ASNT

Q&A
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
BOOK

MAGNE T IC
FLU X
L E AK AGE
T EST ING
Levels I, II, and III Review Questions
Book MF

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 The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing Inc. is grateful for the volunteer contributions, technical expertise,
knowledge, and dedication of the following individuals who have helped make this work possible.
Technical Reviewers Publications Review Committee
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Joseph Mackin
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Ram P. Samy

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 Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Recommended References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Reference Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Reference Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
Level I – Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Level II – Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Level III – Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

iii

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 References
Recommended References In this example, the letter “A” refers to Reference A in the
list above and 95 is the specific page in Reference A where
The following references were used in formulating the ques-
the answer to the question is located.
tions in this book.
Reference A
Reference Usage
ASNT, 2008, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 8:
Magnetic Testing, third edition, The American Society for Total Reference A Total = 13
Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH. Level I (7)
Reference B Level II (1)
ASNT, 2004, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 5: Level III (5)
Electromagnetic Testing, third edition, The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH. Reference B Total = 19
Reference C Level I (8)
ASNT, 2010, MFL Compendium: Articles on Magnetic Flux Level II (0)
Leakage, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Level III (11)
Columbus, OH. Reference C Total = 9
Reference D
Level I (2)
ASNT, 2017, Magnetic Particle Classroom Training Book, Level II (5)
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Level III (2)
Columbus, OH.
Reference E Reference D Total = 3
ASNT, 2018, Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Level I (1)
Book, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Level II (1)
Columbus, OH. Level III (1)
Reference F
Reference E Total = 44
Bray, D.E., and R.K. Stanley, 1996, Nondestructive
Evaluation: A Tool In Design Manufacturing and Service, Level I (17)
CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL. Level II (24)
Level III (3)
Reference G
ASM, 2018, ASM Handbook, Volume 17: Nondestructive Reference F Total = 5
Evaluation of Materials, ASM International, Materials Park, Level I (0)
OH. Level II (0)
Reference Codes Level III (5)
Each question in this book is followed by letter(s) and page Reference G Total = 2
number(s) indicating the specific recommended reference
where the answer may be found. For example: Level I (0)
Level II (0)
Level III (2)
12. Which of the following is a diamagnetic material?

a. Cobalt.
b. Nickel.
c. Silver.
d. Iron.
A.95

iv

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 Level I
Review Questions

1. Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) will most easily 6. Magnetic flux leakage is most reluctant to travel in:
detect changes in the following materials:
a. high-carbon steel.
a. paramagnetic. b. air.
b. nonferromagnetic. c. ferromagnetic materials.
c. ferromagnetic. d. diamagnetic materials.
d. diamagnetic.
D.165
A.8; E.7
7. MFL search coils detect a change in the material
2. In NDT, the term “method” refers to: because:
a. a group of techniques that share a common a. at a discontinuity the flux leakage is forced out of
probing energy. the material and into the air.
b. the order in which the work is completed. b. the temperature of the flux field changes.
c. a group of procedures detailing the work. c. a harmonic vibration is established.
d. a strategy to accomplish the inspection. d. the polarity rapidly changes.
B.2 E.19

3. Which of the following is strictly considered a 8. Hall effect sensors are:

“surface” method?
a. nonconductive material.
a. Radiographic testing. b. ferromagnetic material.
b. Magnetic flux leakage testing. c. semiconductor material.
c. Ultrasonic testing. d. wound carbon material.
d. Liquid penetrant testing.
E.50
B.5, 6
9. A document that provides recommendations for the
4. When testing thin-wall steel pipe with MFL, the qualification and certification of NDT test personnel
indication may be detected: is:
a. in the middle of the pipe wall. a. ANSI/ASNT CP-105.
b. on the outer surface. b. ASQ-2121.
c. near the long seam. c. ISO 7928.
d. on the inside and outside diameters. d. SNT-TC-1A.
C.11; E.192 B.16; E.219

5. A unit of magnetic flux density is the: 10. Which of the following is a flux-sensing device that is
dependent on some sort of time variation of field
a. henry.
intensity?
b. tesla.
c. oersted. a. Search coil.
d. ohm. b. Magnetodiode.
A.34 Table 7 c. Transducer.
d. Ferroprobe.
A.143; E.82

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 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing l Level i

11. A coil is a passive device and follows whose law in 17. What is the major factor that affects the amount of
the presence of a magnetic field? flux leakage?
a. Hellier’s Law. a. The size of the discontinuity.
b. Faraday’s Law. b. The depth of the discontinuity.
c. Gauss’ Law. c. The orientation of the discontinuity in relation to
d. Weber’s Law. the direction of the flux lines.
B.388 d. The age of the test piece.
A.48
12. Which of the following is a diamagnetic material?
18. One tesla is equal to:
a. Cobalt.
b. Nickel. a. 100 weber
c. Silver. b. 10 gauss
d. Iron. c. 10 000 gauss
A.95 d. 440 oersted
E.42
13. The distance of a sensing coil from a test surface is
called the: 19. The only theoretical difference between magnetic
particle testing and MFL is:
a. liftoff.
b. buffer. a. the use of sensors for detection of the flux
c. lag gap. leakage.
d. gauss void. b. the way to induce magnetism into the part.
E.218 c. the direction of the magnetic field to the
discontinuity to be detected.
14. Flux leakage changes can be detected with which of d. false indications are eliminated with MFL.
the following coils? A.140; E.7
a. Fluxer. 20. When using an MFL scanning unit and a coil as the
b. Absolute. sensor, a change in scanning speed will have a major
c. Halt. effect on what property?
d. Exciter.
E.81, 215 a. Voltage induced in the coil.
b. Noise reduction.
15. A solid-state sensor of magnetic flux leakage is the: c. False indication enhancement.
d. Retentivity.
a. bridge probe.
b. hall effect probe. B.388
c. differential probe. 21. As material thickness increases, the flux density
d. bobbin probe. decreases. This will also decrease the:
B.152; E.83
a. liftoff.
16. A magnetic alternating current (AC) bridge is b. flux leakage.
usually made of what type of material? c. inspection time.
d. resistance.
a. Low permeability.
b. Paramagnetic. E.193
c. Diamagnetic. 22. MFL pipeline pig inspection can detect:
d. High permeability.
C.107 a. internal linings.
b. external coatings.
c. unburied pipe.
d. internal and external corrosion.
E.20

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 Review Questions

23. Another word for probe is: 27. In order to produce a voltage in the pickup coil:
a. transducer. a. the pickup coil must be energized with direct
b. inducer. current (DC).
c. test tip. b. the pickup coil must be energized with
d. flux generator. alternating current (AC).
B.128, 508 c. the flux density passing through the pickup coil
must be changing.
24. While performing a magnetic flux leakage test d. the pickup coil must be connected to an
utilizing a search coil, an increase in the flux leakage amplifier.
will result in what in the coil? E.82
a. Resistance. 28. Ferrites are used with pickup coils to:
b. Amperage.
c. Liftoff. a. provide a wear surface to protect the pickup coil.
d. Voltage. b. concentrate the flux density through the pickup
B.156, Eq. 18 coil.
c. concentrate the amperage output of the pickup
25. With a hall effect sensor, the output is proportional coil.
to the: d. add electrical conductivity of the detection
a. thickness of the hall effect sensor. assembly.
b. cycles per second. E.81
c. magnetic flux density.
d. inverse square law. 29. Which of the following has the greatest effect on the
voltage output of a pickup coil?
A.147
a. Gauge size of the wire in the coil.
26. If the degree of magnetization is too low,
b. Shape of the coil.
discontinuities may:
c. Temperature of the coil.
a. result in false indications. d. Rate of change of the flux density through the
b. go undetected. coil.
c. disappear during test. E.82
d. appear sharp and defined.
E.177

Answers
1c 2a 3d 4d 5b 6d 7a 8c 9d 10a 11b 12c 13a 14b
15b 16d 17c 18c 19a 20a 21b 22d 23a 24d 25c 26b 27c 28b
29d

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 LEVEL II
Review Questions

1. The MFL method is applicable to: 6. Which one of the following types of magnets could
be easily adjusted?
a. ferromagnetic and nonferromagnetic materials.
b. ferromagnetic materials. a. Rare earth magnets.
c. nonferromagnetic materials. b. Inductive magnets.
d. paramagnetic materials. c. Electromagnets.
d. Resistive magnets.
E.39, 183
E.188
2. To detect gradual wall loss, which of the following
detectors must be used? 7. By comparison, which magnets would be excessively
bulky and heavy?
a. Coils.
b. Hall effect. a. Powerful rare earth magnets.
c. Permanent magnets. b. Inductive magnets.
d. Piezoelectric transducers. c. Electromagnets.
d. Resistive magnets.
E.183
E.188
3. To detect sharp discontinuities, which of the
following detectors must be used? 8. Which system should be used for inspecting
petroleum and gas pipelines?
a. Coils.
b. Hall effect. a. Tank floor scanner.
c. Permanent magnets. b. Smart pig.
d. Piezoelectric transducers. c. Tube scanner.
d. Magnetodiode.
E.183
E.178
4. Which one of the following materials is not used as a
permanent magnet? 9. An MFL wire rope inspection will detect:

a. Neodymium. a. cross-sectional area loss only.

b. Iron-boron. b. internal and external broken wires only.
c. Copper. c. cross-sectional loss and internal/external broken
d. Samarium cobalt. wires.
d. cross-sectional loss, internal/external broken
E.178
wires, and tensile strain.
5. What type of test is MFL? E.184

a Qualitative.
10. One of the systems used to inspect round bars is:
b. Quantitative.
c. Paramagnetic. a. pipe scanner.
d. Diamagnetic. b. differential pair of magnetodiodes.
E.188 c. saturation system.
d. remote field electromagnetic testing.
E.185

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 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing l level ii

11. Which type of magnet is normally used in smart 15. In a magnetizing coil, the strength of the magnetic
pigs? field is dependent upon:
a. Electromagnet. a. only the number of turns in the coil.
b. Permanent magnet. b. the number of turns in the coil and its length.
c. Magnetodiode. c. only the magnitude of the current.
d. Hall effect magnet. d. the number of turns in the coil and the
E.178 magnitude of the current.
E.43
12. In the heat exchanger tubes inspection, the system
would have: 16. The magnetic properties and hysteresis loops are
affected by:
a. one magnet and two inductive coil sensors.
b. one magnet and one inductive coil sensor. a. the number of wraps in the coil.
c. two magnets and one inductive coil sensor. b. the microstructure of the material.
d. two magnets and two inductive coil sensors. c. the current in the magnetizing coil.
E.183 d. the distance from the magnetization to the part.
E.47
13. Which of the following materials may be used for the
conductor in Figure 1? 17. Which of the following flux leakage sensing elements
is equivalent to a flux gate magnetometer?
a. Ceramic.
b. Glass. a. Inductive coils.
c. HDPE. b. Hall effect sensors.
d. Aluminum. c. Ferroprobes.
A.126; D.11 d. Magnetodiodes.
E.84

18. An energized semiconductor that varies the voltage

across two faces of its crystal base on the flux density
of a magnetic field passing through it is:
a. an inductive coil.
b. a hall effect sensor.
c. a ferroprobe.
d. a magnetodiode.
Tube E.83

19. What kind of sensor is a solid-state device, the

resistance of which changes with magnetic field
Conductor
intensity?
a. Inductive coil.
b. Hall effect sensor.
c. Flux gate magnetometer.
Figure 1 d. Magnetodiode.
E.84

14. How do the lines of force outside of a magnet travel? 20. To detect perturbations in a static magnetic field,
a. East to west. which kind of sensors must have relative motion
b. South to north. between the sensor and the field (such that flux
c. North to south. within the sensor changes)?
d. West to east. a. Inductive coils.
E.41 b. Hall effect sensors.
c. Ferroprobes.
d. Magnetodiodes.
E.81

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 Review Questions

21. A reduction in the permeability in a part, together 26. In order to discriminate indications between the top
with an increase in the magnetic flux density, causes: and bottom sides in aboveground storage tank floor
inspections, it is convenient to use:
a. the flux to leak into the surrounding medium.
b. the hall effect sensor to read a zero value. a. ultrasonic testing (UT).
c. the value ampere/meter not to show changes. b. eddy current testing.
d. the inductive coil sensor to read a zero value. c. leak testing (LT).
E.175 d. radiographic testing (RT).
C.39
22. Magnetization that is too strong may:
27. The MFL inspection of wire rope is a:
a. result in excessive magnetic noise.
b. go unnoticed. a. surface only test.
c. disappear during testing. b. quantitative test.
d. not exist due to saturation. c. qualitative test.
E.177 d. center test.
C.1, 68
23. Typical MFL equipment carries 32 sensors. Each
sensor generates an electronic signal that is sampled 28. Magnetodiode is a solid-state device that:
at 4 KHz. How many data points must be processed
every second? a. changes resistance as magnetic field intensity
changes.
a. 8000 b. changes inductance as magnetic field intensity
b. 128 000 changes.
c. 125 c. changes impedance as magnetic field intensity
d. 128 changes.
C.13 d. changes permeability as magnetic field intensity
changes.
24. In an inspection with an MFL scanner on
aboveground storage tank floors, signal response is E.51, 84
significantly higher from indications generated from 29. When using magnetodiodes for tube inspection, the
the: flux leakage is excited by:
a. topside. a. full-wave rectified AC.
b. bottom side. b. half-wave AC.
c. topside and bottom side are similar. c. DC.
d. sensor liftoff. d. AC.
C.27
E.86
25. The evaluation of aboveground storage tank floor 30. The ratio between flux density and the magnetic field
indications is generally done with: strength is expressed as:
a. liquid penetrant testing (PT).
a. frequency/gauss.
b. radiographic testing (RT).
b. B/H.
c. magnetic particle testing (MT).
d. ultrasonic testing (UT). c. average flux line strength × number of flux lines.
C.27 d. amperes × number of turns in the coil.
E.46

Answers
1b 2b 3a 4c 5a 6c 7c 8b 9c 10b 11b 12a 13d 14c
15d 16b 17c 18b 19d 20a 21a 22a 23b 24b 25d 26b 27c 28a
29d 30b

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 8

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 LEVEL III
Review Questions

1. Which of the following flux-sensitive devices has the 4. In the MFL of wire rope, a system using an annular
major advantage of not requiring movement coil with integrator is frequently used. (See Figure 3.)
(scanning) to detect and evaluate a leakage field? What is the main reason for using such a system?
a. Long straight wire passing through a magnetic a. To compensate for the influence of testing speed
field. variations.
b. Search coil. b. To find the radial location of wire breaks.
c. Search coil derivative. c. To detect small cracks inside the rope.
d. Hall element. d. To detect cross-sectional area changes.
A.143 B.438–439

2. Using Figure 2, which of the following best describes

the signal produced in a search coil, with its plane
parallel to the part surface, at slot A when compared Integrator
to slot B?
a. It is wider. N S Tested rope
b. It is narrow.
c. It has the same amplitude.
d. It has a lower amplitude.
N S
B.235

Search coil
Figure 3

Travel
5. During an MFL test using peak-to-peak signal
5 mm (0.2 in.) 5 mm (0.2 in.) processing for imperfection severity, it is possible to
encounter false positives. This would mean:
5 mm 10 mm a. that rejectable defects are likely to be missed due
(0.2 in.) (0.4 in.) to incorrect signal processing.
Slot A Slot B b. that acceptable imperfections are marked as
rejects by the incorrect signal processing.
Figure 2 c. that the rectified signals lose intensity during
processing.
d. that the rectified signals gain intensity during
processing.
3. Which devices are used to detect flux leakage? C.11
a. Coils, hall probes, and magnetodiodes. 6. A discontinuity having an inclined angle to the
b. Coils, hall probes, and transistors. surface has a flux leakage that is:
c. Piezoelectric crystals, hall probes, and
magnetodiodes. a. asymmetrical.
d. Piezoelectric crystals, transistors, and b. equal to a similar normal discontinuity.
magnetodiodes. c. higher than a similar normal discontinuity.
F.311 d. the same as a similar normal discontinuity.
A.140
9

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 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing l level iii

7. Eddy current shielding, the name given to the 11. What has the most influence on the magnetic
unidirectional eddy current flow in products properties of steel?
inspected by MFL, is caused by:
a. Chemistry, microstructure, and grain size.
a. the interaction between the test magnetic field b. Cross-sectional area, microstructure, and heat
and a residual field in the product. treatment.
b. fluctuations in the DC magnetizing current. c. Cross-sectional area, grain size, and chemistry.
c. rapidly occurring flux changes in the product d. Heat treatment and length.
created by the rotation of the magnetic field. A.56
d. rapidly occurring impedance changes in the
pickup coils. 12. If a ferromagnetic part is energized with a DC
F.280–282 encircling coil to the point of magnetic saturation,
and the current is turned off, what point in Figure 4
8. Too high a rotational test speed or too high active will represent the result?
pole rotating head speed can cause the loss of an
indication from an inside diameter (ID) a. R
discontinuity. What can this be attributed to? b. B+
c. H–
a. Excessive generated surface noise. d. P
b. Limitations of the flux sensor elements. E.45
c. Eddy current shielding.
d. Reverse magnetization effect.
F.280–282
B+
For questions 9 and 10, use the following
formula: P

R
RPM
detector length
number of detectors
linear speed (per minute) = H– H+
percentage of coverage

Note: detector length and linear speed must be in the same

units (inches, feet, meters).
B–
9. What is the maximum throughput speed per minute
for a 100% inspection coverage of a flux leakage pipe
inspection system with two inspection heads, each Figure 4
having 152 mm (6 in.) long detectors and rotating at
180 rpm on a 178 mm (7 in.) diameter tube?
13. What is the SI unit for magnetic flux density?
a. 201 m (660 ft)
b. 55 m (180 ft) a. Weber.
c. 49 m (162 ft) b. Gauss.
d. 27 m (90 ft) c. Tesla.
G.564
d. Ampere.
B.507
10. What throughput speed per minute provides 110%
inspection coverage of a flux leakage pipe inspection 14. What is the SI unit for magnetic field strength?
system with two inspection heads, each having
a. Weber.
152 mm (6 in.) long detectors and rotating at
b. Tesla.
180 rpm on a 178 mm (7 in.) diameter pipe?
c. Ampere.
a. 60 m (198 ft) d. Ampere per meter.
b. 49 m (162 ft) B.498
c. 45 m (146 ft)
d. 25 m (81 ft)
G.564

10

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 Review Questions

15. When inspecting wire rope, the annular coil 20. When comparing magnetic field intensities of MFL
approach measures: and MT, which best describes the relationship?
a. the magnetic flux in the rope locally. a. Field intensities are higher in MFL than in MT.
b. the normal component of flux leakage. b. Field intensities are the same as for both.
c. the tangential component of flux leakage. c. Field intensities are lower in electronic flux
d. the voltage induced in the rope locally. leakage than for MT.
B.438, 439 d. There is no relationship.
A.142
16. A flux gate magnetometer is a device that measures
fields by utilizing: 21. Which of the following is a factor in determining flux
leakage?
a. linear magnetic characteristics of ferromagnetic
core materials. a. Probe surface speed.
b. linear magnetic characteristic of b. Density of the materials.
nonferromagnetic core materials. c. Chemistry of the material.
c. nonlinear magnetic characteristic of d. Relative permeability of the materials.
nonferromagnetic core materials. B.238
d. nonlinear magnetic characteristic of
ferromagnetic core materials. 22. The sensitivity of a pickup coil is improved by:
E.84 a. lengthening the coil.
b. widening the coil.
17. A ferromagnetic part can be demagnetized by: c. using a ferrite core.
a. keeping its temperature below the curie point. d. using a diamagnetic core.
b. withdrawing the part from a DC coil. B.236
c. increasing the applied field.
d. alternately reversing and reducing the applied 23. The only component of the flux leakage detected by a
field. search coil is:
D.85 a. parallel to the axis of the coil (or perpendicular to
the plane of the coil).
18. When performing a flux leakage inspection of b. perpendicular to the axis of the coil (or parallel to
aboveground storage tanks, interpreting indications the plane of the coil).
normally involves: c. the 45° vector field.
a. signal amplitude only. d. the internal field normal to the axis of the coil.
b. signal width only. B.235
c. visual and ultrasonic evaluation.
d. signal amplitude and width. 24. The reduction in cross-sectional area caused by a
discontinuity causes:
B.389
a. an increase in the internal flux density of the part.
19. Permeability of a material can be numerically written b. a decrease in the internal flux density of the part.
as: c. no change in the internal flux density of the part.
a. RIB. d. a reversal of direction in the magnetic field at the
b. B/H. reduction in cross-sectional area.
c. Hc/Hb. B.48
d. ampere turns/number of turns.
E.46

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 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing l level iii

25. When using search coils to reduce or eliminate the 27. Permanent magnets are usually made from alloys of
signal from long, nonrelevant indications such as the what type of material?
weld trim of electric welded pipe, which coil
configuration would give the best advantage? a. Low carbon.
b. Alloys of cobalt and nickel.
a. Lengthen the coil. c. Super ferrites.
b. Widen the coil. d. Tungsten carbides.
c. Use a ferrite core. A.45
d. Link two coils wound in opposite directions in
the series. 28. An engine burn fracture is associated with what type
F.323 of MFL inspection?

26. What is the function of ASTM International? a. Tank bottoms.

b. Wire rope.
a. To provide guidance for material management. c. Rail.
b. To provide direction for qualification of NDT d. Pipelines.
personnel. C.54
c. To provide requirements for ET, MT, and MFL.
d. To provide standards for the establishment of test
techniques.
B.16

Answers
1d 2b 3a 4d 5b 6a 7c 8c 9b 10b 11a 12d 13c 14d
15a 16d 17d 18c 19b 20a 21d 22c 23a 24a 25d 26d 27b 28c

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 The American Society for Catalog Number: 10122
Nondestructive Testing Inc. ISBN: 978-1-57117-467-3
ASNT grants non-exclusive, non-transferable license of this material to Bassam AbdElFattah AbdelAzeem.
All rights reserved. © ASNT 2024. To report unauthorized use, contact: customersupport@[Link]