Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies – AP

Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering

LAB MANUAL
OF
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

[Link] NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE-NO

1. CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 3-6
2. VOLTAGE FOLLOWER 7-9
3. INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER 10 - 17
4. INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER 18 - 25
5. DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER 26 - 29
6. DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR 30 - 37
7. PRECISION HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
38 - 43
USING OP-AMP
8. ACTIVE FILTERS – LOW AND HIGH 44 - 49
9. SCHMITT TRIGGER 50 - 53
10. MONOSTABLE,ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP-AMP 54 - 61
11. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 62 - 65
12. R-2R LADDER DAC 66 - 69
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FREQUENCY RESPONCE GRAPH:

 EXPERIMENT -1

CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To plot the frequency response graph of a current shunt feedback amplifier and to study
the effect of the feedback on gain and bandwidth.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply (0-30) volts
2 Digital storage oscilloscope (0-20)MHZ
3 Function Generator (0-25)MHZ
4 Transistors
5 Resistors 100Ω(2),560Ω(3),2.2Kω(2),
10kΩ(2),47kΩ(2)
6 Capacitors 22µF(1),10µF(3)
7 Breadboard 1
8 Connecting wires As per required

THEORY:

Negative feedback is defined as a process of returning a part of the output signal to the
input out of the phase with the input signal. It reduces the gain and increases bandwidth.
Negative feedback is employed in amplifier circuit to improve the stability of the gain and
reduce the distortion and effect of the noise.

It also helps in obtaining desired values of input and output

resistances. A current shunt feedback amplifier samples output current and returns the
feedback signal to the input in the shunt feedback signal.

β = I f /I0

The amplifier works as a true current amplifier.

OBSERVATIONS:

WITH FEEDBACK:

FREQUENCY(HZ) VOUT (V) AV=V0 / Vin 20 log (AV)

WITHOUT FEEDBACK:

FREQUENCY(HZ) VOUT (V) AV=V0 / Vin 20 log (AV)

PROCEDURE:

1. connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Check the probes whether they are working or not.
3. Apply the input ac signal of peak to peak amplitude and vary the frequency of input
signal.
4. Note down the readings in each case by varying the frequency.
5. Plot the graph in between gain in db and vs frequency
6. Measure the bandwidth of with feedback and without feedback

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.
2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.
RESULTS:
Without feedback:
Input voltage (Vi) =
Input frequency =
Output voltage (V0) =
Voltage gain =
Gain in dB = (20 log10(V0/Vi) =
With feedback:
Input voltage (Vi) =
Output voltage (V0) =
Voltage Gain =
Gain in dB = (20 log10(V0/Vi) =

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:
The voltage follower is a non-inverting amplifier with unity gain.
A = 1+ R f / Ri = 1
Or R f / Ri = 0
Therefore R f = 0
 EXPERIMENT -2

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

AIM:
To design and set up a voltage follower circuit with OP-AMP IC 741C and observe
the wave forms.

APPARATUS:
[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Dual power supply (0-30)V

2 Function generator
(0-25MHz)
3 Oscilloscope 1

4 Bread board 1

5 OP-Amp IC 741

6 Probes and connecting wires As required.

THEORY:

A voltage follower (also called a unity-gain amplifier or buffer amplifier or isola-

tion amplifier) is an op-amp circuit which has a voltage gain of 1. This means
that the op amp does not provide any amplification to the signal. It is called a
voltage follower because the output voltage follows the input voltage; means the
output voltage is same as the input voltage. Though the gain is unity, this circuit
offers high input impedance and low output impedance and hence it is used as
buffer , which is used to isolate a low impedance load from a voltage source to
eliminate any loading that might occur.
 OBSERVATION:

Vi = ?
Vo = ?
Voltage gain = Vo / Vi = ?;
Phase difference between input and output waveforms = ?

PROCEDURE:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give 2Vpp/ 1 KHz sine wave as input.
5. Observe input and output on the two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify that the input and output waveforms are same in magnitude and phase.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPHS:
 EXPERIMENT -3

INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

3) Inverting Amplifier
AIM:
To design and setup an inverting amplifier circuit with OP- AMP 741C for a gain of
10, plot the waveforms, observe the phase reversal, and calculate the voltage gain.
APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts

2 Function generator (0-25)MHz

3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 30 MHz

4 Bread board -

5 Op-amp IC741

6 Resistors 2KΩ(1),10KΩ(1)

7 Probes and connecting wires -

Theory:

It is a closed-loop mode application of op-amp and employs negative feedback.

The Rf i are
andthe
R feedback and input resistance of the circuit
respectively. The input terminals of the op-amp draw no current because of the
large differential input impedance. The potential difference across the input
terminals of an op-amp is zero because of the large open loop gain. Due to these
two conditions, the inverting terminal is at virtual ground potential. So the current
flowing through Ri and Rf are the same.
I i = If
That is Vin/Ri = - Vo / Rf
Therefore Vo/Vin =AV= -R
f /Ri

Here the –Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave with 1800
phase shift (inverted output). By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can
be varied to any desired value.
OBSERVATIONS:

Input voltage
Input Frequency
Feedback Resistance
Input Resistance
Output Voltage
Time period

Calculations:

i) Practical calculations:

Input voltage :
Input Frequency :
Input Resistance :
Feedback Resistance :
Output Voltage :
Time perioid :

Gain=vo/vin

ii) Theoretical calculations:

vout=vin[RF/Ri]
DESIGN:

Gain of an inverting amplifier Av = Vo/Vin = - Rf / Ri

The required gain = 10,
That is Av = - Rf/ Ri = 10
Let R i = 1KΩ, Then R f = 10KΩ

PROCEDURE:

1.) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2.) + V cc and - V cc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
3.) By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,
appropriate input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-
Amp.
4.) The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage
waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.
5.)Calculate the gain using farmulae.
i)For the practical gain =vo/vi
ii)For the theoretical vout=-vin[RF/Ri]

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Design :
Gain of an inverting amplifier Av=Vo/Vin = 1+Rf/ Ri,

Let the required gain be 11,

Therefore Av= 1+Rf/ Ri= 11
Rf/ Ri = 10
Take Ri= 1KΩ, Then Rf = 10KΩ

GRAPHS :
 EXPERIMENT -3

INVERTING AND NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

3) NON-Inverting Amplifier

AIM:
To design and setup an non-inverting amplifier circuit with OP- AMP 741C for a gain
of 10, plot the waveforms, observe the phase reversal, calculate the voltage gain.
APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator (0-25) MHz
3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 2KΩ(1),10KΩ(1)
7 Probes and connecting wires -

THEORY:

It is a linear closed loop mode application of op-amp and employs negative

feedback. The Rf and Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit
respectively. There will be no phase difference between the output and input.
Hence it is called non-inverting amplifier.
Av = Vo / Vin = 1+ Rf/ Ri ,
Here the +Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave in phase
with the input. By varying the Rf or R i, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to
any desired value.

OBSERVATIONS:
 Input voltage
Input Frequency
Feedback Resistance
Input Resistance
Output Voltage
Time perioid

Calculations:

i) Practical calculations:

Vout=
Vin =
Gain= Vo/Vin=

ii) Theoretical calculations:

Closed loop gain(AF) = Vo/Vin

Vo=AF(V1-V2)
By figure V1=Vin
V2=VF=Vo [R1/R1+R2]
V2= Vo×A[Vin-R1Vo/R1+RF]
AF=Vo/Vin=A(R1+RF) / R1+RF+R1 A
Therefore, AF=Vo/Vin=1+RF/R1
SO, Vout=Vin[1+RF/R]
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. + V cc and - V cc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,
appropriate input voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the
Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage
waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

By the KCL I1+I2 =IF

V1-Va/R1 +V2-Va/R2 =Va-Vout/RF
By virtual ground Va =0
V1/R1 +V2/R2=-Vout/RF
Therefore,
Vout = -RF[V1/R1+V2/R2]
Here,r1=r2=rf=1kΩ
So, Vout = -(V1+V2)
 EXPERIMENT -4

INVERTING SUMMING AND NON-INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER

4) Inverting Summing Amplifier

AIM:
To implement the inverting summing amplifier circuit with op-amp IC714 and
verify its output.

Apparatus:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts

2 Function generator (0-25)MHz
3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 1KΩ(3)
7 Probes and connecting wires -

Theory:
Op-Amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input
signals such a circuit is called a Summing amplifier or adder. Summing amplifier can be
classified as Inverting and Non-inverting summing amplifier depending on the input
applied Inverting terminal respectively. Circuit diagram shows an inverting summing
amplifier with 2 inputs.
Here the output will be amplified version of the sum of the two input voltages
0
with 180 phase.

Vout = -RF/R[V1+V2]
OBSERVATIONS:

[Link] Input Voltage (V1) Input Voltage Vout(V) Practical Theoritical

(V) (V2) voltage(v) voltage(v)
(V)

Calculations:
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give the two different dc voltages v1&v2.
5. Observe the output voltage.
6. Repeat the procedure with again any two various voltages v1&v2.
7. Observe the input and output of the two channels of the osicilloscope simultaneously.
8. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
9. Verify the input and output waveforms are in phase.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

By the KCL at node ‘b’ I1+I2 = 0

V1-Vb/R1 +V2-Vb/R2 =0

By the virtual ground concept,

V1-Va/R1 +V2-Va/R2 =0

V1/R1+V2/R2 =Va[1/R1+1/R2]

Va = (V1/R1+V2/R1) / (1/R1+1/R2)

As, we know
Vo = [1+RF/R]Va
[1+RF/R] [(V1/R1+V2/R1) / (1/R1+1/R2)]

RF = R1 = R2 = 1KΩ then,

Vo = (v1+v2)V
 EXPERIMENT -4

INVERTING SUMMING AND NON INVERTING SUMMINGAMPLIFIER

4) Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier

AIM:
To implement the Non-Inverting summing amplifier circuit with op-amp IC714 and
verify its output.

Apparatus:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator (0-25)MHz
3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 1KΩ(3)
7 Probes and connecting wires -

Theory:

Op-Amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input
signals such a circuit is called a Summing amplifier or adder. Summing amplifier can be
classified as Inverting and Non-inverting summing amplifier depending on the input
applied Non-Inverting terminal respectively. Circuit diagram shows an Non-inverting
summing amplifier with 2 inputs.
Here the output will be amplified version of the sum of the two input voltages
0
with 180 phase reversal.

Vout = V1+V2
OBSERVATIONS:

[Link] Input Voltage (V1) Input Voltage (V2) Vout(V) Practical Theoritical
(V) (V) voltage(v) voltage(v)

Calculations:
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give the two different dc voltages v1&v2.
5. Observe the output voltage.
6. Repeat the procedure with again any two various voltages v1&v2.
7. Observe the input and output of the two channels of the osicilloscope simultaneously.
8. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
9. Verify the input and output waveforms are in phase.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Design:
Given the gain = 2
Vo = V01+ V02 = Rf/Ri(V1-V2)
That is Rf / Ri = 2
Let Ri =
1.1KΩ
Then Rf = 2.2KΩ
 EXPERIMENT -5

5) Difference Amplifier

AIM:
To design and setup a difference amplifier circuit with OPAMP IC 741C for a gain
of 2 and verify the output.

Apparatus:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator 3 MHz
3 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 1KΩ(4)
7 Probes and connecting wires -

Theory:
A difference amplifier is a circuit that gives the amplified version of the
difference of the two inputs, Vo =A(V1-V2), Where V1 and V2 are the inputs
and A is the voltage gain. Here input voltage V1 is connected to non-inverting
terminal and V2 to the inverting terminal. This is also called as differential
amplifier. Output of a differential amplifier can be determined using super
position theorem. When V1=0, the circuit becomes an inverting amplifier with
input V2 and the resulting output is V02= -Rf /Ri (V2). When V2=0, the circuit
become a non-inverting amplifier with input V1 and the resulting output is
V01= Rf/Ri(V1).

Therefore the resulting output according to super position theorem is

Vo = V01+ V02 = Rf/Ri(V1-V2)

OBSERVATIONS:

[Link] Input Voltage (V1) Input Voltage Vout(V) Practical Theoritical

(V) (V2) voltage(v) voltage(v)
(V)

Calculations:
 Procedure:

1 Check the components.

2 Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3 Switch on the power supply.
4 Give V1 = +1.5V DC with polarity as shown.
5 Give V2= 1Vpp/ 1 KHz sine wave.
6 Make sure that the oscilloscope coupling selector is in the D.C. position.
7 Observe input and output on oscilloscope simultaneously.
8 Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:

Given f =1 KHz
So,
T = 1/f = 1ms
Design equation is T = 2πRiC
Let,
C = 0.01µF
Then
Ri = 15KΩ
Take Rf = 10R i = 150KΩ

MODEL GRAPHS:
 EXPERIMENT -6

INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

6) INTEGRATOR

AIM:
To design and setup an integrator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot its pulse
response.

Apparatus:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS ANDQUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator 3 MHz
3 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 1KΩ,(1)10KΩ,(2)100KΩ(1)

7 Capacitors 0.01µF
8 Probes and connecting wires -

Theory:

A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage
waveform is the integrator. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier
configuration if the feedback resistor R f is replaced by a capacitor C f . The expression
for the output voltage is given as,
V o = - (1/R f C 1 ) ∫ V i dt
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the
input signal. Normally between f a and f b the circuit acts as an integrator. Generally, the
value of f a < f b . The input signal will be integrated properly if the Time period T of the
signal is larger than or equal to R f C f . That is,

T≥RfCf

The integrator is most commonly used in analog computers and ADC and signal-wave
shaping circuits.
OBSEVATIONS:
Tabular column:

[Link] Resistance(R) Vin(v) V out(v) Frequency(HZ) Time (sec)

 Procedure:

1 Check the components.

2 Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3 Switch on the power supply.
4 Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
5 Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
6 Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7 Repeat the experiment by varying the resistance values and observe the o/p waveform in
CRO.
8 Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:

Given f = 1 KHz
T = 1/f = 1ms
Design equation is T = 2πRfC
Let,C = 0.01µF
Then Rf = 15KΩ
Let Ri = Rf/10 = 1.5KΩ
 EXPERIMENT -6

INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

6) DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:
To design and setup a Differentiator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot their pulse
response.

Apparatus:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator 3 MHz
3 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 1KΩ,(1)10KΩ,(1)100KΩ,(1)
4.7KΩ(1)
7 Capacitors 0.01µF
8 Probes and connecting wires -

Theory:
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is,
the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be
constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R 1 is replaced by a
capacitor C 1 . The expression for the output voltage is given as,
V o = - R f C 1 ( dV i /dt )
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the
input signal. A resistor R comp = R f is normally connected to the non-inverting input
terminal of the op-amp to compensate for the input bias current. A workable
differentiator can be designed by implementing the following steps:
1. Select f a equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be differentiated.
Then, assuming a value of C 1 < 1 µF, calculate the value of R f .
2. Choose f b = 20 f a and calculate the values of R 1 and C f so that R 1 C 1 = R f C f .

The differentiator is most commonly used in waveshaping circuits to detect high

frequency components in an input signal and also as a rate–of–change detector in FM
modulators.
MODEL GRAPHS:

OBSEVATIONS:
Tabular column:

[Link] Resistance(R) Vin(v) V out(v) Frequency(HZ) Time (sec)

Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
5. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Repeat the experiment by varying the feedback resistance values and observe the
o/p waveform in CRO.
8. Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVE FORMS:
 EXPERIMENT -7

PRECISION HALFWAVE AND FULLWAVE RECTIFIER USING OP-AMP

7) HALFWAVE RECTIFIER USING OP-AMP

AIM:
To construct a half-wave rectifier circuit and analyze its output.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 OP-Amp IC-741
2 Resistors 10KΩ(2)
3 Diodes IN4148(2)
4 Dual power supply (0-30)V
5 Breadboard 1
6 DSO 1
7 Connecting wires As per required

THEORY:

During the positive half-cycle of the AC input voltage, the diode conducts, and current
flows through the load resistor in the forward direction. The diode has a low resistance in
this direction and effectively acts like a closed switch. During the negative half-cycle of the
AC input voltage, the diode becomes reverse-biased and does not conduct. No current
flows through the load resistor during this time. The output voltage across the load resistor
is therefore a pulsating DC voltage that is only present during the positive half-cycles of
the input voltage. The output voltage can be smoothed using a capacitor filter, which will
reduce the pulsations and produce a more constant DC voltage.
The output voltage of a half wave rectifier:
Vout = Vp/π – Vd
Ripple factor of a half wave rectifier:
γ = √(I²avg – I²dc) / Idc
The efficiency of a half wave rectifier:
η = Pout / Pin
RMS value of a half wave rectifier:
Vrms = Vp /2√2 – Vd /√2
PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the circuit as shown in figure. Give a sine wave of ±5V peak magnitude and
2. 1 kHz frequency at the input and observe the input and output simultaneously on CRO.
3. Put the CRO into X-Y mode and connect input signal to X and output signal to select
suitable voltage per division in both channels and observe the characteristics
[Link] the output wave form in the CRO and measure the output parameter.
[Link] finally check the half wave rectifier is correct or not.
7. Note down the values

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVE FORMS:
 EXPERIMENT -7

PRECISION HALFWAVE AND FULLWAVE RECTIFIER USING OP-AMP

7) FULLWAVE RECTIFIER USING OP-AMP

AIM:
To construct a full-wave rectifier circuit and analyze its output

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 OP-Amp IC-741(2)
2 Resistors 10KΩ()
3 Diodes IN4148(2)
4 Dual power supply (0-30)V
5 Breadboard 1
6 DSO 1
7 Connecting wires As per required

THEORY:
[Link] the positive half cycle diode D1 acts as short circuit and diode D2
acts as open circuit then V1=V2 negative which is given to inverting terminal
then Vo=positive

[Link] the negative half cycle diode D1 acts as open circuit and diode D2
acts as short circuit V1=V2=+Ve which is given to non-inverting terminal of
op-amp then Vo is positive.

Vo=-[R/R Vin +R /(R⁄2) V ]

Vo=-[Vin+2V] Substituting V=-V in
Vo=Vin
 Procedure :

[Link] the circuit as shown in figure.

[Link] the input sine wave of voltage 3Vp-p using function generator.
[Link] the output waveform in which CRO and measure the output parametyers.
[Link] finally check the full wave rectifier whether it is correct or not.
[Link] down the values.

Observations :

Vin=Vp-p=
Output Vo=Vo(p-p)=
Channel 1 frequency=
Channel 2 frequency=

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FREQUENCY RESPONCE GRAPH:

 EXPERIMENT -8

ACTIVE FILTERS – LOWPASS FILTER AND HIGHPASS FILTER

8) FREQUENCY RESPONCE OF THE ACTIVE LOWPASS FILTER

AIM:
To design ,construct and plot the frequency Response of Active High Low filter.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 OP-Amp IC-741(2)
2 Resistors 3
3 Capacitor 1
4 Dual power supply -
5 Breadboard 1
6 DSO 1
7 Connecting wires As per required

THEORY:
The most common and easily understood active filter is the Active Low Pass Filter. Its
principle of operation and frequency response is exactly the same as those for the previously
seen passive filter, the only difference this time is that it uses an op-amp for amplification and
gain control. The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as that for the passive RC
filter, except that the amplitude of the output is increased by the pass band gain, A F of the
amplifier. For a non-inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter
is given as a function of the feedback resistor ( R 2 ) divided by its corresponding input resistor
( R1 ) value and is given as:
OBSERVATIONS:

V in=

[Link] FREQUENCY a b Θ = sin-1 (b/a)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Set the input sine wave of voltage 3Vp-p using function generator.
3. Observe the output waveform in which CRO and measure the output parameters.
4. So finally check the full wave rectifier whether it is correct or not
5. Note down the values.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:
 EXPERIMENT -8

ACTIVE FILTERS – LOWPASS FILTER AND HIGHPASS FILTER

8) FREQUENCY RESPONCE OF THE ACTIVE HIGHPASS FILTER

AIM:
To design ,construct and plot the frequency Response of All Pass Filter.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 OP-Amp IC-741(2)
2 Resistors 3
3 Capacitor 1
4 Dual power supply -
5 Breadboard 1
6 DSO 1
7 Connecting wires As per required

THEORY:

An All-Pass Filter is a signal-processing filter that allows all frequencies to pass through it
equally (as opposed to a high-pass or low-pass filter, which only allows one or the other to
pass through). Still, it changes the phase relationship between various frequencies. These
filters do not affect the amplitude of the frequencies as they pass through, only the phase
between each order of frequencies. All Pass filters are most commonly used to correct an
undesired phasing issue in a mix, as they can be used to pinpoint and compensate for phas-
ing issues in the signal.
OBSERVATIONS:

V in=

[Link] FREQUENCY a b Θ = sin-1 (b/a)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Set the input sine wave of voltage 3Vp-p using function generator.
3. Observe the output waveform in which CRO and measure the output parameters.
4. So finally check the full wave rectifier whether it is correct or not
5. Note down the values.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:
UTP = +Vsat( R1/R1+R2)
Let UTP = +3V and LTP = -3V,
Vsat=+13V
UTP, +3 = +13( R1/R1+R2)

Let R1 =1 KΩ
Then R2 = 3.3KΩ

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXPERIMENT -9

SCHMITT TRIGGER

AIM:
To design and setup a Schmitt trigger, plot the input output waveform
and measure VUT and VLT.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 1
2 Function generator 1
3 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 1
4 Bread board 1
5 Op-amp 1
6 Resistors 2
9 Probes and connecting wires As required.

THEORY:
It is a regenerative comparator or it is a comparator with hysteresis. This circuit uses
positive feedback and the op-amp is operated in saturation. The output can take
two values +Vsat and –Vsat. When output = +Vsat, the voltage appearing at the
non-inverting terminal is VUT or UTP = +Vsat( R1/R1+R2) called the upper
threshold point. Similarly When output = - Vsat, the voltage appearing at the
non-inverting terminal is VLT or LTP = -Vsat( R1/R1+R2) called the lower threshold
point. When Vin is greater than UTP, the output will switch from +Vsat to –Vsat.
Similarly When Vin is less than LTP; the output will switch from -Vsat to +Vsat
which is shown in the graph. The difference between UTP-LTP is called hysteresis.
Hysteresis avoids false triggering of the circuit by noise. Hysteresis curve is the plot
of Vo versus Vin . Schmitt trigger circuit is used to convert any irregular wave into
square wave. Schmitt trigger is useful in squaring of slowly varying i/p
[Link] is applied to inverting terminal of op-amp .Feedback voltage is
applied to the non-inverting terminal. LTP is the point at which output changes from
high level to low level .This is highly useful in triangular waveformgeneration, wave
shape pulse generator, A/D convertor etc.
TRANSFER CHARECTERISTICS:

OBSERVATIONS:
V in
V out
Frequency
Theroritical value
Practical value
Time period

CALCULATIONS:
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The signal which has to be made square is applied to the inverting terminal.
3. Here the i/p is a sine waveform. The supply voltage is switched ON and the o/p
waveform is recorded through CRO.
4. The UTP and LTP are also found and the theoretical and practical values are verified.
LTP = R1/ ( R1 + R2 ) X(-Vsat)
UTP = R2 /( R1 + R2 ) X( +Vsat)

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 10 Vpp / 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2)Don’t touch live and Naked wires.
3)Note down the readings carefully.
4)Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5)Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Design:
Given f = 1 KHz
So, T = Ton + Toff = 1/f = 1ms
Also, Duty cycle = Ton/(Ton+ Toff) = 0.66 or 66
Solving above two equations,
Ton = 0.66ms
Toff = 0.33ms
β=0.5, Ton= 1.1Rf1 C = 0.66ms Let C = 0.1µF
Then Rf1 = 6.2KΩ = 5.6KΩ
Similarly Toff = 1.1R f2C = 0.33ms

Then Rf 2 = 3KΩ = 3.3 KΩ

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXPERIMENT -10

ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

10)ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:
To design and setup asymmetrical astable multivibrators using Op- amp
741,
plot the waveforms and measure the frequency of oscillations.

Apparatus:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator 3 MHz
3 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 5.6KΩ(1),10KΩ(2),3.3KΩ(1)
7 Capacitors 0.1µF
8 Diodes IN4001(2)
9 Probes and connecting wires -

THEORY:

In this circuit, the opamp is operated in saturation mode and the output swings between
+Vsat and –Vsat giving square wave output. This circuit is also called free running
oscillator or square wave generator . A positive feedback with feedback factorβ = R1 /
(R1+R2) is provided to the non-inverting terminal. When Vo= +Vsat, the capacitor C starts to charge to +
Vsat through R. when the capacitor voltage crosses +βVsat, output switches from +Vsat to –Vsat.
Now the voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is –βVsat and capacitor discharges
through R towards -Vsat. When the capacitor voltage crosses –βVsat, the output switches
from –Vsat to + Vsat and this process continues to generate square wave output with time
period T=Ton + Toff= 2RC ln[(1+β)/(1-β)]. In asymmetrical astable multivibrators, the
charging and discharging time of capacitor is made unequal to get asymmetrical square
wave with different Ton and Toff.
OBSEVATIONS:

V in
V out
Therotical duty cycle
Practical duty cycle
Frequency
TH
TL
Time period

Theoritical calculations:
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Set up the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and
check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V
5. Observe trigger input, output, and capacitor voltage on different channels
of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph. Measure the time delay.
Duty cycle, D= TH/TH+TL ×100
TH= Charged capacitor value of time
TL=Discharged capacitor time value.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:

T = 0.1ms
C = 0.01µF
T = 1.096RC
R = T / 1.096C = (0.1*10 -3) / (1.096*0.01*10-6)
= 9.12 KΩ R ≅ 9 KΩ

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXPERIMENT -10

ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

10)MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:
To design and setup a monostable multivibrator using Op-amp 741
(i) Plot the waveforms (ii) Measure the time delay.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Function generator 3 MHz
3 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 30 MHz
4 Bread board -
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 5.6KΩ(1),10KΩ(2),3.3KΩ(1)
7 Capacitors 0.1µF(2)
8 Diodes IN4001(2)
9 Probes and connecting wires -

THEORY:

The monostable multivibrator is also called as one shot multivibrator. The circuit
produces a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external trigger pulse. It
always has one stable state (+Vsat). When an external trigger is applied, the output state
changes and the new state is called quasi stable state (-Vsat). The circuit remains in this
state for a fixed interval of time and then it returns to the original state after this interval.
This time interval is determined discharging of the capacitor from 0.7V to -β[Link] time
period of quasi stable state or the delay is given by

T = 0.69RC
OBSEVATIONS:

V in
V out
Therotical duty cycle
Practical duty cycle
Frequency
TH
TL
Time period

TON =
TOFF =
Total T (TON + TOFF) =

Theoritical calculations:
Procedure:

1. Check the components.

2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.
5. Observe trigger input, output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay.

Precautions:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

Result:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:

Let f = 1 KHz and C= 0.01µF R = 6.8KΩ

Gain = 29
Rf/R1 = 29
If R1 = 3.3KΩ ;
Rf = 95.7KΩ Use 100KΩ pot

MODEL GRAPH:
 EXPERIMENT -11
11) RC PHASESHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To Design and setup a RC phase shift oscillator using Op-Amp 741 and
(i) Plot the output waveform
(ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 volts
2 Cathode ray Oscilloscope 30 MHz
3 Bread board -
4 Capacitors 0.1µF(3)
5 Op-amp IC741
6 Resistors 3600Ω(3)
9 Probes and connecting wires As required.

THEORY:

RC phase shift oscillator uses op-amp, in inverting amplifier

mode and the circuit generates its own output signal. It consists of an op-amp as
an amplifier and 3 RC cascaded network as the feedback circuit. Since the op-
amp is used in the inverting mode, any signal that appears at the inverting
terminal is shifted by 1800 at the output. An additional 1800 phase shift required
for oscillation is provided by the cascaded RC network. Thus the total phase
shift around the circuit is 360 0 or 00 . At some specific frequency, the phase
shift of the cascaded RC network is exactly 180 0 and feedback factor is 1/29.
If the gain of the amplifier is 29, the total loop gain of the circuit becomes 1.
The circuit will oscillate at this specific frequency and is given by
OBSERVATIONS:

Frequency
V out
Time

Calculations:

f0 = 1/2πRC√6
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the RC phase shift oscillator circuit on the breadboard and
check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Observe output voltage on oscilloscope.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 EXPERIMENT -12

12) R-2R LADDER DAC

AIM:
To design R-2R ladder DAC using op – amp IC741 and verify its output.

APPARATUS:

[Link] NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS AND QUANTITY

1 Resistors 2kΩ,(6)1kΩ(3)
2 OP-AMP IC741
3 Breadboard -
4 Connecting wires -
5 Patch cards 5
6 Regulated power supply (0-30) volts
7 IC Trainer Kit -

THEORY:

R-2R Digital-to-Analogue Converter, or DAC, is a data converter which use two precision
resistor to convert a digital binary number into an analogue output signal proportional to
the value of the digital number As its name implies, the “ladder” description comes from
the ladder-like configuration of the resistors used within the network. A R-2R resistive
ladder network provides a simple means of converting digital voltage signals into an
equivalent analogue output. Input voltages are applied to the ladder network at various
points along its length and the more input points the better the resolution of the R-2R
ladder. The output signal as a result of all these input voltage points is taken from the end
of the ladder which is used to drive the inverting input of an operational [Link] a
R-2R resistive ladder network is nothing more than long strings of parallel and series
connected resistors acting as interconnected voltage dividers along its length, and whose
output voltage depends soley on the interaction of the input voltages with each other.
Consider the basic 4-bit R-2R ladder network (4-bits because it has four input points) .

V out=[RF/R]×V in
OBSERVATIONS:
4-bit binary numbers Theoritical values Practical values
b3 b2 b1 b0

Calculations:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Set the input sine wave of voltage 3Vp-p using function generator.
3. Observe the output waveform in which CRO and measure the output
4. So finally check the full wave rectifier whether it is correct or not
5. Verify the values.

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Avoid the making of loose connections in the breadboard.

2) Don’t touch live and naked wires.
3) Note down the readings carefully.
4) Switch off the power the supply while connecting the circuit diagram.
5) Check the components before going to start the experiment.

RESULT: