P.E.S. College of Engineering, Chh.

Sambhajinagar

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University

Aurangabad

People’s Education Society’s

(Department of Electrical Engineering)

People’s Education Society’s

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Lonere

(Department of Electrical Engineering)

Project Report On
“Automatic fan control using temperature”
 SUBMITTED BY
Sagar Dilip Narwade (14)

Akash santosh salve (16)

Karan rameshwar chormare (10)

Yuvraj hanuman mote (13)

Siddesh balaji roadsamudre (17)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

A.S PANDE
(lecture in electrical department)

People’s Education Society’s

P.E.S. College of Engineering, Chh. Sambhajinagar
(Department of Electrical Engineering)

Academic Year: 2025-2026

 Mini Project Approval
Akash salve (17) sagar narwade (14) karan chormare (10) Yuvraj mote (13) siddesh
roadsamudre (17) have done the appropriate work related to “Automatic fan control
using temperature” in partial fulfillment in the academic year 2025 - 2026 for S.Y B.
Tech (Electrical Engineering) of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere and is being submitted to P. E.S. College of Engineering, Chh. Sambhajinagar .

Internal Examiner: A.S Pande

External Examiner:

Date:

Place: P. E.S. College of Engineering, Chh. Sambhajinagar

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the Mini Project on “Automatic fan control using
temperature” Submitted by Akash Salve (16) Sagar Narwade (14) Karan
Chormare (10) Yuvaraj mote (13) siddesh roadsamudre (17) has successfully
submitted Mini Project under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment
in S.Y. B. Tech in Electrical Engineering and in the academic year 2025 - 2026
of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere and is being
submitted to P. E.S. College of Engineering, Chh. Sambhajinagar.

Place: Chh. Sambhajinar

Date:

Proof Guide Head of Department

A.S Pande B.N Chaudhari

Dr. A. P.
Wadekar
Principal

P.E.S College of Engineering, Chh. Sambhajinagar

 Abstract

In present scenario, availability of electricity is found to reach crucial stage. To protect and
one future we need to save the energy.
As a slogan suggest "One unit saved is one unit generated". The project is a standalone
automatic fan speed controller that controls the speed of an electric fan according to our
requirement. Use of embedded technology makes this closed loop teed back control system
efficient and reliable.
Arduino microcontroller allows dynamic and faster control. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
makes the system user friendly. The sensed temperature and fan speed level values are
simultaneously displayed on the LCD panel. It is very compact as it is constructed by using
tew components and can be interfaced for several applications including Air-conditioners,
Water-heaters, Snow-meters, Ovens, Heat-exchangers, Mixers, Furnaces, Incubators and
Thermal baths.
Arduino micro controller is the heart of the circuit as it controls all the functions. The
temperature sensor LM35 senses the temperature and converts it into an electrical signal,
which is forwarded to the microcontroller. The sensed and set values of the temperature are
displayed on the 10x2-line LCD. The microcontroller drives Transistor to control the fan
speed.
This project is useful in process industries for maintenance and controlling of Boilers
temperature. “Automatic fan control using temperature”
 INDEX

Chapter No Topics No Page

1 Introduction 1-3
1.1 Introduction of Sensors Used
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Scope

2 Literature Survey 4-11

2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Literature Summary
2.3 Evolution of Train Reservation System

3 System Development 12-19

3.1 System Analysis
3.2 System Design
3.3 System Implementation
3.4 Database and Data Storage

4 System Performance Analysis 20-23

4.1 Execution Speed
4.2 System Efficiency
4.3 User Interface Performance

5 Conclusion 24-28
5.1 Applications
5.2 Advantages
5.3 Disadvantages
5.4 Future Scope

References

Acknowledgement
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction of Automatic fan control using temperature

With the advancement in technology, intelligent systems are introduced every day.
Everything is getting more sophisticated and intelligible. There is an increase in the demand
of cutting-edge technology and smart electronic systems.
Microcontrollers play a very important role in the development of the smart systems as brain
is given to the system. Microcontrollers have become the heart of the new technologies that
are being introduced daily. A microcontroller is mainly a single chip microprocessor suited
for control and automation of machines and processes. Today, microcontrollers are used in
many disciplines of life for carrying out automated tasks in a more accurate manner.
Almost every modern-day device including air conditioners, power tools, toys, office
machines employ microcontrollers for their operation. Microcontroller essentially consists of
Central Processing Unit (CPU), timers and counters, interrupts, memory, input/output ports,
analog to digital converters (ADC) on a single chip. With this single chip integrated circuit
design of the microcontroller the size of control board is reduced & power consumption is
low.
This project presents the design and simulation of the fan speed control system. A
temperature sensor has been used to measure the temperature of the room and the speed of
the fan is varied according to the room temperature. The control of the fan speed is
depending upon the room temperature, which is displayed on Liquid Crystal Display.

1
1.2 PURPOSE

The purpose of the Automatic Fan Speed Controller Using Temperature Sensor project
is to develop an intelligent, reliable, and energy-efficient cooling system that can
respond automatically to varying temperature conditions. In many electrical,
electronic, and industrial applications, overheating is a major issue that can lead to
reduced performance, equipment damage, system failure, and unnecessary power
consumption. Traditional fans operate at a constant speed regardless of the
surrounding temperature, which results in excessive electricity usage, increased noise
levels, and accelerated wear of mechanical components.

This project aims to overcome these limitations by designing a system that

continuously monitors real-time temperature using a precise sensor and automatically
adjusts the speed of the cooling fan using microcontroller-based control. By utilizing
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques, the fan speed can be varied
proportionally with temperature changes, ensuring that the cooling process is activated
only when necessary and only at the required level. This leads to optimal cooling
performance, significant energy savings, and enhanced safety for sensitive electronic
devices.

Furthermore, the system provides a user-friendly and smart approach to thermal

management, making it suitable for applications such as power supplies, computers,
industrial panels, home automation, and renewable energy systems. The project also
promotes the concept of automation and intelligent control, demonstrating how
modern embedded systems can be used to improve the efficiency, reliability, and
lifespan of cooling equipment. Ultimately, the purpose is to design a sustainable and
effective temperature-responsive cooling solution that enhances system performance
while reducing overall operational costs

2
1.3 SCOPE

The scope of the Automatic Fan Speed Controller Using Temperature Sensor project
includes the complete design, development, and implementation of an intelligent
cooling system that automatically adjusts fan speed based on real-time temperature
measurements. This project covers the integration of a temperature sensor, a
microcontroller, and a fan-driving mechanism to create a responsive, energy-efficient,
and reliable temperature-controlled setup.

The system begins with precise temperature sensing, which is achieved through
components such as the LM35 or DHT11 sensor. These sensors provide continuous
temperature feedback to the microcontroller, enabling dynamic decision-making. The
microcontroller then processes the sensor data and uses Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) to regulate the speed of the fan proportionally. This avoids manual
intervention and ensures that the fan operates only at the speed required for optimal
cooling, thereby reducing energy consumption, noise levels, and mechanical wear.

The project scope also includes real-time temperature monitoring using an LCD
display or serial output, enabling users to visually track the temperature and fan speed.
It covers the design of the necessary electronic circuit, choice of power supply,
interfacing of components, and development of embedded software to control the
system.

Furthermore, the scope extends to practical applications across various environments,

such as electronic devices, power systems, processors, inverters, industrial machinery,
home automation setups, and smart cooling systems. The project offers flexibility for
future expansion, such as integrating IoT-based monitoring, mobile app control, multi-
fan systems, automatic fault detection, and advanced temperature algorithms.

Overall, this project provides hands-on exposure to sensor technology, microcontroller

programming, automation concepts, PWM techniques, circuit design, and thermal
management. It demonstrates how embedded systems can be used to build modern,
efficient, and adaptive cooling solutions suitable for real-world needs.

3
 2. Literature Survey
2.1 Literature Review
A train reservation system is a computerized platform that enables passengers to
reserve seats, check train schedules, make payments, and manage travel-related
information efficiently. Early railway reservation systems were predominantly manual,
requiring passengers to visit ticket counters where clerks recorded bookings in
registers. This led to long queues, high chances of errors, slow processing, and limited
accessibility.
With the advancement of information technology, computerized reservation systems
emerged in the late 20th century, significantly improving operational efficiency and
reducing manual workload. Research literature highlights several key developments:
 Computerized Reservation Systems (CRS): Researchers have documented how
introducing CRS reduced duplication of work, minimized human error, and allowed
centralized data processing.
 Database Management Systems (DBMS): Studies emphasized the importance of
relational databases to maintain seat availability, schedules, cancellations, and
passenger records.
 Web-based Ticketing: Literature from the 2000s shows a rapid shift to online
reservation platforms, enabling users to book tickets anytime, eliminating dependency
on physical counters.
 Mobile Applications & e-Ticketing: Modern research focuses on mobile integration,
digital wallets, SMS-based ticketing, and user-centered design to enhance accessibility
and convenience.
 AI-Enabled Reservation & Predictive Systems: Recent papers explore AI/ML
algorithms for predicting seat availability, dynamic pricing, passenger flow
forecasting, and personalized travel recommendations.
Overall, literature shows a continuous evolution from manual systems to intelligent,
automated, and customer-friendly reservation platforms.

4
2.2 Literature Summary
The reviewed literature reveals several common themes:
1. Need for Automation
Many authors agree that manual reservation systems were inefficient, error-prone, and
unsuitable for handling large passenger volumes. Automation was necessary to ensure
speed, accuracy, and smoother operations.
2. Centralized Databases as the Backbone
Research repeatedly stresses the role of centralized databases in ensuring real-time seat
updates, quick cancellations, and secure passenger records.
3. Technological Evolution Toward Online Systems
Studies highlight a shift from standalone computer terminals to web-based platforms.
This transition enabled remote access, higher scalability, and better integration across
regions.
4. Improved User Experience
Literature also emphasizes user-centric design, including features like:
 Online payment gateways
 Mobile alerts
 E-tickets
 Seat preference options

5
2.3 Evolution of Train Reservation System
The train reservation system has gone through several developmental stages:
1. Manual Ledger-Based Reservation (Pre-1980s)
 Bookings recorded in registers.
 Time-consuming and prone to human errors.
 No real-time updates; seat duplication was common.
 Poor accessibility for passengers.
2. Early Computerization (1980s–1990s)
 Introduction of basic computer terminals.
 Data stored in local systems.
 Faster booking but still limited connectivity between stations.
3. Centralized Computer Reservation System (1990s–2000s)
 Interconnected reservation counters across cities.
 Real-time seat availability and confirmations.
 Reduced errors and improved coordination.
4. Web-Based Reservation Platforms (2000s–2010s)
 Launch of online portals (e.g., IRCTC in India).
 24/7 accessibility for booking and cancellations.
 Integration with banking systems for online payments.
5. Mobile Applications & Smart Ticketing (2010s–Present)
 Mobile apps with intuitive interfaces.
 E-tickets, QR-based tickets, and SMS confirmations.
 Integration with e-wallets, UPI payments, and digital ID verification.
6. AI-Driven and Predictive Reservation Systems (Emerging Trend)
 Predictive algorithms for seat demand forecasting.
 Dynamic pricing models like airlines.
 Personalized travel suggestions based on user history.
 Automated chatbot-based customer assistance.
This evolution shows a clear trend toward efficiency, accessibility, automation, and
intelligent decision-making.

6
3 SYSTEM DEVLOPMENT

3.1 System Analysis

Automatic Fan Control Using Temperature
System analysis involves understanding the problem, studying the requirements,
evaluating possible solutions, and determining the best system design. It helps ensure
that the developed system is efficient, accurate, reliable, and meets user needs.

1. Problem Identification
Traditional fans require manual control, which is inconvenient and inefficient,
especially in environments where temperature fluctuates frequently.
Key issues:
 Manual switching ON/OFF
 Wastage of energy
 No automatic adjustment of fan speed
 Human effort needed to maintain a comfortable temperature

2. Existing System
Manual Fan Control System
 Users manually adjust the fan speed using a regulator.
 There is no temperature-based response.
 Energy consumption remains high, even when not required.
 Not suitable for automatic or smart environments.
Limitations of Existing System
 No automation
 Human effort required
 No real-time feedback
 Inefficient temperature control
 Limited safety from overheating

3. Proposed System
The proposed Automatic Fan Control System uses:
 Temperature sensor (LM35 / DHT11)
 Microcontroller (Arduino/8051)
 Driver circuit

7
  Fan (AC or DC)
The system will:
 Monitor temperature in real-time
 Control fan speed automatically
 Reduce power consumption
 Improve user comfort

4. Feasibility Study
To ensure the project is practical, three types of feasibility are analyzed:
4.1 Technical Feasibility
 Sensors like LM35 or DHT11 are easily available.
 Microcontrollers (Arduino UNO) are simple to program.
 Fan control using PWM or relay is technically achievable.
 Circuit components are low-cost and compatible.
Conclusion:
Technically feasible with basic electronics and microcontroller knowledge.

4.2 Economic Feasibility

Cost of components:
 Sensor: Low
 Microcontroller: Affordable
 Driver & Fan: Moderately priced
Maintenance cost is minimal.
Conclusion:
Economically feasible even for students and small-scale applications.

4.3 Operational Feasibility

 System automatically operates after setup.
 Easy to install and user-friendly.
 Works reliably with minimal user interaction.
Conclusion:
Operationally feasible for home and industrial use.

5. Functional Requirements
5.1 Input Requirements

8
  Temperature sensor reading (°C)
5.2 Process Requirements
 Compare temperature with threshold values
 Generate suitable control signals (PWM/relay switching)
5.3 Output Requirements
 Fan ON/OFF control
 Fan speed control (Low/Medium/High)

6. Non-Functional Requirements
6.1 Reliability
 System must monitor temperature accurately and respond quickly.
6.2 Efficiency
 Must reduce unnecessary power consumption.
6.3 Accuracy
 Temperature sensor must be precise.
6.4 Usability
 The system should operate automatically with no manual effort.
6.5 Scalability
 Can be integrated with IoT or smart-home systems.

7. System Constraints
 Sensor accuracy affected by environment
 Requires stable power supply
 AC fan speed control is more complex
 Surroundings (humidity, airflow) may affect readings

8. Risk Analysis
 Sensor failure may lead to wrong operation
 Overheating of driving transistor or relay
 Electrical hazards if high-voltage wiring is improper

9. Expected Outcomes
 Automatic temperature-based fan control
 Reduced energy consumption
 Improved comfort levels

9
  Low-cost, reliable system for real-world use

3.3 System design

System design is a systematic and structured process used to transform a real-world

problem into a complete, workable, and efficient technical solution. It begins with a clear
understanding of the problem statement, where the designer identifies the purpose of the
system, the need it fulfills, and the constraints under which it must operate. Once the
problem is understood, the next stage is requirement analysis, in which both functional
requirements (what the system must do) and non-functional requirements (how the system
should perform) are defined. These requirements guide every design decision. After this, the
designer develops a system architecture, usually represented through block diagrams, that
outlines the major components of the system and their interaction. This stage simplifies
complex processes by breaking them into manageable modules such as input sensing,
processing, decision-making, actuation, and user interface modules. Once the overall
structure is fixed, the designer selects appropriate hardware components—such as sensors,
microcontrollers, actuators, and power supplies—based on reliability, cost, and technical
suitability. This is followed by detailed hardware design, where circuit diagrams, signal
flow, and interfacing methods are prepared to ensure that all components function
harmoniously. Concurrently, a software design plan is developed, which includes algorithms,
flowcharts, and control logic that define how the system will process data and respond to
changing conditions. After hardware and software development, system integration is carried
out to combine all subsystems into a single operational unit. The integrated system is then
thoroughly tested under different conditions to evaluate accuracy, performance, safety, and
stability. Any faults or inefficiencies discovered during testing are corrected through
debugging and optimization. Finally, the entire design process, including diagrams,
calculations, and performance results, is documented to provide a clear record for future
reference, maintenance, or system upgrades. Overall, system design is a comprehensive
process that converts theoretical concepts into practical, functional, and reliable
technological solutions.

10
 Components Required

1. Arduino Nano - Microcontroller to read temperature and control the fan.

2. DHT11- Temperature Sensor – Measures the surrounding temperature.
3. 5V DC Fan - The cooling fan whose speed/on-off is controlled.
4. Relay Module -Used if you want to turn a high-voltage AC fan on/off.
5. Liquid crystal display 16*2
6. I2C module
7. 7805 voltage regulator
8. LED indicators (optional) – To show fan ON/OFF status.
9. PCB – For assembling the circuit.
[Link] wires / jumper cables – For connections.
[Link] supply (12V adapter) – To run Arduino and fan.

11
Block diagram

12
Arduino Nano

BY-SA

The Arduino Nano is a compact, breadboard-friendly microcontroller board based on

the ATmega328P processor, widely used in embedded systems, automation projects,
and educational electronics. It offers the same core features as the Arduino Uno but
comes in a much smaller form factor, making it suitable for space-limited projects
such as temperature-controlled systems, wearable technology, and portable devices.
The Nano operates at 16 MHz and supports both 5V and 3.3V components, giving it
flexibility for interfacing with various sensors and modules. It includes 14 digital
input/output pins, of which 6 support PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), allowing
control of motors, fans, LEDs, and other actuators. It also has 8 analog input pins (A0–
A7) that can read variable sensor data, such as temperature, humidity, or light
intensity. The board comes with an onboard USB Mini-B connector, which is used for
uploading code through the Arduino IDE and for powering the microcontroller when
connected to a computer.
The Arduino Nano features multiple power options for versatility in applications. It
can be powered through the USB port, through VIN (7–12V), or directly through the
5V pin, depending on the requirement of the project. It has 32 KB of flash memory, 2
KB SRAM, and 1 KB EEPROM, which are sufficient for most small to medium
automation programs. One of the greatest advantages of the Nano is the availability of
a large number of libraries, shields, and community support, making programming and
interfacing extremely simple even for beginners. The ATmega328P microcontroller
used in the board supports serial communication interfaces such as UART, I2C, and
SPI, enabling it to connect with peripherals like LCDs, motor drivers, communication
modules, and sensor breakout boards.
In projects such as Automatic Fan Control Using Temperature, the Arduino Nano acts
as the central controller. It reads analog temperature values from sensors like LM35 or
digital data from modules like DHT11, processes the information, and decides when to

13
turn the fan ON or OFF. It can also generate PWM signals to control fan speed. Since
it consumes very little power and is physically small, it perfectly fits inside compact
project enclosures. Its stability, reliability, and ease of programming make the Arduino
Nano one of the most preferred microcontroller boards for students, hobbyists, and
engineers.

The Arduino Nano is a small, compact, breadboard-friendly microcontroller board

based on the ATmega328P.
It works like Arduino Uno but in a smaller size, making it perfect for mini-projects
such as automatic fan control, sensors, robotics, and IoT experiments.
✔ Key Features
 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Recommended Input: 7–12V
 Digital Pins: 14 (D0–D13)
 PWM Pins: 6 (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11)
 Analog Pins: 8 (A0–A7)
 Flash Memory: 32 KB
 USB Mini-B for programming
 Very small size: 45 × 18 mm

WHERE DO ITS PINS CONNECT? (Easy Explanation)

1. Power Pins
Pin Use
5V Power to sensors & modules (e.g., LM35)
3.3V Low-power sensors
VIN Connect battery/adapter input (7–12V)
GND Ground (common negative)

2. Analog Pins (A0–A7)

Used to read sensor values.
Example:
 LM35 OUT → A0
Analog pins read values between 0–1023.

3. Digital Pins (D0–D13)

14
 Used for input/output operations.
Examples:
 D9 → Fan control (via transistor/relay)
 D13 → LED
 D2, D3 → Buttons, sensors

4. PWM Pins (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11)

Used for controlling speed of motors, fan, brightness of LED, etc.
Example in your project:
 D9 is commonly used for fan speed control.

5. USB Mini-B Port

Used for:
 Uploading code
 Powering the board (5V)

6. Reset Pin
Used to restart the Arduino manually.

SUMMARY
 A0 connects to temperature sensor (LM35/NTC).
 D9 connects to transistor or relay to control the fan.
 5V powers sensor.
 GND is common for all components.
 VIN can take 7–12V input.

Liquide Crystel Display

A 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is one of the most commonly used display devices in
embedded systems for showing text, numbers, and symbols. It can display 16 characters per
line on 2 lines, making it suitable for real-time information such as temperature, system
status, and fan speed. Normally, a 16x2 LCD requires 6–8 digital pins on the microcontroller
for data and control, but using it directly results in complicated wiring. To simplify this, an
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) module is attached to the back of the LCD. The I2C module
uses a PCF8574 I/O expander that converts parallel communication into serial
communication and reduces the required number of connections to just two wires: SDA (data

15
line) and SCL (clock line). This makes the display extremely easy to interface with an
Arduino Nano, which already supports I2C communication on pins A4 (SDA) and A5
(SCL). The I2C module also includes a potentiometer for adjusting display contrast, jumpers
for setting I2C address, and a transistor circuit for controlling the LCD backlight.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

The LCD operates on 5V, making it compatible with Arduino boards without additional
components. The internal structure of the LCD consists of liquid crystals arranged between
polarizing layers; when an electrical signal is applied, these crystals align to allow light to
pass, creating visible characters. The I2C interface sends commands in the form of serial
data, which is then expanded into parallel signals by the PCF8574 chip to drive the LCD.
The LCD can be easily programmed using the LiquidCrystal_I2C library, which simplifies
sending text to specific rows and columns. In the Automatic Fan Control system, the LCD is
used to display real-time temperature readings from the sensor and indicate whether the fan
is ON or OFF, allowing the user to monitor system operation without external devices.
Because of its low power consumption, compact size, and reliable performance, the 16x2
I2C LCD is an ideal choice for microcontroller-based automation projects.

✔ Features
 16 characters × 2 lines
 I2C backpack (PCF8574 controller)
 Only SDA and SCL pins used
 Adjustable contrast using potentiometer
 Works on 5V

Pins on the I2C LCD Module

I2C module has 4 pins:

16
Pin Meaning Connects to on Arduino Nano
VCC Power 5V
GND Ground GND
SDA Data Line A4
SCL Clock Line A5

Arduino Nano → I2C LCD Connections

Only 4 wires!
LCD I2C Pin Arduino Nano Pin
VCC 5V
GND GND
SDA A4
SCL A5

Why LCD with I2C is Used?

 Uses only 2 wires instead of many
 Saves Arduino pins
 Easy coding using libraries
 Good for displaying:
o Temperature
o Fan ON/OFF
o Speed level
o System status

Sample Display for Your Project

Example output on LCD:
Temp: 32°C
Fan: ON

17
DHT 11 Temperature Sensor

The DHT11 is a low-cost, easy-to-use digital temperature and humidity sensor commonly
used in basic electronics, automation, and environmental monitoring projects. It is
capable of measuring temperature in the range of 0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to
90%, making it suitable for indoor environmental sensing applications. The sensor uses a
capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor-like temperature sensor to measure
environmental conditions. Unlike analog sensors like the LM35, the DHT11 provides
precise digital output, meaning the Arduino does not need to convert analog signals;
instead, it receives clean numerical data via a single-wire communication protocol. This
simplifies wiring, improves noise immunity, and makes it highly reliable for
microcontroller projects.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Internally, the DHT11 contains a small IC that converts raw sensor readings into
calibrated digital values. The temperature is measured using a resistive-type sensor whose
resistance changes with temperature, while humidity is measured using moisture-sensitive
capacitor plates. The sensor refreshes data every 1 second, which is sufficient for
applications like automatic fan control. The DHT11 has three pins (VCC, DATA, GND),
and it operates on 3.5V to 5.5V, making it fully compatible with Arduino Nano. The
DATA pin sends 40 bits of information (humidity and temperature data) using a special
timing-based one-wire protocol. Libraries such as DHT.h make reading data extremely
easy, enabling users to obtain temperature and humidity values with just a few lines of
code.
In an Automatic Fan Control Using Temperature system, the DHT11 plays a crucial role
by continuously monitoring the room temperature. The Arduino reads temperature values
from the sensor and compares them with predefined thresholds. When the temperature
rises above the limit, the Arduino activates the fan via a transistor or relay module. The
sensor’s stable output, low power consumption, digital accuracy, and simple interfacing
make the DHT11 an ideal choice for temperature-based automation projects. Although it
is less accurate than advanced sensors like DHT22 or DS18B20, it is widely used in
18
student projects due to its affordability, durability, and straightforward operation.

DHT11 SENSOR → ARDUINO NANO CONNECTIONS

The DHT11 has 3 pins (sometimes 4 pins, but 1 is NC).
Use this table:
DHT11 Pin Connect To (Arduino Nano) Notes
VCC 5V Powers the sensor
DATA D2 (Digital pin) Any digital pin can be used
GND GND Common ground

IMPORTANT: Use a 10kΩ Resistor

Place a 10kΩ resistor between VCC and DATA pin (pull-up resistor).
This improves signal stability.
VCC ---- 10kΩ ---- DATA

WIRING SUMMARY (Easy to Remember)

 DHT11 VCC → 5V
 DHT11 DATA → D2 (use pull-up resistor)
 DHT11 GND → GND

If you're also using an LCD

You will have these connections:
DHT11
✔ VCC → 5V
✔ DATA → D2
✔ GND → GND
I2C LCD
✔ SDA → A4
✔ SCL → A5
✔ VCC → 5V
✔ GND → GND
Everything shares the same GND

19
Advantages of Fan Control Using a Temperature Sensor
1. Energy Saving
The fan runs only when needed, reducing electricity consumption and lowering power
bills.
2. Increased Fan Life
Since the fan does not run continuously, its motor experiences less wear and tear,
increasing lifespan.
3. Automatic Operation
No need for manual switching. The system automatically turns the fan ON/OFF based
on temperature.
4. Improved Comfort
Maintains a stable room temperature by adjusting fan operation according to heat
levels.
5. Fast Response to Temperature Change
Sensors like DHT11 detect temperature in real-time, allowing quick and accurate
control.
6. User-Friendly System
Easy to use and requires no technical knowledge—completely automatic once
installed.
7. Suitable for Hard-to-Reach Areas
Ideal for places where manual operation is difficult (server rooms, greenhouses, labs).
8. Low Cost & Easy to Build
Components like Arduino, DHT11, and DC fans are inexpensive and easily available
for students.
9. Environmentally Friendly
Reduces unnecessary energy usage, helping in sustainable energy management.
[Link] & Expandable
Can be upgraded with LCD display, mobile app, IoT monitoring, buzzer alerts, or fan
speed control.

20
Disadvantages of Fan Control Using a Temperature Sensor
1. Sensor Accuracy Limitations
Sensors like DHT11 have limited accuracy, which may cause slight errors in
temperature readings and fan response.
2. Delay in Sensor Response
Some sensors update data slowly (e.g., DHT11 updates every 1 second), causing
minor delays in fan activation.
3. Dependence on Electronic Components
If any component (sensor, transistor, Arduino) fails, the system may stop working
completely.
4. Requires Power Supply Continuously
The system needs constant electricity for Arduino, LCD, and sensors to function.
5. Complexity for Beginners
Beginners may find wiring, coding, and troubleshooting difficult compared to a simple
manual switch.
6. Environmental Interference
Humidity, dust, or airflow changes can affect sensor performance, especially in open
environments.
7. Limited Load Control
Arduino alone cannot drive high-power fans; external modules like relays or motor
drivers are required.
8. Higher Initial Cost
Cost is slightly higher than a normal manual fan switch due to electronics and sensors.
9. Maintenance Required
Sensor calibration, wiring checks, and dust cleaning are needed to ensure reliable
operation.
[Link] Suitable for Extreme Conditions
Basic sensors like DHT11 cannot measure high temperatures or extreme weather
conditions.

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Code

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#include "DHT.h"

//--------------- CONFIG ----------------//

#define DHTPIN 2 // DHT11 data pin
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
#define RELAY_PIN 3 // Relay control pin
#define FAN_THRESHOLD 30 // Temperature to turn fan ON (°C)

// LCD (I2C address 0x27 OR 0x3F — change only if LCD doesn't show text)
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

// Creators list (1 second each)

const char* creators[] = {
"Karan C",
"Sagar N",
"Akash S",
"Yuvraj M",
"Siddhesh R"
};
int creatorsCount = sizeof(creators) / sizeof(creators[0]);

unsigned long lastCycle = 0;

int cycleIndex = 0;
//---------------------------------------//

void setup() {
pinMode(RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW); // OFF at start (adjust if your relay is active LOW)

[Link](9600);
[Link]();

[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
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 // Intro message (optional)
[Link](0,0);
[Link]("Temperature Fan");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("Controller");
delay(1500);
[Link]();
}

void loop() {
// Read temperature & humidity
float h = [Link]();
float t = [Link]();

if (isnan(t) || isnan(h)) {
[Link](0,0);
[Link]("Sensor Error ");
[Link](0,1);
[Link]("Check DHT11 ");
delay(1000);
return;
}

// ------- Display Temp & Humidity -------

[Link](0,0);
[Link]("T:");
[Link]((int)t);
[Link]((char)223); // degree symbol
[Link]("C ");

[Link]("H:");
[Link]((int)h);
[Link]("% ");

// ------- Rotate Names (every 1 second) -------

if (millis() - lastCycle >= 1000) {
lastCycle = millis();

[Link](0,1);
[Link]("By: "); // clear line

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 [Link](3,1);
[Link](creators[cycleIndex]);

cycleIndex++;
if (cycleIndex >= creatorsCount) cycleIndex = 0;
}

// ------- Fan Control Logic -------

if (t >= FAN_THRESHOLD) {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH); // turn fan ON
} else {
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW); // turn fan OFF
}
}

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Reference
1. Mazidi, Muhammad Ali, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems,” Pearson
Education, 2008.
– For basic microcontroller and sensor interfacing concepts.
2. Banzi, Massimo, “Getting Started with Arduino,” Make: O’Reilly Media, 2011.
– Covers Arduino basics, coding, and interfacing.
3. Simon Monk, “Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches,” McGraw-Hill
Education, 2016.
– Useful for understanding Arduino code used in automation projects.
4. Arshdeep Bahga & Vijay Madisetti, “Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach,”
Universities Press, 2014.
– Includes sensor systems, automation, and embedded applications.
5. Arduino Official Documentation, “Arduino Nano Overview and Technical
Specifications.”
– Provides details about Nano pins, working, and interfacing.
6. DHT11 Sensor Datasheet, Aosong Electronics Co.
– Used for technical details of temperature and humidity sensing.
7. PCF8574 I2C LCD Interface Datasheet, NXP Semiconductors.
– For understanding the LCD I2C module.
8. TutorialsPoint, “Embedded Systems – Sensors,” TutorialsPoint.
– Basic information on sensor types and working.
9. IEEE Research Papers on Temperature-Based Control Systems
– General reference for automation and control theory.

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