NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)

The majority of 60Hz based countries use a technique known as NTSC originally
developed in the United States by a focus committee called the National Television
Standards Committee. NTSC (often funnily referred to as Never Twice the Same Colour)
works perfectly in a video or closed circuit environment but can exhibit problems of
varying colour when used in a broadcast environment.

PAL (Phase Alternate Lines)

This hue change problem is caused by shifts in the colour sub-carrier phase of the signal.
A modified version of NTSC soon appeared which differed mainly in that the sub-carrier
phase was reversed on each second line; this is known as PAL, standing for Phase
Alternate Lines (it has a wide range of funny acronyms including Pictures At Last, Pay for
Added Luxury etc). PAL has been adopted by a few 60Hz countries, most notably Brazil.

SECAM
Amongst the countries based on 50Hz systems, PAL has been the most widely adopted.
PAL is not the only colour system in widespread use with 50Hz; the French designed a
system of their own -primarily for political reasons to protect their domestic
manufacturing companies - which is known as SECAM, standing for Sequential Couleur
Avec Memoire. The most common facetious acronym is System Essentially Contrary to
American Method.

Editing in Digital era

Video editing

The term video editing can refer to: The process of manipulating video
images. Oncethe province of expensive machines called video editors, video
editing software is now available for personal computers and workstations.
Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and
adding transitions and other Special Effects.

Linear video editing, using video tape and is edited in a very linear way.
Severalvideo clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in the
order that they will appear.

Non-linear editing system (NLE), This is edited on computers with

specialized software. These are non destructive to the video being edited and
use programs such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro and Avid.

Offline editing is the process in which raw footage is copied from an original
source, without affecting the original film stock or video tape. Once the editing
has been completely edited, the original media is then re-assembled in the
online editing stage.

Online editing is the process of reassembling the edit to full resolution video
after an offline edit has been performed and is done in the final stage of a
video production. Vision mixing, when working within live television and
video production environments. A vision mixer is used to cut live feed
coming from several cameras in real time.

Video editing is the process of editing segments of motion video production

footage, special effects and sound recordings in the post-production process.
Motion picture film editing is a predecessor to video editing and, in several
ways, video editing simulates motion picture film editing, in theory and the
use of linear video editing and video editing software on non-linear editing
systems (NLE). Using video, a director can communicate non-fictional and
fictional events. The goals of editing is to manipulate these events to bring the
communication closer to the original goal or target. It is a visual art.

Early 1950’s video tape recorders (VTR) were so expensive, and the quality
degradation caused by copying was so great, that 2 inch Quadruplex videotape
was edited by visualizing the recorded track with ferrofluid and cutting with
a razor blade or guillotine cutter and splicing with video tape. The two pieces
of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of extremely fine iron filings
suspended in carbon tetrachloride, a toxic and carcinogenic compound. This
“developed” the magnetic tracks, making them visible when viewed through
a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task.

Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of the flying erase-
head, allowed new video and audio material to be recorded over the material
already recorded on an existing magnetic tape and was introduced into the
linear editing technique. If a
scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length,
all later scenes would need to be recorded onto the video tape again in sequence.
In addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a vision mixer
(video switcher) to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular
1970-80s system for doing that was the U-matic equipment (named for the U-
shaped tape path). That system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and
edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up
together in synchrony, so the edit didn’t roll or glitch. Later, 1980-90’s came the
smaller beta equipment (named for the B-shaped tape path), and more complex
controllers, some of which did the synchronizing electronically.

Standardization in formats and aspect ratio in Television

Aspect ratio is simply the ratio of an image’s width to its height. Standard aspect
ratios for film and video are sketched, to scale, in figure below.

o Conventional standard-definition television (SDTV) has an aspect

ratio of 4:3. Widescreen refers to an aspect ratio wider than 4:3.
o Widescreen television and high-definition television (HDTV) have an
aspect ratio of 16:9. Cinema film commonly uses 1.85:1 (“flat,” or
“spherical”). In Europe and Asia, 1.66:1 is usually used.
o The 2.39:1 ratio for cinema film is recent; formerly, 2.35:1 was used.
o The term anamorphic in video usually refers to a 16:9 widescreen
variant of a base video standard, where the horizontal dimension of
the 16:9 image is transmitted in the same time interval as the 4:3
aspect ratio standard.
o Film can be transferred to 4:3 video by cropping the sides of the
frame, at the expense of losing some picture content.
o With the advent of widescreen consumer television receivers, it is
becoming common to see 4:3 material displayed on widescreen
displays in pillar box format.
o The full height of the display is used, and the left and right of the
widescreen frame are blanked.
Reason for the choice:
1] Human eye has more movement in the horizontal direction as 4ompared to
that of vertical horizontal.
2] The rectangular screen format gives the best viewing comgort and paranomic
effect
3]For a human eye the region of maximum resolution at the center of the retina
has larger area along the width as compared to its height.

Video Display aspect Pixel aspect After horizontal

Resolution
format ratio (DAR) ratio (PAR) scaling

704×480
(horizontal blanking 640×480
cropped)
480i 4:3 10:11

720×480 (full frame) 654×480

704×480
480i 16:9 (horizontal blanking 40:33 854×480
cropped)
 720×480 (full frame) 872×480

704×576
(horizontal 768×576
blanking cropped)
576i 4:3 12:11

720×576 (full frame) 786×576

704×576
(horizontal blanking 1024×576
cropped)
576i 16:9 16:11

720×576 (full frame) 1048×576

What is the resolution of the TV screen?

TV manufacturers indicate screen resolution or support for SD, Full HD, 4K, 8K video
standards. Let us find out what all these abbreviations mean.
SD resolution, SD TV
Standard Digital Television (SD) — standard digital TV – a standard, standards-based
decomposition 625/50 (576i) and 525/60 (480i). There is an analog and digital TV standard
definition. SDTV but the term generally used in relation to digital television.
Analog TV is standard-definition TV, used the NTSC color encoding system, PAL and SECAM.
Resolution 640×480 analog signal.
Standard definition used in digital transmission of video with a resolution of 480 (NTSC) or
576 (PAL) lines, interlaced or progressive scan. The image quality compared to analog
broadcasting is better for digital transmission disappear distortion and interference inherent
to analog television. Television standard definition SD is not a high-definition television. The
SD is used aspect ratio format 4: 3. The improved standard HD aspect ratio (16: 9).
With a high-resolution standard TV, SD video signal uses a small bandwidth applied for
broadcasting, and by a narrow stream of video data for digital transmission. The DVD is a
video standard definition SD.

Standard video DVD

720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixels (NTSC)
720 × 576, 704 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixels (PAL)
Resolution SD video format
SD video or SD screen resolution, these are all resolutions that are less than HD 1280 × 720.
Video resolution up to 1280×720 formats are SD.

HDTV TV resolution
High-Definition Television, HDTV, HD. Let’s just say that all video that is larger than 1280 × 720
is called high-definition video. This format allows you to transfer a greater definition video
signal with a resolution of:
720p – 1280 × 720p:
1080i – 1920 × 1080i or 1440 × 1080i

To send such a signal, it is necessary to use a wider bandwidth but the picture quality
compared to SD looks much nicer on TV. In this format, start broadcasting satellites, as well
as broadcast terrestrial digital TV standard T2 (in part).

Full HD TV resolution
Full HD — the marketing name for the first time invented by Sony in 2007. It is used in the
broadcast high-definition television (HDTV) and movies recorded on Blu-Ray and HD-DVD
discs. It is customary to call an image or a Full HD screen if the resolution is 1920 × 1080.

HD TV resolution
HDTV (High-DefinitionTelevision) — Image resolution: 108х720. It is customary to call an
image or an HD screen if the resolution is 1080 × 720.

UHD TV resolution
Ultra-High-Definition Television (UHDTV), UltraHDTV, UltraHigh-Definition Video (UHDV))
includes 4K UHDTV (2160p) and 8K UHDTV (4320p).

4K UHDTV (2160p) resolution 3840 × 2160

8K TV resolution
8K UHDTV (4320p) resolution 7680 × 4320
In connection with the development of recording devices it has become possible to carry out
shooting with such a resolution is planned that such panels will be mass produced in the
years 2014-2016. Their advantage is the possibility of creating a giant TV with a diagonal of
more than 5 meters and the possibility of high-quality video.
As a result, in 2016 Sharp released a 8K TV for mass sale. But only for Japan, Singapore and
China.
Other TV manufacturers began selling 8K TVs only in 2019.
To record one hour of video in the 8K standard, without using codecs to compress files, you
need 300GB of memory. Therefore, video format 8K is transmitted or stored in a compressed
form, for this purpose various codecs are used.

CUT ON ACTION
cut on action is a “video editing technique where the editor cuts from one shot to another
view that matches the first shot’s action”

PARALLEL EDITING
Parallel editing is a technique whereby cutting occurs between two or more related actions
occurring at the same time in two separate locations or different points in time

WHAT'S A SEQUENCE?
A sequence is an edited assembly of audio and video clips. Sequences are the middle level of
the Final Cut Express organizing framework. A sequence is always part of a project, and you
can have multiple sequences in a project. Sequences can be exported independently as
movies or clips, but they can't be saved separately from a project.
Once you've assembled a sequence, that sequence can be manipulated as if it were a single
clip. You can open a sequence and play it in the Viewer, mark In and Out points, and insert all
or part of that sequence into another sequence, just as if it were a clip. Inserting a sequence
into another sequence creates what's known as a nested sequence. (See "Working with
Multiple Sequences" later in this chapter.)