Communication Skills &

Personality Development
14 Articles
(Use of 'A' 'an', 'the' and their omission)
NOTES

va
xzsthea AbUgsanksJsf.k; ksaesafoHkkft r fd; k t krk gS%
s'a', 'an' rFkk 'the', Articles dgykrsgS
a
(A) Indefinite Articles  A rFkk An
(B) Definite Article  The
1. Use of 'A' and 'An' - Indefinite Articles
‘A’ dk i z ; ksx , sls' kCnksadsi w
oZgksrk gS
] ft udk mPpkj.k djrsl e; i zkjEHk esaO;a
t u&èofu
(Consonant sound) fudyrh gks ] pkgs' kCn dk i zFke v {kj Vowel ( Loj) gks; k Consonant
( O;×t u) ] t S
l s&
a man a boy a university a European
a pen a dog a useful thing a one-eyed man
Note %‘University’ ( ; w fuofl Z fV) esaU dk mPpkj.k ^; w * dh rjg gSv kS
j ^; w
* dh èofu
Consonant ( O ; ×t u) t S l hgSAbl fy, bl dsi gysa yxsxkA; fn U dk mPpkj.k^v * gks] t S l s&
umbrella ( v Eczsy k) , umpire ( v Ei k; j) rksan dk i z;ksx gksxkA
‘An’ dk i z
; ksx , sls' kCnksadsi w
oZgksrk gS
] ft udk mPpkj.k djrsl e; i zkjEHk esaLoj&èofu
(Vowel sound) fudyrh gks ] Hkysghml ' kCn dk i zFke v {kj Vowel gks; k Consonant ; t S
l s&
an apple an hour ( v koj~
) an M.A. an island ( v kbyS
. M~
)
an egg an heir ( , v j~
) an M.B.B.S. an ox
an umbrella an elephant an honourable man an [Link]. bR
; kfnA
60
( v kW
ujscy eS
u~
)
Note %(1) 'Hour' es
a‘h’ silent gS! ml dsckn ‘o’ v krk gSt ksVowel ( Loj) dh èofu nsrk Section A : Grammar
gS
Abl fy, bl ' kCn dsi gys‘an’ yxsxkA
(2) a rFkk an v a xzst h ds‘one’ ' kCn dsdet + ksj : i (weak form) gS A budk i z;ksx
a
Countable Singular Nouns ( fxuus; ks X; , dopu l a Kkv ksa
) dsi gysfd; k t krk gSA
NOTES
cgqopu l aKkv ksa(Plural Nouns) [Link]; l a Kkv ksa(Uncountable Nouns) dsi gys
budk i z;ksx ughagksrk gS A i nkFkZ
okpd , oaHkkookpd l a Kk, ¡(Material Nouns and
Abstract Nouns) v [Link]; l a Kkv ksa(Uncountable Nouns) dsv UrxZ r gh v krh gS A
a
budsi gysrc rd a ; k an i z;q Dr ughagksrk gS] t c rd osCountable Nouns ds: i
esai z;q
Dr ughagksrsA
A rFkkAn dk i z ; ksx v f/ d Li "V : i l sbl i zd kj l e>k t k l drk gS
µ
(1) i z
Fke ckj i z;q
Dr gksusokysSingular-Countable Nouns ( , dopu fxuus; ksX; l a Kkv ksa
) ds
i gys%
1. I have a book. 2. She lives in a hut.
3. He saw an old man. 4. He held an umbrella in his hand.
(2) , s
l h , dopu i wjd l aKkv ksa(Noun Complements) l si w
oZt ksfdl h i s'ks ; k O;ol k;
(profession) l s
l EcfU/r gksa%
1. She is a nurse. 2. He is an engineer.
3. Neeraj is a doctor. 4. She is an actress.
(3) Adjective + Noun dh fLFkfr es aa v Fkok an dk i z;ksx Adjective ( fo' ks"k.k) l s i w
oZ
ml dh i zkjfEHkd èofu dsv uq
l kj gksrk gS
A i zkjfEHkd èofu Loj (Vowel) gksusi j an rFkk
O;a
t u (Consonant) gksusi j a dk i z;ksx fd; k t krk gS%
1. a big elephant. 2. an old woman. 3. an ugly child. 4. a useful book.
(4) , lsh v fHkO
; fDr; ksadsfy, t ksew
Y; ] xfr] v uq
i kr v kfn dk cks/ djkrh gksa
] v FkkZ
r ~^i zfr* ds
v FkZesa%
two rupees a kilo, six times a day, eighty rupees a dozen, 20 km an hour, ten
rupees a metre? bR; kfnA
(5) l a
[ ; kRed@
ek=kkRed v fHkO;fDr; ksat S
l sµ nl #i ; si zfr ehVj l si w
oZ%
a pair, a couple, a dozen, half a dozen, a hundred, a thousand, a lot, a great deal,
a great many, a quarter, a million bR; kfnA
(6) few v kS
j little dsl kFk %
1. He borrowed a few books from the library. 2. Please take a little more tea.
Note  ( i) a few dk vFkZa small number ( FkksM+ hfdUrqegRoi w . kZl a
[ ; k) l sgksrk gS
] ft rus
l soDrkdkrkRi; ZgksAbl hi zd kj] a little dkvFkZa small amount ( FkksM+ hfdUrq
egRowi .kZek=kk) l sgksrkgS A
( ii) few v kSj little dk i z;ksx fcuk a dsHkh gksrk gS
] ysfdu ; s^yxHkx ugha * dk v FkZ
ysysrsgS At S
a l s%
1. Few people know this fact. (The fact is almost unknown)
2. She had little time to attend the meeting. Check Your Progress
(She had almost no time .............)
18. How many classes the
(7) fofHkU
u HkkoksadksO;Dr djusokysExclamatory Sentences esa, dopu l a
[ ; k ( Singular article are divided into?
Noun) dsi gysv kusokysfo' ks"k.k&' kCn ( Adjective) dsi w
oZ%
1. What a beautiful flower ! 2. What a pretty colour !
61
3. What an old fashion ! 4. What a cold day !
Communication Skills & (8) Such dk i z
; ksx fdl h Countable Noun dsl kFk gksusi j such dsckn a v Fkok an dk
Personality Development i z;ksx fd; kt krk gS%
1. It was such a good deed. 2. He was such a helpful friend.
3. It was such an interesting story.
NOTES
( 9) fofHkUu mi kf/ ; ksa; k i nksa( Titles, degrees or ranks) ds l a f{kIr : i ksa( abbreviated
forms) dsi gysfuEu i z d kj l sa v Fkok an dk i z;ksx gksrk gSA
( a) i zFke v {kj Loj&èofu ( Vowel sound) nsrksan dk i z;ksx] , oa
( b) i zFke v {kj O;at u&èofu ( Consonant sound) nsrksa dk i z;ksx gksrk gS A
mnkgj.k %an M.A., an [Link]., an M. Com., an S.P., an S. D. M., an L. L. B., a U.
D. C. an L.D.C bR ; kfnA
( 10) ‘a’ rFkk‘an’ dk i z;ksx ^, d&l s* ( the same) dsv FkZesaHkh gksrk gS%
1. Birds of a feather flock together. 2. Men of a mind always group
together. 3. Take two at a time.
( 11) Mr / Mrs / Miss + surname dsi gysa dk i z;ksx gksrk gS%
a Mr Sharma, a Mrs Mathur, a Miss Gupta bR ; kfnA
( a Mr Sharma l sv k' k; , slsO;fDr l sgS
] t ksMr Sharma dsuke l si q
d kjk t krkgSi jUrq
oDrkml l sv i fjfpr gS
_i fjfpr v oLFkkesadsoy Mr Sharma ; kMrs Mathur ..... fy[ krs
gSA)
a
EXERCISE 1.
Fill in the blanks with 'a' or 'an' :
1. He was.................wise teacher.
2. It was................long way to the forest.
3. The meeting was held in....................big hall.
4. ............. burnt child dreads the fire.
5. She spent.....................few months in Mumbai last year.
6. Would you like to take..............little more tea ?
7. Now cricket has become.................international game.
8. They will be back in..............week.
9. I will finish this work within..............hour.
10. She is...............Italian lady.
11. ..............man of regular habits is sure to succeed in life.
12. Rani hopes to win................lottery.
13. He is so good...............umpire that every player respects him.
14. We are to play.................one-day match next week.
15. Ashoka was..................very kind king.
EXERCISE 2.
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with 'a' or 'an' :
1. He is..............honest man of our city.
2. He is...............very honourable teacher of our college.
3. Let us rest here for.............while.
4. Can you give.............example of a cruel king ?
5. Anita wants to buy..............few toys for her son.
62 6. They hired...........taxi and reached the station.
 7. We shall go for................................................walk now. Section A : Grammar
8. She often tells............................................................lie.
9. Certainly, it is.................................very interesting story.
10. India is............................................independent country.
NOTES
11. Such..............................incident can never be forgotten.
12. She bought...........................electric iron for Rs 350.
13. My father is.........................................M.L.A.
14. My friend's father is...................................U.D.C.
15. The boy had taken...............................identity card.
2. Use of 'The' - Definite Article
'The' dksDefinite Article dgk t krk gSvkSj bl dk i z;ksx , dopu o cgq opu l a
Kkv ksa
( Singular and Plural Nouns) dsi woZfuEufyf[ kr fLFkfr; ksaesafd; k t krk gS%
(1) , sl sNoun dsi gysft l dk i w
oZesamYys[k fd; k t k pq d k gks%
(When the Noun has been referred to previously)
1. I saw a lion. The lion was sleeping under a tree.
( i gysokD; esa
) eS
us, d ' ksj ns[kkA( nw
a l jsokD; esaogh ' ksj i sM+dsuhpsl ksjgk FkkA
2. We heard a noise. The noise came from a neighbour's house.
3. I have lost the pen which I bought yesterday.
(2) Adjectives dh Superlative Degrees dsi gys%
(Before the Superlative Degrees of Adjectives) :
1. Ravi is the best singer in the school.
2. My uncle is the richest man in the town.
v i okn %fdl h l EcU/okpd ; k v f/ dkjokpd fo' ks"k.k (Possessive Adjective), t S
l s%my,
his, her, their, your, our dsckn Adjective dh Superlative Degree dk i z ; ksx
gksusi j the dk i z;ksx ughagksrk gS
At S
l s%
1. He is my best friend. 2. Mr Dixit is our best teacher.
(3) fdl h' kC
n&l ew
g (Phrase) ; k miokD; (Clause) l sl q
fuf' pr gksusokysNoun dsi gys%
1. The girl in the blue skirt is my sister.
2. The man with a little nose is our Principal.
3. The cars made in our factory are the strongest ones.
4. The book on the table belongs to the library.
5. The man who went out is an excellent singer.
(4) , s
l sNoun dsi gyst ksv i uh l Eiw
. kZt kfr (the whole class or race) dk cks/ djkrk gS%
1. The dog is a faithful animal. ( ; gk¡ v FkZl eLr ^oq
Q
Ùkk t kfr l sgS
)
2. The elephant has a long trunk.
3. The cat likes milk.
(5) ufn; ks
] l kxjksa
a ] egkl kxjksa
] [ kkfM+
; ksa
] e#LFkyksa
] }hi &l ew
gksa
] i oZ
r &Ü
k̀a
[ kykv ksa
] ugjksa
]ta
xyksarFkk
ns'kksadscgq
opuh; ukeksadsl kFk %
The Ganges, The Yamuna. (rivers)
The Bay of Bengal ( ca
xky dh [ kkM+
h) , The Arabian Sea ( v jc l kxj)
The Gulf of Mexico ( es
fDl dksdh [ kkM+
h) , The Thar, The Sahara. ( l gkjk e#LFky)
The Himalayas, The Netherlands ( gkW
yS
. M dk uke) , The West Indies, The USA. 63
(l a
;q
Dr jkT; v esfjdk)
Communication Skills & Note : >hyks
a(Lakes) dsuke dsi woZ
] i oZ
r (Mountain) ; kpksVh(Peak) dsuke dsi w oZMount
Personality Development o fdl h v Urjhi dsuke l si w
oZCape ' kCn dk i z;ksx gksusdh fLFkfr esaThe dk i z;ksx
ughagksrkgSA
tSl s%Cape Camorin, Mount Everest, Lake Mansarovar bR;kfnA
NOTES
(6) l a
Kk( Noun) dhrjg i z;qDr gksusokysfo' ks"k.k( Adjective) ' kCnksadsi w
oZthe i z;ksx gksrk
gS%
1. The brave always rule over the earth. ( ^cgknq j yksx*)
2. The rich should help the poor. ( ^v ehj* yks x)
3. The weak can never do anything. ( ^det ks j yksx*)
(7) fo' o es
av i us<a
x dh v uks[kh v Fkok , dek=k oLrqv ksadsfy, %
The sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world, the universe, the Taj, the wall
of China.
(8) fn' kkv ks
a(Cardinal Points) dsuke dsi gys%
The east, the west, the south, the north.
(9) , s
l sukeksadsi gyst ksAdjective + Noun ; k Noun + of + Noun : i esagksa%
The National Highway, the Bay of Bengal
(10) / kfeZ
d iq
Lrdksa
] ok| &; U=kksa, oaØeokpd l a
[ ; kv ksal si w
oZ%
( before religious books, musical instruments and ordinals) :
The Geeta, the Bible, the Quran, the Ramayan, the violin, the flute, the first,
the fourth, the eleventh, the last, the next bR
; kfnA
(11) Comparative Degree dsnksckj i z
; ksx dh fLFkfr esa%
1. The more you have, the more you want. 2. The sooner, the better.
3. The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
4. The better I know her the more I admire her.
(12) t c Proper Noun ( O
; fÙkQ
okpd l a
Kk) dhrq
y ukfdl hv U; i zfl ¼ O;fÙkQ
] LFkku ; koLrq
l sdh t krh gS%
1. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. 2. Kashmir is the Switzerland of Asia.
(13) / eZ
] l eq
nk; ] t kfr] jk"Vªh; rk] jkt uhfrd nyksa
] t gkt ksa
] jsy xkfM+
; ksa
] gokbZt gkt ksa
] t yi ksrksa
v kfn dsuke dsi gys%
The Hindus, the Sikhs, the Jats, the Sanatanees, the Vaishnavas, the English,
the Indians, the Americans, the Congress, the B.J.P., the Nilgiri, the Kanishka,
the Vikrant, the Chetak Express.
(14) Plural Surnames dsi gys%
The Guptas ( xq
Irk i fjokj) , the Sharmas, the Mathurs bR
; kfnA
(15) ' kjhj dsv a
xksadsuke dsi gys%
1. He caught her by the hair. 2. She grabbed him by the neck.
(16) rkjh[ kks
a, oajk"Vªh; egRo dsfnuksadsi gys%
The 25th July, the 15th August, the 26th January, the Independence Day, the
Republic Day bR ; kfnA
(17) Same, only, opposite, front, end, beginning t S
l s' kCnksadsi w
oZ%
The same scene, the only son, the opposite party, the front page, the end of the
64 play, the beginning of the story.
(18) All, some of ....... (Plural Noun), one of ....... (Plural Noun), each of .......... Section A : Grammar
(Plural Noun) dsl kFk%
All the boys, some of the students, one of the girls, each of the winners.
The Omission of the Definite Article : NOTES
fuEufy f[ kr fLFkfr ; ksaesaDefinite Article d k i z;ksx ughagksrk gS%
(1) Proper Noun ( O ; fÙkQokpd l a
Kk) , Material Noun ( i nkFkZ
okpd l a
Kk) rFkk Abstract
Noun ( Hkkookpd l a Kk) dsi w
oZ%
1. Arjun was a great archer. 2. Gold is more costly than silver.
3. Wisdom is greater than wealth.
i jUrq; fn material noun dk abstract noun dk i z;ksx fdl h particular sense esagksrk
gSrksthe dk i z;ksx gksxkA
tSl s%The gold of India is costly. The beauty of the girl attracted everybody.
(2) t c Man ' kCn dk i z;ksx ekuot kfr (Mankind) dsv FkZesagks%
1. Man is mortal. 2. Man is a social animal.
(3) v è; ; u dsfo"k; ks
] l koZ
a t fud LFkyksa( t c mudk i z;ksx mudsLokHkkfod mn~
ns'; ksadsfy,
gksrk gks)] [ ksy ksa
] chekfj; ksarFkk fuf' pr l e; i j fd; st kusokysHkkst uksadsuke dsi gys%
1. She doesn't like physics.
2. We go to hospital when we are ill.
3. They go to school regularly.
4. We play hockey every day.
5. She is suffering from pneumonia.( fueks
fu; k)
6. I have lunch at noon.
7. He goes to temple daily.
v i okn (i) The dinner of last night. (ii) The coffee in the morning.
(4) jk"Vªks
] ja
a xksa
] R;ksgkjksadsuke dsi gys%
1. India has a very old and rich culture.
2. The leaves of this plant have turned yellow.
3. Diwali is celebrated with pomp and show.
(5) eghuks
] fnuksarFkk ½rq
a v ksadsuke dsi gys%
1. January is the first month of the year. 2. Sunday comes before Monday.
3. Spring is the first season of the year. (also; The spring)
(6) God ' kCn dsi gysbudki z;ksx ughagksrk( t c ^G* cM+ sv {kj esafy[ kkx; kgksv kS
j bl dk
v FkZl oZ
' kfDreku ^bZ
' oj* gks) %1. He prayed to God for help. 2. God is everywhere
and within every soul.
(7) ^kind of* rFkk ^sort of* dsckn Definite Article ughav krk At S
l s%
1. What kind of man is he ? 2. He is a right sort of man.
(8) Church, market, school, college, hospital, prison, bed dsi w oZDefinite Article ugha
yxkrs]; fn budki z;ksx mudseq [ ; dk; ksZ
adsfy, fd; kx; kgksAChurch esai zkFkZ
ukdsfy, ]
market es a[ kjhnkjh djusdsfy, _ school, college esai <+ usdsfy, hospital esabykt ds
fy, ] prison esal t k Hkksxusdsfy, rFkk bed i j l ksusdsfy, t krsgS &v r%bu ' kCnksadk
a
i z;ksx ; fn bl h v FkZesagksrk gS
] rksbu ' kCnksadsi w
oZDefinite Article ughayxrk At S l s%
65
Communication Skills & 1. My son goes to school. ( i <+
usdsfy, )
Personality Development 2. Father is going to hospital. ( bykt dsfy, )
3. The thief has been sent to prison. ( l t k dkVus dsfy, )
NOTES 4. You will have to go to court. ( okn&fookn ; k >xM+
k fucVkusdsfy, )
5. I go to bed late at night. ( l ks
usdsfy, )
6. He goes to church every Sunday. ( i z
kFkZ
uk ds fy, )
ysfdu ; fn budk i z;ksx nw
l js: i esagksrksDefinite Article yxkrsgS
aAt S
l s%
1. I am going to the school to enquire about the progress of my son.
2. Father is going to the hospital to see his friend.
3. Shall we go to the prison to know the prisoner's condition ?
4. I am going to the court to see the dacoits.
5. The school is at the next crossing.
6. The market is closed today.
7. The church of Ajmer is very grand.
(9) ; fn fdl hns'k dh Hkk"kk dk uke o jk"Vªh; rk dk uke , d ghgksrksHkk"kk dsuke dsl kFk
the dk i z ; ksx ughagksxk] t cfd jk"Vªh; rk dsi gysthe dk i z;ksx gksxk t S l s%
The English speaks English. ( v a xzst v axzst hcksy rsgSA)
a
(10) Proper Noun + 's + Noun l si gysDefinite Article ughav krk At S l s%
This is Mohan's house. ( ; gk¡ a Mohan's house ughafy[ kuk pkfg, )
This is Hari's book. ( ; gk¡a ; kthe Hari's book ughafy[ kuk pkfg, )
i j Urq; fn Common Noun dsl kFk 's vkrk gS ] rksbl dsi gysArticle yxkrsgS A
a
tS l sThat is an old man's room. This is a priest's hut.
EXERCISE 3.
Fill in the blanks with 'a', 'an' or 'the' and put cross (5 ) where none of
them is needed :
1. We study in ............. same school.
2. We shall be in Delhi on...........Republic Day this year.
3. He has suffered.............lot.
4. ................Chetak Express is late today.
5. Somu is............tallest boy in his class.
6. A fox is cleverer than...............crow.
7. ...................condition of the boy is serious.
8. .............rich are not always kind.
9. Gold is..................precious metal.
10. We are going to................Kolkata next week.
11. We should help............poor.
12. Swimming is...............useful exercise.
13. He works in.................insurance company.
14. She takes.............lunch at 1.00 pm.
15. He returned home by................train.
EXERCISE 4.
66
 Use 'a', 'an' or 'the' in the blanks and put cross (5 ) where none of them is Section A : Grammar
needed :
1. We should set..............example before others.
2. The Himalayas lie in...............north of our country.
3. She is in.................hurry. NOTES
4. He needs an hour and..........half to complete this work.
5. The police have arrested.............thief.
6. ..................people of western countries are rich.
7. People admire...............scenery of Kashmir.
8. What kind of.............man you are !
9. She demanded a cup of.................coffee.
10. ...................London is the Capital of Great Britain.
11. ..................honesty is the best policy.
12. Please don't make.................noise.
13. What is..................object of this plan ?
14. Let's go as it is time for...........supper.
15. He mentions that ............... climate of India was good.
EXERCISE 5.
Use 'a', 'an' or 'the' where necessary. Put '' where none can be used :
1. ...........iron is...........hard metal.
2. I bought...........ink to write...........letter.
3. In Aristotle's view ....... child always learns his first lesson by imitation.
4. He will leave in...........hour.
5. ........... Indians were usually healthy and lived long.
6. He says that the Indians behaved in ........ orderly manner.
7. The wealthy people led .............comfortable life.
8. Chandragupta had .......... large army of seven lakh men.
9. Justice was done by the king himself in ......... open court.
10. I passed ............ Civil Service Examination in August 2007.
11. I am sending this letter through ............ trusted friend of mine.
12. The organization should open .............. Intelligence Department.
13. God has given us ............. most wonderful gifts.
14. His .......... greatest friend was Bassanio.
15. ............. Udaipur is the Kashmir of Rajasthan.
16. He is ............. M.A. in English Literature.
17. ............... engine is pulling the train.
18. .............. poverty is a curse.
19. The banyan is originally .......... Indian kurta worn in Bengal.
20. ................ Europeans are fairer in colour than the Indians.

67
Communication Skills & Answers
Personality Development
EXERCISE 1.
1. a, 2. a, 3. a, 4. A, 5. a, 6. a, 7. an, 8. a, 9. an, 10. an, 11. A, 12. a, 13. an, 14. a, 15. a,
NOTES EXERCISE 2.
1. an, 2. a, 3. a, 4. an, 5. a, 6. a, 7. a, 8. a, 9. a, 10. an, 11. an, 12. an, 13. an, 14. a, 15. an.
EXERCISE 3.
1. the, 2. the, 3. a, 4. The, 5. the, 6. a, 7. The, 8. The, 9. a, 10. ×, 11. the, 12. a, 13. an,
14. ×, 15. 
EXERCISE 4.
1. an, 2. the, 3. a, 4. a, 5. the, 6. The, 7. the, 8. ×, 9. ×, 10. ×, 11. ×, 12. a, 13. the, 14. ×,
15. the
EXERCISE 5.
1. ×, a, 2. ×, a, 3. a, 4. an, 5. The, 6. an, 7. a, 8. a, 9. an, 10. the, 11. a, 12. an, 13. the,
14. ×, 15. ×, 16. an, 17. An, 18. ×, 19. the, 20. the.
o

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