Lesson 1.
How Organisms Obtain Energy
Objectives:
• Describe thermodynamics and its laws
• Describe metabolic pathways and ATP as energy currency
Lesson 1. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Lesson 1. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Lesson 1. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Lesson 1. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Activity 1
1. What is Thermodynamics?
2. State the two laws of thermodynamics.
3. Classify organisms based on how they obtain energy.
4. What is meant by metabolism AND a metabolic pathway?
5. Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
6. What is ATP? Sketch the molecule and mention its function.
Lesson 2. Photosynthesis
Lesson 2. Photosynthesis
Lesson 2. Photosynthesis
Lesson
+
Low H conc.
2. Photosynthesis
Nicotinamide Adenine
Dinucleotide Phosphate
High H+ conc.
Lesson 2. Photosynthesis
Lesson 2. Photosynthesis
Lesson 2. Photosynthesis
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose (or other sugar molecules) to release energy in the form of
ATP, which powers all cellular activities.
Two types:
Aerobic → Requires oxygen
Anaerobic → Does not require oxygen
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Aerobic respiration Overall chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36–38ATP
Occurs in 4 stages. Overview:
Step 1: Glycolysis Step 4: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & Chemiosmosis
• Location: in cytoplasm • Location: inner mitochondrial membrane
• Glucose (6C) is split into 2 pyruvate (3C). • NADH and FADH₂ donate high-energy electrons to ETC.
• Net gain: 2 ATP + 2 NADH. • Energy from electrons pumps H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space.
• Anaerobic — does not require oxygen. • H⁺ flow back through ATP synthase, powering ATP production (about
36–38 ATP).
Step 2: Link Reaction / Pyruvate Oxidation
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, combining with electrons and H⁺
• Location : in mitochondrial matrix
to form water.
• Each pyruvate (3C) → Acetyl-CoA (2C) + CO₂.
• Produces NADH.
• Prepares fuel for the Krebs cycle.
TOTAL YIELD (per glucose)
Step 3: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) ATP used (investment): 2
• Location: mitochondrial matrix ATP formed (gross): ~38 (2 glycolysis + 2 Krebs + ~34 ETC)
• Acetyl-CoA (2C) enters cycle → completely broken down Net ATP: ~36
into CO₂. NADH: 10 (2 glycolysis, 2 link, 6 Krebs)
• Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ (per glucose). FADH₂: 2 (Krebs)
• Provides high-energy electron carriers (NADH, FADH₂). Byproducts: 6 CO₂, ~6 H₂O
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration
Lesson 3. Cellular Respiration