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Operating SystemOvenien:s
01.
米 Operating system preride interaction hetween user and Gomputer
Booting sequence - starting aGomputer or computer embedded device.
STEPS:
1) Swiching on power supply
2 Loading of os into computer main mamery
(BIOS will load os)
3) keeping all appliation in a state of readincos in case
needed by user
BIOS = - Basic Input Oulput System (ROM (present in Rom))
always on
Firmware (hardware & Software)
Cold boating-@ Switching on poшеr
- ② loading BIOS
Warm Rooting - when system is alrrady running and need to restart
warm booling is faster (bcz os is of alrady loaded)
*
ObjecivesoF operoling system
To make computer system more conrenient
-
To hide hardware details fram users.
provide interface bet" user and computer
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*
Functions of operating systm:
Security
Gontral an system perfamance
job accaunting
Error detecting
Goordination beth user 4 Gamputer
Memary manager
processar manager
Derice Manager
file manager
*
Evalution oF OS
Serial processing=
1.
Computer start in usingfraly 1940-1950 en.
programmer / user directly intraced with computer hardwar.
That machine are called as Bare machin
e (as they don't hare
08)
Every Computer is pragrammed in its machine language
Uses punch cord, papertape and language translator
* Drawbacks of this system
1. Scheduling
2. Setup liming
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2.
Batch processing
it is a technique in which
befare processing starts
an os collecte data 4 program together
Job 1
Balch
Job 2
Operating Batch
System CPU
Jobn
Batch
Operating System does fallowing acivities related to batch pricessing-
1
Os define job which has pragram, cammands,
data in single unit.
it keeps n number oF jobs in memory and execute them
2
२.
jobs are processed in the arder of submission ie First come first serred
4. when jab completes its exewtion ,its memary is released and the.
autput far jab get Gopied into on oulput spool for later printing / processing.
Advantages -
takes much work the operator to the computer.
of
Incrased perfamance as a new job get started aa soon prious get
Finished.
Disadvantages
Deficult to debug pragiam
- jab Gould enter an infinite loop
due to lack of protection, one jab can affect pending jobs.
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3. Mullipragromming os
sharing the processor when two or mare pragrams reside in mmen
eman
at the time called mulliprogromming
Mulliprogramming incrasa utilization oF CPU.
os does the following achivities relaled to multiprogramming
keeps sevral jobs in memary at a lime
Os
Os picks and begins to execute ane
of the job in memary.
Mos monitor the state oF all act
ive program and system resources
to ensute that CPu is nerer
idle, unless there are no job
s to proce
Advantage-
High and efficient [Link] utilization
Disadvantage-
CPU scheduling is
required
memory management
is required to accommodate ma
ny jobs.
4.
Mullitasking or Time sharing Os
when muliple
between them. jabs are exocuted by CpU simulancoucly by
swikching
Switches occurs Frequently
each
so that user may interact
with
program while it is running
Word
OS
email
CPU
web brow
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Os daes following activities related to mulitasking
User give instrudions to
an immediate respanse.
as or to pregram direchly and reccive
handle mulliple aperation /program at a lim
e..
Uses the concept oF CPU schcluling and
mulliprogramming
1
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day Operoting System Structures
4.
Simple Structure-
small, simple and limited systems.
eg. MS-Dcs - wilten to provide mare functionality in less space.
- it does not break systems into subsystems
Monolithic structures-
2.
File management, memary management, devie management and pracess
management are dirctly contralled within kernel (pragram)
-eg linux
Device drivers are loadd into the running keenel and became part
of kemel.
Features -
structure.(allcompunent that reiceded are embended into
- hoving simple are
kermel
Work for smaller task as it handle milimited resouces
communicate with each oth
er.
Components
-
can
Fast operaing systm
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Limitations-
Gode written in this os is difficult to port
it generate mare errors and bugs bez user use same addras
location as the kenel.
adding and remoring Funcione are difficull.
3.
Layered Shrucure
User Interface
Layero
harcdwore
each layer develaped and debugged independently with asumption that
-
all
lower layers hare alrady debugged
Advantage simple construction
Disadvantage - less efficient
difficult to define vanous layers
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4. Microkernel Structure-
basic idea remore all non-essential serrices from the ker
nel and
make kernel efficient and small as possible.
-provide basic proceas,memary management,
Serrice.
message passing bekwen other
More secure
easily exapansion
eg- GNX.
Basis for Microkernel Monolithic kemel
Comparison
Basia user service and kemel
Serrice are kept in seperate kept in same address
address
size Smaller in size
larger in size.
Exeution Slow exewtion Fast exewtion
Extendible. easily extendable hard to extead
if semie crashes it deesn't effect
Secunty does
effect on working
Gode more code equired less cude is required
eo ea-QNX, Sumbian Linux etc.
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System calls- praride an interface to serices
by os.
Calls written in C& ctt
*
Types-
>
process Control-
load, execute, end,abort, termination pracess, get/set process attributes.
wait for lime, wait event, signol event, allocote Fre memory
File management
Create File, delete File,open, close , read, wnite,reposition,get/sct File
attibutian
3)
Derice management-
reguest derice,Hlese denice,rad, write , reposition get/ set device
athibuks, lagically attachar detach denice.
47 Information maintenance-
get/set time or date, get/ set system data.
5
Cammunicotian=
Crrate ,delete
communication connection,send, eceire mes
sages
transter status information, attach ar
detach remate derices
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Linux kemel and shell-
bath kernel and chell are used to perfarm any operation on system
When user gives his cammand for performing any operakion then
Request will gaes to shell parts / interpreter which translale human
pragram into machine longuage.
And then request will transterred to keinel
kernel heart of aperating system. and enny operaticn is performed by
using kemel.
Some operotion like :
is it checks whether proress is munning or wailing for the user request
ie Control process state.
27 allocate inemory far running procos
3>
process scheduling and swap aut funcdión
47 Virtual memory management
) file management and permissians
pracess scheduling is the actinty of the process manager that handles
the temoral of running pracss from CPU and selection of another procss
on basis of a pacticular strategy
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02. Pracess and scheduling of process
Process
program - a pragram in executian laad in file memorg
program is passive entity stored in exeutable file
proccos is active entity.
program becomes process when executable Filc loaded into memory
Execution of pragram started via GUI mouse click. command line
entry of its name
*
parts of process-
1.
program code/ text section
2. cuent activity including program counter
3.
Stack- contain temparary data.
4. parameters, addresses, vanables.
section cantaining glebal variable
5.
Data
Heap containing memory allacate during runtime
6.
max
stack个
↑ Process.
heap
data
text
Θ
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pracess state-
New terminated
admitted intemupt exit
rady (running
Scheduler dispatch
I/o or ernt
Ilo or erent wait
Completion waiting
New = process is created
running- executed
woiting- waiting far or some event to occur
ready- waiting to be assigned to a processor
terminated - finished execution
*
Process Contral Block (РCB)
Process state
running 4 waiting
Process number
program counter → location of instructions to next exeute
registers contains all process- centric registers
memory limits
list of oper files
*
process operations = it provides a mechanism for process cration
and termination.
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