7th Grade Science Notes
1. Introduction to Science
● Science is the study of the natural world.
● It involves observing, experimenting, and understanding phenomena.
● Branches of Science include Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and
Environmental Science.
2. Matter and Its Properties
● Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
● States of Matter:
○ Solid: Definite shape and volume.
○ Liquid: Definite volume, shape depends on container.
○ Gas: No definite shape or volume.
● Properties of Matter:
○ Physical properties: color, shape, size, texture.
○ Chemical properties: how matter reacts with other substances.
3. Elements and Compounds
● Elements: Pure substances made of only one type of atom (e.g.,
Oxygen, Hydrogen).
● Compounds: Substances formed when two or more elements
chemically combine (e.g., Water - H₂O).
4. Atoms and Molecules
● Atom: Basic unit of matter.
● Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together (e.g., O₂, H₂O).
5. The Periodic Table
● Organized chart of elements.
● Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
● Groups: Vertical columns (similar properties).
● Periods: Horizontal rows.
6. Cells - The Building Blocks of Life
● All living organisms are made of cells.
● Types of Cells:
○ Plant Cells: Have cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole.
○ Animal Cells: No cell wall, no chloroplasts.
● Cell Structure:
○ Nucleus: Control center.
○ Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance.
○ Cell membrane: Controls entry and exit.
○ Other organelles: Mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.
7. Plant and Animal Life
● Photosynthesis: Process by which plants make food using sunlight,
CO₂, and water.
● Animals: Different types based on habitat, diet, and body structure.
8. Human Body Systems
● Digestive System: Breaks down food.
● Respiratory System: Supplies oxygen, removes carbon dioxide.
● Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, and oxygen.
● Nervous System: Controls body activities.
● Excretory System: Removes waste.
9. Force and Motion
● Force: Push or pull on an object.
● Types of Forces: Gravity, friction, muscular force.
● Laws of Motion (Newton’s Laws):
○ First Law: An object stays at rest or uniform motion unless
acted upon by an external force.
○ Second Law: Force = Mass × Acceleration.
○ Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
10. Sound and Light
● Sound: Produced by vibrations; travels through air, water, solids.
● Light: Travels in straight lines; allows us to see objects.
● Reflection: Bouncing of light.
● Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
11. Electricity and Magnetism
● Electricity: Flow of electric charge.
● Conductors: Materials allowing current to pass (e.g., metals).
● Insulators: Materials resisting current (e.g., rubber).
● Magnetism: Attraction or repulsion between magnetic poles.
● Earth’s Magnetism: Protects us from solar radiation.
12. Environmental Science
● Ecosystem: Community of living organisms interacting with their
environment.
● Pollution: Contamination of air, water, soil.
● Conservation: Protecting natural resources.
● Renewable Resources: Sunlight, wind, water.
● Non-renewable Resources: Coal, oil, minerals.