MODULE 5 – MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
A. Ungrouped Data
Lesson 1. Range. Is the difference between the largest (Highest) value
of a data set and the smallest (Lowest) value of a set.
Example 1: From the following set of data, determine the range.
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15. 16, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21
Step 1. Determine the highest (H) value and lowest (L) value from the set
of data.
H = 21 and L = 3
Step 2. Get the Range ( R ) by difference between the lowest and highest
values
R = H – L; R = 21 – 3 = 18; therefore the range is 18
Then the range is 21 – 3 = 18
A. POPULATION VARIANCE
Step 3. Get the mean
X = (3 +4+5+7+8+9+11+14+15+16+16++16+17+19+20+21)
201
=
16
X = 12.56
Step 4. Get the Variance (Population)
σ 2 = 519.9376/16 = 32.4961
Step 5. Standard deviation (Population)
σ = √ 32.4961 = 5.70
B. SAMPLE VARIANCE
S2= Σ ¿ ¿ = ¿ ¿
Data
(x - X ) (x – x )2
3
-9.56 91.39
4 -8.56 73.27
5
-7.56 57.15
7
-5.56 30.91
8
-4.56 20.79
9
-3.56 12.67
11
-1.56 2.43
14
1.44 2.07
15
2.44 5.95
16
3.44 11.83
16
3.44 11.83
16
3.44 11.83
17
4.44 19.71
19
6.44 41.47
20
7.44 55.35
21
8.44 71.23 519.9336
Total 519.9376 S2 = 16−1 = 34.66
Step 5 solve for the standard deviation
S = √ 34.66224 = 5.89
The Standard Deviation (s) is (the square root of the
Variance (s2). The formula is:
S = √ s2
Lesson 6. Measures of Variability (Grouped Data)
A. Population
Example 1. Table 1 shows the computation of Population Mean, Class Mark, the
deviation from the mean, the squared deviation and sum of the product of the
respective frequency and the squared deviation
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Class
f M fM (M- μ) (M- μ)2 f(M- μ)2
Interval
1-3 4 2 8 −7.4 54.76 219.04
4-6 12 5 60 −4.4 19.36 232.32
7-9 13 8 104 −1.4 1.96 25.48
10-12 19 11 209 1.6 2.56 48.64
13-15 7 14 98 4.6 21.16 148.12
16-18 5 17 85 7.6 57.76 288.80
∑f(M- μ)2=
∑f=60 ∑fM=564
962.4 SOLUTION:
Step 1. Determine the Class Mark (3) by adding the lower limit and the upper limit of
each class, then divided by 2, like 1 + 3 = 4/2 = 2 (class mark for the class 1 -3)
Step 2. Multiply the obtained class mark (M) by their corresponding frequency to obtain
(fM) column 4 of the table.
Step 3. Determine the population mean ( μ ¿by dividing the sum of fM by the total
frequency.
ΣfM 564
μ= ; or μ = = 9.4 (Population Mean)
N 60
To determine the population variance
Step 4. Get the difference between the mean and the corresponding class mark
(Column 5 of the table)
Step 5. Square the result from Step 4
Step 6. Multiply the result of Step 5 by the corresponding frequency and get the sum.
∑f(M – μ)2 = 962.4
Step 7. Determine the population variance using the following formula:
962.4
σ 2 = Σf ¿ ¿ or σ 2 = 60 = 16.04 (Variance)
Step 8. Determine the population Standard deviation by getting the square root of the
variance (from Step 8)
σ = √ σ 2 = √ 16.04 = 4.00 (Standard deviation)
B. Sample Variance and Standard Deviation
Example 2. Compute the variance and standard deviation on the following sample
data.
Class Interval Frequency
10 – 14 6
15 – 19 22
20 – 24 35
25 – 29 29
30 – 34 16
35 – 39 8
40 – 44 4
45 – 49 2
* SOLUTION:
The Variance and Standard Deviation is computed as follows:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Class
Interval f M fM M−x (M − x )2 f(M − x )2
10-14 6 12 72 −13.16 173.19 1,039.14
15-19 22 17 374 −8.16 66.59 1,464.98
20-24 35 22 770 −3.16 9.99 349.65
25-29 29 27 783 1.84 3.39 98.31
30-34 16 32 512 6.84 46.79 748.64
35-39 8 37 296 11.84 140.19 1,121.52
40-44 4 42 168 16.84 283.59 1,134.36
45-49 2 47 94 21.84 476.99 953.98
∑f = 122 ∑(fM) = 3,069 ∑f(M − x )2 = 6,910.58
Steps in computing the Variance and Standard Deviation of Sample Data
Step 1. Determine the class mark (M) for each class interval (3)
Step 2. Multiply each class mark by the corresponding frequency (fM) (4)
Step 3. Compute for the mean
ΣfM 3,069
x= = = 25.16 (Mean)
n 122
Step 4. Get the difference between the mean and the corresponding class mark (M - x )
Step 5. Square the difference (M - x )2 (6)
Step 6. Multiply the result of step 5 by the corresponding frequency to get
[f(M - x )2] and get the sum [∑f(M - x )2] = 6,910.58
Step 7. Use the following formula to solve the variance
6,910.58
s2 = Σ ¿ ¿ = 57.11 (Variance)
121
Step 8. Solve the Standard Deviation by getting the square root of the
variance (Step 7)
s = √ 57.11 = 7.56 (Standard Deviation)
Hence, the sample variance is 57.11 and the standard deviation is 7.56