Dr d j sa
)
buesanow, before, soon, today, tomorrow, yesterday, daily, late dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. I shall go there now. 2. They will be back before 4 p.m..
3. We plan to leave soon. 4. It did not rain yesterday.
5. Today the sky is overcast. 6. Do not put off your work till tomorrow.
7. My son goes to gym for exercise daily.
8. It is too late for me to get married now.
(b) Simple Adverbs of Place ( t ksLFkku d ksO
; Dr d j sa
)
buesahere, there, up, in, out, for, near, away dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. He should come here.
2. You ought to go there.
3. They went up on the first floor.
4. Sheela came in from the rear gate.
5. Chintoo went out from the side gate.
6. Their school is near the Municipal Hospital.
7. Our houses are away from the main terminal.
8. The Market is far from my residence.
(c) Simple Adverbs of Number ( t ksl a [ ; k d ksO;Dr d j sa
)
buesaonce, sometime, never, often, seldom, twice, always, frequently, first, again dk
i z;ksx gksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. I recall having once met Amitabh Bachchan.
2. Sometimes, despite it being cloudy it doesn’t rain.
3. Never mind what she says, she is pious at heart.
4. We can’t afford to take our dinner outside often.
5. She seldom goes out.
6. We should brush our teeth twice.
7. Good students try to be punctual always.
8. A B.P. patient should frequently get his B.P. checked.
9. First, you visit your parents.
10. He has come again for financial help.
(d) Simple Adverbs of Manners ( t ksd k; Zd j usd sr j hd sd ksO ; Dr d j s)
buesahard, bravely quickly, clearly, sweetly dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
At S
l s&
1. She sings sweetly. 2. He walks quickly.
3. Mohan speaks clearly. 4. Ram works hard.
5. Our jawans fought bravely.
(e) Simple Adverbs of Reasons or Cause ( d kj . k cr kusoky sl k/ kj . k fØ; k&fo' ks"k. k)
84 buesahence, rFkk therefore dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
] tS
l sµ
1. He was, therefore, unable to continue. 2. Hence, he left the school.
(f) Simple Adverbs of Affirmation ( LohÑfr d sl k/ kj . k fØ; k&fo' ks
"k. k) Section A : Grammar
buesaLohÑfr dsokD; ksaesasurely, ; k yes dk i z;ksx gksrk gS
]tS
l s&
1. Surely, he is going to do my work. 2. Yes, he is going to help the
poor woman.
(g) Simple Adverbs of Negation ( v LohÑfr d sl k/ kj . k fØ; k&fo' ks
"k. k) NOTES

buesav LohÑfr dsokD; ksaesano,rFkknot dk i z;ksx gksrk gS

At S
l s&
1. This is not my coat. 2. No, I am not interested in this work.
2. Relative Adverbs
buesawhen, where, how, why dh l gk; rk l sokD; ksadk Relation crk; k t krk gS
At S
l s&
1. I know the place where he wants to go.
2. You want to know when he will come to you.
3. They wish to tell how they will get the work done.
4. They do not know why he was unsuccessful.
3. Introgative Adverbs
budk i z;ksx i z'u i w
Nusdsfy, i zkjEHk esafd; k t krk gS
At S
l s&
1. Why was he late ? 2. How did you get through ?
3. Where was he going ? 4. When will you come again ?

EXERCISE 8
Use suitable words from the list to complete the following sentences :
today, fast, just, leave, hard, daily, yesterday, always, bravely,
well, when, where, how, why, once, harder, exact, at once, often.
1. She is rather sad ..........
2. It is true he ran .........
3. Our plane landed ............ at 4.
4. He went there ............................ .
5. The contractor worked ........... . to complete to building in time.
6. He goes to gym in the evening ................
7. He had reached at his uncle’s ............. .
8. ............ speak the truth.
9. The jawan fought .................... .
10. This is a ............ written article.
11. ............... will you come ?
12. ....................... can you find a matching table cloth ?
13. .............. are you going to settle his account ?
14. ............... do you want to leave Delhi ?
15. She wants to know .............. you have placed her L.I.C. policy.
16. You want to know how ................ he will come.
17. The dealer tried to tell ............... he got the distributorship of L.G.
18. We know .............. he failed in his last attempt.
19. I haven’t seen him ..........
20. I work .................. than you.

(vi) THE PREPOSITIONS ( l EcU

/ cks/ d v O
;;)
uksV %budk foLrr̀ fooj.k v è; k; 4- 'Prepositions' esav yx l sfn; k x; k gS
A
(vii) THE CONJUNCTION OR CONNECTORS ( l a
; kst d )
Conjunctions or connectors dh l gk; rk l sge nks' kC
nksa; k okD; ksadkst ksM+nsrsgS
A(A
a 85
Conjunction joins two words or sentences.)
Communication Skills & KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS ( l a
; kst d d sHksn)
Personality Development Conjunctions nksi z
d kj dsgksrsgS
aµ
1. Coordinating Conjunctions, 2. Subordinating Conjunctions.

NOTES 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating Conjunctions l snks; k nksl sv f/ d simple sentences dksfeykdj , d
compound sentence cuk; k t krk gS
A
Kinds of Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions pkj i z
d kj dsgksrsgS
aµ
(a) Cumulative Conjunction
bl esaand, but, as well as, both ................ and, not only ....but also dsi z;ksx l snks
sentences dsHkko dks, d sentence es aO;Dr fd; k t krk gS At S l s&
, d okD; Mohan’s sister is married to a Bengali. rFkk nw l jsokD; Sohan’s sister is
married to a Bangali. dksfeykdj , d okD; es abl i zd kj dgk t k l drk gS%
Mohan’s as well as Sohan’s sister is married to a Bengali.
(b) Alternative Conjunction
bl esa or, either...............or, neither...............nor, else dsi z;ksx l snkssentences ds
Hkko dks, d sentence esaO;Dr fd; k t krk gS At S l s&
, d okD; Give me your biodata. rFkk nw l jsokD; Contact me in my office. dksfeykdj
, d okD; esabl i zd kj O;Dr fd; k t krk gS%
Either give me your biodata or contact me in my office.
(c) Adversative Conjunction
bl esabut, still, while, whereas dsi z;ksx l snkssentences dsHkko dks, d sentence esa
O;Dr fd; k t krk gSAt S
l s&
He is truthful. rFkkHe is not shrewd. dks, d okD; es
abl i zd kj O;Dr fd; k t krk gS%
He is truthful but he is not shrewd.
bl h i zd kj We want to make up with them. rFkk You do not want to patch up. dks, d
okD; esabl i zd kj O;Dr fd; k t krk gS%We want to make up with them while you do not
want to patch up.
(d) Illative Conjunction
bl esafor dsi z;ksx l snkssentences dsHkko dks, d sentence esaO;Dr fd; kt krk gS
At S
l s&
(1) I see the cinegoers coming out of the Hall. (2) The show must be over.
The show must be over for I see the cinegoers coming out of the Hall.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction es
a, d principal clause o ' ks"ksub-ordinate clause gksrsgS
A
a
Kinds of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions N%i z
d kj dsgksrsgS
a%
(a) Time Conjunction
buesawhen, before, till, after, since dsi z;ksx l ssentences cuk; st krsgS
] tS
a l s&
1. She was washing her clothes when I knocked.
2. It had started raining before we reached the picnic spot.
(b) Cause or Reason Conjunction
buesabecause, since, as dsi z;ksx l ssentences cuk; st krsgS
] tS
a l s&
1. The mother is attending the child because it is not well.
86
2. Since my health is not improving, I cannot go out of town.
(c) Result or Consequence Conjunction Section A : Grammar
bl esaThat dsi z;ksx l ssentences cuk; st krsga
] tS
S l s&
1. He is so poor that he cannot pay his child’s school fee.
2. Naresh is so selfish that no one can trust him.
NOTES
(d) Condition Conjunction
bl esaIf, Unless, In case dsi z;ksx l ssentences cuk; st krsgS
At S
a l s&
1. Unless you give me a green signal, I will not start.
2. If you promise to reciprocate, I shall come to you.
(e) Comparison Conjunction
bl esathan dsi z;ksx l ssentences cuk; st krsgS
At S
a l s&
1. The hare ran faster than the tortoise. 2. Speaking is easier than writing.
(f) Concession Conjunction
bl esaThough, Although ................ Yet dsi z;ksx l ssentences cuk; st krsgS
]tS
a l s&
1. Although he reached the station, he failed to locate his sister.
2. Though stone-breakers are daily wage-earners, yet they are happy.
3. Though he worked hard, he could not get good marks.
EXERCISE 9
In the following sentences pick out the conjunctions :
1. Birds fly and fish swim.
2. He is slow but sure.
3. I was angry, still I kept quiet.
4. Belinda smiled and the world was gay.
5. Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
6. Hurry up, otherwise you will miss the train.
7. I read the paper because I was interested in the news.
8. I don’t care whether you stay or leave Delhi.
9. Since you say so, I will come.
10. We eat that we may live.
11. I will not see him though he comes.
12. A book is a book although there is nothing in it.
13. We shall go since you desire it.
14. I must play here for such is my duty.
15. Look before you leap.
16. Play while you play and work while you work.
17. While you are in Rome, do as the Romans do.
18. As you sow, so shall you reap.
19. He is richer than Govind.
20. Catch me if you can.

(viii) THE INTERJECTION ( foLe; kfncks

/ d)
Check Your Progress
An interjection is a word or phrase which is used as an exclamation. ( ft u ' kC
nksal s
22. How many kinds are
g"kZ
] fo"kkn v Fkok foLe; dk cks/ gks] mUgsaInterjection dgrsgS
A)
a there of Conjuctions ?
An interjection , d , s
l k' kCn gSt ksokD; esaMkykt kpq
d kgkst cfd ml dsfcukHkhokD;
v i usesai .wkZgksAbl si w
. kZokD; dhvkuUnnk; d ; knq
%[ kn@
i zfrfØ; ki zd Vdjusdsfy, i z;ksx fd; k
t krk gS
At S l s& 87
Communication Skills & 1. Oh! What a beautiful scenery ! 2. Hello ! How are you ?
Personality Development 3. Hello, Mr. ! What brings you here ? 4. Hurrah ! Our team has won.
5. Alas ! We could catch larks. 6. Hush ! Who is advancing ?
7. Ah ! That’s the usual play.
8. Hush ! Keep quiet , the little child is sleeping.
NOTES
9. Bravo ! Our team has won the match.
10. Oh ! What a picturesque landscape !
Answers
Exercise 1
1. Agra-proper, city-common 2. elephant, animal-common
3. honesty-abstract, policy-abstract 4. Sohan-proper, class-collective
5. Cup-common, silver-material 6. child-common, milk-material
7. father-common, truth-abstract 8. judge-common, judgement-abstract
9. Sita-proper, letter-common, father-common
10. farmer-common, field-common
Exercise 2
1. his 2. These 3. you 4. that 5. What
6. What 7. each–other 8. who 9. it 10. that
11. Everybody 12. herself 13. either 14. myself 15. Many
Exercise 3
1. talkative-you 2. who-he.
3. lazy-boys 4. one-pen
5. other-pen 6. whose-cycle
7. This-book 8. wise-policy
9. open–rebuke, false-flattery 10. idle – servant
11. ideal - teacher 12. first , who, sad - boy
13. all - supporters 14. wise, popular – prime minister
15. Ill – luck 16. This, yellow-shirt, white-shirt (one)
17. unfortunate - this 18. That - boy, strongest–boy, this - class
19. wretched - father 20. several - boys, this - school
Exercise 4
1. such 2. big 3. holy 4. ideal 5. any
6. no 7. five 8. thirty 9. Every 10. sour
11. some 12. Such 13. many 14. Ihat 15. whose
Exercise 5
1. highest 2. heavier 3. richest 4. worse 5. greater
6. biggest 7. oldest 8. most beautiful 9. taller 10. shorter
Exercise 6
(A) 1. elder 2. older 3. elder 4. elder 5. older
(B) 1. eldest 2. oldest 3. eldest 4. oldest 5. oldest
(C) 1. the little 2. little 3. the little 4. a little 5. A little
Exercise 7
1. bark – intransitive
2. go – intransitive
3. flew awy – intransitive
4. asked – transitive, objects – me, a question
5. gave – transitive, object – me, a pen
6. tells – transitive, objects – a lie
7. found – transitive, objects – her asleep
8. opens – intransitive
9. Staught – transitive, objects – us, a lesson
10. washed – transitive, object – his clothes
88 11. loves – transitive, objects – me
12. laughs – intransitive
 13. like – transitive, object – reading books Section A : Grammar
14. cried – intransitive
15. helped – transitive, object – me
Exercise 8
1. today 2. fast 3. exact 4. at once 5. hard
NOTES
6. daily 7. yesterday 8. Always 9. brabely 10. well
11. when 12. where 13. How 14. Why 15. where
16. fast 17. how 18. why 19. today 20. harder
Exercise 9
1. and 2. but 3. still 4. and 5. else
6. otherwise 7. because 8. whether 9. since 10. that
11. though 12. although 13. since 14. for 15. before
16. while 17. while 18. As ........ so 19. than 20. if

89