Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Internal Test – II-ANSWER KEY
Date 13.10.2025 Department ECE
Semester III Class/section II ECE A,B,C
Duration 2:00 Hours Maximum marks 50
Course Code &Title:20EI251 & Sensor and Instrumentation
Course Outcomes Addressed:
CO3: Select an appropriate sensor for various applications.
CO4: Outline about the data analytics and visualization of sensor data in various applications.
Questions
PART – A (Answer All Questions) (10*1 =10 Marks)
1. Identify the primary measurement of a thermocouple sensor installed in an industrial furnace
used for metal heat treatment.
a) Pressure inside the furnace b) Humidity of the air
c)Temperature of the furnace chamber d) Flow rate of the exhaust gases
2. Relate the purpose of a current sensor in an electric car like the Tesla Model 3.
a) Controlling b)Estimating remaining c)Adjusting tire d)Measuring cabin
wheel battery charge (SoC) pressure temperature
alignment
3. Choose the function of an ultrasonic sensor mounted at the rear side of an electric vehicle
(EV).
a) Monitoring b)Parking in tight spaces c) Checking battery d) Measuring tire
air filter charging status pressure
condition
4. Show the purpose of the current sensor installed between the battery pack and motor
controller in an electric vehicle.
a) Measuring energy flow to the motor b) Measuring tire rotation
during acceleration
c) Controlling windshield wiper speed d) Detecting seatbelt usage
5. Recite how the measurement of load cell in a digital weighing machine used in supermarkets.
a)The color of b) The weight (force due c) The temperature d) The volume of the
the item to gravity) of the item of the platform item
6. State the language that is preferred for IoT analytics.
a) C++ b) Python c) HTML d) PHP
7. In a smart agriculture system, soil moisture sensors send data through a LoRa communication
gateway to a data logger. The main goal of this setup is to:
a) Measure the b) Store soil data c) Monitor d)Control fertilizer
air quality periodically for livestock pricing
inside the irrigation planning movement
greenhouse
8. The LIDAR sensor expansion is Light Detection and Ranging
9. Quality inspection refers to the process of thoroughly checking in order to ensure optimum
quality levels.
10. During testing of a BMW drift control system, the system analyzes parameters like tire slip
ratio, throttle position, and lateral acceleration. Selecting the most useful signals for model
training is known as Feature extraction.
PART – B (Answer All Questions) (5*2 =10 Marks)
11. Sketch the circuit diagram to measure temperature using a thermistor.
(Diagram:2 Marks)
12. Summarize the application of sensors used in electric vehicles.
(Any three types of sensors used in EV:2Marks)
Current Sensor Measures current between battery and
motor; helps in estimating State of
Charge (SoC) and power
management.
Voltage Sensor Monitors battery voltage for safety,
energy management, and BMS
operations.
Temperature Sensor Monitors battery, motor, and cabin
temperature; prevents overheating and
optimizes thermal management.
Ultrasonic Sensor Assists in parking, obstacle detection,
and blind-spot monitoring.
Position / Hall Sensors Detect motor rotor position to control
electric motor torque and efficiency.
13. Define a load cell and mention its primary application in industrial measurement.
(Load cell definition and application:2Marks)
A load cell is a transducer that converts a mechanical force (such as weight or pressure) into
an electrical signal. The electrical signal is proportional to the applied load. Most load cells
use strain gauges to detect deformation caused by the applied force.
Weighing systems: Load cells are widely used in digital weighing machines, industrial scales,
and batching systems to measure weight accurately.
14. Mention the role of sensor data loggers in IoT applications.
(5 different types of role of sensor data logger:2 Marks)
Data Collection
Temporary Storage
Data Transmission
Decision Support
Offline Monitoring
15. List the components of a data warehouse.
(5 components of data warehouse:2 Marks)
Data Sources
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) Tools:
Staging Area
Data Storage (Warehouse Database)
Metadata
16. Compulsory Question:
(Components and explanation:10 Marks)
A textile manufacturing unit aims to modernize its production line by monitoring machine
performance and fabric quality using IoT-based automation. Develop an IoT architecture for
industrial automation and control in the textile industry, Integrated sensors, gateways, cloud
platforms for data analytics for efficient operation of machines.
Sensor Layer (Edge Devices)
Purpose: Collect real-time data from machines and the production environment.
Components & Examples:
● Temperature Sensors: Monitor machine and fabric temperature.
● Vibration & Current Sensors: Detect motor performance and mechanical anomalies.
● Proximity/Position Sensors: Track machine operation stages.
● Optical / Vision Sensors: Inspect fabric quality for defects.
● Humidity & Environmental Sensors: Ensure optimal conditions for textile
processing.
Function:
● Converts physical parameters into electrical signals.
● Performs initial filtering or preprocessing if embedded with microcontrollers.
2. Edge Gateway / Communication Layer
Purpose: Aggregate sensor data and transmit it to higher-level systems.
Components:
● IoT Gateways with protocol translation (e.g., Modbus, MQTT, OPC-UA).
● Local Processing: Edge analytics for latency-sensitive decisions (e.g., machine stop if
vibration exceeds threshold).
● Communication: Wi-Fi, Ethernet, 5G, or LPWAN for cloud connectivity.
Function:
● Collects data from multiple machines/sensors.
● Performs preprocessing, compression, and local storage before sending to the cloud.
3. Cloud Platform / Data Analytics Layer
Purpose: Store, process, and analyze production data for decision-making.
Components:
● Data Storage: Time-series database or data warehouse for historical data.
● Analytics Engine: Predictive maintenance algorithms, performance optimization,
defect detection.
● Visualization Tools: Dashboards to monitor KPIs like machine uptime, fabric quality,
and energy consumption.
Function:
● Detects patterns and anomalies in machine performance.
● Provides insights to optimize production schedules and reduce downtime.
● Enables remote monitoring and control of machines.
4. Control & Actuation Layer
Purpose: Implement automated control based on analytics or operator commands.
Components:
● PLCs or microcontrollers for real-time machine control.
● Actuators, motors, valves, and relays for adjusting machine parameters.
Function:
● Receives control commands from cloud or edge system.
● Adjusts machine operation for quality control, safety, or efficiency.
5. User Interface Layer
Purpose: Allow operators, engineers, and managers to interact with the system.
Components:
● Web dashboards, mobile apps, or HMI (Human-Machine Interface).
Function:
● Displays real-time and historical machine performance.
● Alerts users about faults, maintenance needs, or quality issues.
● Allows remote or manual override of automated controls.
Any Two Questions (2*10 = 20 Marks)
17. Discuss in detail about the measurement of strain using strain gauge and load cell.
(Strain guage:2 Marks, Circuit diagram and Explanation:8 marks)
A strain gauge is a resistor used to measure strain on an object. When an external force is
applied on an object, due to which there is a deformation occurs in the shape of the object.
This deformation in the shape is both compressive or tensile is called strain, and it is measured
by the strain gauge. When an object deforms within the limit of elasticity, either it becomes
narrower and longer or it become shorter and broadens. As a result of it, there is a change in
resistance end-to-end.
Circuit Arrangement:
● Usually, a strain gauge is connected in a Wheatstone bridge to convert resistance
changes into measurable voltage changes.
Applications:
● Measuring stress and strain in structural components.
● Monitoring mechanical load, torque, and pressure indirectly.
2. Strain Measurement Using a Load Cell
Definition:
● A load cell is a transducer that converts a force or load into an electrical signal,
typically using strain gauges.
Working Principle:
1. A mechanical structure (beam, column, or diaphragm) deforms slightly when a load
is applied.
2. Strain gauges attached to this structure detect the deformation.
3. The strain-induced resistance changes are measured using a Wheatstone bridge,
producing a voltage proportional to the applied load.
Steps in Measurement:
1. Load Application: Force is applied to the load cell.
2. Deformation: The load cell’s structure deforms slightly.
3. Resistance Change: Strain gauges sense the deformation and change resistance.
4. Signal Conversion: Wheatstone bridge converts resistance change to voltage.
5. Calibration & Output: Voltage is calibrated to weight or force units (N, kg, or lb).
Applications:
● Industrial weighing machines
● Force measurement in robotic arms
● Monitoring structural loads in civil engineering
● Process control in textile, automotive, and aerospace industry.
18. A hospital collects patient data from wearable devices and laboratory tests reports to improve
patient care. Using a data analytics architecture, followed by the hospital for efficient health
prediction and maintenance.
(Sensors and Different types of layers:10Marks)
1. Data Sources Layer
Purpose: Collect raw health data from multiple sources.
Components & Examples:
● Wearable Devices: Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, activity levels.
● Laboratory Test Reports: Blood tests, imaging results, pathology reports.
● Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Patient history, medication, and doctor notes.
Function:
● Provides real-time and historical patient data for analysis.
2. Data Ingestion / ETL Layer
Purpose: Extract, clean, and transform data before storage.
Steps:
1. Extraction: Gather data from wearable devices, lab databases, and EHR systems.
2. Transformation: Standardize units, remove duplicates, handle missing values.
3. Load: Store the cleaned and structured data into a central data repository.
Tools: ETL tools like Apache NiFi, Talend, or custom scripts.
3. Data Storage Layer
Purpose: Store integrated and historical patient data for analysis.
Components:
● Data Warehouse: Stores structured historical data for analysis.
● Data Lake: Stores raw and semi-structured data from wearables and lab tests.
Function:
● Enables fast retrieval, integration, and aggregation of patient information.
4. Data Analytics Layer
Purpose: Analyze patient data to provide insights and predictions.
Components & Methods:
● Descriptive Analytics: Monitor vital signs and lab results to detect anomalies.
● Predictive Analytics: Use machine learning models to predict disease risks or
patient deterioration.
● Prescriptive Analytics: Suggest interventions, medications, or lifestyle changes.
Examples:
● Detecting early signs of heart disease from wearable heart rate data.
● Predicting likelihood of diabetes from lab test patterns.
5. Visualization & Decision Support Layer
Purpose: Present actionable insights to healthcare providers.
Components:
● Dashboards: Show trends, alerts, and patient summaries.
● Reports: Generate automated summaries for doctors and hospital staff.
● Alerts/Notifications: Notify medical staff of abnormal readings or high-risk patients.
19. i) Name all the physical and biological parameters to measure the quality of waste
water.
(List of physical and biological parameters:4 Marks)
Colour,
● Temperature,
● Transparency,
● Turbidity,
● Odour,
● Conductivity, Salinity and
● Total Dissolved Solids
● Transparency, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids and Clarity
● Water Temperature
● Biological parameters: Chlorophyll,Phytoplankton.
● Chemical parameters: pH of Water,Dissolved Oxygen.
ii) With relevant diagram, explain the process of waste water treatment in industries.(6 Marks)
(Diagram and Explanation:6 Marks)
• Preliminary treatment (removes materials that can cause operational problems,
equalization basins are optional)
• Primary treatment (remove ~60% of solids and ~35% of BOD)
• Secondary treatment (remove ~85% of BOD and solids)
• Advanced treatment (varies: 95+ % of BOD and solids, N, P)
• Final Treatment (disinfection)
• Solids Processing (sludge management)
Course Instructor(s) Programme Assessment Committee HOD/ECE
[Link] Jancy,AP (Sl.G)/ECE) [Link] Prof/ECE [Link], Prof/ECE
Mr. [Link], AP (Sr.G)/ECE)
Dr.A. Vijay ,AP (Sr.G)/ECE)