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Chapter 5 Part 2 Notes KEY

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5 views10 pages

Chapter 5 Part 2 Notes KEY

Math notes

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diwannayesha
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© All Rights Reserved
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Precalculus CHS Chapter 5 Guided Notes - Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Part 2: Sections 5.5, 5.6 & 5.8 Section 5.5: Properties of Logarithms [Objective 1: Work with the Properties of Logarithms ) | Product Property: log, xy = log, x+log, y ~ Inverse Properties: a" = M | Quotient Property: log, ~ =log, x=log, » log, a’ =r pau toa, oe Change of Base Formula: log, M = weet nu | Quick check. Are the following statements True or False? If False, correct the statement. a ein? =p a ena! = logon “10g avy — ne Objective 2: Write a Logarithmic Expression as a Sum or Difference of Logarithms 1. Rewrite all radicals as fractional exponents. Remember: 4/x 2. Expand arguments using product and quotient rules 3. Final answer should use the power property. No exponents in final answers. Important Note: No rules exist for an argument that is a sum or difference (i.e In(2x+1) 4 In2x+In1) Bx 1: Write the following as a sum or difference of logarithms. a. log, (x va | v0.7 =logax'+ OF mia Hog, uf, =loga(X9)- (logs) “BlthaX +104 oti | 7g Dingle logs 435g +agl * 31GaX + 104 Xt!) cai Log.5-S ogu(ed (x43) wa, ©. log eas c Expression as a Single Logarithm 1, Base of logarithms MUST match to condense 2. Use the power property to move coefficients to exponents 3. Logs that are added will use the product property 4, Logs that are subtracted will use the quotient property 5. Rewrite all fractional exponents as radicals in final step. Ex 1: Write each expression as a single logarithm a. log, 5+3log, 2 b. jint6-in(#*-8) ©. log, (x7 ees ley + logy niu" £0 =loggl #4) EC) -lag 2 (0ga9-2 = £no-0 rs loge, [EeeHD = 10gq40 =Lnd 4 u Objective 4: Evaluate Logarithms Whose Base Is Neither 10 Nor ¢ Ex 1: Approximate by using the change of base formula, Round answers to four decimal places. a, log, 29 = log7 = (71304 blog, Vil = logit = |.04T4 log”) logit 5.5 Extra Practice a Fspant each sme za 232) - i ae +1094 P+ log 2") no (2x-3)- pa ) = +31 5 = log(ex-2)-loga--j !0gx = 510GaX+ 210GsY + F log, % 2. Conese each expression a. ince many -4Inz b. Zlogx-3logy~4log2+Slogw = onixay" + Lny" — ine! = logy Logy ge + dog” = In coy "= tn (LE) = log tee oF 7) = log(xrt)-lag(x*1) i ye (a) 0 and b 4 |,b*= 5" if and only if x=» Examples: If 3° =3°,then x= y ¥IE Wie bores are equa , Stk Hae i If logx =3, then 10" =10° exponents equal Helpful Tips for Solving Exponential Equations Algebraically 1, Rewrite each side to have the same exponential base 2. Ifthe two bases are equal then the exponents must be equal 3. Set the exponents equal to each other and solve for the variable. Ex 1. Solve the following exponential equations. a ee ea [Link](4) i (4y "= (47) (aty" E sty? ay ol, +5) X42 = 2(K-8) _ 2 . = 2X Yt = 2K- Ce %y oy on (k=) [Zn=- Y-5 = —Wk OX = 4% =20 oy AZ] One-to-One Property of Logarithmic Functions: For 6 >0 and 6 + 1,log, x= log, y if and only if x Examples: If log, x=log, 6 then x=6 Ife =2 then Ine’ =In2 Ts Helpful Tips for Solving Logarithmic Equations Algebraically 1. Condense each side to a single logarithm or expression. 2. If the two sides are the same logarithm base then the arguments must be equal. 3. Set the arguments equal to each other and solve for the variable. 4. Check for extraneous solutions by checking if the solution can substitute in the original equation based on domain. CAUTION: A negative solution is not automatically extraneous. You must determine whether the potential solution causes the argument of any logarithmic expression in the equation to be negative or 0. Ex 2; Solve each Logarithmic Equation a. log, 5=log, 10—log,(x-4) b. In( 4x? =3x) = In(16x-12)-Inx og ate iit) 5 lo Hy tans WoKate ~ yeu ,OK=30 Uy By? = WX-IL B(K-4) =10 Hi d4 "KET 5 X-20 = 10 (4-3) H(A) = ° Ge-u\Ua)20 A IKE What if there is only one exponential expression or logarithmic expression? You can use the one-to-one properties to solve equations with exponential and logarithmic expressions. Algebraically, Ifa=6 ,then; © 10” =10" and 2’ =2" and e =e" etc. * loga=logd and log, a=log, b and Ina=Inb ete. ‘The two methods used next are called exponentiating both sides and taking the logarithm of both sides. Exponentiating both sides | Taking the logarithm of both sides ] | | x =3 Original equation |e =3 Original equation 2h" 2? One-to-One Property | Ine' =In3- One-to-One Property | x=2* Inverse Property [x= In3 _ inverse Propeny | Ex 3. Solving the following logarithmic equations, a. 7—3log]0x =19 Two Wexnods b. log, x* = 20 = pet we = 3\0g\0x OKolate 104 +10g4X=20 log! Y= -4 and switch forras loge = 5 Jy x 10° lOX Alsolak 194 te it ep i\ohge?.4 and exponentiake x =5°2 —— FT) nth Sider [X= 79,000 Ex 4. Solve the following exponential equations. Leave your answers in exact form. a.5(8')+7=22 Two Methods Wore! be = a 5@8)='2 Od ath fire ENC = Ln 7 = x +l) Ine =n © Olsolar, Foceiae @ 7 = ine X= 10q93| un take og 2x ean side x= £no =! Es Application questions will typically require a calculator. Show all algebraie steps and keep your values in exact form in all intermediate steps. Use your calculator in the final step and follow rounding directions. Ex 5. Students in a mathematics class were given an exam and then retested monthly with an equivalent exam. The average scores for the class are given by the human memory model _f(#) = 80-17 log(¢ +1), where 0 0 where N, isthe JAHAL Qmount and kisa_QOSHAVE, constant that represents the growth rate, Ex I: Bacterial Growth A colony of bacteria that grows according to the law of uninhibited growth is modeled by the function V(r) =150e"”', where N is measured in grams and is measured in days. a, Determine the initial amount of bacteria. N(0) = 150 grams b. What is the growth rate of the bacteria? K=0.032 ~ Br} c. What is the population after 7 days? NO)= [Link]) grams 4d. How long will it take for the population to reach 345 grams? QuS)= (500% a0 7.3= 0.0326 peee £¥ 2. 02Bdays . What is the doubling time for the population? BOD= 15087 * 4. LN1 = 0.0826 Bete = [Link] days Ex 2. A colony of bacteria increases according to the law of uninhibited growth. a. If Nis the number of cells and is the time in hours, express Vas a function of N (t) = Noet* b. Ifthe number of bacteria doubles in 3 hours, find the function that gives the number of cells in the culture, 2 (A=2N fez 025It om, aus, NUOPNoe d rn = ¢. How long will it ae for the size of the colony to triple? SNoz = Not? 23I6 A IndzO.20lt Ze =e"? ait +=4155 ws d., How long will it take for the population to double a second time? lo howd e Objective 2: Model Populations That Obey the Law of Uninhibited Decay Uninhibited Radioactive Decay ‘The amount 4 of a radioactive material present at time ris given by A() = Avef® k<0, where 4, is the [WW1QU. amount and kis a Megane, number that represents the rate of decay. Ex 1: Traces of burned wood along with ancient stone tools in an archeological dig were found to contain approximately 2.25% of the original amount of carbon-14, If the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 AueAe was the * (b= as -0 Ooo! Ut : 0129) = mn S 00012 eee = hho ygrSAy=Ae fe=[Link] — ae =the 0.0225=€° I er 05 MM0DS)=TBOK ©. K=-0.00012. Objective 3: Newton's Law of Cooli The temperature, 1, of heated object ata give time, r,cap be apgdeled by the following funtion: un=tHUe-Ty\e** k) = Zoolit4s see )= SIL Use a graphing utility to determine how long it takes for the population to reach one-half of the carrying e capacity. Note: This is the point where the population growth begins roClaanye -LONLALATY Yy (312) = I8lo wnt € wihtecs = (3l.w4s satu rraace POINT Plechon) @ LiaL645,!00) ays 1. The EFISCEN wood product model classifies wood products according to their life span. There are four classifications: short (I year), medium short (4 years), medium long (16 years), and long (50 years). Based on data obtained from the European Forest Institute, the percentage of remaining wood products after f years, for wood products with long life spans is given by P(1) = 1+0.0316¢""8" a, What is the decay rate? b, What is the percentage of remaining wood products after 10 years. PU) =45 .. AD/. ¢. How long does it take for the ane of remaining wood produets to reach 50%? 50= (00.246 a 1 0.0310-€0080! & VASA Years 4d. Explain why the numerator given in the model is reasonable. the numerodor is yeasonable bi 0 He mae /. & WOO vemaining jg \00/-

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