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Physics of Particles and Motion

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

12 views132 pages

Physics of Particles and Motion

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poonamsingh03958

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Super Module - 02

Physics (Revised Syllabus) Contents

1 System of Particles and Rotational Motion 1-38

2 Gravitation 39-75

3 Oscillations 76-103

4 Waves 104-130

40 th
NOTES

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND
1 ROTATIONAL MOTION
INTRODUCTION
Earliarly we considered the motion of single particle, and a particle idealy represented as a point mass, having
no size. We applied the results of our study even to the motion of finite size bodies. Here we shall try to go
beyond the inadequacy of particle model of idealised finite size bodies.
CENTRE OF MASS
Centre of mass of a system of particles or a body can be defined as a point inside, outside or at the surface a
body at which the entire mass of the system is supposed to be concentrated. Centre of mass of a system
represents the entire body- A case of many particles system reduced to one particle. On application of external
forces, centre of mass of the system of particles moves in the same way as a point having mass equal to that of
the whole system.

POSITION OF CENTRE OF MASS

 
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 located at position vector r1 and r2 .
 y
Then position of centre of mass R is given as
 m1 r1  m2 r2 m1
R
m1  m2 ®
r1
In component form - R m2
m1x1  m2 x 2 m1 y 1  m2 y2 m1z1  m2z2 r2
X Y Z
m1  m2 , m1  m2 , m1  m2 x
System of two particles
z

N.B.: Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 at distance r from each other. Their centre of mass CM must lie in
between them on the line joining them. Let distances of these particles from the centre of mass be x1 and x2,
then
About C.M. mi . xi = 0
m1 x1 C.M x2 m2
r
or m1x1 + m2x2 = 0
or m1. x1 = –m2.x2
x 1 m2 m2 m1
  x1  .r x2  .r
x 2 m1 m1  m2 , m1  m 2
mr1  mr2 r1  r2
If the two particles have the same mass m1 = m2 = m, then rCM  
2m 2
Thus, for two system particles of equal mass the centre of mass lies exactly midway between them.
If m1  m2, CM is nearer to the particle of larger mass.

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 1

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
01. Two bodies of masses 1 kg and 2 kg are located at (1, 2) and (–1, 3), respectively. Calculate the coordinates of
centre of mass.
 1 8 
Ans.  , .
 3 3
02. Two particles of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are located at x = 0 and x = 3 m. Find the position of their centre of mass.
Ans. x = 2m.
03. Two point object of mass 1.5 g and 2.5 g respectively are at a distance of 16 cm apart, the centre of mass is at a
distance x from the object of mass 1.5 g. Find the value of x.
Ans. 10 cm

POSITION OF CENTRE OF MASS OF A MANY PARTICLES SYSTEM

  
If we have a system consisting of n particles, of masses m1, m2, ..., mn with r1 , r2 , ..., rn as their position vectors
at a given instant of time. The position vector rCM of the centre of mass of the system at that instance is given
by
n

  
 m1 r1  m2 r2  ...mn rn m r ii
n

R  i 1
n  m r i i
m1m2  ...  mn or R i 1

i 1
mi M

Here, M = m1 + m2 + .... + mn and mi ri is called the first moment of the mass.
= mi, total mass of system
In component form -
n n

m1x 1  m2x 2  ...mnx n i1

m x i i mi xi
X  or X  i1
m1m2  ...  mn mi M
n n

 mi y i m z i i
Similarly, Y  i 1 and Z  i 1 ,
M M
 
If C.M lies at the origin of coordinate system, then R  0 , i.e.,  m i ri  0

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

04. The position vectors of three particles of mass m 1 = 1 kg, m 2 = 2 kg and m 3 = 3 kg are r1  (iˆ  4ˆj  k)
ˆ m,

r2  (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ m and r  (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)
3
ˆ m, respectively. Find the position vector of their centre of mass.

1
Ans. (3î  ˆj  k̂ )m
2

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POSITION OF CENTRE OF MASS A BODY AS A CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF MASS
For a body which has a continuous distribution of matter, point masses are then differential mass elements dm
and centre of mass is defined as

 xdm  xdm  ydm  ydm  zdm  zdm  1 

X  , Y  and Z  , R  r dm
M M M
 dm  dm M  dm
where M is total mass of that body.
If we choose the origin of coordinate axes at centre of mass, then

R0   xdm   ydm   zdm  0

Centre of mass of some Important bodies

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Hollow CM at a height
hemispherical shell R from centre
R/2 2

R
Solid CM at a height
hemispherical shell 3R 3R from centre
8 8
R

MOTION OF CENTRE OF MASS

Let us consider the motion of a system of n particles of individual masses m1, m2, ... mn and total mass M.
The Velocity of centre of mass is given by
  
 m1v1  m 2 v 2  ....  m n v n
v CM  ...(i)
M
n

 m v i i
or v CM  i 1
M

Acceleration of centre of mass : Differentiating Eq. (i) with respect to time t, we get
  
 m1a 1  m 2 a 2  ...  m n a n
a CM  ...(ii)
M
n

 m a i i
or a CM  i 1
M
Further, in accordance with Newton’s second law of motion F = ma.

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     
We can write F  M.a CM  F1  F2  .....  Fn = Fi

it is therefore clear that the centre of mass of a system of particles moves as though it was a particle of mass
equal to that of the whole system with all the external forces acting directly on it.
There are some important points related to motion of centre of mass.
(i) If a system consists of more than one particle (or bodies) and net external force on the system in a
particular direction is zero with centre of mass at rest, then the centre of mass will not move along that
particular direction even though some particles (or bodies) of the system may move along that direction.
(ii) Motion of centre of mass of a system or object is not affected by any of internal forces as they always
make action-reaction pairs and so their net contribution to acceleration of centre of mass is zero.
(iii) If two particles of masses m 1 and m2 are placed on a smooth surface at separation r and they move
towards each other due to the mutual attractive force, then
(a) In a absence of any external force the acceleration of CM is zero, irrespective of the individual
acceleration of particles.
(b) In a absence of any external force, the velocity of CM is also constant.
(c) If initially the centre of mass is at rest, it will remain at rest.
(iv) Under the external forces, the CM moves just as all the mass were concentrated at that point,
 
i.e.,  Fext  M a ext

LINEAR MOMENTUM OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

For a system of n-particles, total linear momentum is vector sum of linear momenta of individual particles,
 
where, linear momentum of an individual particles is product of its mass and velocity ( p  mv ).
    
So, linear momentum of system is P  p1  p 2  p 3  ....  p n
    
or P  m1 v 1  m 2 v 2  m 3 v 3  ....m n v n ...(i)
From the concept of centre of mass, we know that
    
m1v1  m 2 v 2  m3 v 3  ....m n v n  M.v CM ...(ii)
 
From Eqns. (i) and (ii) we get Total linear momentum,P  Mv CM
Thus, the total momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of the total mass and velocity of its
centre of mass.

CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM FOR SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

According to law of conservation of linear momentum, total linear momentum of a system of particles remains
constant or conserved in the absence of any external force.
Total linear momentum of system of particles.
 
P  Mv CM
 
dP d  dv CM
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. t, we get  (M v CM )  M
dt dt dt

dv CM 
Here,  a CM , acceleration of centre of mass
dt

dP 
  M aCM
dt
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
Here, from Newton’s 2nd law of motion. M aCM will be equal to the external force.

dP 
  Fext
dt
  
 If Fext  0  P  M.v CM  constant
So, we can conclude that if net external force on the system is zero, the linear momentum of the system is
constant hence centre of mass will move with constant velocity.
N.B. :
01. If net external force on system is zero then momentum of system is constant but individual particles can have
variable momentum.

02. Individual particle can change their momentum but if we add all of them we get Psystem = constant.

03. Internal forces may exist in system.

04. Momentum remains conserved throughout till external forces does not act.

05. A frame of reference attached with C.M is known as C- frame of refrence. In this frame PCM  0

06. A man of mass m stands at the left end of a uniform plank of length L and mass M, which lies on a frictionless
surface. The displacement of man when walks to other end of plank we to plank is L.
The displacement of man with respect to ground = (L – x)
m

mL
The displacement of plank with respect to ground = x = – M
M m
cm L
x
 mv
If v is the velocity of man with respect to plank, then velocity of plank with respect to ground vp =
Mm

VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS ^

n
B
 
Let us consider two vectors A and B the angle between their directions is .

 
The vector product or cross product of A and B is written as - 
 
A  B  ( AB sin  ) n̂ A
   
where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B is  to plane containing A and B

 
| A  B | AB sin  B
= area of parallelogram having sides A and B. 
Vector area of parallelogram having side A and B.
    A  
Vector area of parallologram is S  A  B where S is directed perpendicular to the plane containing A and B .

SPECIAL CASES
 
1. | A  B |  AB sin 
 
If  = 0°, | A  B |  0

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 
If  = 90°, | A  B |  AB
 
2. To find direction of A  B , we use right hand screw rule.

3. If î, ĵ and k̂ are unit vectors along x, y and z-axes, respectively, then

î  ˆj  k̂ , ĵ  k̂  î , k̂  î  ĵ
  
î  î  0, ĵ  ˆj  0, k̂  k̂  0 [zero vector]
   
4. AB  B A
Using R.H. screw rule, we write

   
A  B   (B  A)
î  ˆj  k̂, ˆj  î   k̂
 
5. If A  A x î  A y ĵ  A z k̂ and B  B x î  B y ˆj  B z k̂
 
A  B  (A x î  A y ĵ  A z k̂ )  (B x î  B y ĵ  B z k̂ )

î ˆj k̂
 Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

= î ( A y Bz  A z B y )  ˆj( A x Bz  A z B x )  k̂ ( A x B y  A y B x )

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
05. In an anticlockwise system
(1) k̂  î  ĵ (2) ĵ. î  1 (3) î  î  1 (4) ĵ. ĵ  0
Ans. (1)
   
06.  
The angle between vectors M N and N M is  
(1) 0° (2) 60° (3) 90° (4) 180°
Ans. (4)
   
07. A vector A points towards North and vector B points upwards then A  B points towards
(1) East (2) West (3) North (4) South
Ans. (1)
    
08. If A  B  C  0 then A  B is
     
(1) C × B (2) B × C (3) A × C (4) zero
Ans. (2)
Applications :-
       
(1) Circular motion : v    r , a    r (2) Torque,   r  F
     
(3) Angular momentum, L  r  p (4) Magnetic force, F  q( v  B)

RIGID BODY
A rigid body is a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape. The relative distances between all pairs
of particles of such a body do not change: It is evident from this definition of a rigid body that no real body is
truly rigid, since real bodies deform under the influence of forces. But in many situations the deformations are
negligible. In number of situations involving bodies such as wheels, tops, steel beams, molecules and planets
on the other hand, we can ignore that they warp, bend or vibrate and treat them as rigid.

Motion of a rigid body

(i) Translational motion: A rigid body is said to undergo pure translation if it moves such that all its particles
move along the parallel paths. In this motion all particles have same instantaneous velocity. If these parallel
paths are straight lines, the motion is said to be a rectilinear translation. If the paths are curved lines, the
motion is a curvilinear translation.

(ii)Rotational motion: A rigid body is said to undergo pure rotation if it moves such that its constituent particles
move along circular arcs, the centres of which lie on a straight line perpendicular to the plane of the arcs. This
straight line is known as the axis of rotation and the rigid body is said to undergo pure rotation about this
axis. In this case all the particles have same angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration.

Rotational kinematics of a rigid body

Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed line, say Z-axis. The angular position of a particle P at any time t
is said to be . The rotation of the rigid body can be measured by the rotation of the line OP from its initial
position. Let in time t, it rotates through . Then average angular velocity during t is

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®


 ®
v
 
avg  O ®
r P
t

 d 
The instantaneous angular velocity at time t is   ,   n̂ ( n̂ is a unit vector along axis of rotation).
dt
   
  t 2   t1 2  1
Average angular acceleration is defined as  avg  or simply t  t . ®

t2  t1 2 1

  ®
 d d2  at
Instantaneous angular acceleration is     O
dt dt 2

ANALOGOUS PARAMETERS OF TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTIONS

Translational Rotational motion

motion
(i) Displacement s Angular displacement 
ds Angular velocity
Velocity v 
(ii) dt d

dt
dv Angular acceleration
acceleration a 
(iii) dt d

dt
(iv) a = constant  = constant
v = u + at  = 0 + t
1 1
s  ut  at 2   0 t  t 2
2 2
v2 – u2 = 2as  2 –  02 = 2
 1  1
s n th  u  a  n    n th  0   n  
 2  2
uv  
s t  0 t
2 2
dv d
av 
ds d

N.B. :    
v   r
  
 at   r
 
 an  2 r

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a®
t
      
a  at  an    r  2 r , a  a2t  an2
a®n
O ®
r

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

09. A disc rotating about its axis from rest, acquires the angular speed 100 rev/s in 4 second. The angle rotated by it
during these four seconds (in radian) is
(1) 100  (2) 200  (3) 300  (4) 400 
Ans. (4)
10. A body rotating with uniform angular acceleration covers 100  (radian) in the first 5 s after the start. Its angular
speed at the end of 5 s (in radian/s) is
(1) 40  (2) 30  (3) 20  (4) 10 
Ans. (1)
11. A body rotates about a fixed axis with an angular acceleration of 3 rad/s2. The angle rotated by it during the time
when its angular velocity increases from 10 rad/s to 20 rad/s (in radian) is
(1) 50 (2) 100 (3) 150 (4) 200
Ans. (1)
Moment of a force or Torque about a point
 
Suppose a force F is acting on a particle P. Let r be the position vector of P about some reference point O. The
   
moment of this force F about point O is defined as   r  F

P  ®
F
®
r

O

 or   r F sin  or  = r . f = r . F
 
This is a vector quantity having its direction perpendicular to both r and F according to the rule of cross
product.
Torque of a force about a point on rotation axis

Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis AB. Let F is a force acting on the body at point P. Take the origin

O on the axis of rotation. The torque of F about O is
A

P

O ®
r ®
F

®
n, 
B
     
  r F or   r.F. sin .n̂ , n̂  unit vector  to both r and F

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 When a rigid body is rotating about a fixed axis and a force is applied on it at some point, we are concerned with
torque of this force about a point O on the axis of rotation. Generally, torque in anticlockwise sence is taken as
+ ve and torque in clockwise sence is taken as – ve.

MOMENT OF INERTIA
Moment of inertia plays the same role in rotational motion as mass plays in linear motion. It is the property of
a body due to which it opposes any change in its state of rest or uniform rotation.
The moment of inertia is calculated about some axis (usually the rotational axis) and it depends on the mass as
well as its distribution about that axis.
Moment of Inertia of a Single Particle
r
m
For a very simple case, the moment of inertia of a single particle about an axis is given by
I  mr 2 ...(i)

Here, m is the mass of the particle and r its perpendicular distance from the axis under consideration.
The unit of moment of inertia in SI system is kg-m2. Its dimensional formula is [ML2].
Moment of Inertia of a system of particles :
The moment of inertia of a system of a particles about an axis is given by r1 m1
2
I = m1 . r12 + m2 . r22 + .........................+ mn rn2 =  m .r
i
i i
r2
m2
m3 r3

Moment of inertia of rigid bodies :

For a continuous mass distribution found in a rigid body, the system is divided into infinitesimal elements of
mass dm and if r is the distance of mass element from the axis of rotation, then the moment of inertia is

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Where, the integration is taken over the system.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

12. Three points of masses m1, m2 and m3 are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of length a. Determine
the moment of inertia of the system about an axis along the altitude of the triangle passing through m1.
a2
Ans. I  (m 2  m3 )
4
13. Calculate moment of inertia w.r.t. rotational axis XX in following figures.

Ans. (i) 1 kg-m2

(ii) 92 kg-m2

RADIUS OF GYRATION
The radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the effective perpendicular distance of a point from the
rotation axis at which the whole mass of the body could be concentrated without any change in the moment of
inertia of the body about that axis.

I
Thus, I = M.K2 or K = M
M = Mass of body where, K depends upon
K = radius of gyration (i) mass distribution
(ii) position and inclination of rotation axis

THEOREMS ON MOMENT OF INERTIA

(i) Theorem of perpendicular axes (for plane lamina)

It can be stated as : Iz= Ix +Iy
Where X, Y and Z axes are perpendicular to each another. X and Y axis are in the plane of lamina where as Z axis
is perpendicular to plane of lamina and passing through point of interaction of x & y axis
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(ii) Theorem of parallel axes (for any lamina)
It can be stated as :
I = ICM + m . r2
 If some part of a rigid body is removed from a whole body, then the MI of remaining body is given by
Iremaining = Iwhole – Iremoved
Here all three moments of inertia have to be calculated about same axis.
ICM

ICM
r
o

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MOMENT OF INERTIA OF SOME REGULAR SHAPED BODIES ABOUT SPECIFIC AXES

(9) Hollow sphere Diameter 2 M R2 3

Radius R

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ANGULAR MOMENTUM
A mass moving in a straight line has linear momentum (p). When a mass rotates about any point/axis, there is
momentum associated with rotational motion called the angular momentum (L).
Note: As net external force is required to change the linear momentum of an object, a net external torque is required
to change the angular momentum of an object.
Angular momentum (L)
(i) Angular momentum of a particle about any point

Angular momentum of particle P about point O is

    
L  r  p , p  m.v
L  [Link]   r.p   p.r
  
 L  m(r  v)
L = mvr sin  = mvr= mr v
(ii) Angular momentum of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis :
 
Moment of inertia about rotation axis is = I ; L  I 
A

®
L


 dL

dt

B
(iii) Angular impulse :
t2

The angular impulse of resultant torque in a given time interval is defined as   dt .
t1

= area of shaded region in  t graph.


 dL   t2
  
  dt  dL or   dt = Angular impulse = L 2  L1 t
dt O
t1

So, the angular impulse of the resultant torque is equal to change in angular momentum.
SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 15
     
N.B. (1) L  r  p , L is perpendicular to both r and p
 
 L.r  0 , L.p  0
(2) Motion under central force:-

 F
F  F(r ).r̂ r

O
  
  r F  0

 L = constant
This means rotation axis is fixed and motion of particle is confined in single plane perpendicular to axis of
rotation.
(3) If a body rotates about an axis as shown, then angular momentum about rotation axis is written as

M
O cm
R

     
L  Lcm  M (R  V) , Lcm  Icm . 

Conservation of Angular momentum


 dL
ext 
dt

 dL 
If ext  0,  0  L  constant
dt
i.e., "When the resultant external torque acting on a system is zero, the total angular momentum vector remains
constant." This is known as law of conservation of angular momentum.

For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, L = constant  I11  I2 2

ROLLING MOTION
A case of combined translational and rotational motions.
When a body perform(s) translatory motion as well as rotational motion then this type of motion is known as
rolling motion. e.g., motion of football rolling on a surface. In rolling motion, the velocity of centre of mass
represents linear motion while angular velocity represents rotational motion.

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B B B
v v  2v

c v + c v=0 = c v

Ff A v v A A
Ff
Translation Rotation v=0
Ff = 0, Wf = 0
Perfect rolling
(Perfectly rigid body)

Classification of rolling motion :

Depending on the fact that relative velocity of point of contact of the body undergoing rolling motion, with the
platform is zero or non zero, rolling motion is classified into two categories, which are as follows.
(i) Pure rolling or rolling without slipping/sliding.
(ii) Impure rolling or rolling with slipping/sliding.
Pure Rolling motion :
If the velocity of point of contact with respect to surface is zero then it is known as pure rolling. In this case
B
2v

v
CM


A v=0
Let us consider a spherically symmetric body rolling on a rough surface with angular velocity .
B
2v 
R
v
C
R

A v=0
Ff  0
With respect to ground : vA = 0
vC = R. = v
vB = 2R. = 2v
Ff  0, but WF = 0 because point A is at rest.
f
(i) vC > R. : sliding motion
(ii) vC < R. : rotational motion
(iii) vC = R. : Pure rolling motion
   
vB  v C  v C  v A  R.
Kinetic Energy of Rolling Motion :
The kinetic energy of a rolling body is the sum of kinetic energy of a translation motion and kinetic energy of
rotational motion.

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1 2 1
Kinetic energy of rolling motion, E  I  Mv 2CM
2 2
Substituting the value of I  MK 2 , where K is radius of gyration and v CM  R, we get
2
1 v  1
E  MK 2  CM   MvCM
2

2  R  2

1  K2 
E Mv 2CM 1  2 
2  R 
The ratio of translational energy, rotational energy and total energy can be calculated as
Etranslational : Erotation : Etotal

K2 K2
1 : : 1 2
R2 R

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

14. A solid cylinder of mass m and radius r starts rolling down an inclined plane of inclination . Friction is enough
to prevent slipping. Find the speed of its centre of mass when its centre of mass has fallen a height h.

4
Ans. v CM  gh
3

15. A horizontal force F acts on the solid sphere at its centre as shown. Coefficient of friction between ground and
sphere is . What is maximum value of F, for which there is no slipping?

7
Ans. F  mg
2
16. A tangential force F acts at the top of a thin spherical shell of mass m and radius R. Find the acceleration of the
shell if it rolls without slipping.

6F
Ans. a 
5m

ROLLING MOTION ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE

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ROLLING MOTION ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE
A body of mass m and radius R rolling down a plane inclined at an angle  with the horizontal. If the body rolls
without slipping then the centre of mass of the body moves in a straight line.
Different forces acting on the body are :
(i) Friction force (f) acting upwards at the point of contact with inclined plane and parallel to the inclined
plane.
(ii) Normal reaction of inclined plane (N).
(iii) Weight of the body (mg) acting vertically downwards through the centre of mass of body.

R
N
f

in h
 gs s
m mg mgcos 
VCM


For rolling without slipping the friction force is static and no work is done by friction force will be zero.

So, from law of conservation of mechanical energy, 1 1

mgh  mv 2CM  I2
2 2
Putting I = mK2 where, K = radius of gyration vCM = R

2gh
we get, v rolling 
1 K 2 / R 2

2g s sin  2g s sin 
From Fig. h = s sin v rolling   (where K = nR)
1 K 2 / R 2 1 n2

1
For disc n 
2

K2
If body slides then, 2  0  vsliding  2gh  2g s sin 
R
From the above formula we see that velocity of rolling motion is independent of its mass (M) and radius (R). It
means all uniform solid spheres or any other similar objects will reach the bottom with same speed because
the ratio K2/R2 will be same for similar bodies.

g sin  g sin 
Acceleration, a rolling  2 2

1 K / R 1 n2
It is also independent of mass and radius.

K2
If body slides then, 0 (for frictional less surface)
R2

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 asliding  g sin 

1 2h  K 2 
Time taken by rolling body to reach the bottom, t  1  
sin  g  R 2 
A body with smaller value of K2/R2 will take less time to reach the bottom.

1  K2  2 2
Change in kinetic energy due to rolling (v2 > v1)  m 1   (v 2  v1 )
2  R2 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

17. Calculate the kinetic energy of rolling ring of mass 0.2 kg about an axis passing through its centre of mass and
perpendicular to it, if its centre of mass is moving with a velocity of 3 m/s.
Ans. 1.8 kgm2s–2
18. A solid sphere is rolling down an inclined plane without slipping of height 20 m. Calculate the maximum
velocity with which it will reach the bottom of the plane. (g = 10 m/s2)
Ans. 16.90 m/s
19. A solid sphere is rolling without slipping on a level surface at a constant speed of 2 ms–1. How far can it roll up a
30° ramp before it stops?
Ans. 57 cm
20. When a body is under pure rolling, the fraction of its total kinetic energy which is purely rotational is 2/5.
Identify the body.
Ans. Hollow sphere

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Topicwise Questions

SECTION - A
Centre of Mass
01. Choose the correct statement about the centre of 06. The centre of mass of a body :
mass (CM) of a system of 2 particles: (1) Lies always outside the body
(1) The CM lies on the line joining two particles (2) May lie within, outside or on the surface of the
midway between them body.
(2) The CM lies on the line joining them at a point (3) Lies always inside the body
whose distance from each particle is inversely (4) Lies always on the surface of the body
proportional to the mass of that particle.
(3) The CM lies on the line joining them at a point 07. A uniform metal disc of radius R is taken and out of
whose distance from each particle is proportional it a disc of diameter R is cut off from the end. The
to the square of the mass of that particle. centre of mass of the remaining part will be :
(4) The CM is on the line joining them at a point R R
whose distance from each particle is proportional (1) from the centre (2) from the centre
4 3
to the mass of that particle.
R R
(3) from the centre (4) from the centre
02. The centre of mass a system of particles does not 5 6
depend on :
(1) masses of the particles 08. In the HCl molecule, the sepration between the
(2) forces on the particles nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27Å. Mass of Cl
(3) position of the particles atom is about 35.5 times of mass of H, then the
(4) relative distance between the particles location of centre of mass from Cl end will be :
(1) 1.24 Å (2) 1.27 Å
03. A system consists of mass M and m(<<M). The (3) 0.03 Å (4) None of these
centre of mass of the system is :
(1) at the middle (2) nearer to M Motion of Centre of Mass
(3) nearer to m 09. Two bodies of mass 10kg and 2kg are moving with
(4) at the position of larger mass. velocity 2 i  7 j  3k m/s and 10i  35j  3k m/s
respectively. The velocity of their centre of mass is
04. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position
(1) 2 im / s  /s
(2) 2 km
vectors î  2ˆj  k̂ and  3î  2 ĵ  k̂ respectively. The
(3) (2ˆj  2k̂) m/s (4) (2î  2ĵ  2k̂) m/s
centre of mass of this system has position vector :
(1)  î  ĵ  k̂ (2)  2î  2k̂
10. Two bodies of masses 2kg and 4kg initially at rest
(3)  2î  ĵ  k̂ (4) 2î  ˆj  k̂ moving with velocities 20m/s and 10m/s towards
each other due to mutual gravitational attraction.
05. Consider a two particle system with particles What is the velocity of their centre of mass?
having masses m1 and m2. If the first particle is (1) 5.3 ms-1 (2) 6.4 ms-1
pushed towards the centre of mass through a (3) zero (4) 8.1 ms-1
distance d, by what distance should the second
particle be moved so as to keep the centre of mass 11. A 2 kg body and a 3kg body are moving along the x-
at the same position ? axis. At a particular instant the 2kg body has a
1m velocity of 3 ms–1 and 3kg body has the velocity of
(1) m d (2) d 2 ms-1. The velocity of the centre of mass at that
2
instant is :
2m 1 m (1) 5 ms–1 (2) 1 ms–1
(3) m d (4) m  m d .
1 1 2 (3) 0 (4) none of these
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12. Two objects of masses 200 gm and 500 gm posses 18. If the system is released, then the acceleration the
velocities 10i m/s and 3i  5j m/s respectively. The centre of mass of the system :
velocity of their centre of mass in m/s is :
5
(1) 5i  25j (2) i  25j
7
25  5
(3) 5i  j (4) 25i  j
7 7
m
13. The velocities of three particles of masses 20gram, 3m
30gram and 50gram are 10i ,10 j and 10k g g
respectively. The velocity of the centre of mass of (1) (2) (3) g (4) 2g
4 2
the three particles is :
(1) 2 i  3j  5 k (2) 10(i  j  k ) 19. For the system shown in figure the acceleration of
centre of mass is
(3) 20 i  30 j  5 k (4) 2 i  30 j  50 k
4 kg
14. Two blocks of masses 5 kg and 2 kg are connected
by a spring of negligible mass and placed on a
frictionless horizontal surface. An impulse
provides a velocity of 7 m/s to the heavier block in 6 kg
the direction of the lighter block. The velocity of
the centre of mass is
(1) 4 m/s (2) 5 m/s
(1) ( 2.4î  3.6ˆj) m / s 2 (2) ( 2.4î  3.6ˆj) m / s 2
(3) 2 m/s (4) 3 m/s
(3) (3.6î  2.4 ĵ) m / s 2 (4) (3.6î  2.4 ĵ) m / s 2
15. Consider a system of two identical particles. One
of the particles is at rest and the other has an
 Vectors product of two vectors
acceleration f . The centre of mass has an  
acceleration

20.    
A  3 î  2 ĵ  6k̂ and B  î  2 ĵ  k̂ , find the vector
 
(1) Zero (2) f product of A and B .
 
(3) f / 2 (4) 2 f (1) 5î  10ˆj  k̂ (2) 5î  10ˆj  k̂

16. A particle of mass m is thrown horizontally from (3) 10î  5ˆj  k̂ (4)  10î  9 ĵ  8 k̂
the top of a tower and another particle of mass 2m
is thrown vertically upward. The acceleration of 21. Find the vector products of two vectors
centre of mass is  
(1) g (2) 9g/3
  
a  2 î  3 ĵ  4k̂ and b  î  2 ĵ  3k̂ . 
(3) 2g/3 (4) g/2 (1) î  2 ĵ  k̂  
(2)  î  2 ĵ  k̂ 
17. Two spheres of masses 2M and M are initially at rest (3)  î  2 ĵ  k̂  (4)  î  2 ĵ  k̂ 
at a distance R apart. Due to mutual force of

attraction, they approach each other. When they are
at separation R/ 2, the acceleration of the centre of
22. Find a vector perpendicular to vector A  î  2 ĵ  3k̂  

mass of spheres would be : 
as well as B  î  ĵ  k̂ . 
(1) 0 m/s2
(2) g m/s2 (1) ( î  2 ĵ  k̂) (2) ( î  2 ĵ  k̂)
(3) 3g m/s2 (3) (î  2 ĵ  k̂) (4) (î  2 ĵ  k̂)
(4) 12 g m/s2

22 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582


23. The torque of a force F  2 î  2 ĵ  3k̂ acting on a 2
(1) MR2 (2) MR2
 5
point r  î  2 ĵ  k̂ about origin will be
3 1
(1) 8 î  5 ĵ  2k̂ (2)  8 î  5 ĵ  2k̂ (3) MR2 (4) MR2
2 2
(3) 8 î  5 ĵ  2k̂ (4)  8 î  5 ĵ  2k̂
30. Three uniform rods, each of mass ‘M’ and length ‘L’
  form the sides of an equilateral triangle. Moment
24. If the angle between the vectors C and D is then of inertia of this system about an axis passing
   through a corner and perpendicular to the plane of
 
the value of the product C  D .D is equal to
triangle is:
(1) Zero (2) CD2 sin 
2
(3) CD cos  (4) CD2 sin  cos  5 3
(1) ML2 (2) ML2
2 2
   
25. Let A  2 î  3 ĵ  4k̂ and B  4 î  ĵ  2k̂ then A  B is 7
(3) ML2 (4) ML2
2
equal to
(1) 440 (2) 2 110 (3) 220 (4) 4 65 31. The ratio of the radii of gyration of a circular disc
about a tangential axis in the plane of the disc and
Moment of inertia of a circular ring of the same radius about a
tangential axis in the plane of the ring is :
26. For the same total mass which of the following will
have the largest moment of inertia about an axis (1) 2 : 1 (2) 5 : 6
passing through the centre of mass and
(3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 2
perpendicular to the plane of the body ?
(1) A disc of radius a
(2) A ring of radius a 32. Three particles, each of mass m gram, are situated
(3) A square lamina of side 2 a at the vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side
(4) Four rods forming a square of side 2 a l cm. (as shown in the figure). The moment of inertia
of the system about a line AX perpendicular to AB
27. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform circular and in the plane of ABC, in gram cm2 units will be :
disc about one of the diameters is I. Its moment of X
inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane of m C
the disc and passing through its centre is :
(1)  2 I (2) 2I l l
I
(3) I/2 (4) B
2 Am l m

28. Two rings of radius R and nR made up of same 5 2 3 2 3 2

(1) 2 ml2 (2) ml (3) ml (4) ml
material have the ratio of moment of inertia about 4 2 4
an axis passing through centre is 1 : 8. The value of
n is : 33. A thin rod of length L and mass M is bent at its
(1) 2 (2) 2 2 midpoint into two halves so that the angle between
them is 90°. The moment of inertia of the bent rod
1 about an axis passing through the bending point
(3) 4 (4)
2 and perpendicular to the plane defined by the two
halves of the rod is :
29. The moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc of
radius ‘R’ and mass ‘M’ about an axis touching the ML2 2 ML2 ML2 ML2
(1) (2) (3) (4)
disc at its diameter and normal to the disc is : 6 24 24 12

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34. Four identical thin rods each of mass M and length 39. A wheel has angular acceleration of 3.0 rad/sec2
l, from a square frame. Moment of inertia of this and initial angular speed of 2.00 rad/sec. In a time
frame about an axis through the centre of the of 2 sec it has rotated through an angle (in radian)
square and perpendicular to its plane is : of :
1 2 4 2 (1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 10 (4) 12
(1) Ml (2) Ml
3 3
40. A table fan, rotating at a speed of 2400 rpm, is
2 13 2 switched off and the resulting variation of the rpm
(3) Ml2 (4) Ml
3 3 with time is shown in the figure. The total number
of revolutions of the fan before it comes to rest is
35. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of mass
M and length L about an axis passing through its
midpoint and perpendicular to its length is I0. Its
moment of inertia about an axis passing through
one of its ends and perpendicular to its length is :
ML2 ML2
(1) I0 + (2) I0 + (1) 420 (2) 190 (3) 280 (4) 380
2 4
(3) I0 + 2ML2 (4) I0 + ML2 Torque
41. A wheel having moment of inertia 2 kg-m2 about
36. Three identical rods, each of length L, are joined to its vertical axis, rotates at the rate of 60 rpm about
form a rigid equilateral triangle. Its radius of an axis. The torque which can stop the wheel's
gyration about an axis passing through a corner and rotation in one minute would be :
perpendicular to the plane of triangle is
 
L 3 (1) N-m (2) N-m
12 15
(1) (2) L
2 2
 2
(3) N-m (4) N-m
L L 18 15
(3) (4)
2 3
42. A pulley has the shape of a uniform solid disc of
Kinematics of rotation mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m. A string is wrapped
over its rim and is pulled by a force of 2.5 N. The
37. A Pulley one metre in diameter rotating at 600 pulley is free to rotate about its axis. Initially, the
revolutions a minute is brought to rest in 80 sec by pulley is at rest. Find the angular velocity and angle
a constant force of friction on its shaft. How many rotated by pulley in 10 s.
revolutions does it make before coming to rest ?
(1) 200 (2) 300
(3) 400 (4) 500

38. Which of the following statements is false for a

particle moving in a circle with a constant angular
speed ?
(1) The velocity vector is tangent to the circle. (1) 25 rad/s, 100 rad (2) 25 rad/s, 200 rad
(2) The acceleration vector is tangent to the circle (3) 10 rad/s, 200 rad (4) 50 rad/s, 250 rad
(3) The acceleration vector points to the centre of
the circle. 43. A flywheel of moment of inertia 2 kg-m2 is rotated
(4) The velocity and acceleration vectors are at a speed of 30 rad/s. A tangential force at the rim
perpendicular to each other. stops the wheel in 15 seconds. Average torque of
the force is
(1) 4 Nm (2) 2 Nm
(3) 8 Nm (4) 1 Nm

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44. A wheel having moment of inertia 4 kg m2 about its Rotational Dynamics
symmetrical axis, rotates at rate of 240 rpm about 50. A solid cylinder of mass 50 kg and radius 0.5 m is
it. The torque which can stop the rotation of the free to rotate about the horizontal axis. A massless
wheel in one minute is string is wound round the cylinder with one end
5 8 attached to it and other hanging freely. Tension in
(1) Nm (2) Nm the string required to produce an angular
7 15
acceleration of 2 revolutions s–2 is :
2 3 (1) 25 N (2) 50 N (3) 78.5 N (4) 157 N
(3) Nm (4) Nm
9 7
51. A uniform rod of length l and mass m is free to
 rotate in a vertical plane about A. The rod initially
45. A disc is rotating with angular velocity  . A force
 in horizontal position is released. The initial angular
F acts at a point whose position vector with respect acceleration of the rod is (Moment of inertia of rod
to the axis of rotation is r . The power associated
with torque due to the force is given by ml 2
about A is ):
      3
(1) (r  F) .  (2) (r  F)  
  
(3) r  (F . ) (3) 0

 3g 2l 3g l
46. A force F  (2 î  3 ĵ  5k̂) N acts at a point (1) (2) 3g (3) 2 (4) mg
2l 2l 2

r1  (2 î  4 ĵ  7k̂) m. The torque of the force about
 52. A ring of radius r and mass m rotates about an axis
the point r2  (î  2 ĵ  3k̂) m is
passing through its centre and perpendicular to its
(1) (17 ĵ  5k̂  3 î) Nm (2) (2 î  4 ĵ  6k̂) Nm plane with angular velocity . Its kinetic energy is:
1 1
(3) (12î  5 ĵ  7k̂) Nm (4) (22î  13 ĵ  k̂) Nm (1) mr (2) mr2 (3) mr22 (4) mr22
2 2

47. A door 1.6 m wide requires a force of 1 N to be

53. A rod of length L is hinged from one end. It is
applied at the free end to open or close it. The
brought to a horizontal position and released. The
force that is required at a point 0.4 m distant from
angular velocity of the rod when it is in vertical
the hinges for opening or closing the door is :
position is:
(1) 1.2 N (2) 3.6 N
(3) 2.4 N (4) 4 N 2g 3g g g
(1) (2) (3) (4)
L L 2L L

48. Let F be the force acting on particle having position 54. O is the centre of an equilateral triangle ABC.
    
vector r and  be the torque of this force about F1 , F2 and F3 are three forces acting along the sides
the origin. Then : AB, BC and AC as shown in figure. What should be
        
(1) r .   0 and F.   0 (2) r .   0 and F .   0 the magnitude of F3 so that total torque about O is
       
(3) r .   0 and F.   0 (4) r .   0 and F .   0 zero?
A

49. A force (5î  7ˆj  3k̂ ) N acts on a particle at position  

F1 F3
O
( î  ĵ  k̂ ) m. Find torque of this force on the
particle about origin. B C

F2
(1) ( 4î  2 ĵ  2k̂ ) N-m (2) ( 4î  2ˆj  2k̂ ) N-m      
(1) F3  F1  F2 (2) F3  F1  F2
(3) (4î  2ˆj  2k̂ ) N-m (4) (10î  8ˆj  12k̂ ) N-m   
(3) F3  F1  2F2 (4) Not possible
SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 25
Angular momentum combination of discs is :
55. Angular momentum is: I1
(1) a polar vector (2) an axial vector (1)  (2) I  I
1 2
(3) a scalar (4) none of these
( I1  I 2 ) I 2
56. A wheel of moment of inertia I and radius R is (3) I1 (4) I  I
1 2
rotating about its axis at an angular speed . It
picks up a stationary particle of mass m at its edge. 61. Two bodies have their moments of inertia I and 2I
Find the new angular speed of the wheel. respectively about their axis of rotation. If their
I 0 kinetic energies of rotation are equal, their angular
(1) 0 (2) momentum will be in the ratio :
I  mR 2

mR 2 0 I0 (1) 1 : 2 (2) 2 : 1

(3) (4)
I  mR 2 I  mR 2 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 2 : 1

57. A particle of mass m moves along line PC with Rolling Motion

velocity v as shown. What is the angular momentum
62. A solid sphere, a hollow sphere and a disc, all having
of the particle about O?
same mass and radius, are placed at the top of a
smooth incline and released. Least time will be
taken in reaching the bottom by:
(1) the solid sphere (2) the hollow sphere
(3) the disc (4) all will take same time

63. If a spherical ball (solid sphere) rolls on a table

without slipping, the fraction of its total energy
associated with rotation is:
(1) 3/5 (2) 2/7
(1) mvL (2) mvl (3) 2/5 (4) 3/7
(3) mvr (4) zero
64. If a solid sphere, disc and cylinder are allowed to
58. A disc is rotating with angular speed . If a child sits roll down an inclined plane from the same height :
on it, what is conserved? (1) the cylinder will reach the bottom first
(1) Linear momentum (2) Angular momentum (2) the disc will reach the bottom first
(3) Kinetic energy (4) Potential energy (3) the sphere will reach the bottom first
(4) all will reach the bottom at the same time
59. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius `r' is rotating
about an axis with a constant angular velocity . 65. A sphere is rolling without slipping on a fixed
Four objects each of mass m, are kept gently to the horizontal plane surface. A is the point of contact,
opposite ends of two perpendicular diameters of B is the centre of the sphere and C is top most point.
the ring. The angular velocity of the ring will be : Then,
M M
(1) (2)
4m M  4m
( M  4 m)  ( M  4 m )
(3) (4)
M M  4m

60. A round disc of moment of inertia I2 about its axis

perpendicular to its plane and passing through its
(1) VC–VA = 2(VB–VC) (2) VC–VB = VB–VA
centre is placed over another disc of moment of
(3) |VC–VA| =2(VB–VC) (4) |VC–VA| =4|VB|
inertia Il rotating with an angular velocity  about
the same axis. The final angular velocity of the
26 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582
66. A ring is rolling on a rough horizontal surface SECTION - B
without slipping with a linear speed ‘v’ referring Exemplar Problems
to Fig. ratio of speeds of points B and A is :
01. For which of the following does the centre of mass
lie outside the body ?
(1) A pencil (2) A shotput
(3) A dice (4) A bangle

02. A particle of mass m is moving in yz-plane with a

(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 2 :1 (4) 1 : 2
uniform velocity v with its trajectory running
parallel to +ve y-axis and intersecting z-axis at z =
67. A round uniform body of radius R, mass M and a. The change in its angular momentum about the
moment of inertia 'I', rolls down (without slipping) origin as it bounces elastically from a wall at y =
an inclined plane making an angle  with the constant is:
horizontal. Then its acceleration is:
g sin  g sin 
2
(1) 1  MR (2) 1  I
I MR 2

g sin  g sin 
2
(3) 1  MR (4) 1  I (1) mva êx (2) 2mva êx
I MR 2 (3) ymv êx (4) 2ymv êx

68. A solid sphere is rolling without slipping on a 03. When a disc rotates with uniform angular velocity,
horizontal surface. The ratio of its rotational kinetic which of the following is not true?
energy to its translational kinetic energy is : (1) The sense of rotation remains same.
(1) 2/9 (2) 2/7 (3) 2/5 (4) 7/2 (2) The orientation of the axis of rotation remains
same.
69. A disc is rolling the velocity of its centre of mass is (3) The speed of rotation is non-zero and remains
Vcm then which one will be correct? same.
(1) The velocity of highest point is 2 Vcm and point (4) The angular acceleration is non-zero and
of contact is zero. remains same.
(2) The velocity of highest point is Vcm and point of
contact is Vcm. 04. A uniform square plate has a small piece Q of an
(3) The velocity of highest point is 2 Vcm and point irregular shape removed and glued to the centre
of contact is Vcm. of the plate leaving a hole behind. The CM of the
(4) The velocity of highest point is 2 Vcm and point plate is now in the following quadrant of x-y plane
of contact is 2 Vcm.

70. The ratio of the accelerations for a solid sphere

(mass 'm' and radius 'R') rolling down an incline
plane of angle ' without slipping and slipping
down the incline without rolling is : (1) I (2) II (3) III (4) IV
(1) 5 : 7 (2) 2 : 3 (3) 2 : 5 (4) 7 : 5
NTA Abhyas
71. An inclined plane makes an angle of 30º with the 05. If the external forces acting on a system have zero
horizontal. A ring rolling down this inclined plane resultant, the centre of mass [NTA Abhyas -46-22]
from rest without slipping has a linear acceleration (1) must not move (2) must not accelerate
equal to : (3) must move (4) may accelerate
(1) 2g/3 (2) g/2
(3) g/3 (4) g/4
SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 27
06. A stone of mass 500 g is dropped from the top of a
tower of 100 m height. Simultaneously another A C
stone of mass 1 kg is thrown horizontally with a
speed of 10 ms–1 from same point. The height of
O
the centre of mass of the above two stone system
d d
after 3 sec is (g = 10 ms–2) [NTA Abhyas-44-21]
(1) 45 m (2) 35 m
(3) 55 m (4) none of these
A C
07. Two homogeneous spheres A and B of masses m
and 2m having radii 2a and a respectively are placed (1) ICC+ Md2 (2) ICC– Md2
in touch. The distance of the centre of mass from (3) ICC+ 3Md2 (4) ICC+ 4Md2
the first sphere is [NTA Abhyas-29-42]
(1) a (2) 2a 11. The moment of inertia of a solid sphere of radius R
(3) 3a (4) none of these about its diameter is same as the that of disc of
radius 2R about its diameter. The ratio of their
08. A loaded spring gun of mass M fires a shot of mass masses is [NTA Abhyas-49-31]
m with a velocity v at an angle of elevation . The (1) 5 : 2 (2) 5 : 8
gun is initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless (3) 4 : 1 (4) 2 : 1
surface. After firing, the centre of mass of the gun-
shot system [NTA Abhyas-29-43] 12. The moment of Inertia of a body depends upon
m [NTA Abhyas -46-31]
(1) m moves with a velocity v
M (1) mass only
(2) angular velocity only
vm
(2) moves with a velocity cos in the (3) distribution of particles only
M
(4) mass and distribution of mass about the axis
horizontal direction
(3) remains at rest
13. A solid cylinder of mass M and radius R rolls down
vM  m  an inclined plane of height h. The angular velocity
(4) moves with a velocity
M  m  in the of the cylinder when it reaches the bottom of the
horizontal direction plane will be- [NTA Abhyas-45-36]
2 2 gh
09. A large number of particles are placed around the (1) gh (2)
R R 2
origin, each at a distance R from the origin. The
distance of the center of mass of the system from 2 gh 1
the origin is [NTA Abhyas-33-03] (3) (4) gh
R 3 2R
(1) equal to R
(2) less than or equal to R
14. A thin uniform rod of length l and mass m is
(3) greater than R swinging freely, about a horizontal axis passing
(4) greater than or equal to R through its end. Its maximum angular speed is .
The maximum height, to which its centre of mass
10. The figure shows a body of arbitrary shape. O is rises, is [NTA Abhyas-38-34]
the centre of mass of the body and mass of the
1 l 2 2 1 l
body is M. If ICC= I0 then IAAwill be equal to (1) (2) 6 g
[NTA Abhyas-51-31] 3 g

1 l 2 2 1 l 2 2
(3) (4)
2 g 6 g

28 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

15. During circular motion with constant angular
1 4gh 1 2gh
acceleration, in 1st second, starting from rest (1) (2)
R 3 R 3
covers 5 rotation. Then find number of rotation in
next second. [JEE Main 2022] 2gh 4gh
(1) 5 (2) 12 (3) R (4) R
3 3
(3) 10 (4) 15
19. A solid sphere of mass m = 500 gm is rolling without
16. Four equal masses, m each are placed at the corners
slipping on a horizontal surface. Find kinetic energy
of a square of length (l) as shown in the figure. The
of a sphere if velocity of centre of mass is 5 cm/s.
moment of inertia of the system about an axis
[JEE Main 2020]
passing through A and parallel to DB would be
[JEE Main 2021] 35 35
(1) × 10–4 J (2) × 10–4 J
2 4
D l C (3) 35 × 10–4 J (4) 35 × 10–3 J
m m
20. Shown in the figure is rigid and uniform one meter
l l long rod AB held in horizontal position by two
strings tied to its ends and attached to the ceiling.
The rod of mass ‘m’ and has another weight of mass
m m 2 m hung at a distance of 75 cm from A. The tension
A l B in the string at A is [JEE Main 2020]
(1) m/2 (2) 2 ml2
(3) 3 ml2 (4) 3 ml2

17. A sphere of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m is rolling

with an speed of 1 ms–1 goes up an inclined plane
which makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal (1) 0.5 mg (2) 2 mg
plane, without slipping. How long will the sphere (3) 0.75 mg (4) 1 mg
take to return to the starting point A?
[JEE Main 2021] 21. Two uniform circular discs are rotating
independently in the same direction around their
common axis passing through their centre. The
moment of inertia and angular velocity of the first
disc are 0.1 kg – m2 and 10 rad s–1 respectively while
A 30° those for the second one are 0.2 kg – m 2 and 5
rads–1 respectively. At some instant they get stuck
(1) 0.60 s (2) 0.52 s
together and start rotating as a single system about
(3) 0.57 s (4) 0.80 s
their common axis with some angular speed. The
kinetic energy of the combined system is
18. A block of mass m is suspended from a pully in
[JEE Main 2020]
form of a circular disc of mass m and radius R. The
system is released from rest, find the angular 20 5 10 2
(1) J (2) J (3) J (4) J
velocity of disc when block has dropped by height 3 3 3 3
h. (there is no slipping between string and pulley)
[JEE Main 2020] 22. Consider two uniform discs of the same thickness
and different radii R1 = R and R2 = R made of the
same material. If the ratio of their moment of
inertia I1 and I2, respectively, about their axes is I1
: I2 = 1 : 16 then the value of  is [JEE Main 2020]
(1) 2 (2) 4
(3) 2 2 (4) 2
SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 29
23. The radius of gyration of a uniform rod of length L, 27. The time dependence of the position of a particle

L of mass m = 2 is given by r (t )  2t î  3t 2 ˆj . Its angular
about an axis passing through a point away from
4 momentum, with respect to the origin, at time t =
the centre of the rod, and perpendicular to it, is 2 is: [JEE Main 2019]
[JEE Main 2020]
(1) 36 k̂ (2)  34( k̂  î )
7 5 7 19
(1) L (2) L (3) L (4) L (3) 48( î  ĵ) (4)  48k̂
48 48 24 24

24. A solid sphere and solid cylinder of identical radii 28. Two coaxial discs, having moments of inertia I1 and
approach an incline with the same linear velocity I1
(see figure). Both roll without slipping all , are rotating with respective angular velocities
2
throughout. The two climb maximum heights hsph
1
h sph 1 and , about their common axis. They are
and hcyl on the incline. The ratio is given by : 2
h cyl brought in contact with each other and thereafter
[JEE Main 2019] they rotate with a common angular velocity. If Ef
and Ei are the final and initial total energies, then
(Ef – Ei) is: [JEE Main 2019]
I112 3
(1) (2) I112
14 4 2 12 8
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4)
15 5 5 I112 I112
(3) (4)
6 24
25. The magnitude of torque on a particle of mass 1 kg
is 2.5 Nm about the origin. If the force acting on it 29. Moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is
is 1 N, and the distance of the particle from the 1.5 kg m2. Initially the body is at rest. In order to
origin is 5 m, the angle between the force and the
produce a rotational kinetic energy of 1200 J, the
position vector is (in radians): [JEE Main 2019]
angular acceleration of 20 rad/s2 must be applied
    about the axis for a duration of: [JEE Main 2019]
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8 4 3 6 (1) 2 s (2) 5s
(3) 2.5 s (4) 3 s
26. A rod of length 50 cm is pivoted at one end. It is
raised such that if makes an angle of 30° from the 30. A thin smooth rod of length L and mass M is rotating
horizontal as shown and released from rest. Its freely with angular speed 0 about an axis
angular speed when it passes through the horizontal perpendicular to the rod and passing through its
(in rad s-1) will be : (g = 10 ms-2) [JEE Main 2019] center. Two beads of mass m and negligible size
are at the center of the rod initially. The beads are
free to slide along the rod. The angular speed of
the system, when the beads reach the opposite
ends of the rod, will be: [JEE Main 2019]
M0 M 0
(1) (2)
M  3m Mm
M0 M0
30 (3) (4)
(1) (2) 30 M  2m M  6m
2

20 30 31. A mass m supported by a massless string wound

(3) (4)
3 2 around a uniform hollow cylinder of mass m and
radius R. If the string does not slip on the cylinder,
with what acceleration will the mass fall on

30 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

release? [JEE Main 2014] velocity after 3 s is [NEET-II-2023]
(1) 10 rad/s (2) 15 rad/s
(3) 1 rad/s (4) 5 rad/s
R
m 05. The angular acceleration of a body, moving along
the circumference of a circle, is: [NEET-2023]
(1) along the radius, away from centre
m (2) along the radius towards the centre
(3) along the tangent to its position
2g g (4) along the axis of rotation
(1) (2)
3 2
5g 06. The ratio of radius of gyration of a solid sphere of
(3) (4) g mass M and radius R about its own axis to the radius
6
of gyration of the thin hollow sphere of same mass
and radius about its axis is : [NEET-2023]
SECTION - C
(1) 3 : 5 (2) 5:3
01. The moment of inertia of a thin rod about an axis (3) 2:5 (4) 5:2
passing through its mid point and perpendicular
to the rod is 2400 g cm2. The length of the 400 g rod 07. The ratio of the radius of gyration of a thin uniform
is nearly: [NEET-2024] disc about an axis passing through its centre and
(1) 20.7 cm (2) 72.0 cm normal to its plane to the radius of gyration of the
(3) 8.5 cm (4) 17.5 cm disk about its diameter is [NEET-2022]
(1) 2 :1 (2) 4 : 1
02. A wheel of a bullock cart is rolling on a level road
as shows in the figure below. If its linear speed is v (3) 1 : 2 (4) 2 : 1
in the direction shown, which one of the following
options is correct (P and Q are any highest and 08. The angular speed on a fly wheel moving with
lowest points on the wheel, respectively)? uniform angular acceleration changes from 1200
[NEET-2024] rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 seconds. The angular
acceleration in rad/s2 is : [NEET-2022]
(1) 4(2) 12 (3) 104(4) 2

09. Two objects of mass 10 kg and 20 kg respectively

are connected to the two ends of a rigid rod of
length 10 m with negligible mass. The distance of
the center of mass of the system from the 10 kg
(1) Both the points P and Q move with equal speed. mass is : [NEET-2022]
(2) Point P has zero speed. (1) 20/3 m (2) 10 m
(3) Point P moves slower than point Q. (3) 5 m (4) 10/3 m
(4) Point P moves faster than point Q.
10. From a circular ring of mass 'M' and radius 'R' an arc
03. Two particles A and B initially at rest, move towards corresponding to a 90° sector is removed. The
each other under mutual force of attraction. At an moment of inertia of the remaining part of the ring
instance when the speed of A is v and speed of B is about an axis passing through the centre of the
3v, the speed of centre of mass is [NEET-II-2023] ring and perpendicular to the plane of the ring is
(1) v (2) 4v 'K' times 'MR2'. Then the value of 'K' is
(3) 2v (4) Zero [NEET-2021]
1 3 7 1
04. A constant torque of 100 N m turns a wheel of (1) (2) (3) (4)
8 4 8 4
moment of inertia 300 kg m2 about an axis passing
through its centre. Starting from rest, its angular

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 31

11. A uniform rod of length 200 cm and mass 500 g is
balanced on a wedge placed at 40 cm mark. A mass
of 2 kg is suspended from the rod at 20 cm and
another unknown mass 'm' is suspended from the
rod at 160 cm mark as shown in the figure. Find the
value of 'm' such that the rod is in equilibrium.
(g = 10 m/s2) [NEET-2021]

 
(1) 2 î  ĵ  
(2) î  ˆj

(3) î  ˆj (4) î  ˆj

2 4
3 3

16. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 50 cm rolls

1 1
(1) kg (2) kg up an inclined plane of angle inclination 30°. The
12 2
centre of mass of cylinder has speed of 4 m/s. The
1 1 distance travelled by the cylinder on the incline
(3) kg (4) kg
3 6 surface will be:(Take g = 10 m/s2)
[NEET Odisha-2019]
12. Find the torque about the origin when a force (1) 2.2 m (2) 1.6 m (3) 1.2 m (4) 2.4 m
3 ĵ N acts on a particle whose position vector is
17. A disc of radius 2 m and mass 100 kg rolls on a
2k̂ m . [NEET-I-2020] horizontal floor. Its centre of mass has speed of 20
(1) 6î N m (2) 6 ĵ N m cm/s. How much work is needed to stop it?
[NEET-2019]
(3)  6î N m (4) 6k̂ N m (1) 3 J (2) 30 kJ
(3) 2 J (4) 1 J
13. Two particles of mass 5 kg and 10 kg respectively
are attached to the two ends of a rigid rod of length 18. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 4 cm is
1 m with negligible mass. [NEET-I-2020] rotating about its axis at the rate of 3 rpm. The
The centre of mass of the system from the 5 kg torque required to stop after 2 revolutions is:
particle is nearly at a distance of : [NEET-2019]
(1) 33 cm (2) 50 cm (3) 67 cm (4) 80 cm (1) 2 × 10–6 N m (2) 2 × 10–3 N m
(3) 12 × 10–4 N m (4) 2 × 106 N m
14. The angular speed of the wheel of a vehicle is
increased from 360 rpm to 1200 rpm in 14 second. 19. A solid sphere is rotating freely about its symmetry
Its angular acceleration is: [NEET-II-2020] axis in free space. The radius of the sphere is
(1) 2 rad/s 2 (2) 28 rad/s2 increased keeping its mass same. Which of the
(3) 120 rad/s 2 (4) 1 rad/s2 following physical quantities would remain
constant for the sphere? [NEET-2018]
15. Three identical spheres, each of mass M, are placed (1) Angular velocity
at the corners of a right angle triangle with mutually (2) Moment of inertia
perpendicular sides equal to 2 m (see figure). Taking (3) Angular momentum
the point of intersection of the two mutually (4) Rotational kinetic energy
perpendicular sides as the origin, find the position
vector of centre of mass. [NEET-II-2020] 20. A solid sphere is in rolling motion. In rolling motion
a body possesses translational kinetic energy (Kt)
as well as rotational kinetic energy (K r )
simultaneously. The ratio Kt : (Kt + Kr) for the sphere
is [NEET-2018]
(1) 7 : 10 (2) 5 : 7 (3) 2 : 5 (4) 10 : 7
32 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582
21. Three objects, A : (a solid sphere), B : (a thin circular 26. Two rotating bodies A and B of masses m and 2m
disk) and C : (a circular ring), each have the same with moments of inertia IA and lB (IB > IA) have equal
mass M and radius R. They all spin with the same kinetic energy of rotation. If L A and LB be their
angular speed  about their own symmetry axes. angular momenta respectively, then
The amounts of work (W) required to bring them [NEET-II- 2016]
to rest, would satisfy th relation [NEET-2018]
(1) WC>WB>WA (2) WA>WB>WC LB
(1) LA = (2) LA = 2LB
(3) WA>WC>WB (4) WB>WA>WC 2
(3) LB > LA (4) LA > LB

22. The moment of the force, F  4 î  5 ĵ  6k̂ at (2, 0,
27. A solid sphere of mass m and radius R is rotating
–3), about the point (2, —2, —2), is given by
about its diameter. A solid cylinder of the same
[NEET-2018]
mass and same radius is also rotating about its
(1)  8 î  4 ĵ  7k̂ (2)  4 î  ĵ  8k̂ geometrical axis with an angular speed twice that
of the sphere. The ratio of their kinetic energies of
(3)  7 î  4 ĵ  8k̂ (4)  7 î  8 ĵ  4k̂ rotation (Esphere/Ecylinder) will be [NEET-II-2016]
(1) 2: 3 (2) 1 : 5
23. A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass 3 (3) 1 : 4 (4) 3 : 1
kg and radius 40 cm. What is the angular
acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled 28. A light rod of length l has two masses m1 and m2
with a force of 30 N? [NEET-2017] attached to its two ends. The moment of inertia of
(1) 25 m/s2 (2) 0.25 rad/s2 the system about an axis perpendicular to the rod
(3) 25 rad/s2 (4) 5 m/s2 and passing through the centre of mass is
[NEET -II- 2016]
24. Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating about m1m2 2 m1  m2 2
their regular axis passing through centre and (1) m  m l (2) m m l
1 2 1 2
perpendicular to the plane of disc with angular
velocities 1 and 2. They are brought into contact (3) (m1+m2)l2 (4) m1m2 l 2
face to face coinciding the axis of rotation. The
expression for loss of energy during this process is
[NEET-2017] 29. From a disc of radius R and mass M, a circular hole
of diameter R, whose rim passes through the centre
1 1
l1  2  l1  2 
2 2
(1) (2) is cut. What is the moment of inertia of the
2 4 remaining part of the disc about a perpendicular
axis, passing through the centre? [NEET-2016]
1
(3) l1  2 2 (4) 1  2 2
8 9MR 2 15MR 2
(1) (2)
32 32
25. Which of the following statements are correct ?
13MR 2 11MR 2
(A) Centre of mass of a body always coincides with (3) (4)
the centre of gravity of the body [NEET- 2017] 32 32
(B) Central of mass of a body is the point at which
the total gravitational torque on the body is zero 30. A disk and a sphere of same radius but different
(C) A couple on a body produce both translational masses roll off on two inclined planes of the same
and rotation motion in a body altitude and length. Which one of the two objects
gets to the bottom of the plane first?[NEET-2016]
(D) Mechanical advantage greater than one means
that small effort can be used to lift a large load (1) Depends on their masses
(1) (A) and (B) (2) (B) and (C) (2) Disk
(3) (C) and (D) (4) (B) and (D) (3) Sphere
(4) Both reach at the same time

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 33

31. An automobile moves on a road with a speed of 54 35. A mass m moves in a circle on a smooth horizontal
km h–1. The radius of its wheels is 0.45 m and the plane with velocity v0 at a radius R0. The mass is
moment of inertia of the wheel about its axis of attached to a string which passes through a smooth
rotation is 3 kg m2. If the vehicle is brought to rest hole in the plane as shown.
in 15 s, the magnitude of average torque
V0
transmitted by its brakes to the wheel is m
[Re-AIPMT-2015] R0
2
(1) 2.86 kg m s –2 (2) 6.66 kg m2s–2
2
(3) 8.58 kg m s –2 (4) 10.86 kg m2s–2
The tension in the string is increased gradually and
32. Point masses m1 and m2 are placed at the opposite R0
ends of a rigid rod of length L, and negligible mass. R, finally m moves in a circle of radius . The final
2
The rod is to be set rotating about an axis
perpendicular to it. The position of point P on this value of the kinetic energy is [AIPMT-2015]
rod through which the axis should pass so that the 1 2 1 2
(1) mv 0 (2) mv 20 (3) mv 0 (4) 2mv 20
work required to set the rod rotating with angular 2 4
velocity 0 is minimum, is given by
[Re-AIPMT-2015] 36. Three identical spherical shells, each of mass m and
radius r are placed as shown in figure. Consider an
axis XX' which is touching to two shells and passing
through diameter to third shell. Moment of inertia
of the system consisting of these three spherical
shells about XX axis is [AIPMT-2015]

m2L m1L
(1) x  m  m (2) x  m  m
1 2 1 2

m1 m2
(3) x  m L (4) x  m L
2 1
11 2 16 2
(1) 4mr2 (2) mr (3) 3mr2 (4) mr
 5 5
33. A force F   î  3 ĵ  6k̂ is acting at a point
 37. Two spherical bodies of mass M and 5 M and radii R
r  2 î  6 ĵ  12k̂. The value of  for which angular
and 2 R are released in free space with initial
momentum about origin is conserved is separation between their centres equal to 12 R. If
[Re-AIPMT-2015] they attract each other due to gravitational force
(1) 1 (2) –1 (3) 2 (4) Zero only, then the distance covered by the smaller body
before collision is : [AIPMT-2015]
34. A rod of weight W is supported by two parallel knife (1) 4.5 R (2) 7.5 R (3) 1.5 R (4) 2.5 R
edges A and B and is in equilibrium in a horizontal
position. The knives are at a distance d from each
other. The centre of mass of the rod is at distance x
SECTION - D
from A. The normal reaction on A is
01. Find the centre of mass of three particles at the
[AIPMT-2015]
vertices of an equilateral triangle. The masses of
Wd  x  Wx the particles are 100 g, 150 g, and 200 g respectively.
(1) (2)
d d Each side of the equilateral triangle is 0.5 m long.
Wd Wd  x   5 1   18 1 
(3) (4) (1)  18 ,  (2)  5 , 
x x  3 3  3 3

34 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

07. A metal bar 70 cm long and 4.00 kg in mass
5   18 
(3)  , 3 3  (4)  , 3 3  supported on two knife-edges placed 10 cm from
 18  5 
each end. A 6.00 kg load is suspended at 30 cm
from one end. Find the reactions at the knife-edges
02. The centre of mass of a triangular lamina. approx. (Assume the bar to be of uniform cross
(1) At vertex (2) At centre of side section and homogeneous.)
(3) Centroid (4) Outside lamina (1) 55 N, 43 N (2) 60 N, 38 N
(3) 50 N, 48 N (4) 65 N, 33 N
03. Find the centre of mass of a uniform L-shaped
lamina (a thin flat plate) with dimensions as 08. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased
shown. The mass of the lamina is 3 kg. from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 seconds.
What is its angular acceleration, assuming the
acceleration to be uniform?
(1) 4  rad/s2 (2) 8  rad/s2
(3)  rad/s 2 (4) 2  rad/s2

09. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased

from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 seconds.
How many revolutions does the engine make
during this time?
(1) 288 (2) 576
(3) 1152 (4) None

10. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim

of a fly wheel of mass 20 kg and radius 20 cm. A
 3  3  5  5 steady pull of 25 N is applied on the cord as shown
(1)  m, m  (2)  m, m 
4 4  6 6  in Fig. The flywheel is mounted on a horizontal
axle with frictionless bearings.
 7  7 8 8 
(3)  m, m  (4)  m, m  Compute the angular acceleration of the wheel.
8 8  9 9 

04. Find the vector product of two vectors

 
a  (3iˆ  4jˆ  5k)
ˆ and b  ( 2iˆ  ˆj  3k)
ˆ .

(1) 7iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ (2) 7iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ

(3) 7iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ (4) 7iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ

05. Find the torque of a force 7iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ about the
origin. The force acts on a particle whose position
vector is ˆi  ˆj  kˆ . (1) 25 s–2 (2) 50 s–2
(3) 12.5 s–2 (4) None
(1) 2iˆ  12ˆj  10kˆ (2) 2iˆ  12ˆj  10kˆ
(3) 2iˆ  12jˆ  10kˆ (4) 2iˆ  12jˆ  10kˆ 11. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim
of a fly wheel of mass 20 kg and radius 20 cm. A
06. The angular momentum about any point of a single steady pull of 25 N is applied on the cord as shown
particle moving with constant velocity. in Fig. The flywheel is mounted on a horizontal
(1) Increases (2) Decreases axle with frictionless bearings.
(3) Constant (4) None of these Find the work done by the pull, when 2m of the
cord is unwound.

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14. Assertion: The total momentum of a system of
particles is equal to the product of the total mass
of the system and the velocity of its centre of mass.
Reason: For the system of particles, the linear
momentum of the system is defined to the vector
sum of momentums of all individual particles of
the system.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation of mater
Assertion.
(1) 100 J (2) 50 J (3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(3) 150 J (4) 75 J (4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
12. A cord of negligible mass is wound round the rim
15 Assertion: For a system of particles under central
of a fly wheel of mass 20 kg and radius 20 cm. A force field, the total angular momentum is
steady pull of 25 N is applied on the cord as shown conserved.
in Fig. The flywheel is mounted on a horizontal Reason: The torque acting on such a system is zero.
axle with frictionless bearings. (1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Find the kinetic energy of the wheel when 2m of Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
cord is unwound. Assume that the wheel starts (2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
from rest. Reason is not the correct explanation of mater
Assertion.
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

16 Assertion: The size and the shape of the rigid body

remains unaffected under the effect of external
force.
Reason: The distance between two particles
remains constant in a rigid body.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(1) 100 J (2) 50 J (2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(3) 150 J (4) 75 J Reason is not the correct explanation of mater
Assertion.
13. Assertion: The centre of mass of a system of (3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
particles at rest remains at rest. (4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Reason: To determine motion of centre of mass
knowledge of internal forces of system is required. 17. Statement I: In rolling, all points of a rigid body
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and have same linear velocity.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Statement II: The rotational motion does not affect
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but the linear velocity.
Reason is not the correct explanation of mater (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
Assertion. (2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
correct.
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

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18. Statement I: If the total force on the body is zero, 21. Statement: Angular momentum of a particle
then the total linear momentum of the body does moving in a straight line is always constant with
not change with time. respect to fixed point.
Statement II: If the total torque on the rigid body Statement II: Moment of inertia of a body remains
is zero, the total angular momentum of the body same irrespective of position of axis of rotation.
does not change with time. (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect. (2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
(2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
incorrect. (3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
(3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
correct. (4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
22. Match the Column I (rotation of different bodies)
19. An external force is applied on a rigid body so that with Column II (their moment of inertia). Choose
it comes in motion. the correct answer from the options given below.
Statement I: Volume of rigid body remain constant.
Statement II: Shape of rigid body can change easily. Column-I Column-II
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect. A. Thin circular ring of radius R 1. MR2/2
(2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is having axis perpendicular to the
plane and passing through centre
incorrect. B. Thin circular ring of radius R 2. ML2/12
(3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is having axis passing through its
correct. diameter
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct. C. Thin rod of length L having axis 3. MR2
perpendicular to the rod and
passing through mid-point
20 Statement I: Moment of force is a vector quantity. D. Circular disc of radius R having 4. MR2/4
Statement II: Angular momentum may not be axis passing through its diameter
parallel to angular velocity.
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect. (1) A–3; B–2; C–2; D–1
(2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is (2) A–2; B–3; C–1; D–2
incorrect. (3) A–3; B–1; C–2; D–1
(3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is (4) A–3; B–1; C–2; D–4
correct.
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.

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ANSWERS
TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
01. (2) 02. (2) 03. (2) 04. (3) 05. (1) 06. (2) 07. (4) 08. (3) 09. (2) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (3) 16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (4)
21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (2) 26. (4) 27. (2) 28. (1) 29. (3) 30. (2)
31. (2) 32. (2) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (2) 36. (3) 37. (3) 38. (2) 39. (3) 40. (3)
41. (2) 42. (4) 43. (1) 44. (2) 45. (1) 46. (4) 47. (4) 48. (4) 49. (2) 50. (4)
51. (1) 52. (4) 53. (2) 54. (1) 55. (2) 56. (2) 57. (2) 58. (2) 59. (2) 60. (2)
61. (3) 62. (4) 63. (2) 64. (3) 65. (2) 66. (3) 67. (2) 68. (3) 69. (1) 70. (1)
71. (4)
SECTION - B
01. (4) 02. (2) 03. (4) 04. (3) 05. (2) 06. (3) 07. (2) 08. (3) 09. (2) 10. (3)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (4) 16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (2) 20. (4)
21. (1) 22. (1) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (4) 26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (4) 29. (1) 30. (4)
31. (2)
SECTION - C
01. (3) 02. (4) 03. (4) 04. (3) 05. (4) 06. (1) 07. (1) 08. (1) 09. (1) 10. (2)
11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (3) 16. (4) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (1) 29. (3) 30. (3)
31. (2) 32. (1) 33. (2) 34. (1) 35. (4) 36. (1) 37. (2)
SECTION - D
01. (1) 02. (3) 03. (2) 04. (4) 05. (1) 06. (3) 07. (1) 08. (1) 09. (2) 10. (3)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15 (1) 16 (1) 17. (1) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20 (2)
21. (2) 22. (4)

38 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

2 GRAVITATION
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Kepler found important regularities in the motion of the planets. These regularities are known as ‘Kepler’s
three laws of planetary motion’.
(a) First Law ( Law of Orbits) :
All planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun at one focus of the orbit.
(b) Second Law (Law of Areas) :
A line joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, that is, the areal speed of the
planet remains constant.
According to the second law, when the planet is nearest to the Sun, then its speed is maximum and when
it is farthest from the Sun, then its speed is minimum. In figure if a planet moves from A to B in a given time–
interval, and from C to D in the same time interval, then the areas ASB and CSD will be equal.
1 1 1
dA = area of the curved triangle SAB  (AB  SA)  (r d  r)  r 2 d
2 2 2

dA 1 2 d 1 2
Thus, the instantaneous areal speed of the planet is  r  r ...(i)
dt 2 dt 2
where  is the angular speed of the planet.
Let J be the angular momentum of the planet about the Sun S and m the mass of the planet.
Then J = I = mr2  ...(ii)
where I (= mr2) is the instantaneous moment of inertia of the planet about the Sun S.

From eq. (i) and (ii), dA J = constant ...(iii)


dt 2m

 dA   dA 
   
 dt 1  dt  2
Now, the areal speed dA/dt of the planet is constant, according to Kepler’s second law. Therefore, according
to eq. (iii), the angular momentum J of the planet is also constant, that is, the angular momentum of the planet
is conserved. Thus, Kepler’s second law is equivalent to conservation of angular momentum.
(c) Third Law : (Law of Periods) :
The square of the period of revolution (time of one complete revolution) of any planet around the Sun is

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 39

directly proportional to the cube of the semi–major axis of its elliptical orbit.

NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION

According to Newton’s law of gravitation, “Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a
force whose magnitude is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of distances between their centres.” This tendency of particles (or bodies) to attract each other is called
gravitation.
F F
m1 m2
r
Force between two point masses
Thus, the magnitude of gravitational force F between the two particles m1 and m2 placed at distance r can be
m 1m 2 Gm 1m 2
given as F or F ...(i)
2
r r2
where, m 1 and m2 are the masses of two particles, r is the distance between the two particles and G is a
universal gravitational constant.
The magnitude of G in MKS or SI is 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2kg–2 and in CGS, it is 6.67 × 10–8 dyne cm2 g–2.
The dimensional formula of G is [M–1L3T–2].

Important points about force of gravitation

(i) The gravitational constant G is called a universal constant because it has same value for any two bodies
anywhere in the space.
(ii) Gravitational force is always attractive in nature and is independent of nature of medium between two
masses and presence or absence of other bodies.
(iii) Gravitational forces are central forces as they act along the line joining the centres of two bodies.
(iv) Gravitational forces are conservative in nature so work done by gravitational forces does not depend
upon the path.
(v) For the gravitational force on a body outside a spherically symmetric body of uniform density (solid spheres
or spherical shells.) An entire mass of the spherical body is assumed to be concentrated at its centre.
(vi) The force of attraction due to a hollow spherical shell of uniform density on a point mass situated inside
it is zero.
(vii) In calculating the gravitational force between two non-spherical bodies, we cannot assume their masses
to be concentrated on the centres of mass but if the separation between them is very large in comparison
to their sizes, then the bodies may be considered as particles. That means if we have to find gravitational
force between two spheres at infinite separation then the masses of spheres can be assumed at their
centres.
Generally, the gravitational force between non-spherical bodies are found by integrating the individual
forces on individual particles within the bodies.
(viii) Force developed between any two masses is called gravitational force and the force between earth and
any other body is called gravity force.
(ix) f is applicable for point masses.
(x) f is always attractive.
(xi) f is independent to the mediam between the masses.

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
01. Two heavy particles of masses 40 kg and 60 kg attract each other with a force of 4 × 10–5 N. If G is 6 × 10–11 N-m2
kg–2, calculate the distance between them.
Ans. 6 cm.
02. If the distance between the two spherical bodies is increased four times, then by how many times, the mass of
one of the bodies to be changed to maintain the same gravitational force?
Ans. M1 = 16 m2
03. Two particles A and B having masses M and 4M respectively are kept at a distance 2.73 m apart. Another small
particle of mass M is to be placed so that the net gravitational force on it is zero. What will be its distance from
body A?
Ans. x = 0.91 m (A particle of mass m should be placed at 0.91 m apart from body A).
04. Spheres of the same material and same radius r are touching each other. Show the gravitational force between
them is directly proportional to r4.
Ans. F  r 4
05. Two particles of equal mass m0 are moving round a circle of radius r due to their mutual gravitational interaction.
Find the time period of each particle.
4 3/2
Ans. r
Gm

VECTOR FORM OF NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION

Gm1m 2
F
r2
 Gm1m2  Gm1m 2
F    rˆ F  rˆ
r2 r2

 Gm1m 2   Gm1m 2  m1 r m2
F   r F r
r3 r3
F F
Principle of superposition of gravitational forces :
Suppose F1, F2, ...., Fn be the individual forces due to the masses m1, m2, m3 ,..., mn which are given by the
universal law of gravitation, then from the principle of superposition, each of these forces acts independently
and uninfluenced by the other bodies as shown in figure.

So, the resultant force F can be expressed in vector addition of various forces.
    
F  F12  F13  F14  ...  F1n

It states that, the resultant gravitational force F acting an a particle due to number of point masses is equal to
the vector sum of forces exerted by the individual masses on the given particle.

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 41

m4
^r ^r m3
41 31
 
F14 F13
^r
21
m1 m2

F12


1
Fn
^r
1n

mn
Gravitational forces on m1 due to m2 , m3 , ... mn , using
superposition principle of gravitational forces
m1m 2 mm mm
Clearly, F  G 2
rˆ21  G 12 3 rˆ31  ...  G 1 2 n rnl
r12 r13 rln

m m m 
Resultant force, F = - Gm1  22 ˆr21 + 23 ˆr31 + ... + 2n ˆrnl 
 r12 r13 rln 

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

06. Three masses, each equal to M are placed at the three corners of a square of side a. Calculate the force of
attraction on unit mass at the fourth corner.

GM  1
Ans. 2 
2   along diagonal
a  2
07. Three equal masses of 1 kg each are placed at the vertices of an equilateral PQR and a mass of 2 kg is placed at
the centroid O of the triangle which is at a distance of 2m from each of the vertices of the triangle. Find the
force (in newton) acting on the mass of 2 kg.
Ans. Zero

GRAVITY
As per Newton’s law of gravitation, gravitation is the force of attraction between the two bodies. If one of the
bodies is earth, then gravitation is called gravity. Hence, gravity is the force by which earth attracts the body
towards its centre.
Acceleration due to gravity (g) of earth :
The force of gravity acting on a body having unit mass placed on or near the surface of the earth is known as
acceleration due to gravity.
Or
When a body is dropped from a certain height above the ground, it begins to fall towards the earth under the
effect of gravity. The acceleration produced in the body due to gravity, is known as acceleration due to gravity.
It is denoted by g. It is a vector quantity and its average value on the earth surface at mean sea level is 9.8
ms–2.
Relation between acceleration due to gravity (g) and gravitational constant (G) :
Suppose that the mass of the earth is M, its radius is R, then the force of attraction acting on a body of mass m

42 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

GMm
close to the surface of the earth is F
R2
According to Newton’s second law, the acceleration due to gravity

F GM
g  ...(i)
m R2
This expression is free from m. It means acceleration due to gravity does not depend on the mass of the object,
it is same for all. If in Eq. (i), we put the value of G as 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2, M as 6 × 1024 kg and R as 6400 km, then
on solving it, we will get the value of g as 9.8 ms–2.
If two bodies of different masses are allowed to fall freely they will have the same acceleration, i.e., if they are
allowed to fall from the same height, then they will reach the earth simultaneously. The dimension of acceleration
due to gravity is [LT–2].
Note :
1. The value of g is independent of mass, shape, size, etc of the body and depends upon the mass and radius of the
earth.
2. The value of g on the surface of the moon is equal to 1/6 times the value of g on the surface of the earth.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

08. What will be the relation between the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth and on a planet
respectively, whose mass and radius are four times that of the earth?
1
Ans. g p  ge
4

VARIATION IN THE VALUE OF ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY (G)

The value of acceleration due to gravity varies due to following factors
1. Shape of the earth
2. Axial rotation of the earth and latitude
3. Height above the surface of earth
4. Depth below the surface of earth

1. Variation in g due to the shape of the earth :

The earth is not a perfect sphere. It is some what flat at the two poles. The equatorial radius (Req) is approximately
21 km more than the polar radius (Rp).

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 43

GM
Now acceleration due to gravity at poles, gp 
R 2p

GM
Acceleration due to gravity at equator, g eq 
R 2eq
 Rp < Req
 gp > geq
2
Difference in g at poles and equator due to shape (g)  g p  g eq  0.02 ms
The value of g is minimum at the equator and maximum at the poles. So, this is a reason why the weight of the
body increases when it is taken from equator to the pole.

2. Variation in g due to axial rotation of the earth and latitude :

Suppose the earth is rotating on its axis with angular velocity . Let us consider a particle P at rest on the surface
of the earth, at latitude . Then the pseudo force acting on the particle is mr2 in outward direction. The true
acceleration due to gravity g is acting towards the centre O of the earth. Thus, the effective acceleration due to
gravity g is the resultant of g and r2.

mg = mg – mR  2 cos 2 

Following conclusions can be drawn from the above discussion.

(i) The effect of centrifugal force due to rotation of the earth is to reduce the effective value of g.
(ii) At equators  = 0°.
2
Therefore, g  g  R and at poles  = 90°.
Therefore, g  g
Thus, at equator g is minimum while at poles g is maximum.
Note :
1. If the angular velocity of earth increases, the value of g will decrease at all places except at poles.
2. Since earth rotates West to East, we project our rockets also in West to East so that effective acceleration due to
gravity (g  g  R2 ) on the rocket is less.

3. Variation in g due to height above the surface of earth

Consider a body of mass m lying on the surface of the earth of mass M and radius R. Acceleration due to gravity
GM
at the surface of the earth g 
R2

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GMm
The force of gravity on an object of mass m at a height h above the surface of the earth is F 
(R  h) 2

F GM
 Acceleration due to gravity at this height will be, g  
m (R  h) 2

GM g GM
This can also be written as, g  2
 g  2
as g
 h  h R2
R 2 1   1  R 
 R  

Thus, g  g
i.e., the value of acceleration due to gravity g goes on decreasing as we go above the surface of the earth.
Further, by using Binomial theorem, we get
2
 h  2h 
g   g 1    g  g  1   (h  R) ...(i)
 R  R 

2gh
Note 1. With height h, the decreases in the value of g is g  g 
R
g  g 2h
 Fractional decreases in the value of g is 
g R

 g  g  2h
 Percentage decreases in the value of g     100   100%
 g  R
2. As we move away from surface of earth, acceleration due to gravity decreases.
If (R + h) = r

GM gR 2 1
g  2
 2
; g  2
(R  h) r r

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
09. At what height above the Earth’s surface the acceleration due to gravity will be 1/9th of its value at the Earth’s
surface? (Radius of Earth is 6400 km)
Ans. 12800 km.
10. At what altitude, the acceleration due to gravity reduces to one fourth of its value as that on the surface of the
earth? Take radius of earth as 6.4 × 106 m, g on the surface of the earth as 9.8 ms–2.
Ans. 6.4 × 106 m
11. At what height the acceleration due to gravity decreases by 51% of its value on the surface of the earth?
3R
Ans. h 
7
4. Variation in g due to depth below the surface of earth :
Let an object of mass m is situated at a depth d below the earth’s surface. Its distance from the centre of the
earth is (R – d). This mass is situated at the surface of the inner solid sphere and lies inside the outer spherical
shell. The gravitational force of attraction on a mass inside a spherical shell is always zero. Therefore, the object
experiences gravitational attraction only due to inner solid sphere.

 M 4
The mass of this sphere is, M   3 
 (R  d)3
 4 / 3R  3
Here, M being the mass of whole sphere of radius R

(R  d)3
Therefore, M  M
R3
GMm GMm(R  d) F GM
F  and g   (R  d)
(R  d)2 R3 m R3

 d
Substituting the values, we get g  g  1  
 R
Since, g is constant at a given place of the earth and R is also a constant.
 (g  g)  d
Hence, the acceleration due to gravity decreases as we move down into the surface of the earth.
g
Note: Decrease in the value of g with depth d is g  g  d
R
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g  g d
 Frictional decrease in the value of g with depth  
g R

g  g d
 Percentage decrease in the value of g  100   100
g R
We can see from this equation that g  0 at d = R, i.e., acceleration due to gravity is zero (minimum value) att
the centre of the earth.
The graphical representation of change in the value of g with height and depth is as follows

 h  gr
For r  R, g  g  1   
 R R
as R  h  r or g  r

g gR 2 1
For r > R, g   or g  2
2 2
 h r r
1  
 R
Note:
The acceleration due to gravity is maximum (having standard value of 9.8 ms–2) at the earth’s surface. It decreases
either we go at higher altitudes or we move below the surface.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

12. At what depth from the surface of the earth, the acceleration due to gravity will be half the value of g on the
surface of the earth?
Ans. d = 0.5 Re
13. At what depth from Earth surface, acceleration due to gravity is decreased by 1%?
Ans. d = 64 km.
14. Assuming earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh half way down the
centre of the earth, if it weighed 100 N on the surface?
Ans. 50 N
15. Determine the decrease in the weight of a body when it is taken 32 km below the earth surface. Take radius of
the earth as 6400 km.
Ans. 0.5%

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GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
The space around a body in which any other body experiences a force of attraction is called the gravitational
field of the first body.
In the case of our planet earth since, it is surrounded by a gravitational field, so anybody brought in this field
experiences a force of attraction towards the centre of earth.
Intensity of Gravitational Field :
The intensity of gravitational field at any point in the gravitational field due to a given mass is defined as the
force experienced by a unit mass placed at that point provided the presence of that unit mass does not alter the
original gravitational field.
Usually, it is denoted by E and I.

Thus, if F be the gravitational force experienced by the test mass m, then the gravitational field intensity at any
point will be

Its SI unit is ms–2 or N kg–1 and dimension is [M0LT–2]. It is a vector quantity and is always directed towards the
centre of gravity of body whose gravitational field intensity is to be considered.
Note :
1. Inertial mass of the body can be measured as the ratio of the magnitude of the external force applied on
it to the magnitude of acceleration produced in its motion.
2. Gravitational mass of a body is defined as the gravitational pull experienced by the body in a gravitational
field of unit intensity.

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD INTENSITY FOR DIFFERENT BODIES

1. Field due to a point mass
Suppose, a point mass M is placed at point O and we want to find the intensity of gravitational field E at a point
P, a distance r from O, so the magnitude of force F acting on a particle of mass m placed at P is

 GMm
F
r2

F
 E
m

 GM
or E
r2
The direction of force F and hence of E is from P to O as shown in the figure above.

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Note :
1. If r  , E = 0. It means the intensity of gravitational field is zero only at infinite distance from the body..
2. If a unit mass (m) is placed on the surface of earth, then the gravitational force acting on the rest mass m will be
equal to the weight w of the test mass.
w mg
Now, E   g or E  g
m m
3. We can also apply principal of superposition to gravitational field intensity in the same way as that of gravitational
force.
   
i.e., E  E 1  E 2  ......  E n

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

16. Two point masses of mass 10 kg and 1000 kg are at a distance 1m apart. At which points on the line joining them,
will the gravitational field intensity be zero?
1
Ans. m from 10 kg mass
11

2. Field due to a uniform solid sphere

* Field at an external point
A uniform solid sphere may be treated as a single particle of same mass placed at its centre (O) for calculating
the gravitational field at an external point (P).

 GM
Thus, E( r ) 
r2

1
For r  R or E(r) 
r2
Here, r is the distance of the point from the centre of the sphere and R is the radius of sphere.
(Field at an internal point)
The gravitational field due to a uniform sphere at an internal point (P) is proportional to the distance (r) of the
point from the centre of the sphere.

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 GM
At the centre itself, it is zero and at surface it is , where R is the radius of the sphere.
R2

 GM
Thus, E( r )  .r
R3
For r  R or E(r)  r
Thus, E versus r graph is as shown in figure below.

R r

–GM/R2

3. Field due to a uniform spherical shell :

* At an external point
For an external point (P) the shell may be treated as a single particle of same mass placed at its centre (O).

Thus, at an external point the gravitational field is given by

 GM
E( r )  for r  R.
R2

R r

–GM/R2

GM 1
At r = R (the surface of shell) E  2
and otherwise E  2
R r
At an internal point
The field inside a uniform spherical shell is zero. Thus, E versus r graph is as shown in figure below.

50 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
17. Two concentric spherical shells have masses m1 and m2 and radii r1 and r2 (r2 > r1). What is the force exerted by
this system on a particle of mass m3, if it is placed at a distance r(r1 < r < r2) from the centre?
Ans. The outer shell will have no contribution in the gravitational field at point P

Gm1
 Ep 
r2

Gm1m 3
Thus, force on mass m3 placed at P is, F = m3 EP or F
r2
The field EP and the force F both are towards centre O.

4. Field due to a uniform circular ring at a point on the axis

Gravitational field intensity at a point P on the axis of a circular ring of radius R and mass M is given by

 GM r
E( r ) 
R 2
 r2 
3/2

Gravitational field due to a ring

This is directed towards the centre of the ring. It is zero at the centre of the ring and maximum at r  R / 2
(can be obtained by putting dE/dr = 0).

 2GM
The maximum value is E max 
3 3R 2
Thus, E versus r graph is as shown in figure below.

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GRAVITATIONAL LINES OF FORCES
1. These are hypothetical lines in gravitational field which gives information about direction and magnitude of
gravitational field strength at a point in a region.

2. In a region these lines are drawn such that tangent to any point on these lines gives the direction of g at that

point and density of field lines in the neighbourhood of the point are proportional to the magnitude of g .

gA
gB  
|gA |  |gB |
B
A

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

1. Gravitational potential energy of a system of particles is due to gravitational interaction.
2. Gravitational potential energy is the work done in assembling in system of particles in given configuration from
infinite separation against gravitational forces of system. U  Wext
3. As gravitational forces are always attractive so, work done against these forces in assembling system of particles
is always negative. Hence gravitational potential energy of a system is always negative as we take zero reference
at infinite separation.

Gravitational potential energy of a body at a point is defined as the amount of work done in bringing the given
body from infinity to that point against the gravitational force. The change in potential energy (dU) of a system
corresponding to a conservative internal force (F) is given by
  f rf  
 rf r2
dU  F  dr or  dU   [Link] or U f  U i    [Link] Uf  Ui    Fext  dr
i ri ri r1

We generally choose the reference point at infinity and assume potential energy to be zero there, i.e., if we
take ri =  (infinite) and Ui = 0, then we can writee
r r
U f  U    [Link]   W U f    Fext  dr  Wext
 

Hence, potential energy of a body or system is negative of work done by the conservative forces in bringing it
from infinity to the present position.

Gravitational potential energy of a two particle system :

The gravitational potential energy of two particles of masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance r is given by,

Gm1m 2
U
r
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This is actually the negative of work done in bringing these masses from infinity to a distance r, by the gravitational
forces between them.
Gravitational potential energy is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is joule and dimensional formula is [ML2T–2].

Gravitational potential energy for a system of more than two particles :

The gravitational potential energy for a system of particles (say m1, m2, m3 and m4) is given by

m m m m m m m m m m m m 
U  G  4 3  4 2  4 1  3 2  3 1  2 1 
 r43 r42 r41 r32 r31 r21 

n(n  1)
Thus, for a n particle system there are pairs and the potential energy is calculated for each pair and
2
added to get the total potential energy of the system.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

18. Three masses of 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 1 m. Find the
gravitational potential energy of this system.
(Take, G = 6.67 × 10–11 N-m2 kg–2)
Ans. U = –7.337 × 10–10 J

19. Three particles of masses m, 2m and 4m are placed at the corner of an equilateral triangle of side a. Calculate :
(i) The potential energy of the system
(ii) The work done on the system if the side of the triangle is changed from a to 2a. Assume the potential
energy to be zero when the separation is infinity.

14Gm 2
Ans.
2a

GRAVITATIONAL P.E. DUE TO EARTH

GM.m
For a body of mass m placed on earth surface, gravitational P.E, U S     mgR
R

h
m
r
GM.m GM.m mgR
At a height h above earth surface - U h   r

Rh

1 h R
R

Increase in gravitational P.E. of the body is

mgh
U = Uh – US = 1  h R

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Velocity of projection from earth surface :
v = velocity of projection
Increase in gravitational P.E = K.E v=0

1 2 mgh h
mv  U 
2 1 h R v m

2gh R
v
1h R M

(i) h << R , v  2gh

(ii) h=R , v  g .R = 7.92 km/s

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
1. The work done in bringing a unit mass slowly from reference point (infinity) to a given point in the gravitational
field, is called the gravitational potential at that point. Gravitational potential is property of a point in
gravitational field.
2. This work is done by the external agent in bringing the mass. The gravitational potential is denoted by V.
3. W joule of work is to be done by external agent in bringing a test mass m from infinity to some point, then
gravitational potential at the point will be

W
V
m
4. It is defined as gravitational potential energy of a unit mass placed at a point in a gravitational field.
5. If at a point in gravitational field, the gravitational potential is V then on placing the mass ‘m’ at this point, the
gravitational potential energy of this mass over the field is Ug = mV
–1 2 –2
The SI unit of gravitational potential is J k g or m s and it is a scalar quantity because it is defined as work
done per unit mass. Its dimension is [M0L2T–2].

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL FOR DIFFERENT BODIES

1. Potential due to a point mass :
Suppose a point mass M is situated at a point O. We want to find the gravitational potential due to this mass at
a point P, a distance r from O.

U
Since V 
m

GMm
We know U  
r

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GM
 V
r
Gravitational potential at a point is always negative.
Note
(i) When r   from above formula, then V = 0, hence gravitational potential is maximum (zero) at infinite.

(ii) At surface of the earth r = R, then V  

GM at the surface of the earth.
R
2. Gravitational potential due to a system of more than one point masses :
Let we have a system of point masses M1, M2, M3,...... Mn. A point P is situated at distances r1, r2, r3, ..... rn
respectively from these points. Gravitational potential at this point P due to these point masses.

 GM1 GM 2 GM 3 GM n 
VP       ...  
 r1 r2 r3 rn 

3. Potential due to a uniform solid sphere :

Potential at an external point
The gravitational potential due to a uniform solid sphere at an external point is same as that due to a single
particle of same mass placed at its centre.

GM
Thus, V(r)   , rR
r
GM
At the surface, r = R and V  
R
Potential at an internal point
At some internal point, potential at a distance r from the centre is given by,
 GM
V(r) 
2R 3  
3R 2  r 2 , r  R

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GM 1.5 GM
At r = R, V while at r = 0, V  
R R
i.e., at the centre of the sphere the potential is 1.5 times the potential at surface.
The variation of V versus r graph is as shown in figure below.

O S P

r=0 r<R r=R r>R

r
 GM 
 
 R 
3  GM 
  
2 R 

V versus r curve for solid sphere

4. Potential due to a thin spherical shell :

Potential at an external point
To calculate the potential at an external point, a uniform spherical shell may be treated as a point mass of same
magnitude at its centre.

GM
Thus, potential at a distance r is given by V(r)   , rR
r
GM
At r = R, V  
R
Potential at an internal point
The potential due to a uniform spherical shell is constant throughout at any point inside the shell and this is
GM
equal to  .
R

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Thus, V versus r graph for a spherical shell is as shown in figure below.

R r
O

– GM
R

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

20. A particle of mass M is placed at the centre of a spherical shell of same mass and radius a. What will be the
magnitude of the gravitational potential at a point situated at a/2 distance from the centre?
3GM
Ans. 
a

5. Potential due to a uniform ring at a point on its axis :

The gravitational potential at a distance r from the centre on the axis of a ring of mass M and radius R is given by

GM
V(r)   , 0r
R 2  r2

GM GM
At r = 0, V   , i.e. at the centre of the ring gravitational potential is  .
R R
Thus, V versus r graph is as shown in figure below

O r

– GM
R

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ESCAPE ENERGY AND ESCAPE SPEED
Minimum energy given to a particle in form of kinetic energy so that it can first escape from earth’s gravitational
field, is called escape energy.
Earth (M)

GMm
Escape energy  R
R ve

1
If escape velocity is ve , then Escape energy  mv 2e
2

1 2 GMm 2GM
If a body projected at speed ve such that mv e   0  ve   2gR e
2 R R
Motion of Satellites :
Just as the planets revolve around the sun, in the same way few celestial bodies revolve around these planets.
These bodies are called Satellites. e.g. Moon is a natural satellite of earth. The path of these satellites are
elliptical with the centre of earth at a focus.
The difference in major and minor axes is not large, so we can assume circular orbits.

Orbital Speed of Satellites :

The speed required to put the satellite into its orbit around the earth, is known as orbital speed of satellite.

The necessary centripetal force to the satellite is being provided by the gravitational force exerted by the earth
mv 2o GMm
on the satellite. Thus, 
r r2

GM 1
 vo  or v o 
r r
Here r = R + h, where R is radius of earth

GM
 vo 
R h
Further, we know that GM = gR2

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gR 2 g
 vo   vo  R
Rh (R  h)

Hence, the orbital speed (vo) of the satellite decreases as the orbital radius (r) of the satellite increases. Further,
the orbital speed of a satellite close to the earth’s surface (r  R  h  R) is,

GM
vo   gR
R
Substituting the values of g and R, we get vo = 7.9 kms–1  8 kms–1
Note
1. Orbital velocity of a satellite is independent of mass of the satellite.
2. It decreases with increase in the radius of the orbit and with increase in the height of the satellite.
3. It depends on the mass and radius of the planet about which the satellite revolves.
4. The angular momentum of a satellite of mass m moving with velocity v0 in an orbit of radius r (= R + h) is given
by L  GMm 2 r
5. Relation Between Orbital Speed and Escape Speed :

The escape speed of a body from the earth’s surface is v e  2gR

The orbital speed of a satellite revolving close to earth’s surface is v 0  gR

ve 2gR
   2
vo gR

 v e  2 v0 ...(i)

So, Eq. (i) represents that the escape speed of a body from the earth’s surface is 2 times its orbital speed in a
circular orbit just above the earth’s surface.

TIME PERIOD OF REVOLUTION OF SATELLITE

The time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution around the earth, is known as time period of revolution
of satellite.
The period of revolution (T) is given by
2r 2r
T or T
v0 GM
r

r3 r3 (R  h)3 (as GM = gR2 and r = R + h)

or T  2 or T  2 or T  2
GM gR 2 gR 2
2r 2(R  h)
Also, T  
GM v0
r
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Note :
1. T  r 3/2 or T 2  r 3 which is also the Kepler’s third law..

R
2. Time period of a satellite very close to earth’s surface (r  R) is, T  2
g

Substituting the values, we get T  84.6 min  1.4 h

TOTAL ENERGY OF SATELLITE

Assume that a satellite of mass m moving around the earth with velocity v0 in an orbit of radius r due to
gravitational pull of the earth.

GMm GM E m
The potential energy of the satellite is, U    U   R  h 
r E

The kinetic energy of the satellite is,

1 2 1  GM  or K  1 GMm  K  GM E m
K  m v0  m   2R E  h 
2 2  r  2 r

GMm GM E m
The total energy is, E = K + U    E  2R  h 
2r E

GMm
 E
2r

This energy is constant and negative, i.e., the system is closed. The farther the satellite from the earth, the
greater is its total energy.
Variation of energy with distance can be represented by graphs as shown in figure.

Note :
1. The total mechanical energy of a satellite is negative if the reference level of zero potential energy is taken
when separation is infinity.
U
2. For a satellite K  E, E 
2
3. If we consider elliptical path of a satellite, then maximum and minimum energies are shown in diagram.

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BINDING ENERGY OF A SATELLITE
The energy required by a satellite to leave its orbit around the earth and escape to infinity, is known as binding
energy of satellite.
We know that the total energy of the satellite is – GMm/2r. So, if the satellite has to leave the earth’s orbit and
escape to infinity, then an extra energy equal to +GMm/2r is to be supplied to it, so that its total energy becomes
zero.

 GMm
Binding energy of a satellite 
2r

ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE
Those man-made objects which revolve around the earth in a fixed orbit are known as artificial satellites. These
satellites are launched from the earth. Artificial satellites are used for telecommunication, weather forecast
and other applications. Artificial satellites are of two types -

(1) Geostationary Satellite:

Satellite which appear stationary as seen from earth surface is called Geostationary Satellite.

GM e
Orbital Speed v 
Re  h
For geostationary satellite T = 24 hours

2
Satellite period T   (R e  h)3/2
GM e

2 4 2  GM 
T   (R e  h)3  2e  g s 
GM e  Re 
1/ 2
 g R 2T 2 
h   s e2   R e  35800km  36  103 km
 4 
 
Geostationary satellites used for communication that’s why also knon as : (i) communication satellites (ii) Live
telecast satellites.

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Equator Geostationary Satellite

Earth
Equatorial
Orbit
S

Note: Orbit of geostationary satellite is equatorial plane of earth known as parking orbit. It moves in equatorial
plane from west to east direction.

(2) Polar satellite :

(i) low altitude satellite (h  500 to 800 km)
(ii) go around poles in a N-S direction
(iii) Time-period  100 minutess
(iv) Useful for remote sensing, meterology, environmental studies and spying.

A Polar satellite. A strip on earth’s surface

(shown shaded) is visible from the satellite
during one cycle. For the next revolution of
the satellite, the earth has rotated a little
on its axis so that an adjacent strip becomes
visible.

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TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
Kepler’s laws of Planetary motion
01. In planetary motion the areal velocity of position
vector of a planet depends on angular velocity ()
and the distance of the planet from sun (r). If so
the correct relation for areal velocity is
dA dA (1) t1 > t2 (2) t1= 4t2 (3) t1 = 2t2 (4) t1 = t2
(1)  r (2)  2 r
dt dt
05. Let the speed of the planet at perihelion P in fig be
dA dA vP and the sun planet distance sp be rP. Then choose
(3)  r 2 (4)  r
dt dt correct alternative.

02. The areal velocity and the angular momentum of

the planet are related by which of the following
relations? (where mp is the mass of the planet)
   
A L A L
(1) t  2m (2) t  m
p p

   
A 2L A L v P rA

(3) t m (4) t  2m p
(1) v  r (2) rA < rP, vP > vA
p A P

v P rP
03. A planet is revolving around the sun as shown in (3) v  r (4) Data is insufficient
A A
elliptical path. The correct option is
06. In above problem if planet taken time t1 to cover
BAC and t2 to cover CPB then:
(1) t1 > t2 (2) t2 > t1 (3) t1 = t2 (4) t1  t2

Newton’s law of gravitation and gravity

07. Two sphere of masses m and M are situated in air
and gravitational force between them is F. The
(1) The time taken in travelling DAB is less than space around the mass is now filled with a liquid of
that for BCD specific gravity 3. The gravitational force now will
(2) The time taken in travelling DAB is greater than be
that for BCD (1) F/9 (2) 3F (3) F (4) F/3
(3) The time taken in travelling CDA is less than
that for ABC 08. Four particles of masses m, 2m, 3m and 4m are kept
(4) The time taken in travelling CDA is greater than in sequence at the corners of a square of side a.
that for ABC The magnitude of gravitational force acting on a
particle of mass m placed at the centre of the
04. The figure shows elliptical orbit of a planet m about square will be
the sun S. The shaded area SCD is twice the shaded
area SAB. If t1 is the time for the planet to move 24m 2 G 6m 2 G
(1) (2)
from C to D and t2 is the time to move from A to B, a2 a2
then
4 2 Gm 2
(3) (4) Zero
a2
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09. Two point masses A and B having masses in the 14. The radii of two planets are respectively R1 and R2
ratio 4 : 3 are separated by a distance of 1 m. When and their densities are respectively 1 and 2. The
another point mass C of mass M is placed in ratio of the accelerations due to gravity at their
between A and B, the force between A and C is surfaces is
rd 1 2
1 (1) g1 : g2 = : (2) g1 : g2 = R1R2 ; 
  of the force between B and C. Then the R 12 R 22
3
distance of C from A is (3) g1 : g2 = R1 : R2  (4) g1 : g2 = R1 : R2 

2 1 1 2 15. Acceleration due to gravity on moon is 1/6 of the

(1) m (2) m (3) m (4) m
3 3 4 7 acceleration due to gravity on earth. If the ratio of
densities of earth ( e ) and moon ( m ) is
10. A research satellite of mass 200 kg circles the earth
 e  5
3R E    then radius of moon (R ) in terms of R
in an orbit radius where RE is the radius of   3 m e
 m 
2
the earth. Assuming the gravitational pull on a mass will be
of 1 kg on the earth's surface to be 10 N, the pull on 5 1
(1) Re (2) Re
the satellite will be 18 6
(1) 890 N (2) 889 N
7 1
(3) 885 N (4) 892 N (3) Re (4)  Re
18 2 3
11. An astronaut experiences weightlessness in a space
satellite. It is because 16. The acceleration due to gravity on the planet A is 9
(1) the gravitational force is small at that location times the acceleration due to gravity on planet B.
in space. A man jumps to a height of 2 m on the surface of A.
(2) the gravitational force is large at that location What is the height of jump by the same person on
in space. the planet B?
(3) the astronaut experiences no gravity. 2 2
(4) the gravitational force is infinitely large at that (1) m (2) m (3) 18 m (4) 6 m
3 9
location in space.
17. Imagine a new planet having the same density as
1 that of earth but it is 3 times bigger than the earth
12. The mass of the moon is of the earth but the
81 in size. If the acceleration due to gravity on the
surface of earth is g and that on the surface of the
1
gravitational pull is of the earth. It is due to the new planet is g', then
6
fact that g
(1) g= 3g (2) g =
9
81
(1) The radius of the moon is of the earth (3) g'= 9g (4) g' = 27g
6
9 18. The acceleration due to gravity is g at a point
(2) The radius of the earth is of the moon distant r from the centre of earth of radius R. If r <
6
(3) Moon is the satellite of the earth R, then
(4) None of the above (1) g  r (2) g  r2 (3) g  r–1 (4) g  r–2

13. If the change in the value of ' g' at a height h above 19. Three equal masses of m kg each are fixed at the
the surface of the earth is the same as at a depth x vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 1 m. The
below it, then (both x and h being much smaller net force acting on a mass 2 m placed at centroid of
than the radius of the earth) the triangle will be:
(1) 2 Gm2 (2) 3 Gm2
h (3) zero (4) None of these
(1) x = h (2) x = 2h (3) x = (4) x =h2
2

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20. In above problem if mass at one vertex is doubled 1 GMm 1 GMm
then force on centroid mass will be : (1) (2)
2 R 6 R
(1) 6 Gm2 (2) 3 Gm2
(3) zero (4) Gm2 2 GMm 1 GMm
(3) (4)
3 R 3 R
21. The rotation of the earth having R radius about its
axis speeds up to a value such that a man at latitude 26. Let the minimum external work done in shifting a
angle 60° feels weightlessness. The duration of the particle from centre of earth to earth's surface be
day in such a case is W1 and that from surface of earth to infinity be
R R W1
(1) 2 g (2)  g [Link] W is equal to
o
2
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 1 : 2
g R (3) 2 : 1 (4) 1 : 3
(3) 2 (4) 4 g
R
27. A rocket of mass M is launched vertically from the
surface of the earth with an initial speed V.
22. If a man at the equator would weigh (3/5)th of his Assuming the radius of the earth to be R and
weight, the angular speed of the earth is negligible air resistance, the maximum height
2g g R 2R attained by the rocket above the surface of the
(1) (2) (3) (4) earth is
5R R g 5g
 gR   gR 
(1) R /  1
2 (2) R  1
2
Gravitational field, potential and potential energy  2V   2V 

23. A body of mass m is placed on the earth's surface.  2gR   2gR 

(3) R /  2
1 (4) R  2
1
It is taken from the earth's surface to a height h =  V   V 
3R. The change in gravitational potential energy of
the body is 28. The potential energy of interaction between the
2 3 semi-circular ring of mass M and radius R, and the
(1) mgR (2) mgR particle of mass M placed at the centre of curvature
3 4
of the semi-circular arc is:
mgR mgR
(3) (4)
2 4

24. A point mass m is placed inside a spherical shell of

R
radius R and mass M at a distance from the centre
2
of the shell. The gravitational force exerted by the
GM 2 2GM 2
shell on the point mass is (1)  (2) 
R R
GMm 2GMm
(1) 2 (2) GM 2
R R2 (3)  (4) none of these
R
(3) Zero (4) None of these

25. A body of mass m kg starts falling from a point 2R 29. A uniform spherical shell gradually expands
above the earth's surface. Its kinetic energy when maintaining shape. Then, gravitational potential at
it has fallen to a point 'R' above the earth's surface centre will (mass remains constant)
[R-Radius of earth, M-Mass of earth, G- (1) increases
Gravitational constant] (2) decreases
(3) remains constant
(4) oscillates

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30. The change in potential energy when a body of mass Codes:
m is raised to a height nRE from earth's surface is (1) i - s, ii- r, iii- q, iv - p (2) i - q, ii- s, iii- r, iv - p
(RE = radius of the earth) (3) i - q, ii- r, iii- s, iv - p (4) i - r, ii- s, iii- p, iv - q
n
(1) mgRE (2) mgRE Satellite & escape speed
n  1
35. The period of moon's rotation around the earth is
n mgRE
(3) mgRE (4) 29 days. If moon's mass were 2 fold its present value
n  1 n
and all other things remain unchanged, the period
of Moon's rotation would be nearly
31. The height from the surface of earth at which the
gravitational potential energy of a ball of mass m is 29
(1) 29 2 days (2) days
half of that at the centre of earth is (where, R is the 2
radius of earth) (3) 29 × 2 days (4) 29 days
(1) R/4 (2) R/3 (3) 3R/4 (4) 4R/3
36. The maximum and minimum distances of a comet
32. A particle of mass m is placed at the centre of a from the sun are 8 × 1012 m and 1.6 × 1012 m. If its
uniform spherical shell of mass 3m and radius R. velocity when nearest to the sun is 60 m/s, what
The gravitational potential on the surface of the will be its velocity in m/s when it is farthest
shell is (1) 12 (2) 60
Gm 3Gm 4Gm 2Gm (3) 112 (4) 6
(1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
R R R R
37. A small planet is revolving around a very massive
star in a circular orbit of radius R with a period of
33. The gravitational field intensity at a point 10,000
revolution T. If the gravitational force between the
km from the centre of the earth is 4.8 N kg–1. The
planet and the star were proportional to R–5/2, then
gravitational potential at that point is
T would be proportional
(1) –4.8 ×107J kg–1 (2) –2.4 × 107 J k–1
6 –1 (1) R3/2 (2) R3/5
(3) 4.8 × 10 J kg (4) 3.6 × 106 J kg–1 7/2
(3) R (4) R7/4
34. P(r) is magnitude of physical quantity as a function
38. A body of mass m is situated at a distance 4Re above
of r (distance from centre of spherical distribution
the earth's surface, where Re is the radius of earth.
of radius R). Match the following columns and
How much minimum energy be given to the body
select the correct option from the codes given
so that it may escape
below.
(1) mgRe (2) 2mgRe
mgR e mgR e
(3) (4)
5 16

39. The additional kinetic energy to be provided to a

satellite of mass m revolving around a planet of
mass M, to transfer it from a circular orbit of radius
R1 to another of radius R2(R2 > R1) is

 1  1 1 
(1) GmM
1  (2) GmM R  R 
 R2  R2   1 2
 1 2

 1 1  1  1 1 
(3) 2GmM R  R  (4) 2 GmM  R  R 
 1 2  1 2

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40. A satellite is orbiting in a circular path near earth (4) The kinetic energy of satellite decreases and
surface. How much times its kinetic energy make the gravitational potential energy of satellite-earth
to escape it from its orbit? system increases.
(1) 2 times (2) Half
(3) 4 times (4) 3 times
46. The correct graph representing the variation of total
energy (Et), kinetic energy (Ek) and potential energy
41. Three planets of same density have radii R1, R2 and
(U) of a satellite with its distance from the centre
R3, such that R1 =2R2 =3R3. The gravitational field at
of earth is
their respective surfaces are g1, g2 and g3 and escape
velocities from their surfaces are v1, v2 and v3, then
g1 1 g1 v1 1 v1
(1) g  2 (2) g  3 (3) v  4 (4) v  3
2 3 2 3 (1) (2)
(1) 1 and 4 are correct (2) 1 and 3 are correct
(3) 2 and 3 are correct (4) 2 and 4 are correct

42. The mass of a planet is six times that of the earth.

The radius of the planet is twice that of the earth.
If the escape velocity from the earth is v, then the
(3) (4)
escape velocity from the planet is:
(1) 3 v (2) 2 v (3) 5 v (4) 12 v

47. A satellite revolves in elliptical orbit around a

43. The escape speed of a body on the earth's surface planet of mass M Its time period is T and M is at the
is 11.2 km/s. A body is projected with thrice of this centre of the path. The length of the major axis of
speed. The speed of the body when it escapes the the path is: (neglect the gravitational effect of
gravitational pull of earth is other objects in space)
(1) 11.2 km/s (2) 22.4 2 km/s 1/ 3
 GMT 2 
22.4 (1) 2  2

(3) km/s (4) 22.4 3 km/s  4  
2
1/ 3
 GMT 2 
44. In a satellite if the time of revolution is T, then (2)  2

 4 
kinetic energy is proportional to
1/ 3
1 1 1 1  GMT 2 
(1) (2) (3) (4) T–2/33 (3)  
2  4  2 
T T2 T3
(4) none of these
45. A satellite is moved from one circular orbit around
48. The time period of an artificial satellite in a circular
the earth, to another of lesser radius. Which of the
orbit of radius R is 2 days and its orbital velocity is
following statement is true?
v0. If time period of another satellite in a circular
(1) The kinetic energy of satellite increases and the orbit is 16 days then
gravitational potential energy of satellite-earth
(1) its radius of orbit is 4R and orbital velocity is v0
system increases;
(2) The kinetic energy of satellite increases and the v0
(2) its radius of orbit is 4R and orbital velocity is
gravitational potential energy of satellite-earth 2
system decreases; (3) its radius of orbit is 2R and orbital velocity is v0
(3) The kinetic energy of satellite decreases and
v0
the gravitational potential energy of satellite-earth (4) its radius of orbit is 2R and orbital velocity is
2
system decreases;

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49. A satellite of mass m orbits the earth at a height h 55. Radius of orbit of satellite of earth is R. Its kinetic
above the surface of the earth. How much energy energy is proportional to
must be expended to rocket the satellite out of 1 1 1
earth's gravitational influence? (where ME and RE (1) (2) (3) R (4)
R R R 3/ 2
be mass and radius of the earth respectively)
GM E m GM E m 56. For a satellite moving in an orbit around the earth,
(1) 4(R  h) (2) 2(R  h)
E E the ratio of kinetic energy to potential energy is
GM E m 2 GM E m 1
(3) (R  h ) (4) ( R  h ) (1) 2 (2)
E E 2
1
50. Two satellites of earth S1 and S2 are moving in the (3) (4) 2
2
same orbit. The mass of S1 is four times the mass of
S2. Which one of the following statements is true?
(1) The potential energies of earth and satellite in 57. The Earth is assumed to be a sphere of radius R. A
the two cases are equal. platform is arranged at a height R from the surface
(2) S1 and S2 are moving with the same speed. of the earth. The escape velocity of a body from
(3) The kinetic energies of the two satellites are this platform is fve, where ve is its escape velocity
equal. from the surface of the earth. The value of f is
(4) The time period of S1 is four times that S2. 1
(1) 2 (2)
2
51. The condition for a uniform spherical mass m of
1 1
radius r to be a black hole is (3) (4)
3 2
[G = gravitational constant and g = acceleration due
to gravity]
1/ 2 1/ 2
58. A satellite of mass m is circulating around the earth
 2Gm   2Gm  with constant angular velocity. If radius of the orbit
(1)   c (2)   c
 r   r  is R0 and mass of the earth is M, the ratio of angular
 2gm 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 gm  momentum of the satellite about the centre of the
(3)   c (4)   c earth and its kinetic energy will be
 r   r 

52. Potential energy of a satellite having mass m and 2 R 20 R0

(1) (2)
rotating at a height of 6.4 × 106 m from the earth M GM GM
surface is
(1) –0.5 mgRe (2) –mgRe 2 R0 R 30
(3) (4) 2
(3) –2 mgRe (4) 4 mgRe m GM GM

53. With what velocity should a particle be projected

SECTION - B
so that its height becomes equal to radius of earth?
1/ 2 1/ 2 Exemplar Problems
 GM   GM 
(1)   (2)   01. Particles of masses 2M, m and M are respectively
 R   2R  at points A, B and C with AB = ½ (BC). m is much-
1/ 2 1/ 2 much smaller than M and at time t = 0, they are all
 2GM   4GM 
(3)   (4)   at rest (Fig. 8.1). At subsequent times before any
 R   R  collision takes place:

54. The period of a satellite in a circular orbit of radius

R is T, the period of another satellite in a circular (1) m will remain at rest.
orbit of radius 4R is (2) m will move towards M.
(1) 4T (2) T/4 (3) m will move towards 2M.
(3) 8T (4) T/8 (4) m will have oscillatory motion.

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02. On account of the earth rotating about its axis 08. Two small satellites are moving in circular orbits
[NTA Abhyas-20-35] around the earth at a distance R and R + R from
(1) the linear velocity of objects at equator is the centre of the earth. If their time period of
greater than at other places rotation are T and T + T respectively, then (T<<<
(2) the angular velocity of objects at equator is T, R<<< R) [NTA Abhyas-09-19]
more than that of objects at poles R R
(3) the linear velocity of objects at all places at the (1) T  T (2) T  3T
R R
earth is equal, but angular velocity is different
(4) at all places the angular velocity and linear 3 R 2 R
(3) T  T (4) T  T
velocity are uniform 2 R 3 R

03. The mass and diameter of a planet have twice the 09. A particle of mass m is projected upwards with
value of the corresponding parameters of earth. ve
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the velocity v  , where v e is the escape velocity
2
planet is [NTA Abhyas-18-30] then at the maximum height the potential energy
(1) 9.8 m s–2 (2) 4.9 m s–2 of the particle is (R is radius of earth and M is mass
(3) 980 m s–2 (4) 19.6 m s–2 of earth) [NTA Abhyas-06-31]
GMm GMm
04. The earth (mass = 6 × 1024 kg) revolves around the (1) (2)
2R 4R
sun with angular velocity 2 × 10–7 rad s–1 in a circular
orbit of radius 1.5 × 1011 m. The force exerted by 3GMm 2GMm
(3) (4)
the sun on the earth (in newton) is 4R 3R
[NTA Abhyas-16-07]
(1) zero (2) 18 × 1025 10. A satellite of mass m is orbiting the earth (of radius
(3) 27 × 1039 (4) 36 × 1021 R) at a height h from its surface. The total energy of
the satellite in terms of g0, the value of acceleration
05. A body is projected up with a velocity equal to due to gravity at the earth’s surface, is
3 th [NTA Abhyas-01-08]
of the escape velocity from the surface of the
4 mg 0 R 2 mg 0 R 2
earth. The height it reaches from the centre of the (1) (2) 
earth is [NTA Abhyas-13-28] 2 (R  h ) 2( R  h )
(1) 10R/9 (2) 16R/7
(3) 9R/8 (4) 10R/3 2mg0 R 2 2mg0 R 2
(3) (4) 
R h Rh
06. The distance of Neptune and Saturn from the Sun 11. An artificial satellite moving in a circular orbit
are nearly 1013 m and 1012 m respectively. Ratio of around the Earth has a total (kinetic + potential)
their time period will be [NTA Abhyas-10-26] energy E0. Its potential energy is
(1) 10 (2) 100 [NTA Abhyas-57-27]
(1) –E0 (2) 1.5 E0 (3) 2 E0 (4) E0
(3) 10 10 (4) 1000
12. Consider the earth as uniform sphere of mass M
07. A man goes to a height equal to the radius of the and radius R. Imagine a straight smooth tunnel
earth from its surface. The weight of the person at made through the earth which connects any two
that height relative to his weight on the surface of points on its surface. Determine the time that a
earth is [NTA Abhyas-10-27] particle a would take to go form one end to the
1 1 other through the tunnel. [NTA Abhyas-58-28]
(1) (2)
2 3
R3 R3
1 1 (1) 2 (2) 
(3) (4) GM GM
4 5
 R3
(3) (4) None of these
2 GM

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13. If a satellite is moving around the earth in an orbit R R
of 5R radius, here R = radius of the earth. The (1) 2 (2) 2
k 1 k 1
minimum kinetic energy required to be provided
to the satellite such that it escapes the gravitational R R
(3) (4)
field of the earth is (M and m are masses of earth 1 k2 k 1
and satellite respectively) [NTA Abhyas-60-08]
GMm 19. An object of mass m is placed at a height Re from
GMm GMm GMm
(1) (2) (3) (4) surface of earth. Find the increase in potential
5R 15R 10R 2R
energy of the object if the height of the object is
increased to 2Re from surface. (Re: Radius of earth)
14. The orbital velocity of an artificial satellite in a [JEE Main-2023]
circular orbit just above the earth’s surface is v. For
a satellite orbiting at an altitude of half of the 1 1
(1) mgRe (2) mgRe
earth’s radius, the orbital velocity is 3 6
[NTA Abhyas-56-26]
1 1
(3) mgRe (4) mgRe
3 3 2 2 2 4
(1) v (2) v (3) v (4) v
2 2 3 3
20. At height h = 3R from the earth surface value of
15. If the kinetic energy of a satellite orbiting around acceleration due to gravity is g 1 and at depth 'd'
the earth is doubled then [NTA Abhyas-54-25] acceleration due to gravity is g2. If g2 = 4g1. Find
(1) the satellite will escape into the space depth d (Given : radius of earth = 6400 km)
(2) the satellite will fall down on the earth [JEE Main-2023]
(3) radius of its orbit will be doubled (1) 3600 km (2) 4800 km
(4) radius of its orbit will become half (3) 1200 km (4) 3200 km

16. Two satellites A and B, have the ratio of their 21. At height h above the earth surface, weight of the
masses as mA : mB = 3 : 1, are in the circular orbits of person becomes 1/3, find height?[JEE Main-2022]
radii r and 4r respectively. The ratio of total (1) 4.68 × 106 m (2) 2.68 × 106 m
mechanical energy of A to that of B is 6
(3) 3.50 × 10 m (4) 4.20 × 106 m
[NTA Abhyas-54-26]
1 22. Find the depth below the surface of the earth where
(1) (2) 3
3 rd
1
3 weight of an object   of its original weight. [R-
(3) (4) 12  3
4
radius of the earth] [JEE Main-2022]
(1) R/3 (2) 2R/3
17. A mass m is raised from a distance 2R from the
(3) R/2 (4) R/6
surface of the earth to 3R. Work done to do so
against gravity will- [NTA Abhyas-50-15] P
mgR mgR
(1) (2) h = 2Re
10 11
mgR mgR
(3) (4) 23.
12 14

18. A particle is projected with velocity kve. In vertically

upward direction from the ground into the space
Find g at a height equal to the diameter of earth.
(ve is escape velocity & k < 1) then the maximum
[JEE Main-2022]
height from the centre of earth to which it can go,
(1) g/9 (2) 2g/9 (3) g/3 (4) 2g/3
will be [NTA Abhyas-46-26]

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24. Statement-1 : An object is moving from pole to
1 1
equator on earth surface. Gravitational force on it (1) 2 (2) (3) 1 (4)
2 2
remain constant.
Statement-2 : Direction of gravitational force on
object at equator is towards centre of the earth SECTION-C
[JEE Main-2022]
1 th
(1) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true 01. The mass of a planet is that of the earth and
(2) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is false 10
(3) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true its diameter is half that of the earth. The
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false acceleration due to gravity on that planet is :
[NEET-2024]
(1) 4.9 m s–2 (2) 3.92 m s –2
25. Relation between time period of two satellites is
TA = 2TB. Find ratio between radii of orbits (3) 19.6 m s–2 (4) 9.8 m s–2
[JEE Main-2022]
(1) 41/3 (2) 21/3 (3) 31/3 (4) 42/3 02. The minimum energy required to launch a satellite
of mass m from the surface of earth of mass M and
26. A body weighs 49 N on a spring balance at the north radius R in a circular orbit at an altitude of 2R from
pole. What will be its weight recorded on the same the surface of the earth is: [NEET-2024]
weighing machine, if it is shifted to the equator? GmM GmM
(1) (2)
GM 2R 3R
[Use g   9.8ms 2 and radius of earth, R = 6400
R2
5GmM 2GmM
km. [JEE Main-2021] (3) (4)
(1) 49 N (2) 49.83 N 6R 3R
(3) 49.17 N (4) 48.83 N
03. Two bodies of mass m and 9m are placed at a
27. A satellite is in an elliptical orbit around a planet P. distance R. The gravitational potential on the line
It is observed that the velocity of the satellite joining the bodies where the gravitational field
when it is farthest from the planet is 6 times less equals zero, will be (G= gravitational constant):
than that when it is closest to the planet. The ratio [NEET-2023]
of distances between the satellite and the planet 8Gm 12Gm
at closest and farthest points is [JEE Main-2020] (1)  (2) 
R R
(1) 01 : 06 (2) 01 : 02
(3) 03 : 04 (4) 01 : 03 16Gm 20Gm
(3)  (4) 
R R
28. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height
h from the earth surface, such that h << R where R 04. A satellite is orbiting just above the surface of the
is the radius of the earth. Assuming that the effect earth with period T. If d is the density of the earth
of earth's atmosphere can be neglected the and G is the universal constant of gravitation, the
minimum increase in the speed required so that 3
the satellite could escape from the gravitational quantity represents: [NEET-2023]
field of earth is: [JEE Main-2019] Gd
(1) T (2) T2 (3) T3 (4)
(1) gR  
2 1 (2) 2gR T

gR 05. A body of mass 60 g experiences a gravitational

(3) gR (4) force of 3.0 N, when placed at a particular point.
2
The magnitude of the gravitational field intensity
29. Two satellites, A and B, have masses m and 2m at that point is: [NEET-2022]
respectively. A is in a circular orbit of radius R, and (1) 50 N/kg (2) 20 N/kg
B is in a circular orbit of radius 2R around the earth. (3) 180 N/kg (4) 0.05 N/kg
The ratio of their kinetic energies, TA/TB, is:
[JEE Main-2019]
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06. The escape velocity from the Earth's surface is v. 13. Assuming that the gravitational potential energy
The escape velocity from the surface of another of an object at infinity is zero, the change in
planet having a radius, four times that of Earth and potential energy (final – initial) of an object of mass
same mass density is [NEET-I-2021] m, when taken to a height h from the surface of
(1) 4v (2) v (3) 2v (4) 3v earth (of radius R), is given by,[Odisha NEET 2019]
GMm GMmh
07. A particle of mass 'm' is projected with a velocity (1)  (2) R (R  h)
Rh
v = kVe (k < 1) from the surface of the earth.
(Ve = escape velocity) [NEET-I-2021] GMm
The maximum height above the surface reached (3) mgh (4)
R h
by the particle is
2 14. The kinetic energies of a planet in an elliptical orbit
Rk 2  k 
(1) (2) R   about the Sun, at positions A, B and C are KA, KB and
1 k2 1 k  KC, respectively. AC is the major axis and SB is
2 perpendicular to AC at the position of the Sun S as
 k  R 2k
(3) R   (4) shown in the figure. Then [NEET-2018]
1 k  1 k

08. A body weighs 72 N on the surface of the earth.

What is the gravitational force on it, at a height
equal to half the radius of the earth?
[NEET-I-2020] (1) KB < KA < KC (2) KA > KB > KC
(1) 48 N (2) 32 N (3) 30 N (4) 24 N (3) KA < KB < KC (4) KB > KA > KC
09. What is the depth at which the value of acceleration 15. The acceleration due to gravity at a height 1 km
due to gravity becomes 1/n times the value that at above the earth is the same as at a depth d below
the surface of earth? (radius of earth = R) the surface of earth. Then: [2017]
[NEET-II-2020]
(1) R/n2 (2) R(n–1)/n 3
(1) d = 1 km (2) d = km
(3) Rn/(n–1) (4) R/n 2
1
10. A body weighs 200 N on the surface of the earth. (3) d = 2 km (4) d = km
2
How much will it weigh half way down to the
centre of the earth? [NEET-2019] 16. Two astronauts are floating in gravitational free
(1) 150 N (2) 200 N (3) 250 N (4) 100 N space after having lost contact with their spaceship.
The two will: [2017]
11. The work done to raise a mass m from the surface (1) Move towards each other
of the earth to a height h, which is equal to the (2) Move away from each other
radius of the earth, is: [NEET-2019] (3) Will become stationary
1 3 (4) Keep floating at the same distance between
(1) mgR (2) 2 mgR (3) mgR (4) mgR them
2 2

12. The time period of a geostationary satellite is 24 h, 17. The ratio of escape velocity at earth (v e) to the
at a height 6RE (RE is radius of earth) from surface escape velocity at a planet (vp) whose radius and
of earth. The time period of another satellite density are twice as that of earth is
whose height is 2.5 RE from surface will be, [NEET-2016 Phase-I]
[Odisha NEET 2019] (1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 2
(1) 6 2 h (2) 12 2 h (3) 1 : 2 2 (4) 1 : 4
24 12
(3) h (4) h
2.5 2.5

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18. Starting from the centre of the earth having radius 22. Kepler's third law states that square of period of
R, the variation of g (acceleration due to gravity) is revolution (T) of a planet around the sun is
shown by [2016 Re] proportional to third power of average distance r
between sun and planet [NEET-2015]
i.e. T2 = Kr3
here K is constant
(1) (2)
If the masses of sun and planet are M and m
respectively, then as per Newton's law of
gravitation the force of attraction between them
is
GMm
F , here G is gravitational constant.
(3) (4) r2
The relation between G and K is described as
(1) GK= 42 (2) GMK = 42
1
(3) K= G (4) K =
19. A satellite of mass m is orbiting the earth (of radius G
R) at a height h from its surface. The total energy of
the satellite in terms of g0, the value of acceleration SECTION – D
due to gravity at the earth's surface, [2016 Re]
2mg0 R 2 2mg0 R 2 01. The planet Mars has two moons, phobos and
(1) (2)  delmos.
R h Rh
phobos has a period 7 hours, 39 minutes and an
mg 0 R 2 mg 0 R 2 orbital radius of 9.4×103 km. Calculate the mass of
(3) (4) 
2 (R  h ) 2( R  h ) mars.
(1) 6.48×1023 kg (2) 3.24×1023 kg
20. A remote-sensing satellite of earth revolves in a (3) 1.62×1023 kg (4) 0.81×1023 kg
circular orbit at a height of 0.25 × 106 m above the
surface of earth. If earth's radius is 6.38 × 106 m and 02. A 400 kg satellite is in a circular orbit of radius 2 RE
g = 9.8 ms–2, then the orbital speed of the satellite about the Earth. How much energy is required to
is [NEET-2015 Re] transfer it to a circular orbit of radius 4 RE?
(1) 6.67 km s –1 (2) 7.76 km s–1 (1) 3.13×109 J (2) 2.13×109 J
–1 (3) 4.13×10 J9 (4) 6.13×109 J
(3) 8.56 km s (4) 9.13 km s–1

21. A satellite S is moving in an elliptical orbit around 03. Assertion: When a planet revolves in elliptical orbit
the earth. The mass of the satellite is very small around sun, its angular momentum about sun
compared to the mass of the earth. Then remains conserved.
[NEET-2015 Re] Reason: The total mechanical energy of a planet-
(1) The acceleration of S is always directed towards sun system remains conserved.
the centre of the earth (1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(2) The angular momentum of S about the centre Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
of the earth changes in direction, but its magnitude (2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
remains constant Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) The total mechanical energy of S varies (3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
periodically with time (4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(4) The linear momentum of S remains constant in
magnitude

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04. Assertion: Gravitational force between two masses 08. Statement I: The line that joins any planet to the
in air is F. If they are immersed in water, the force sun sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
will remain F. Statement II: The square of time period of
Reason: Gravitational force is independent of the revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube
medium in which masses are present. of major axis of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (2) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but (3) Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (4) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 09. Statement I: For a planet orbiting around a sun,
angular speed, angular momentum and kinetic
05. Assertion : The acceleration due to gravity at the energy changes with time.
centre of the earth is zero. Statement II: No torque is acting on the rotating
Reason: The mass of an object at the centre of the planet.
earth is zero. (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (2) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (3) Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but (4) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 10. Statement I: The acceleration due to gravity
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. decreases with height from the surface of the
earth.
06. Assertion: As we go up the surface of the earth, Statement II: The acceleration due to gravity at the
we feel light weighed than on the surface of the earth surface is independent of the radius of the
earth. earth.
Reason: The acceleration due to gravity decreases (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are false.
on going up above the surface of the earth. (2) Statement I is true but Statement II is false.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and (3) Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (4) Both Statement I and Statement II are true.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. 11. A satellite of mass m revolving with a velocity v
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. around the earth. With reference to the above
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. situation, match the Column I (types of energy)
with Column II (expression) and select the correct
07 Assertion: Escape velocity of a truck from the answer from the codes given below.
surface of the earth is equal the escape velocity of
a bike. Column-I Column-II
Reason: The velocity of the satellite is inversely A. Kinetic energy of 1. 1
 mv2
proportional to square root of its height above the satellite 2
earth's surface. B. Potential energy 2. 1
mv2
of the satellite 2
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
C. Total energy of 3. –mv2
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
the satellite
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
D. Binding energy 4. mv2
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (1) A–4; B–2; C–3; D–1
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (2) A–2; B–3; C–1; D–2
(3) A–3; B–4; C–1; D–2
(4) A–3; B–4; C–2; D–1

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12. Match the Column I (quantities) with Column II
(relations) and select the correct answer from the
codes given below.

Column-I Column-II
A. Kinetic energy of orbiting 2GM
satellite close to earth surface R
B. Orbital velocity of the GM
orbiting satellite close to R2
earth surface
C. Acceleration due to gravity at 2GM
the earth surface R
D. Escape velocity at the earth 2Mm
surface 2R

(1) A–1; B–3; C–4; D–2 (2) A–3; B–4; C–2; D–1
(3) A–4; B–3; C–2; D–1 (4) A–1; B–2; C–4; D–3

ANSWERS
TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
01. (3) 02. (1) 03. (1) 04. (3) 05. (1) 06. (1) 07. (3) 08. (3) 09. (1) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (1) 16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (1)
21. (2) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (3) 25. (2) 26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (3)
31. (2) 32. (3) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (4) 36. (1) 37. (4) 38. (3) 39. (4) 40. (1)
41. (4) 42. (1) 43. (2) 44. (4) 45. (2) 46. (3) 47. (1) 48. (2) 49. (2) 50. (2)
51. (2) 52. (1) 53. (1) 54. (3) 55. (1) 56. (2) 57. (2) 58. (4)
SECTION - B
01. (3) 02. (1) 03. (2) 04. (4) 05. (2) 06. (3) 07. (3) 08. (3) 09. (3) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (3) 25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29. (3)
SECTION - C
01. (2) 02. (3) 03. (3) 04. (2) 05. (1) 06. (1) 07. (1) 08. (2) 09. (2) 10. (4)
11. (3) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (3) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (4) 19. (4) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (2)
SECTION – D
01. (1) 02. (1) 03. (2) 04. (1) 05. (3) 06. (1) 07 (3) 08. (4) 09. (3) 10. (2)
11. (2) 12. (3)

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3 OSCILLATIONS
PERIODIC MOTION
Periodic motion is a motion which repeats itself after a regular interval of time. e.g. Circular motion or orbital
motion, motion of a bouncing ball, motion of planets around the sun, rotation of earth about its polar axis
motion of a pendulum etc.

OSCILLATORY MOTION
A motion in which a particle moves to and fro (back and forth or up and down) about a fixed point after regular
interval of time, is termed as oscillatory motion. The fixed point about which the body oscillates is called mean
position or equilibrium position.
Oscillatory motion is also called as harmonic motion, e.g., Motion of simple pendulum and spring pendulum,
about tossing up and down in a river, the piston in a steam engine going back and forth etc.
Note :
Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory. e.g., Motion of the
planet around the sun is periodic but not oscillatory.
Of all the oscillatory motions, the most important is called simple harmonic motion (SHM). In this type of
oscillatory motion, displacement, velocity, acceleration and force vary (w.r.t. time) in a way that can be described
by either the sine or the cosine function collectively called sinusoids.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

It is the simplest form of vibratory or oscillatory motion. The particle executing simple harmonic motion oscillates
such that its acceleration is always directed towards the mean position and magnitude of acceleration is
proportional to the displacement of the particle from mean position.
Mathematically, a simple harmonic motion can be expressed as
y = A sint = A sin (2t/T) ...(i)
y = A cost = A cos (2t/T) ...(ii)
Here, y = displacement of body from mean position at any instant t.
A = amplitude or maximum displacement of the body.
 = angular frequency and
T = time period of SHM

SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO SHM

(i) Restoring force The force acting on the particle (executing SHM) which tends to bring it towards its mean
position, is called restoring force. Restoring force is always directed towards mean position or acts in the
direction opposite to that of displacement.
Restoring force, F = –kx
Where, k is a constant and x is displacement about mean position.

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(ii) Time period (T) The time taken by the particle to complete one oscillation is called time period. Its unit is
second.
(iii)Frequency (n) The number of oscillations per unit time made by the particle (executing SHM) is called
frequency. Its SI unit is Hertz (Hz).

1
Frequency, n 
Time period (T)
(iv)Angular frequency () The rate of change of phase angle of particle (executing SHM) with respect to time is
called angular frequency. Its unit is radian/second.

2
Angular frequency,  
Time period (T)
(v) Amplitude (A) The maximum displacement of particle from its mean position is defined as amplitude.
(vi)Phase () Time varying quantity, which can fully describe displacement and velocity of particle is called
phase. Its unit is radian.
In the given graph, two SHM having same amplitude A and same angular frequency  are shown.

Their phase angle  is different. A phase difference of 2  radian corresponds to a path difference of one
wavelength.

TYPES OF SHM
SHM are of two types as follows:
(i) Linear SHM When a particle moves to and fro about a fixed point (called equilibrium position) along a
straight line, then its motion is called linear simple harmonic motion. e.g., Motion of a mass connected to
spring.

(ii) Angular SHM When a system oscillates angularly with respect to a fixed axis, then its motion is called
angular simple harmonic motion.
e.g., Motion of a bob of simple pendulum.

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NECESSARY CONDITIONS TO EXECUTE SHM
(i) Motion of particle should be oscillatory.
(ii) Total mechanical energy of particle should be conserved (Kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant).
(iii)Extreme position should be well defined.
(iv)In linear SHM The restoring force (or acceleration) acting on the particle should always be proportional to
the displacement of the particle and directed towards the equilibrium position.
 F  – y or a  – y
Negative sign shows that direction of force and acceleration is towards equilibrium position and y is
displacement of particle from equilibrium position.
(v) In angular SHM The restoring torque (or angular acceleration) acting on the particle should always be
proportional to the angular displacement of the particle and directed towards the equilibrium position.
  –  or   – 

KINEMATICS OF SHM
Let us consider a particle P moving along a circle of radius A with uniform angular velocity  in anti-clockwise
sense, The Motion of N (foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P) about O is simple harmonic. The
particle P is called reference particle and the circle along which the particle P revolves is called circle of reference.
Thus SHM can be defined as, “the straight line motion of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the particle on
the diameter of the circle”.

1. Displacement
The displacement of a particle executing SHM at any instant (t) is given by
x = A sint or x = A cost
First relation is valid when the time is measured from mean position and second relation is valid when time is
measured from extreme position.
As shown in figure, consider a particle P moving in anti-clockwise direction with uniform angular velocity 
along a circle of radius A and centre O. Let at time t = 0, it makes an angle  with x-axis. In time t, it covers an
angle t. Then at position P' it makes an angle (t + ) with positive x-axis. The position of P' on the axis as the
particle moves on the circle is given by

x  A sin(t  )
The term (t + ) is called phase and  is called initial phase or ‘epoch’.

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q1. An object performs SHM of amplitude 5 cm and time period 4 s. If timing is started when the object is at the
centre of the oscillation i.e., x = 0 then calculate.
(i) Frequency of oscillation.
(ii) The displacement at 0.5 s.
Ans. (i) 0.25 Hz (ii) 5 / 2 cm.
Q2. A particle executes SHM from extreme position and covers a distance equal to half of its amplitude in 1 s.
Determine the time period of motion.
Ans. 6 s
Q3. The shortest distance travelled by a particle executing SHM from mean position in 2 s is equal to 3 / 2 times of
its amplitude. Determine its time period.
Ans. 12 s

2. Velocity
The velocity of a particle executing SHM at any instant, is defined as the time rate of change of its displacement
at that instant.
v = dx/dt

or Velocity, v   A 2  x 2
If  x = A sin (t)
  v = Acos (t)
 Q = – A2sin(t)
Special Cases
(i) When the particle is at the mean position i.e., x = 0, then its velocity is maximum.
 vmax = A (maximum velocity)
(ii) When the particle is at the extreme position, i.e., x = ± A, then its velocity is zero.

v   A2  A2  0
Therefore, the velocity of a particle executing SHM is zero at the either of its extreme positions.

3. Acceleration
The acceleration of the particle executing SHM at any instant is defined as the time rate of change of its velocity
at that instant.
a = dv/dt

or Acceleration, a  – 2 x
Special Cases
(i) When the particle is at the mean position i.e., x = 0, then acceleration is zero.
 amean position = 0 (minimum acceleration)
(ii) When the particle is at the extreme position i.e., x = ±A, then magnitude acceleration is maximum and
directed towards mean position.
 a(extreme position) = 2 A (maximum acceleration)

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Important points regarding kinematics of SHM
(i) In linear SHM, the length of SHM path is 2 A.
(ii) In SHM, the total work done and displacement in one complete oscillation is zero but total traversed length
is 4 A.
(iii)In SHM, the velocity and acceleration varies with the same frequency as displacement.
(iv)In SHM, velocity is ahead of displacement by phase angle of /2 radian, acceleration is ahead of velocity by
phase angle of /2 radian and acceleration is ahead of displacement by phase angle of  radian.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q4. The particle is executing SHM on a line with amplitude 2 cm. If its velocity at mean position is 12 cm/s, then
determine its frequency.
Ans. n = 3/ Hz

 
Q5. If a SHM is represented by the equation x  10 sin  t   in SI units. Determine its amplitude, time period
 6
and maximum velocity vmax?
Ans. 10 m, 2 sec, 10 m/s

FORCE IN SHM
The acceleration of a body in SHM is a = –2x. Applying the equation of motion F = ma, we have
F = –m2x = –kx

k
where, 
m
Thus, in SHM, the force is directly proportional and opposite to the displacement and is always directed towards
the mean position.
This force is called restoring force.

2 k
Further, since = 
T m

m
 Time period, T  2
k

1 k
and frequency, n
2 m
In different types of SHM the quantities m and k will go on taking different forms and names. In general, m is
called inertia factor and k is called spring factor.
In linear SHM, the general formula for time period is

Inertial factor
T  2
Spring factor

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In linear SHM, the spring factor stands for force per unit displacement and inertia factor for mass of the body
executing SHM.
Thus, in linear SHM,

m m Displaceme nt
T  2  2 or T  2
k  Force  Acceleration
 
 Displaceme nt 

ENERGY IN SHM
The particle executing SHM has both types of energy, potential energy and kinetic energy. When a body is
displaced from its equilibrium position by doing work upon it, the body acquires potential energy. When the
body is released, it begins to move back with a velocity, thus acquiring kinetic energy.

KINETIC ENERGY
The relation for kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM can be found out by two cases, in terms of
displacement and in terms of time.
(i) In terms of displacement If mass of the particle executing SHM is m and its displacement at any instant is x,
then
1
KE = m2 (A2 – x2)
2
where, A = amplitude of SHM

k If
As,   m2 = k  x  A sin t
m  v  A cos t

1
 KE = k(A2 – x2)
2
KE is maximum at mean position i.e., x = 0
1
 KEmax = m2A2
2
KE is minimum (zero) at extreme position i.e., x = A
At x = ±A, KE = zero
(ii) In terms of time Kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM at any time t is given by
1
K= m2A2 cos2t
2
i.e.,Kinetic energy of a particle executing SHM is a periodic function of time.
Kinetic energy versus time graph is given below.

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T 3T
From the graph, it is clear that at t = 0, T/2, T, etc; KE has its maximum value. For x = ±A or t  , the KE hass
4 4
its minimum value. Clearly, twice in each cycle KE assumes its peak value. It is a periodic function of time, the
time period equals to T/2.
T 3T T 3T 5T
KE is maximum at t = 0, , T, and minimum at t  , ,
2 2 4 4 4

POTENTIAL ENERGY
The relation for potential energy of a particle executing SHM in terms of displacement and in terms of time are
(i) In terms of displacement If the displacement of particle executing SHM at any instant is x, then
1 1
Potential energy, U = m2x2 = kx2
2 2
Potential energy is maximum at extreme position i.e., at x = ±A.
1
Umax = m2A2
2
Potential energy is minimum (zero) at mean position i.e., at x = 0, potential energy, U = 0.
(ii) In terms of time Potential energy of a particle executing SHM at any time t is given by
1
U= m2A2 sin2t
2
Potential energy versus time graph is given below

From the graph, it is clear that at mean position (i.e., x = 0 and t = 0, T/2, T...), PE is minimum and at extreme
position
(i.e., x = ±A or t =T /4, 3T/4), its value is maximum. Clearly, twice in each cycle, PE assumes its peak value. Hence,
the potential energy is the periodic function of time with a period of T/2.

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TOTAL ENERGY
Total energy can be obtained by adding potential and kinetic energies. Therefore,
1 1
E=K+U= m2(A2 – x2) + m2x2
2 2

1 1
E  m2 A 2 or E  kA 2
2 2
Which is a constant quantity i.e., same at all instant and at all displacement.
Fig. shows the variation of kinetic energy (K), potential energy (U) and total energy (E) as a function of time
[shown in Fig. (a)] and displacement [shown in Fig. (b)] of a particle in SHM.

The total energy remains constant at all t or x. So it is shown by straight line parallel to time and displacement.
1 2 1
Also, U= kx and K = k (A2 – x2), so the graphs of U and K versus x are parabolic.
2 2
Both KE and PE reach maximum value twice, during each period of SHM. In the course of motion KE increases at
the expense of PE or vice-versa.
Therefore, we may conclude that, during an oscillation, there is a continuous exchange of kinetic and potential
energies.

IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING ENERGY IN SHM

(i) The frequency of oscillation of potential energy and kinetic energy is twice as that of displacement or
velocity or acceleration.
(ii) Total energy of an oscillating system is constant.
(iii)The average value of KE and PE is
1 1
Kav = Uav = E = kA2.
2 4

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q6. The potential energy of a particle executing SHM is 2.5 J, when its displacement is half of the amplitude, then
determine total energy of particle.
Ans. Total energy = 10 J
Q7. A harmonic oscillator of force constant 4 × 106 Nm–1 and amplitude 0.01 m has total energy 240 J. What is the
maximum kinetic energy and minimum potential energy?
Ans. Maximum kinetic energy = 200 J
Minimum potential energy = 40 J
Q8. A linear harmonic oscillator has a total mechanical energy of 200 J. Potential energy of it at mean position is 50
J. Find,
(i) the minimum potential energy,
(ii) the maximum kinetic energy,
(iii)the potential energy at extreme positions.
Ans. (i) 50 J (ii) 150 J (iii) 200 J (From law of conservation of energy).
Q9. A particle executes SHM, at what value of displacement are the kinetic and potential energies equal?
Ans. 0.707 A

SOME SYSTEMS EXECUTING SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

SIMPLE PENDULUM
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass suspended by a massless and inextensible string tied from a rigid
support.

Consider a simple pendulum as shown in figure. A small bob of mass m is tied to an inextensible massless string
of length l. The bob oscillates in a plane about the vertical line through the support. Let  be the angle which the
string makes with the vertical. At mean position  = 0° and v is maximum. An extreme position, v is minimum for
the smaller value of , the motion of bob is simple harmonic.

l
Time period of simple pendulum, T  2
g

Note that the time period is independent of the mass of the pendulum. This formula is valid only when radius
of point mass of pendulum is negligible as compared to the length of pendulum.

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Seconds pendulum
If the time period of a simple pendulum is 2 second, it is called seconds pendulum.

l
Time period of second pendulum, T = 2 s = 2
g
On earth's surface, g = 9.8 ms–2  2 ms–2 , l = 990 mm  1m
 The length of seconds pendulum on earth's surface is 1 metre.
Spring block system
Let us consider a massless spring placed on a frictionless horizontal surface. Its one end is attached to a rigid
support and other end to a body of mass m. When it is pulled on one side through a small distance x and
released, it moves to and fro about a mean position. Let x = 0 be the position of the centre of the body when the
spring is at mean position.

By Hooke's law, a restoring force, F is developed in the spring on stretching and compressing it through a small
displacement, x
k
F = –kx  a x
m

m
The time period of such oscillations is given by T  2
k
where, k is force constant of spring and m is mass of the object connected to the spring.

OSCILLATIONS OF SPRING COMBINATION

(1) Series combination
If two springs of spring constant k1 and k2 are joined in series (as shown in figure) the resultant spring constant
of the combination is given by
1 1 1 k1  k 2 kk
   ; ks  1 2
k s k1 k 2 k 1k 2 k1  k 2

m (k 1  k 2 )m
and hence, T  2π  2π
ks k 1k 2

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(2) Parallel combination
If two springs of spring constant k1 and k2 are joined in parallel as shown in figure.

Then spring constant, kp = k1 + k2

m m
Time period, T  2π  2π
kp (k 1  k 2 )

(3) Reduced mass System

The relative acceleration
k m1m 2
 osc  , where µ =
µ m1  m 2 = Reduced mass

m1m 2 k
T  2 m1 m1
(m1  m 2 )k

IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING SPRING BLOCK SYSTEM

(i) If the length of the spring is made n times then the effective force constant becomes 1/n times and the time
period becomes n times.
(ii) If a spring of spring constant k is divided into n equal parts, the spring constant of each part becomes nk and
1
time period becomes times.
n
(iii)The force constant of a stiffer spring is higher than that of a soft spring.

THE PHYSICAL PENDULUM

The physical pendulum is just a rigid body, of whatever shape, capable of oscillating about a horizontal axis
passing through it. For small oscillations the motion of a physical pendulum is almost as easy as for a simple
pendulum. Figure shows a body of irregular shape pivoted at O, so that it can oscillate without friction about an
axis passing through O.
In equilibrium the centre of gravity (G) in directly below O. In the position shown in figure, the body is displaced
from equilibrium by an angle . The distance from O to the centre of gravity is l. The moment of inertia of the
body about the axis of rotation through O is I and the total mass is m. In the displaced position, the weight mg
causes a restoring torque,
 = –(mg)(l sin)
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The negative sign shows that the restoring torque is clockwise when the displacement is counterclockwise and
vice-versa. For small oscillations,
sin    = I 
and –(mgl) = I
As  is proportional to –, the motion is simple harmonic, the time period of which is

I
T  2
mgl

COMPOSITION OF TWO SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

(A) When the SHM are in the same direction (Collinear SHMs)
x1=A1 sin t
x2=A2 sin (t +
the amplitude of the resultant SHM is given by
2 2
A  A1  A 2  2A1A 2 cos 

A A  A12  A 22
if the two SHM are in phase, A=A1+A2 if = ,
2
if  the two SHM are out of phase, A = A1 – A2 or A2 – A1
*The resultant can also be calculated by assuming the SHM as vector quantity. The amplitude of SHM is taken as
the magnitude of the vector and the phase difference  is treated as the angle between the vectors.
(B) When the SHM are in the perpendicular directions (Rectangular SHMs) y
x=A1 sin t
y=A2 sin (t + A2
O x
(i)  = 0° , x = A1 sin t, y = A2 sin t A1

2 A A2
y = A .x straight line (slope = A )
1 1
y

 A2
(ii) = , x = A1 sin t, y = A1 cos t, O x
2 A1
sin2 t + cos2 t = 1
x2 y2 
 1 ellipse 
A12 A 22 2

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 A2
(iii)  = + , A1 = A 2 = A
2 O x
x 2 + y 2 = A2 circle A1

 
If  = + Anticlockwise rotation 
2 2
 y
 = – Clockwise rotation
2
A
x
A

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TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
SHM - Displacement, velocity and acceleration 06. A particle executes simple harmonic motion with
01. A particle starts S.H.M. from the mean position. Its an amplitude of 4 cm. At the mean position the
amplitude is A and time period is T. At the time velocity of the particle is 10 cm/s. The distance of
when its speed is half of the maximum speed, its the particle from the mean position when its speed
displacement y is: becomes 5 cm/s is :

A A (1) 3 cm (2) 5 cm
(1) (2)
2 2 (3) 2( 3 ) cm (4) 2( 5 ) cm.
A 3 2A
(3) (4) . 07. A body is vibrating in simple harmonic motion with
2 3
an amplitude of 0.06 m and frequency of 15 Hz. The
maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of
02. A simple harmonic oscillator has an amplitude a
body is :
and time period T. The time required by it to travel
(1) 5.65 m/s and 5.32×102 m/s2.
from x=a to x=a/2 is :
(2) 6.82 m/s and 7.62×102 m/s2.
(1) T/6 (2) T/4
(3) 8.91 m/s and 8.21×102 m/s2.
(3) T/3 (4) T/2.
(4) 9.82 m/s and 9.03×102 m/s2.
03. A particle is moving with constant angular velocity 08. A particle executing simple harmonic motion has
along the circumference of a circle. Which of the an amplitude of 6 cm. Its acceleration at a distance
following statements is true. of 2 cm from the mean position is 8 cm/s 2. The
(1) The particle so moving executes S.H.M. maximum speed of the particle is :
(2) The projection of the particle on only one of (1) 8 cm/s (2) 12 cm/s
the diameters executes S.H.M. (4) 16 cm/s (4) 24 cm/s.
(3) The projection of the particle on any of the
diameters executes S.H.M. 09. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a
(4) None of the above. particle executing simple harmonic motion will be
equal, when displacement (amplitude = a) is :
04. A particle executes a simple harmonic motion of
a a a 2
time period T. Find the time taken by the particle (1) (2) a 2 (3) (4) .
to go directly from its mean position to half the 2 2 3
amplitude.
(1) T/2 (2) T/4 10. The displacement x (in metres) of a particle
(3) T/8 (4) T/12. performing simple harmonic motion is related to
 
05. A particle has simple harmonic motion. The time t (in seconds) as x=0.05 cos  4t   . The
 4
  frequency of the motion will be :
equation of its motion is x = 5 sin  4 t   , where x
 6 (1) 0.5 Hz (2) 1.0 Hz
is its displacement. If the displacement of the (3) 1.5 Hz (4) 2.0 Hz.
particle is 3 units, then it velocity is :
11. The equation of a simple harmonic motion is x=0.34
2 5 cos (3000t + 0.74) where X and t are in mm and sec.
(1) (2)
3 6 The frequency of motion is :
(3) 20 (4) 16. (1) 3000 (2) 3000/2
(3) 0.74/2  (4) 3000/.
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12. A particle in SHM is described by the displacement (1) 1 cm (2) 3 cm
equation x(t) = A cos (t + ). If the initial (t=0)
position of the particle is 1 cm and its initial velocity (3) 2 cm (4) 2 3 cm
is  cm/s, what is its amplitude? (The angular
frequency of the particle is s–1) 18. For the following reference circle, the equation for
(1) 1 cm (2) 2 cm simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) is (Given T= 2/3 s)
(3) 2 cm (4) 2.5 cm.

13. The amplitude of a particle executing S.H.M. with

frequency of 60 Hz is 0.01 m. The maximum value
of the acceleration of the particle is :
(1) 1442ms2 (2) 144 ms2
144 (1) x = – 2 sin (2t + /4) (2) x = – 2 sin (3t + /3)
(3) m/s2 (4) 2882m/s2 (3) x = – 2 sin (6 – t) (4) x = – 2 cos t
2
14. A particle is executing S.H.M. Then the graph of
19. The displacement equation of a particle is x = 3sin
acceleration as a function of displacement is :
2t + 4 cos 2t. The amplitude and maximum velocity
(1) A straight line (2) A circle will be respectively :
(3) An ellipse (4) A hyperbola. (1) 5, 10 (2) 3, 2 (3) 4, 2 (4) 3, 4.

15. The acceleration a of a particle undergoing S.H.M 20. The motion of a particle varies with time according
is shown in the figure. Which of the labelled points to the relation y=a(sin t + cos t), then :
corresponds to the particle being at –xmax ? (1) The motion is oscillatory but not S.H.M.
xmax (2) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a
1 (3) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a 2
a(t)
(4) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude 2a.
2 4 t
21. The displacement of a particle in SHM is given by y
3 = A sin t+B cos t : The amplitude of oscillation is:
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 1. AB
(1) (2) AB
2
16. The velocity-time diagram of a harmonic oscillator
A 2  B2
is shown in the adjoining figure. The frequency of (3) A B2 2 (4)
2
oscillation is :
Force in SHM and energy
22. The total energy of the body executing S.H.M. is E.
Then the kinetic energy when the displacement is
half of the amplitude, is :
E E 3E 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) E
2 4 4 4
(1) 25 Hz (2) 50 Hz
(3) 12.25 Hz (4) 33.3 Hz. 23. The angular velocity and the amplitude of a simple
pendulum is  and a respectively. At a displacement
17. The amplitude of a particle executing SHM is 4 cm. X-from the mean position if its kinetic energy is T
At the mean position, the speed of the particle is and potential energy is V, then the ratio of T to V is:
16 cm/s. The distance of the particle from the mean
(1) X 2 2 /(a 2  X 2 2 ) (2) X 2 (a 2  X 2 )
position at which the speed of the particle becomes
(3) (a 2  X 22 ) / X 2 2 (4) (a 2  X 2 ) / X 2
8 3 cm/s is :

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24. A body of mass 1 kg is executing simple harmonic 30. When the potential energy of a particle executing
motion. Its displacement y(cm) at t seconds is given simple harmonic motion is one-fourth of its
by y=6 sin(100t +/4). Its maximum kinetic energy maximum value during the oscillation, the
is: displacement of the particle from the equilibrium
(1) 6 J (2) 18 J (3) 24 J (4) 36 J position in terms of its amplitude a is :
(1) a/4 (2) a/3 (3) a/2 (4) 2a/3
25. The total energy of a particle executing S.H.M. is 80
J. What is the potential energy when the particle is 31. The variation of potential energy of harmonic
at a distance of 3/4 of amplitude from the mean oscillator is as shown in figure. The spring constant
position ? is :
(1) 60 J (2) 10 J (3) 40 J (4) 45 J

26. A particle executes simple harmonic motion with

a frequency f. The frequency with which its kinetic
energy oscillates is:
(1) f/2 (2) f (3) 2f (4) 4f.

27. A body is executing Simple Harmonic Motion. At a (1) 1×102 N/m (2) 150 N/m
displacement x, its potential energy is E1 and at a (3) 0.667 ×102 N/m (4) 3×102 N/m.
displacement y, its potential energy is E 2. The
potential energy E at displacement (x+y) is : Systems executing SHM
(1) E  E1  E 2 (2) E  E1  E 2 32. A simple pendulum has a length l. The mass of the
(3) E = E1 – E2 (4) E = E1 + E2. bob is m. The bob is given a charge +q. The
pendulum is suspended between the plates of a
28. A particle of mass m oscillates with simple charged parallel plate capacitor which are placed
harmonic motion between points x 1 and x2, the vertically. If E is the electric field intensity between
equilibrium position being O. Its potential energy the plates, then the time period of oscillation will
is plotted. It will be as given below in the graph : be :
l l
(1) 2 g (2) 2 g  qE / m
(1) (2)
l l
(3) 2 g  qE / m (4) 2 [g 2  (qE / m ) 2 ]1/ 2

(3) (4) 33. If a hole is bored along the diameter of the earth
and a stone is dropped into hole :
(1) The stone reaches the centre of the earth and stops
there
29. A body of mass 0.01 kg executes simple harmonic (2) The stone reaches the other side of the earth of
motion (S.H.M.) about x=0 under the influence of a stops
force shown below. The period of the S.H.M. is : (3) The stone executes simple harmonic motion
about the centre of the earth
(4) The stone reaches the other side of the earth
and escapes into space.

34. What is the effect on the time period of a simple

pendulum if the mass of the bob is doubled ?
(1) Halved (2) Doubled
(1) 1.05 s (2) 0.52 s (3) 0.25 s (4) 0.30 s (3) Becomes eight times
(4) No effect.
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35. A pendulum suspended from the ceiling of a train 41. What effect occurs on the frequency of a pendulum
has a period T, when the train is at rest. When the if it is taken from the earth surface to deep into a
train is accelerating with a uniform acceleration a, mine ?
the period of oscillation will : (1) Increases
(1) Increase (2) Decrease (2) Decreases
(3) Remain unaffected (4) Become infinite. (3) First increases then decreases
(4) None of these.
36. A simple pendulum is suspended from the roof of
a trolley which moves in a horizontal direction with 42. A simple pendulum has a time period T in vacuum.
an acceleration a, then the time period is given by Its time period when it is completely immersed in
a liquid of density one-eight of the density of
l material of the bob is
T  2 , where g’ is equal to :
g
7 5 3 8
(1) g (2) g–a (1) T (2) T (3) T (4) T
8 8 8 7
(3) g + a (4) g2  a 2
43. Two bodies M and N of equal masses are suspended
37. If the length of second’s pendulum is increased by from two separate massless springs of force
2%, how many seconds it will lose per day ? constants k1 and k2 respectively. If the two bodies
(1) 3927 s (2) 3727 s oscillate vertically such that their maximum
(3) 3427 s (4) 864 s velocities are equal, the ratio of the amplitude M
to that of N is :
38. A simple pendulum consisting of a ball of mass m k1 k1 k2 k2
tied to a thread of length l is made to swing on a (1) k (2) k2 (3) k (4) k1
2 1
circular arc of angle  in a vertical plane. At the end
of this arc, another ball of mass m is placed at rest.
The momentum transferred to this ball at rest by 44. In arrangement given in figure, if the block of mass
the swinging ball is : m is displaced, the frequency is given by :

g A B
(1) Zero (2) m m
l
K1 K2
m l m l
(3) l g (4) l 2 g
1  k1  k 2  1  k1  k 2 
(1) n  2   (2) n  2  
39. The periodic time of a simple pendulum of length  m   m 
1 m and amplitude 2 cm is 5 seconds. If the
amplitude is made 4 cm, its periodic time in 1  m  1  m 
seconds will be: (3) n  2  k  k  (4) n  2  k  k  .
 1 2   1 2 
(1) 2.5 (2) 5 (3) 10 (4) 5 2
45. A mass m is suspended from the two coupled
40. The time period of a simple pendulum of length L springs connected in series. The force constant for
as measured in an elevator descending with springs are K 1 and K 2 . The time period of the
g suspended mass will be :
acceleration is :
3
 m   2m 
(1) T  2  k  k  (2) T  2  k  k 
3L  3L   1 2   1 2 
(1) 2 (2)   
g  g 
 m (k1  k 2 )   mk1k 2 
(3) T  2   (4) T  2


k k 
.
 3L   2L   k 1k 2   1 2 
(3) 2   (4) 2  
 2g   3g 

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46. A mass m performs oscillations of period T when 50. A particle at the end of a spring executes simple
hanged by spring of force constant K. If spring is cut harmonic motion with a period t 1, while the
in two parts and arranged in parallel and same mass corresponding period for another spring is t2. If the
is oscillated by them, then the new time period period of oscillation with the two springs in series
will be : is T, then :
(1) T = t1 + t2 (2) T 2  t12  t 22
(3) T 1  t11  t 21 (4) T 2  t12  t 22
K
m 51. A mass of 2.0 kg is put on a flat pan attached to a
m vertical spring fixed on the ground as shown in the
figure the mass of the spring and the pan is
T negligible when pressed slightly and released the
(1) 2T (2) T (3) (4) T/2
2
2 mass executes a simple harmonic motion. The
spring constant is 200 N/m. What should be the
47. What will be the force constant of the spring system minimum amplitude of the motion so that the mass
shown in the figure ? get detached from the pan ? (take g=10 m/s2)

K1 K1
m

K2
m

1
K  1 1 
(1) 1  K 2 (2)    (1) 8.0 cm
2  2 K1 K 2 
(2) 10.0 cm
1 (3) Any value less than 12.0 cm
1 1  2 1 
(3) 2K  K (4)    (4) 4.0 cm.
1 2  K1 K1 
52. The frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum
48. The frequency of oscillation of the springs shown of length L, mounted in a cabin that is falling freely
in the figure will be : under gravity is
(1) infinity (2) zero
K1 g g
(3) (4)
2L L
K2
m 53. A wooden cube (density of wood d) of side l floats
in a liquid of density  with its upper and lower
1 K 1 ( K1  K 2 ) m surfaces horizontal. If the cube is pushed slightly
(1) (2) 2 K 1K 2
2 m down and released, it performs simple harmonic
motion of period T, Then, T is equal to :
K 1 K 1K 2
(3) 2 (4)  m(K  K ) ld ld
m 1 2 (1) 2 g (2) 2 (  d)g

49. If a spring has time period T, and is cut into n equal ld l

parts, then the time period of each part will be : (3) 2 dg (4) 2 (  d)g
(1) T n (2) T / n
(3) nT (4) T.

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54. A simple harmonic oscillator consist of a particle of 59. Two simple harmonic motions act on a particle.
mass m and an ideal spring with spring constant k. These harmonic motions are
The particle oscillates with a time period T. The x = A cos (t + )
spring is cut into two equal parts. If one part y = A cos (t + )
oscillates with the same particle, the time period 
will be : When =  + , the resulting motion is
2
(1) T/2 (2) T/ 2 (3) 2T (4) 2T (1) a circle and the actual motion is clockwise
(2) an ellipse and the actual motion is
55. A simple pendulum of length L and mass m is counterclockwise
vibrating with an amplitude a. Then the maximum (3) a ellipse and the actual motion is clockwise
tension in the string is : (4) a circle and the actual motion is
  a 2 
counterclockwise
(1) mg (2) mg 1    
  L  
SECTION - B
2 2
 a   a 01. The displacement of a particle is represented by
(3) mg1   (4) mg1  
 2 L  L the equation [NCERT Exemplar]
 
56. In arrangement shown in figure, the blocks are y = 3cos  4  2t 
 
placed on a frictionless surface. When they are The motion of the particle is
slightly pushed and released, they execute SHM of
(1) simple harmonic with period 2/.
time-period :
(2) simple harmonic with period /.
k (3) periodic but not simple harmonic.
M M
(4) non-periodic.
m m
(1) 2 (2) 2 02. The displacement of a particle is represented by
k 2k the equation y = sin3 t . The motion is
2m m [NCERT Exemplar]
(3) 2 (4) 2 (1) non-periodic.
k 4k
(2) periodic but not simple harmonic.
57. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform which (3) simple harmonic with period 2/
undergoes vertical simple harmonic motion of (4) simple harmonic with period /.
angular frequency . The amplitude of oscillation
is gradually increased. The coin will leave contact 03. The relation between acceleration and
with the platform for the first time displacement of four particles are given below:
(1) at the highest position of the platform [NCERT Exemplar]
(2) at the mean position of the platform (1) ax = + 2x. (2) ax = + 2x2.
(3) ax = – 2x2. (4) ax = – 2x.
g Which one of the particles is executing simple
(3) for an amplitude of
2 harmonic motion?
g2
(4) for an amplitude of 04. Motion of an oscillating liquid column in a U-tube
2 is [NCERT Exemplar]
(1) periodic but not simple harmonic.
Composition of two SHMs (2) non-periodic.
58. The resultant of two rectangular simple harmonic (3) simple harmonic and time period is
motions of the same frequency and unequal independent of the density of the liquid.
amplitudes but differing in phase by /2 is : (4) simple harmonic and time-period is directly
(1) Simple harmonic (2) Circular proportional to the density of the liquid.
(3) Elliptical (4) Parabolic.
94 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582
05. A particle is acted simultaneously by mutually 10. When a mass m is connected individually to two
perpendicular simple hormonic motions x = a cos springs S1 and S2, the oscillation frequencies are 1
t and y = a sin t . The trajectory of motion of the and  2. If the same mass is attached to the two
particle will be [NCERT Exemplar] springs as shown in Fig., the oscillation frequency
(1) an ellipse. (2) a parabola. would be [NCERT Exemplar]
(3) a circle.
(4) a straight line.

06. The displacement of a particle varies with time

according to the relation [NCERT Exemplar]
(1) 1 + 2 (2) 12  22
y = a sin t + b cos t.
(1) The motion is oscillatory but not S.H.M. 1
 1 1 
(2) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a + b. (3)    (4) 12   22
(3) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a2 + b2.  1 2 

(4) The motion is S.H.M. with amplitude a 2  b2 .

11. The total mechanical energy of a spring - mass
07. Figure shows the circular motion of a particle. The 1
system in simple harmonic motion is e  M 2 A 2 .
radius of the circle, the period, sense of revolution 2
and the initial position are indicated on the figure. Suppose the oscillating particle is replaced by
The simple harmonic motion of the x-projection of another particle of double the mass while the
the radius vector of the rotating particle P is amplitude A remains the same. The new
[NCERT Exemplar] mechanical energy will [NTA Abhyas-01-05]
E
(1) become 2E (2) become
2
(3) become 2E (4) remain E

12. A body is in simple harmonic motion with time

period T = 0.5 s and amplitude A = 1 cm. Find the
average velocity in the interval in which It moves
 2t   t  from equilibrium position to half of Its amplitude.
(1) x(t) = B sin  30  (2) x(t) = B cos  15 
    [NTA Abhyas-01-12]
 t   t  (1) 16 cm/s (2) 6 cm/s
(3) x(t) = B sin  15  2  (4) x(t) = B cos  15  2  (3) 4 cm/s (4) 12 cm/s
   

08. The equation of motion of a particle is x = a cos ( 13. The bob of a simple pendulum is a spherical hollow
t)2. The motion is [NCERT Exemplar] ball filled with water. A plugged hole near the
(1) periodic but not oscillatory. bottom of the oscillating bob gets suddenly
(2) periodic and oscillatory. unplugged. During observation, till water Is coming
(3) oscillatory but not periodic. out, the time period of oscillation would
(4) neither periodic nor oscillatory. [NTA Abhyas-02-03]
(1) First increase and then decrease to the original
09. A particle executing S.H.M. has a maximum speed value
of 30 cm/s and a maximum acceleration of 60 cm/ (2) First decrease and then Increase to the original
s2. The period of oscillation is [NCERT Exemplar] value
(3) Remain unchanged

(1) s (2) s (4) Increase towards a saturation value
2

(3)  s (4) s
t

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14. Two particles A and B execute simple harmonic at t = 0 from rest. The expression for its
motion of period T and 5T/4. They start from mean displacement at anytime t is [NTA Abhyas-05-10]
position. The phase difference between them (1) 5 sin(5t + /2) (2) sin (5t + /2)
when the particle A completes one oscillation will (3) 5 sin(5t + 3/2) (4) 5 sin (t + /2)
be [NTA Abhyas-02-18]
(1) /2 (2) zero 18. The amplitude and time period in SHM are 0.8 cm
(3) 2/5 (4) /4 and 0.2 s respectively. If the initial phase is /2
radian, then the equation representing SHM is
15. The acceleration-displacement graph of a particle [NTA Abhyas-08-26]
executing simple harmonic motion Is shown In the (1) y = 0.8 cos 10t (2) y = 0.8 sin t
figure. The frequency of oscillation is (3) y = 3 × 0.8 sin t (4) y = 0.8 sin 10t
[NTA Abhyas-03-06]
19. A particle starts oscillating simple harmonically
from its equilibrium position with time period T.
The ratio of KE and PE of the particle at the t = T/12
is [NTA Abhyas-10-28]
(1) 1 : 4 (2) 2 : 1
(3) 3 : 1 (4) 4 : 1

20. A particle executing simple harmonic motion along

2.5 1
(1) s (2) 2 10 s 1 y-axis has its motion described by the equation y =

Asin (t) + B. The amplitude of the simple harmonic
1 1 motion is [NTA Abhyas-14-25]
(3) 5 s 1 (4) 20 s 1
2 2 (1) A (2) B
(3) A + B (3) AB
16. A body is performing simple harmonic motion of
amplitude A and time period T. The figure shows
21. A particle executes a simple harmonic motion of
position-time graph of the body. At any time t,
time period T. Find the time taken by the particle
acceleration of the body is f, then which of the
to go directly from its mean position to half the
following graphs is/are appropriate?
amplitude. [NTA Abhyas-15-27]
[NTA Abhyas-04-36]
T T T T
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2 4 8 12

22. The pendulum suspended from the ceiling of a train

has a period T when the train is at rest. When the
train is accelerating with a uniform acceleration,
the period of oscillation will [NTA Abhyas-16-06]
(1) increase (2) decrease
(1) (2)
(3) remain unaffected (4) become infinite

23. The period of a simple pendulum inside a stationary

lift is T. The lift accelerates upwards with an
(3) (4) acceleration of g/3. The time period of pendulum
will be [NTA Abhyas-16-40]
T
(1) 2T (2)
2
17. A block of mass 2 kg is attached to the spring of
spring constant 50 N/m. The block Is pulled to a 3 T
(3) T (4)
distance of 5 cm from Its equilibrium position (at x 2 3
= 0) on a horizontal frictionless surface and released

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24. The displacement of a particle (in meter) from its
mean position is given by the equation
k k
 t t  29. m
y  0.2 cos 2  sin 2  , The motion of the above
 2 2
particle is [NTA Abhyas-17-29] If k = 2 N/m, m = 490 gm, then find the number of
(1) not simple harmonic complete oscillations in 14 sec. [JEE Main-2023]
(2) simple harmonic with amplitude 0.2 m (1) 15 (2) 25
(3) simple harmonic with the period double that of (3) 20 (4) 30
a second's pendulum
(4) simple harmonic with amplitude 0.4 m 30. A particle performing SHM with amplitude A starts
A
25. Which one of the following is a simple harmonic from x = 0 and reaches x  in 2 s. Find time
2
motion? [NTA Abhyas-18-23]
(1) wave moving through a string fixed at both ends A
(2) earth spinning about its own axis required for the particle to go from x  to x = A?
2
(3) ball bouncing between two rigid vertical walls [JEE Main-2023]
(4) particle moving in a circle with uniform speed (1) 1.5 s (2) 4 s
(3) 6 s (4) 1 s
26. A particle of mass m is located in a field such that
its potential energy is given by 31. A ball of mass m = 100 g is kept in tunnel along
U(x) = U0(1 – cos ax) where U0 and a are positive diameter of earth. Find its time period of SHM.
constants. The period of small oscillations is [JEE Main-2023]
[NTA Abhyas-18-42]
(1) 2 Rg (2) 4Rg
U0 mU 0
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 2 R / g (4) 2 2 R / g
ma 2 a2

a0 m 32. The period of pendulum at earth’s surface is T. Find

(3) 2 mU (4) 2 U a 2
0 0 the time period of the pendulum at distance (from
center) which is twice the radius of earth.
27. A particle executing SHM of amplitude 4 cm and T = [JEE Main-2023]
4 s. The time taken by it to move from positive (1) T/4 (2) 4T
extreme position to half the amplitude is (3) T/2 (4) 2T
[NTA Abhyas-20-26]
33. We have two spring block system as shown in figure
1
(1) 1 s (2) s :- [JEE Main-2022]
3

2 3
(3) s (4) 2k 9k
3 2

28. If a particle is performing SHM of amplitude A and 50 gm 100 gm

the maximum potential energy of a particle is 25 J,
During oscillation maximum speed of both is same.
A Find the ratio of amplitude of oscillation of blocks?
then find the kinetic energy at x  .
2 1 3
[JEE Main-2023] (1) (2)
2 2
(1) 20 J (2) 18.75 J
(3) 16.75 J (4) 18 J 2 7
(3) (4)
3 2

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34. Find the ratio of time period of oscillations in two
M M
cases as shown. Assume that there is no slipping (1) A (2) A
Mm Mm
between m and 2m blocks in case (i)
[JEE Main-2022] Mm Mm
(3) A (4) A
M M

39. When a particle executes SHM, the nature of

graphical representation of velocity as a function
1 3 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) of displacement is: [JEE Main 2021]
2 2 3 2 (1) elliptical (2) parabolic
(3) straight line (4) circular
35. A second pendulum is taken to a height of h = 2R,
find the length of the pendulum at that place. 40. If the time period of a two meter long simple
[JEE Main-2022] pendulum is 2 s, the acceleration due to gravity at
1 1 1 1 the place where pendulum is executing S.H.M. is:
(1) m (2) m (3) m (4) m [JEE Main 2021]
7 9 5 6
(1) 22 ms–2 (2) 16 m/s2
(3) 9.8 ms–2 (4) 2 ms–2
36. Time period of a simple pendulum is T inside a lift
when the lift is stationary. If the lift moves upwards
41. If two similar springs each of spring constant K1 are
with an acceleration g/2, the time period of
joined in series, the new spring constant and time
pendulum will be : [JEE Main 2021]
period would be changed by a factor:
T 3 2 [JEE Main 2021]
(1) 3 T (2) (3) T (4) T
3 2 3 1 1
(1) , 2 (2) ,2 2
2 4
37. Two particles A and B of equal masses are
1 1
suspended from two massless springs of spring (3) ,2 2 (4) , 2
2 4
constants K1 and K2 respectively. If the maximum
velocities during oscillations are equal, the ratio
42. Given below are two statements:
of the amplitude of A and B is [JEE Main 2021]
Statement (I): A second's pendulum has a time
K2 K1 K1 K2 period of 1 second.
(1) K (2) K (3) K2 (4) K1 Statement (II): It takes precisely one second to
1 2
move between the two extreme positions. In the
light of the above statements, choose the correct
38. In the given figure, a mass M is attached to a
answer from the options give below.
horizontal spring which is fixed on one side to a
[JEE Main 2021]
rigid support. The spring constant of the spring is
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
k. The mass oscillates on a frictionless surface with
(2) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
time period T and amplitude A. When the mass is
(3) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
in equilibrium position, as shown in the figure,
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II is true
another mass m is gently fixed upon it. The new
amplitude of oscillation will be [JEE Main 2021]
43. The displacement time graph of a particle
executing S.H.M is given in figure (sketch is
schematic and not to scale)

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Which of the following statements is/are true for SECTION - C
this motion? [JEE Main 2021]
3T
(A) The force is zero at t   
4 01. If x = 5sin  t   m represents the motion of a
 3
(B) The acceleration is maximum at t = T
T particle executing simple harmonic motion, the
(C) The speed is maximum at t  amplitude and time period of motion,
4
T respectively, are : [NEET-2024]
(D) The P.E. is equal to K.E. of the oscillation at t  (1) 5 cm, 1 s (2) 5 m, 1 s
2
(1) (B), (C) and (D) (2) (A) and (D) (3) 5 cm, 2 s (4) 5 m, 2 s
(3) (A), (B) and (C) (4) (A), (B) and (D)
02. If the mass of the bob in s simple pendulum is
44. A block of mass m attached to a massless spring is increased to thrice its original mass and its length
performing oscillatory motion of amplitude ‘A’ on is made half its original length, then the new time
a frictionless horizontal plane. If half of the mass period of oscillation is x/2 times its original time
of the block breaks off when it is passing through period. Then the value of x is: [NEET-2024]
its equilibrium point, the amplitude of oscillation (1) 2 3 (2) 4
for the remaining system become fA. The value of
f is [JEE Main 2021] (3) 3 (4) 2
1
(1) (2) 2 03. The x-t graph of a particle performing simple
2
harmonic motion is shown in the figure. The
1 acceleration of the particle at t = 2s is:
(3) 1 (4)
2 [NEET-2023]

45. A ring is hung on a nail. It can oscillate, without

slipping or sliding (i) in its plane with a time period
T l and, (ii) back and forth in a direction
perpendicular to its plane, with a period T2. The
T1
ratio T will be [JEE Main 2021]
2 2
ms 2 ms 2
2
(1) (2) 
2 8 8
2
(1) (2)
3 3 2 2
(3) ms 2 (4)  ms 2
2 3 16 16
(3) (4)
3 2
04. A simple pendulum oscillating in air has a period
46. A particle executes simple harmonic motion with of 3 s. If it is completely immersed in non-viscous
an amplitude of 5 cm. When the particle is at 4 cm
from the mean position, the magnitude of its 1
liquid, having density   th of the material of the
velocity in SI units is equal to that of its acceleration. 4
Then, its periodic time in seconds is : bob, the new period will be [NEET-II-2023]
[JEE Mains-2019]
3
7 3 (1) 2s (2) s
(1)  (2)  2
3 8
2
4 8 (3) 2 3 s (4) s
(3) (4) 3
3 3

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05. Two pendulums of length 121 cm and 100 cm start
vibrating in phase. At some instant, the two are at
their mean position in the same phase. The
minimum number of vibrations of the shorter
pendulum after which the two are again in phase
at the mean position is [NEET-2022]
(1) 9 (2) 10
(3) 8 (4) 11 y-projection of the radius vector of rotating particle
P is:
06. A body is executing simple harmonic motion with (1) y(t) = –3cos2t, where y in m
frequency 'n', the frequency of its potential energy  t 
is [NEET-2021] (2) y(t )  4 sin  , where y in m
 2
(1) 4n (2) n
(3) 2n (4) 3n  3t 
(3) y( t )  3 cos  , where y in m
 2 
07. A spring is stretched by 5 cm by a force 10 N. The
time period of the oscillations when a mass of 2 kg  t 
(4) y( t )  3 cos  , where y in m
is suspended by it is [NEET-2021] 2
(1) 0.628 s (2) 0.0628 s
(3) 6.28 s (4) 3.14 s 12. A mass falls from a height 'h' and its time of fall 't' is
recorded in terms of time period T of a simple
08. The phase difference between displacement and pendulum. On the surface of earth it is found that
acceleration of a particle in a simple harmonic t = 2T. The entire set up is taken on the surface of
motion is : [NEET-2020] another planet whose mass is half of that of earth
and radius the same. Same experiment is repeated
3
(1)  rad (2) rad and corresponding times noted as t' and T'. In this
2 case, which relation of t' and T' is correct :
 [NEET Odisha-2019]
(3) rad (4) zero
2 (1) t' = 2 T' (2) t' > 2 T'
(3) t' < 2 T' (4) t' = 2 T'
09. Average velocity of a particle executing SHM in one
complete vibration is: [NEET-2019] 13. The displacement of a particle executing simple
A harmonic motion is given by [NEET-2019]
(1) (2) A y = A0 + A sin t + B cos t

Then the amplitude of its oscillation is given by :
A2
(3) (4) Zero (1) A 0  A 2  B2 (2) A 2  B2

(3) A 02  (A  B)2 (4) A + B
10. The distance covered by a particle undergoing SHM
in one time period is (amplitude = A)
[NEET Odisha-2019] 14. A pendulum is hung from the roof of a sufficiently
(1) zero (2) A high building and is moving freely to and fro like a
(3) 2A (4) 4A simple harmonic oscillator. The acceleration of the
bob of the pendulum is 20 m/s2 at a distance of 5 m
11. The radius of circle, the period of revolution, initial from the mean position. The time period of
position and sense of revolution are indicated in oscillation is :- [NEET-2018]
the fig. [NEET-2019] (1) 2 s (2)  s (3) 2 s (4) 1 s

15. A particle executes linear simple harmonic motion

with an amplitude of 3 cm. When the particle is at
2 cm from the mean position, the magnitude of its

100 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

velocity is equal to that of its acceleration. Then its SECTION - D
time period in seconds is :- [NEET-2017]
5 4 2 5 01. Which of the following is true statement regarding
(1) (2) (3) (4) following information
2 5 3 
(i) sin t + cost t
(ii) sin t+ cos 2t+ sin 2t
16. A body of mass m is attached to the lower end of a
(iii) e–t
spring whose upper end is fixed. The spring has
(iv) log t
negligible mass. When the mass m is slightly pulled
down and released, it oscillates with a time period 2
(1) Only (i) periodic function with time period
of 3 s. When the mass m is increased by 1 kg, the 
time period of oscillations becomes 5 s. The value (2) Both (i) & (ii) are periodic function with time
of m in kg is [NEET-II 2016]
2
9 3 4 16 period
(1) (2) (3) (4) 
16 4 3 9 (3) All are periodic function with different periodic
frequency
17. A particle is executing SHM along a straight line. Its (4) None of these is periodic
velocities at distances x1 and x2 from the mean
position are V1 and V2, respectively. Its time period 02. A particle performing simple harmonic motion is
is: [AIPMT 2015] such that it’s amplitude is 4 m and speed of particle
at mean position is 10 m/s. Find the distance of
x 22  x12 V12  V22 particle from mean position where velocity
(1) 2 (2) 2
V12  V22 x12  x 22 became 5 m/s.
(1) 3 m (2) 2 3 m
V12  V22 x12  x 22
(3) 2 (4) 2 3 1
x12  x 22 V12  V22
(3) m (4) m
2 2
18. A particle is executing a simple harmonic motion.
Its maximum acceleration is  and maximum 03. A cylindrical piece of cork of density '' of base
velocity is . Then, its time period of vibration will area 'A' and height 'h' floats in an ideal liquid of
be : [RE AIPMT 2015] density 'd'. The cork is depressed slightly and then
released
2 2  2
(1) (2) (3) (4) h dg
 2   (1) T  2 (2) T  2
dg h

19. When two displacements represented by y1= a sin dh

(t) and y2 = b cos (t) are superimposed the motion (3) T  2 (4) None of these
g
is: [AIPMT 2015]
a 04. Choose wrong alternative
(1) simple harmonic with amplitude
b (1) Time period of a particle attached with spring
in SHM depends on the force constant 'k' and mass
(2) simple harmonic with amplitude a2  b2

a  b  'm' as T  2 m . While time period of simple

(3) simple harmonic with amplitude k
2
pendulum is independent of mass
(4) not a simple harmonic (2) The motion of simple pendulum is
approximately SHM for small angle oscillation.
For larger angles of oscillation time period is l e s s

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09. Statement I: If a hole were drilled through the
than T  2 l centre of earth, i.e. along the diameter and a ball
g is dropped into the hole at one end, it will not get
(3) A man with wrist watch falls from the top of a out of the other end of the hole.
tower, watch does not show change in timing Statement II: It will execute SHM and will be seen
(4) The frequency of oscillation of a simple at the other end after 43.2 min from the time it is
pendulum mounted in a cabin feeling freely is zero dropped.
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II and incorrect.
05. The piston in the cylinder head of a locomotive has (2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
stroke (twice the amplitude) of 0.1 m. If the piston incorrect.
moves with SHM with an angular frequency of 200 (3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
rad/s. What is it's maximum speed? correct.
(1) 10 m/s (2) 20 m/s (4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
(3) 100 m/m (4) None of these
10. Statement I: In SHM of a particle with angular
06. Assertion: V ibrations and oscillations are two frequency  kinetic energy and potential energy
different types of motion. vary simple harmonically with angular frequency
Reason: For vibration, frequency is more and for 2.
oscillation, the frequency is less. Statement II: Kinetic energy and potential energy
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and vary periodically but not simple harmonically with
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. angular frequency 2.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but (1) Both Statement I and Statement II and incorrect.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (3) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
correct.
07. Assertion: x = A cos t and x = A sin t can represent (4) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
same motion depending on initial position of
particle. 11. Match the Column I (quantity) with Column II
Reason: If the argument of x = A cos t, i.e. t is (value) for an object executing simple harmonic
increased by 2 radian, the value of x remains motion in a horizontal plane with displacement
same. given as x = A cos t.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Column-I Column-II
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. A. Vmax/amplitude is equal to 1. T/8
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but B. amax/amplitude is equal to 2. T/12
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. C. If object starts from x = + A, 3. 
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. then time to reach at +A/ 2
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. D. If object starts from x = 0 and 4. 2
move towards right, then the
08. Assertion: The graph of total energy of a particle in time to reach at + A/2
SHM with respect to position is a straight line with (1) A–3; B–1; C–4; D–2 (2) A–3; B–4; C–1; D–2
zero slope. (3) A–4; B–3; C–2; D–1 (4) A–3; B–4; C–2; D–1
Reason: Total energy of particle in SHM remains
constant throughout its motion.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

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ANSWERS
TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
01. (3) 02. (1) 03. (3) 04. (4) 05. (4) 06. (3) 07. (1) 08. (2) 09. (3) 10. (4)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (1) 15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (3) 23. (4) 24. (2) 25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (4) 30. (3)
31. (2) 32. (4) 33. (3) 34. (4) 35. (2) 36. (4) 37. (4) 38. (1) 39. (2) 40. (3)
41. (2) 42. (4) 43. (4) 44. (2) 45. (3) 46. (4) 47. (2) 48. (4) 49. (2) 50. (2)
51. (2) 52. (2) 53. (1) 54. (2) 55. (2) 56. (2) 57. (3) 58. (3) 59. (4)
SECTION - B
01. (2) 02. (2) 03. (4) 04. (3) 05. (3) 06. (4) 07. (1) 08. (3) 09. (1) 10. (2)
11. (4) 12. (4) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (1)
21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (3) 30. (2)
31. (3) 32. (4) 33. (2) 34. (4) 35. (2) 36. (4) 37. (4) 38. (1) 39. (1) 40. (1)
41. (1) 42. (3) 43. (3) 44. (1) 45. (2) 46. (4)
SECTION - C
01. (4) 02. (4) 03. (4) 04. (1) 05. (4) 06. (3) 07. (1) 08. (1) 09. (4) 10. (4)
11. (4) 12. (4) 13. (2) 14. (2) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (2)
SECTION - D
01. (2) 02. (2) 03. (1) 04. (2) 05. (1) 06. (4) 07. (2) 08. (1) 09. (4) 10. (3)
11. (2)

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4 WAVES
WAVE MOTION
(i) A wave motion is a kind of disturbance which is transferred from one part of the medium to the next due
to the repeated periodic motion of medium particles about their mean position.
(ii) The disturbance travels through the medium with a certain definite velocity without any change in its
form.
(iii) Longitudinal waves : A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in
simple harmonic motion along the direction of propagation of the wave. The most common example of
longitudinal wave is a sound wave.
(iv) Transverse waves : A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of medium execute simple harmonic
motion in a direction perpendicular to its direction of propagation. Waves of plucked strings,
electromagnetic waves, light waves are the examples of transverse waves. In solids, sound waves can be
transverse or longitudinal. Transverse waves in a medium essentially require shear modulus.
(v) Only a Transverse wave can be polarised but not a longitudinal one. Hence, transverse or longitudinal
nature of a wave can be decided on the basis of polarisation.
(vi) Mechanical waves :
(a) These waves require a material medium for their propagation.
(b) These waves transfer energy and momentum through the limited motion of the particles with the
medium remaining at its own place.
(c) For the propagation of mechanical waves it is essential that the medium must possess elasticity,
inertia and low resistance for motion.
(d) Water waves, sound waves, waves is a spring or a stretched string are examples of mechanical waves.
(vii) Non-mechanical waves: These waves do not require any medium for their propagation. All
electromagnetic waves such as light radiation, heat radiation, -rays, X-rays, microwaves and so on are
non mechanical.

WAVE CHARACTERISTICS
(i) Displacement and amplitude (A) :
(a) The instantaneous displacement of any particle of the medium, in which the wave is propagating, is
the displacement of that particle from its equilibrium position.
(b) The amplitude of the wave is the maximum value of the displacement.
(c) Amplitude is a vector quantity.
(d) When two waves of different amplitudes Al and A2 superimpose each other with a phase difference
of , then the resultant amplitude

= A12  A 22  2 A1A 2 cos  .

(e) The maximum amplitude is Al + A2, when  = 0 and minimum amplitude is Al – A2, when  =180°.
(ii) Oscillation and time period (T):
(a) Oscillation is defined as one complete to and fro motion of the vibrating particle.
(b) The time which a vibrating particle takes to complete its one oscillation is known as time period or

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the time after which a wave repeats itself is also called as time period.
(c) In case of a transverse progressive wave, the time taken by the crest or trough to change again into a
crest or trough is known as time period.
(d) In case of a longitudinal progressive wave, the time taken by the compression or rarefaction to
change again into compression or rarefaction is called as time period.
(iii) Frequency (f) :
(a) It is defined as the number of oscillations made by a vibrating particle in one second.
(b) The reciprocal of the time period is called as frequency.
(c) Frequency depends upon the source but not on the medium.
(d) Frequency does not change when a wave travels from one medium to other.
(iv) Wavelength (  ) :
(a) The wavelength of a wave is the distance in the direction of propagation in which the wave repeats
itself.
(b) It may also be defined as the distance travelled by a wave in the time the particle of the medium
completes one oscillation.
(c) Wavelength depends upon:
(I) the nature of medium (same source will produce waves of different wavelengths in different media).
(II) the source producing the waves (in a given medium, sources of different frequencies will produce
waves of different wavelengths).
(v) Wave velocity (v) :
(a) The distance travelled by the wave in one second is known as wave velocity.
(b) v = (/T) = f 

    2ππ 
(c) v =   =   = f .
 k   2 /  
(d) When a given wave passes from one medium to another, its frequency does not change. So, from
equation v = f , we can write:
(v1/v2) =(1/2).
(vi) Phase () :
(a) Phase is that which gives the state of the vibrating particle as regards its position and direction of
motion.
(b) If we consider two points at positions x1\and x2 on a wave at a given instant, then the phase difference
between the two points,
2 2
 = (x) = (x1 – x2)
 
A path difference of  corresponds to a phase difference of 2 radian.
(e) If two sources emit waves of frequencies f1 and f2 simultaneously, then the phase difference between
these two waves after a time t is given by :
 = ( –) t = 2 (f2 – f1) t

EQUATION OF PLANE PROGRESSIVE WAVE AND RELATED IMPORTANT POINTS

(i) If a travelling wave is a sin or cos function of (at – bx) or (at + bx), the wave is said to be harmonic or plane
progressive wave.
(ii) One dimensional progressive wave in its most general form is given by:
y = A sin (t + kx + )
where A,   and k completely describe a plane progressive wave.
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(iii) A plane progressive wave (either transverse or longitudinal, mechanical or non-mechanical) can be
written in many forms such as:
y = A sin (t – kx ) ......(1)
or y = A sin 2[ft – (x/)] [as  = 2f and k= (2 / ] ......(2)

 t x  1
or y = A sin 2    Q f   ......(3)
T    T

2   
or y = A sin (vt – x) Q  v  ......(4)
  T 

 2 
or y = A sin k (vt – x) Q k   ......(5)
  

2  x  x
or y = A sin  t   = A sin   t   ......(6)
T  v  v
(iv) (a) If the sign between t and x terms is negative, the wave is propagating along positive x-axis and vice-
versa.
(b) The coefficient of sin or cos function, i.e., A gives the amplitude of the wave while its argument (t
± kx) denotes phase.
2
(c) The coefficient of t gives angular frequency  = 2f = .
T
(d) The coefficient of x gives propagation constant or wave number k = (2).
(v) Particle velocity :
dy
v particle = = wA cos (t – kx)
dt

= A 1  sin 2 (  t  kx ) =  A 2  y 2
(a) It will be maximum when y = 0, vmax = A.
(b) It will be minimum when y = A, vmin = 0.
(vi) As particle’s velocity,
dy
= A cos (t – kx),
dt

dy    dy
hence =–  
dt  k  dx
or vparticle = – wave velocity × slope of the wave

VELOCITY OF TRANSVERSE MECHANICAL WAVES

(i) Velocity of a transverse wave propagating along a string having tension T and mass per unit length m, is
given by: v = (T / m )
If A is the cross-section of the wire, m = A

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T S  T 
So, v    as A  stress S 
A   

VELOCITY OF SOUND
(i) Velocity of sound is the characteristic of the medium in which a wave propagates.
(ii) Velocity of sound in a medium is given by : v = ( E /  ) , where E is the modulus of elasticity and  is the
density of the medium.
(iii) Velocity of sound is maximum in solids and minimum in gases since solids are most elastic and gases are
least elastic.
(iv) For example, as Es > El > Eg
So, vsteel > vwater > vair
(v) (a) In case of propagation of sound in solids (rods), elasticity involved in Young’s modulus and velocity of
sound is given by:

Y
vsolid =

(b) In case of propagation of sound in liquids and gases, elasticity involved is bulk modulus and velocity
of sound is given by :

B
vL or G =

(vi) Newton’s formula : Newton assumed that when sound propagates through air, temperature remains
constant, i.e., the process is isothermal.
So, B = E = P

P
 vair =

At NTP for air,
P = 1.01 × 105 N/m2 and  = 1.3 kg/m3

1 .01  10 5 = 279 m/s

So, vair =
1 .3
This value is very much less than the value obtained experimentally ( = 332 m/s).
(vii) Laplace correction : Laplace modified Newton’s formula assuming that propagation of sound in air is an
adiabatic process i.e.,
B = E = P so that v =  P /   = 1 .41  279 = 331.3 m/s

EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON THE VELOCITY OF SOUND

(i) Effect of density :
(a) For given values of  and P, the velocity of sound in a gaseous medium is inversely proportional to the
square root of the density of the gas i.e.,
v (l / ) or v  = constant
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or (v1/v2) =   2 / 1 
vH O MO 32
(b)    4 or vH = 4vO
vO H MH 2
(ii) Effect of temperature :

P PV µRT µRT RT

(a) v     
 m m µm M

So, for a given gas, i.e.,  and M = constant, v  T , i.e., with rise in temperature velocity of sound
in a gas increases.
(b) The velocity of sound in a given gas will become n times if temperature is changed from T to T such
that T = n2T.
(c) When change in temperature is small,
1/ 2
v T 273  t  t  tº C
   1   1
v0 T 273  0  273  546

 tº C 
i.e., v = v0  1   = 332 + 0.61 (t°C)] m/s
 546 
i.e., for small temperature variations at 0°C, the velocity of sound changes by 0.61 m/s when temperature
changes by 1°C.
(iii) Effect of pressure: At constant temperature, the velocity of sound is independent of change of pressure
since,

E P RT
v=  
  M
(iv) Effect of relative humidity : The velocity of sound in moist air is more than the velocity of sound in dry air,
since the density of moist air is less than that of dry air at the same temperature.
(v) Effect of wind : The velocity of sound in the direction of the wind is more than the velocity of sound in a
direction opposite to direction of the wind.
(vi) Amplitude, frequency, phase, loudness, pitch, quality have no effect on the velocity of sound.

DISPLACEMENT AND PRESSURE WAVES

(i) A sound wave (longitudinal mechanical wave) may be described either in terms of longitudinal
displacement suffered by the particles of the medium (called displacement wave) or in terms of the
excess pressure generated due to compression and rarefaction (called pressure wave).
(ii) The displacement wave is described by :
y = A sin (t – kx) .....(1)

 dy 
(iii) The excess pressure (stress) is given by : P = – B  
 dx 
From eq. (1) (dy/dx) = –Ak cos (t – kx)
Hence, P = ABk cos (t – kx) = P0 cos (t – kx) .....(2)
where P0 = pressure amplitude = ABk.

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(iv) The pressure wave is 90° out of phase with respect to the displacement wave i.e., displacement will be
maximum when the pressure is minimum and vice-versa.
(v) The amplitude of the pressure wave is given by :
P0 = ABk = Akv2 ( v = B/ )

or P0 = vA(kv) = vA ( v = / K )

ENERGY, POWER AND INTENSITY OF SOUND WAVE

(i) If  is the density of the medium, kinetic energy of the wave per unit volume is given by:
1 1
KE  (dy / dt ) 2   2 A 2 cos 2 (t  kx )
2 2
Its maximum value will be equal to energy per unit volume [as (KE)max = (PE)max = E], i.e., energy density
U.
1 2 2
So, U =  A .....(1)
2
(ii) Hence, the energy associated with a volume Sx will be:
1 2 2
E = U V =  A Sx .......(2)
2

E 1 2 2  x 
Hence, Power P = =  A Sv Q v   .......(3)
t 2  t 
(iii) Now, as intensity is defined as average energy transmitted per unit normal area per sec, i.e., power per
unit area, so
E P 1 2 2
I= = = v A ......(4)
S t S 2
(iv) The SI unit of intensity is W/m2. However as human ear responds to sound intensities over a wide range,
i.e., from 10–12 W/m2 to 1W/m2, so instead of specifying intensity of sound in W/m2, we use a logarithmic
scale of intensity called sound level, which is defined as,

I
SL = 10 log   ......(7)
 I0 
(v) We also use dB as a relative measure to compare different sounds with one another, rather than with
reference intensity, as for two intensities I1 and I2,
I1 I1 I1
SL1 – SL2 = 10 log – 10 log = 10 log .....(9)
I2 I2 I2
i.e., two sounds whose intensity ratio is 2 differ in SL by 10 log 2 = 3 dB.
(viii) With increase in distance from the source, the total energy or power transmitted remains the same but
intensity decreases, for an isotropic point source of power P, intensity I at a distance r from it will be :
P P
 I .....(10)
S 4 r 2
As for a given medium and source,
I  A2 .....(11)
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So, from equations (11) and (12),
1
A2 
r2

1 1
i.e., for spherical waves, I  2 and A 
r r
(ix) In case of electromagnetic waves (e.g., light or radio waves),

1 E 1
I EB with C and C
µ0 B µ0  0

SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
01. Reflection and refraction of waves:
(i) In case of reflection from a denser medium or rigid support or fixed end there is inversion of the reflected
displacement wave, i.e., if the incident wave is given by:
y = Ai sin (t – kx)
the reflected wave will be:
y = – Ar sin (t + kx) = Ar sin (t + kx + )
i.e., the phase of the displacement wave changes by  in case of reflection from a denser medium or
rigid support or fixed end, while in case of reflection from rarer medium there is no inversion of wave or
phase change. The transmitted wave is never inverted.
02. Echo:
(i) An echo can be cited as an example of reflection of sound from a distant object such as hill or cliff. It is
basically a sound of short duration reflected back to the observer 0.1 sec or more after the production of
original sound.
(ii) If there is a sound reflector at a distance d from the source, the time interval between original sound and
its echo at the site of source will be:
d d 2d
t  
v v v
(iii) If a person standing between two parallel hills fires a gun and hears the first echo after t1 sec, the second
echo after t2 sec and v is the velocity of sound, then the distance between the two hills is given by:
s1+s2 = (vt1/ 2) + (vt2/ 2) = [v(t1+ t2)/ 2]
03. Principle of Superposition :
(i) If two or more waves arrive simultaneously in a medium, the particles of the medium are subjected to
two or more simultaneous displacements and a new wave is produced. This phenomenon of intermixing
of two or more waves to produce a new wave is called superposition of waves.
(ii) In case of superposition of waves, the resultant wave function at any point is the algebraic sum of the
wave-functions is individual waves, i.e.,
y = y1 + y2 + y3 + ............
This principle is called principle of superposition.
(iii) Principle of superposition holds good as long as the amplitude of wave is not too large, i.e., the restoring
force is proportional to the displacement.
04. Interference of sound waves :
(i) We know that intensity of a wave,
I = (1/2)v2 A2 = KA2 (with K = (1/2) v2 )

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So, the intensity of resultant wave
I = K [A12  A 22  2A1A 2 cos ] = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos 
(ii) Resultant intensity I at P is not just the sum of intensities due to separate waves (I1 + I2) but different and
depends on phase difference , i.e., position of point P. Hence,
(a) Intensity will be minimum when cos  = min. = –1 i.e.,  =  , 3, 5,....... or  = (2n –1) with n =1, 2,
3....... or (2/) x = (2n – 1) or x = (2n – 1)() with n = 1, 2, 3............ and Imin = (I1 + I2 – 2 I1I 2 =

( I1  I 2 ) 2 = (A1 – A2)2
i.e., intensity will be minimum at those points where path difference is odd integral multiple of (/2)
and minimum intensity is lesser than the sum of two intensities (I1 + I2). These points are called points of
destructive interference or interference minima.
05. Some important point concerning interference of sound waves :
(i) All maxima are equally separated from each other and equally loud. Same is also true for minima.
(ii) Maxima and minima occur alternately.

I max ( A1  A 2 ) 2 I A2
(iii)  with 1  1 If I = I = I , I . = 4I and I . = 0
I min ( A1  A 2 ) 2 I 2 A 22 1 2 0 max 0 min

(iv) In interference the intensity in maxima exceeds the sum of individual intensities by an amount 2 I1I 2

while in minima the intensity lacks (I1 + I2) by the same amount 2 I1I 2 . This implies that in interference
energy is neither created nor destroyed but is only redistributed.
(v) For producing sustained interference effects, waves must be coherent. The waves arriving at the point
of interference must have constant phase difference.
06. Beats
(i) When two notes (or two sounds waves) of nearly equal frequency travelling in same direction superpose
each other at a given point, then the intensity of the resulting sound rises and falls periodically. This
periodic rise and fall in the intensity of sound at a given point is called as beats.
(ii) The frequency of the resultant harmonic wave is nav = (n1 + n2)/2 while the frequency of the amplitude of
resultant wave is nA = (n1 – n2)/2.
(iii) (b) Time interval between two successive maxima = 1/(n1 – n2).
(c) The number of maxima per sec or beat frequency = (n1 – n2).
07. Some important points concerning beats :
(i) If two sound waves of wavelengths A and B produce n beats, then the velocity of sound is given by:

v v n A  B
~ =n or v
1  2 B   A .
(ii) If two open resonating air columns (closed) produce n beats per second, then velocity of sound is given
by:

v v  2nl l   4nl l 
~  n or v   1 2  (for open pipe) and v   1 2  (for closed pipe)
2l1 2l 2  l2 ~ l2   l2 ~ l2 
08. Stationary or standing waves :
(i) The points for which the amplitude is minimum are called nodes and for these,
cos kx = 0 or kx = (2n – 1) (/2)

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 3 5  3 5
or kx = , , ,...... or x = , , ,......
2 2 2 4 4 4
This shows that in a stationary wave that distance between two adjacent nodes is ( /2) and they are
equally spaced.
(ii) The points for which the amplitude is maximum are called antinodes and for these cos kx = ± 1 or kx = 0,
 2 3
, 2, 3, ...... or x = 0,, , ,......
2 2 2
This shows that the distance between two adjacent antinodes is also equal to ( /2) and they are also
equally spaced. Moreover, Amax = ± 2a.
(iii) In case of longitudinal waves, pressure waves and displacement waves differ in phase by (  /2). At
nodes, where the displacement is minimum, the pressure will be maximum and at antinodes where the
displacement is maximum, the pressure will be minimum.
(vi) (a) As in stationary waves, nodes are permanently at rest, so energy cannot be transmitted across them,
i.e., energy of one region (segment) is confined in that region only.
(b) However, this energy oscillates between elastic potential energy and kinetic energy of the particles
of the medium. When the particles are at their extreme positions, KE is minimum and elastic PE is
maximum, When the particles pass through the mean position, KE will be maximum and PE will be
minimum. The total energy confined in the segment remains constant.

VIBRATIONS OF STRINGS, RODS AND AIR COLUMNS

1. Velocity of transverse mechanical waves:
(i) If T is the tension in the string and m is linear density of the string, then velocity of transverse wave
propagating along the string is given by:
v= (T / m ) . . .(1)
(iii) If  be the density of the material of the string and A be its cross-sectional area, then m = A and eq. (1)
can be rewritten as follows:
v= (T / A ) = (S /  ) [where S = stress = (T /A)]
(iv) If tension in different strings is kept constant, then

v2 A1 r
 1 [r1 and r2 are the radii of two strings]
v1 A2 r2
This equation shows that velocity in a thinner wire is more than in a thicker wire.
(v) If linear density  is kept constant, v  T , i.e., we can write:

v2 T2 M 2g M2
  
v1 T1 M1g M1
(vi) If a wire held fixed at the two ends by rigid supports is just taut at t 1 ° C, then the velocity of the
transverse wave at t2 ° C is given by:

T YA dt Y dt
v  
m A 
(where dt is equal to the difference of temperatures t1 and t2).

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(vii) (a) If a wire of uniform cross-section is stretched between two supports, fixed at one end and a load M
is hung over a pulley at the other end, then the velocity of transverse wave is given by:
 ( Mg / m )
(b) If the suspended weight is immersed in a liquid of density , then the velocity of wave is given by:

 
mg 1  
Mg  Vg   
v1  
m m
where ' is the density of the material of the load suspended.

DOPPLER EFFECT
(i) When a source of sound or an observer or both are in motion relative to air, there is an apparent change
in the frequency of sound as heard by the observer. This phenomenon is called Doppler effect.
(ii) Case I: Moving source approaches a stationary observer :
(b) The apparent frequency will be :
v
n = n i.e., n > n
v  vs
(iii) Case II : Moving source recedes from a stationary observer :
v
(b) The apparent frequency will be : n = n,
v  v s i.e., n < n
(iv) Case III: Observer moving towards a stationary source :
(a) The apparent frequency is given by
v  vO
n =  n , i.e., n > n
v
(v) Case IV : Observer moving away from stationary source :
(a) The apparent frequency is given by :
v  vO
n =  n , i.e., n < n
v
(vi) Case V: Source and observer moving towards each other:
The apparent frequency is given by :
v  vO
n =  n, i.e, n > n
v  vs
(vii) Case VI: Source and observer moving away from each other:

 v  vO 
The apparent frequency is n =    n , i.e., n < n
 v  v s 

(viii) Case VII: Source moving towards observer and observer moving away from source :

 v  vO 
The apparent frequency is n =    n
 v  vs 

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(ix) Case VIII: Source moving away from observer and observer moving towards source :

 v  vO 
The apparent frequency is n =    n
 v  vs 
(x) (a) The Doppler effect in sound does not take place in the transverse direction.
(b) For the position of source S shown on left in the Figure given below, the component of velocity of source
towards the observer is vs cos  . Thus, the source is effectively approaching the observer with velocity
vs cos . For this situation, the approach frequency will be :
v
n  n
v  v s cos 

Note that n will now be a function of angle , i.e., n will no more be constant
(c) For the situation shown on right, the source is moving away from the observer with velocity
component vs cos . Therefore, the apparent frequency for this position will be:
v
n  n
v  v s cos 
(d) If  = 90º, then vs cos  = 0 and there is no shift in the frequency, i.e., for source at position T and
moving transverse to the line joining S and O, Doppler effect does not occur.

DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT

(a) Doppler effect holds good not only for sound waves but also for electromagnetic waves, including
microwaves, radio waves and visible light.
(b) There occurs a transverse doppler shift for light.
(a) When a light source is receding (moving away) from an observer with a relative velocity v, then the
apparent frequency is less than the frequency emitted by the source, given by :

1 v / c
n  n
1 v / c
When a light source is approaching an observer with a relative velocity v, then the apparent frequency
observed by the observer is more than the frequency emitted by the source or the apparent wave
length decreases, i.e., shifts towards the blue end of the spectrum.

1 v / c
n  n
1 v / c

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TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
Kind of wave, wave equation 05. The phase difference between two points
01. A uniform rope of length L and mass m 1 hangs separated by 1 m in a wave of frequency 120 Hz is
vertically from a rigid support. A block of mass m2 90°. The wave velocity is
is attached to the free end of the rope. A transverse (1) 180 m/s (2) 240 m/s
wave pulse of wavelength  1 is produced at the (3) 480 m/s (4) 720 m/s
lower end of the rope. The wavelength of the pulse,
when it reaches the top of the rope is 2. The ratio 06. If the equation of a progressive wave is given by :
2/1 is  t x 
y  4 sin     
m1  m 2 5 9 6 
m1
(1) (2) m2 Then which of the following is correct ?
m2
(1) v = 5 cm/s (2) =18 m
m2 m1  m 2 (3) A = 0.04 cm (4) f = 50 Hz
(3) (4) m1
m1
07. For the wave shown in figure given below, the
frequency and wavelength, if its speed is 320 m/s
02. Statement 1 : Newton's equation for speed of are
sound in air consider process as isothermal.
Statement 2 : Flow of sound wave in a medium is
very fast. Quick process suppress heat exchange,
hence this process must be adiabatic in nature.
(1) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True.
(2) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False.
(3) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is Truc.
(4) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is False.
(1) 8 cm, 400 Hz (2) 80 cm, 40 Hz
03. The equation for the displacement of a stretched
(3) 8 cm, 4000 Hz (4) 40 cm, 8000 Hz
string is given by :
 t x  08. A simple harmonic wave train of amplitude 2 cm
y  4 sin 2  
 0 .02 100  and time period 0.01 s is travelling with a velocity
Where y and x are in cm and t in sec. The (i) of 10 m/s in the positive x-direction. The
frequency (ii) velocity of the wave (iii) maximum displacement of the particle from the mean
particle velocity are : position, the particle velocity and particle
(1) 50 Hz, 50 m/s, 20  m/s acceleration at x = 150 cm from the origin and at t =
(2) 50 Hz, 20 m/s, 50 m/s 3 s are :
(3) 50 Hz, 50 m/s, 2 m/s (1) 0, 0, 0 (2) 0, 400  cm/s, 0
(3) 0, 0, 400  cm/s 2 (4) 400 cm, 0, 0
(4) 50 Hz, 50 m/s, 4 m/s

04. Two waves of frequencies 25 Hz and 35 Hz travel 09. The distance between two points differing in phase
out from a common point. How will they differ in by 60° on a wave having a wave velocity 360 m/s
phase at the end of 0.75 s ? and frequency 500 Hz is :
(1) 15  (2)  (1) 0.72 metre (2) 0.18 metre
(3) 7  (4) 2  (3) 0.12 metre (4) 0.36 metre

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10. A hospital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate 16. If the displacement of a particle executing SHM is
tumours in a tissue. The operating frequency of given by :
the scanner is 4.2 MHz. The speed of sound in a y = 0.30 sin (220t + 0.64)m
tissue 1.7 km/s. The wavelength of sound in tissue then the frequency and maximum velocity of the
is close to : particle is:
(1) 4×10–4 m (2) 8×10–4 m (1) 35 Hz, 66 m/s (2) 45 Hz, 66 m/s
–3
(3) 4×10 m (4) 8×10–3 m (3) 58 Hz, 113 m/s (4) 35 Hz, 132 m/s

11. A wave is represented by the equation : 17. In a sinusoidal wave, the time required for a
particular point to move from maximum
 
y  7 sin  7 t  0.04 x   displacement to zero displacement is 0.17 s. The
 3
frequency of the wave is:
Where x is in metre and t in second. The speed of (1) 1.47 Hz (2) 0.36 Hz
the waves is : (3) 0.73 Hz (4) 2.94 Hz
(1) (175 ) m / s (2) (49) m / s
(3) (49/) m/s (4) (0.28) m / s
 t
18. For the wave y  20 sin 2 5x   , the correct one
 2
12. A transverse wave is described by the equation
is:
 x (When x is in metre and t in sec)
y  y 0 sin 2 ft   . The maximum particle velocity
  (1) amplitude is 20 m and frequency is 2
is equal to four times the wave velocity if : (2) wavelength is 20 m and frequency is 1
y 0 y 0 (3) frequency is 1/2 and wavelength is 20 cm
(1)   (2)   (4)  = 2 and k =  / 2
4 2
(3)  = y0 (4)  = y0
19. The equation of a wave moving on a string is y = 8
sin 2(0.01x – 2.00t) where y and x are in cm and t
13. y = 25 cos (2t–x) is the wave equation. Then the
in second. The amplitude of the wave is :
amplitude and frequency are respectively :
(1) 200 cm (2) 100 cm
(1) 100, 25 (2) 200, 25
(3) 50 cm (4) 8 cm
(3) 25, 100 (4) 25, 1.00
20. The equation of a wave is represented by
14. Velocity of sound waves in air is 330 m/s. For a
particular sound in air, a path difference of 40 cm is y = 10–4 sin 100t  x  m, then the velocity of wave
equivalent to a phase difference of 1.6. The  10 
frequency of the wave is : will be :
(1) 165 Hz (2) 150 Hz (1) 100 m/s (2) 4 m/s
(3) 660 Hz (4) 330 Hz (3) 1000 m/s (4) zero

15. A simple harmonic wave is represented by the 21. The phase difference between two points
relation : separated by 0.8 m in a wave of frequency 120 Hz is
0.5 . The wave velocity is :
 x (1) 144 m/s (2) 256 m/s
y( x , t )  a 0 sin 2 vt  
   (3) 384 m/s (4) 724 m/s
If the maximum particle velocity is three times the
wave velocity, the wavelength  of the wave is : 22. A sings with a frequency (n) and B sings with a
(1) a0 / 3 (2) 2a0 / 3 frequency (1/8) that of A. If the energy remains
(3) a0 (4) a0 / 2 the same and the amplitude of A is a then
amplitude of B is:
(1) a (2) 2a (3) 8a (4) 16a

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23. The equation of a wave is : 29. The ratio of velocity of sound in hydrogen and
oxygen at STP is :
 t x
x  5 sin   cm (1) 16 : 1 (2) 8 : 1
 0 .04 4
(3) 4 : 1 (4) 2 : 1
Find the maximum velocity of the particles of the
medium. 30. The power of sound from the speaker of a radio is
(1) 1 m/s (2) 1.5 m/s 20 mW. By turning the knob of volume control the
(3) 1.25 m/s (4) 2 m/s power of sound is increased to 400 mW. The
intensity level increases by:
24. A wave is represented by the equation : (1) 1.3 dB (2) 3.1 dB
y = 0.1 sin (100t – kx) (3) 13 dB (4) 30.1 dB
If wave velocity is 100 m/s, its angular wave number
is equal to : 31. A point source emits sound equally in all directions
(1) 1 m–1 (2) 2 m–1 (3)  m–1 (4) 2 m–1 in a non-absorbing medium. Two points P and Q
are at distances of 2 m and 3 m respectively from
25. A boat at anchor is rocked by waves whose crests the source. The ratio of the intensities of the waves
are 100 m apart and velocity is 25 m/s. The boat at P and Q is :
bounces up once in every : (1) 9 : 4 (2) 2 : 3
(1) 2500 s (2) 75 s (3) 3 : 2 (4) 4 : 9
(3) 4 s (4) 0.25 s
32. An increase in intensity level of 1 decibel implies
26. A wave is represented by the equation an increase in intensity of :

(1) 1%

y = A sin 10x  15t   (2) 3.01%
 3
(3) 26%
Where x is in metre and t is in second. The (4) 0.1%
expression represents.
(1) a wave travelling in the positive x-direction with
33. A small speaker delivers 2 W of audio output. At
a velocity of 1.5 m/s
what distance from the speaker will one detect 120
(2) a wave travelling in the negative x-direction
dB intensity of sound? [Given reference intensity
with a velocity of 1.5 m/s
of sound as 10–12 W/m2]
(3) a wave travelling in the negative x-direction
(1) 10 cm (2) 30 cm
with a wavelength of 0.5 metre
(3) 40 cm (4) 20 cm
(4) a wave travelling in the positive x-direction with
a wavelength of 0.2 metre
34. A string of 5.5m length has a mass of 0.035 kg. If the
tension in the string is 77 N, then the speed of a
Wave speed in medium, power, intensity wave on the string is :
27. Oxygen is 16 times heavier than hydrogen. The (1) 77 m/s (2) 102 m/s
equal volumes of hydrogen and oxygen are mixed. (3) 110 m/s (4) 164 m/s
The ratio of speed of sound in the mixture to that
in hydrogen is :
Super position of wave, interference
1 2 32 35. Three waves of equal frequencies having
(1) 8 (2) (3) (4) amplitudes 10m, 4m and 7m arrive at given
8 17 17
point with successive phase difference of /2. The
amplitude of the resulting wave in m is given by:
28. Two waves are represented by the following
equations : (1) 7 (2) 6
y1 = 5 sin 2(10t – 0.1x) (3) 5 (4) 4
and y2 = 10sin 2(20t – 0.2x)
Ratio of intensities I 2 / I1 will be :
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 16
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36. Two sinusoidal plane waves of the same frequency 42. A stretched string instead of being plucked in the
having intensities I 0 and 4I 0 are travelling in the middle is plucked at a point (1/4) th of its length
same direction. The resultant intensity at a point from either of its ends. The frequency of vibration
at which waves meet with a phase difference of would be:
zero radian is: (1) four times when plucked in the middle
(1) I0 (2) 5I0 (2) twice when plucked in the middle
(3) 9I0 (4) 3I0 (3) eight times when plucked in the middle
(4) same as when plucked
37. If two waves of same frequency and same
amplitude respectively, on superposition, produce 43. When the string of a sonometer wire of length L,
a resultant disturbance of the same amplitude, the vibrates in the first overtone, the amplitude of
waves differ in phase by : vibration is maximum at
(1)  (2) 2 / 3 L 5L 7L L
(3)  / 3 (4) 3 (1) , , (2)
8 8 8 2

38. The displacement of a particle executing periodic L 3L L 3L 5L

(3) , (4) , ,
motion is given by : 4 4 6 6 6
y = 4cos2 (t/2) sin (1000t)
This expression may be considered to be a result 44. A stretched wire of length 114 cm is divided into
of superposition of : three segments whose frequencies are in ratio 1 :
(1) two waves (2) three waves 3 : 4; the lengths of the segments must be in the
(3) four waves (4) five waves ratio :
(1) 18 : 24 : 72
Standing waves (2) 24 : 72 : 18
(3) 24 : 18 : 72
39. The vibrations of four air columns of same length (4) 72 : 24 : 18
are represented in figure. The ratio of frequencies
np : nq : nr : ns is 45. If an closed organ pipe is sounded with a tuning
fork having frequency 256 Hz, resonance occurs at
35 cm and 105 cm, the velocity of sound is :
(1) 360 m/s (2) 512 m/s
(1) 12:6:3:4 (2) 1:2:4:3 (3) 524 m/s (4) 180 m/s
(3) 4:2:3:1 (4) 6:2:3:4
46. A long glass tube is held vertically in water. A tuning
40. A pipe closed at one end produces a fundamental fork is struck and held over the tube. Strong
note of 412 Hz. It is cut into two pieces of equal resonances are observed at two successive lengths
length, the fundamental notes produced by the 0.50 m and 0.84 m above the surface of water. If the
two pieces are velocity of sound is 340 m/s, then the frequency of
(1) 824 Hz, 1648 Hz (2) 412 Hz, 824 Hz the tuning fork is :
(3) 206 Hz, 412 Hz (4) 216 Hz, 824 Hz (1) 128 Hz (2) 256 Hz
(3) 384 Hz (4) 500 Hz
41. The vibrations of a string of length 60 cm fixed at
both ends are represented by the equation : 47. An open pipe of length 33 cm resonates to a
y = 4sin (x/15) cos (96 t) frequency of 1000 Hz. It is (Take, vsound = 330 ms–1)
Where x and y are in cm and t in second. The (1) fundamental frequency of pipe
maximum displacement at x = 5 cm is : (2) first harmonic of pipe
(1) 2 3 cm (2) 3 2 cm (3) second harmonic of pipe
(4) fourth harmonic of pipe
(3) 2 cm (4) 3 cm

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48. A closed organ pipe of length L and an open organ 54. A number of tuning forks are arranged in the order
pipe contain gases of densities  1 and  2 of increasing frequency and any two successive
respectively. The compressibility of gases are equal tuning forks produce 4 beats per second, when
in both the pipes. Both the pipes are vibrating in sounded together. If the last tuning fork has a
their first overtone with same frequency. The frequency octave higher than that of the first
length of the open organ pipe is : tuning fork has a frequency of the first tuning fork
L 4L is 256 Hz, then the number of tuning forks is:
(1) (2) (1) 63 (2) 64 (3) 65 (4) 66
3 3

4L 1 4L  2 55. Assertion : When two vibrating tuning forks have

(3) 3 2 (4) 3 1 f1 = 300 Hz and f2 = 350 Hz and held close to each
other, beats cannot be heard.
Reason : The principle of superposition is valid only
49. The equation of stationary wave along a stretched
when f1–f2 < 10 Hz
string is given by :
In the light of the above statements. Choose the
x most appropriate answer from the options given
y  sin cos 40t
3 below
Where x and y are in cm and t in second. The (1) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct.
separation between two adjacent nodes is : (2) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
(1) 1.5 cm (2) 3 cm explanation of (A).
(3) 6 cm (4) 4 cm (3) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A).
50. A tuning fork is in resonance with air columns of (4) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
length 0.16 m and 0.5 m in a resonance tube. If the
velocity of sound is 340m/s, the frequency of the 56. When two tuning forks (fork 1 and fork 2) are
tuning fork is : sounded simultaneously, 4 beats per second are
(1) 500 Hz (2) 1000 Hz heard. Now, some tape is attached on the prong of
(3) 250 Hz (4) 750 Hz fork 2. When the tuning forks are sounded again, 6
beats per sound are heard. If the frequency of fork
51. If the velocity of sound in air is 350 m/s, then the 1 is 200 Hz, then what was the original frequency of
fundamental frequency of an open organ pipe is fork 2 ?
length 50 cm is : (1) 196 Hz (2) 204 Hz
(1) 350 Hz (2) 520 Hz (3) 200 Hz (4) 202 Hz
(3) 300 Hz (4) 20 Hz
57. There are 26 tuning forks arranged in the decreasing
52. The transverse displacement of a string fixed at order of their frequencies. Each tuning fork gives 3
beats with the next. The first one is octave of the
2x 
both ends is given by y = 0.06 sin   cos (100t) last. What is the frequency of 18th. tuning fork ?
 3 
(1) 100 Hz (2) 99 Hz
where x and y are in metres and t is in seconds. The (3) 96 Hz (4) 103 Hz
length of the string is 1.5 m and its mass is 3.0 ×
10–2kg. What is the tension in the string?
58. Two sound wave with wavelengths 5.0 m and 5.5 m
(1) 225 N (2) 300 N (3) 450 N (4) 675 N
respectively, each propagate in a gas with velocity
330 m /s. We expect the following number of beats
Beats per second.
53. 56 tuning fork are so arranged in series that each
(1) 6 (2) 12
fork gives 4 beats per second more than the
previous one. The frequency of the last fork is 3 (3) 0 (4) 1
times that of the first. The frequency of the first
fork is :
(1) 110 (2) 56 (3) 60 (4) 52

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59. A tuning fork A produces 4 beats per second with (1) 50 Hz (2) 100 Hz
another tuning fork B of frequency 320 Hz. On filing (3) 150 Hz (4) 200 Hz
one of the prongs of A, 4 beats per second are again
heard when sounded with the same fork B. Then 66. A source of sound S is moving with a velocity of 50
the frequency of the fork A before filing is : m/s towards a stationary observer. The observer
(1) 328 m/s (2) 316 m/s measures the frequency of the source as 1000 Hz.
(3) 324 Hz (4) 320 Hz What will be the apparent frequency of the source
when it is moving away from the observer after
60. A tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz produces 10 beats crossing him ? (The velocity of the sound in the
per sec when sounded with a vibrating sonometer medium is 350m/s.)
string. What must have been the frequency of the (1) 750 Hz (2) 857 Hz
string if a slight increase in tension produces fewer (3) 1143 Hz (4) 1333 Hz
beats per sec than before ?
(1) 460 Hz (2) 470 Hz 67. Two trains, one coming towards and another going
(3) 480 Hz (4) 490 Hz away from an observer both at 4 m/s produce a
whistle simultaneously of frequency 300 Hz. Find
61. A tuning fork of frequency 200 Hz is in unison with the number of beats produced :
a sonometer wire. The number of beats heard per (1) 5 (2) 6
second when the tension is increased by one per (3) 7 (4) 12
cent is :
(1) 2 (2) 1 68. The difference between the apparent frequencies
(3) (1/2) (4) 4 of a source of sound as perceived by a stationary
observer during its approach and recession is 2%
62. A stretched sonometer wire is in unison with a of the actual frequency of the source. If the speed
tuning fork. When the length of the wire is increase of sound is 300m/s. the speed of he source is :
by 2%, the number of beats heard per second is 5. (1) 12 m/s (2) 6 m/s
Then the frequency of the fork is : (3) 1.5 m/s (4) 3 m/s
(1) 245 Hz (2) 250 Hz
(3) 255 Hz (4) 260 Hz 69. A whistle giving out 450 Hz approaches a stationary
observer at a speed of 33 m/s. The frequency heard
63. A string oscillating at fundamental frequency under by the observer in Hz is :
a tension of 225 N produces 6 beats per second
(1) 409 (2) 429 (2) 517 (4) 500
with a sonometer. If the tension is 256 N, then again
oscillating at fundamental note it produces 6 beats
per second with the same sonometer. What is the 70. A source moving towards an observer with a speed
frequency of the sonometer ? of 20m/s and having frequency of 240 Hz. The
(1) 256 (2) 225 (3) 280 (4) 186 observer is moving towards the source with a
velocity of 20 m/s. Apparent frequency heard by
64. A sonometer string and a tuning fork when sounded observer if velocity of sound is 340 m/s is :
together give 6 beats/s, whether the length of (1) 270 Hz (2) 240 Hz
sonometer string is 95 cm or 100 cm. The frequency (3) 268 Hz (4) 360 Hz
of tuning fork is :
(1) 262 Hz (2) 256 Hz (3) 260 Hz (4) 234 Hz 71. Two trains move towards each other with the same
speed. The speed of sound is 340m/s. If the height
Doppler effect of the tone of the whistle of one of them heard by
65. A source of sound emitting a tone of frequency 200 the other changes 9/8 times, then the speed of each
Hz moves towards an observer with a velocity v train should be :
equal to the velocity of sound. If the observer also (1) 20 m/s (2) 2 m/s
moves away from the source with the same velocity (3) 200 m/s (4) 2000 m/s
v, the apparent frequency heard by the observer
is:
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72. One train is approaching an observer at rest and 79. A source of sound emitting a tone of frequency 400
another train is receding from him with the same Hz moves towards an observer with a velocity v
velocity 4 m/s. Both the trains blow whistles of same equal to the velocity of sound. If the observer also
frequency of 243 Hz. The beat frequency in Hz as moves away from the source with the same velocity
heard by the observer is: (speed of sound in air = 320 v, then the apparent frequency heard by the
m/s) observer is :
(1) 10 (2) 6 (3) 4 (4) 1 (1) 100 Hz (2) 200 Hz
(3) 300 Hz (4) 400 Hz
73. A bus is moving with velocity of 5 m/s towards a
huge wall. The driver sounds a horn of frequency SECTION - B
165 Hz. If the speed of sound in air is 335 m/s, the
number of beats heard per second by the 01. Water waves produced by a motor boat sailing in
passengers in the bus will be : water are [NCERT Exemplar]
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6 (1) neither longitudinal nor transverse.
(2) both longitudinal and transverse.
74. A car with a horn of frequency 620 Hz travels towards (3) only longitudinal.
a large wall with a speed of 20 m/s. If the velocity (4) only transverse.
of sound is 330 m/s, the frequency of echo of sound
of horn as heard by the driver is : 02. Sound waves of wavelength  travelling in a
(1) 700 Hz (2) 660 Hz medium with a speed of v m/s enter into another
(3) 620 Hz (4) 550 Hz medium where its speed is 2v m/s.
Wavelength of sound waves in the second medium
is [NCERT Exemplar]
75. A source of sound of frequency 90Hz is approaching
(1)  (2) /2 (3) 2  (4) 4 
a stationary observer with a speed equal to 1/10
the speed of sound. What will be the frequency
03. Speed of sound wave in air [NCERT Exemplar]
heard by the observer ?
(1) is independent of temperature.
(1) 80 Hz (2) 90 Hz (2) increases with pressure.
(3) 100 Hz (4) 120 Hz (3) increases with increase in humidity.
(4) decreases with increase in humidity.
76. A car sounding a horn of frequency 1000 Hz passes
an observer. The ratio of frequencies of the horn 04. Change in temperature of the medium changes
noted by the observer before and after the passing [NCERT Exemplar]
of the car is 11:9. If the speed of sound is v, the (1) frequency of sound waves.
speed of the car is : (2) amplitude of sound waves.
v v
(3) wavelength of sound waves.
v
(1) (2) (3) (4) v (4) loudness of sound waves.
10 2 5
77. What should be the velocity of a sound source 05. With propagation of longitudinal waves through a
moving towards a stationary observer so that medium, the quantity transmitted is
apparent frequency is double the actual frequency? [NCERT Exemplar]
Velocity of sound is v : (1) matter.
v v (2) energy.
(1) v (2) 2v (3) (4)
2 4 (3) energy and matter.
(4) energy, matter and momentum.
78. A source is moving away with velocity 0.2v, where
v is the velocity of sound. If the source sounds a 06. Which of the following statements are true for
frequency of 800 Hz. What is the apparent wave motion? [NCERT Exemplar]
frequency heard by the stationary listener ? (1) Mechanical transverse waves can propagate
(1) 667 Hz (2) 660 Hz through all mediums.
(3) 956 Hz (4) 867 Hz
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(2) Longitudinal waves can propagate through (1) 1.05 cm (2) 115.5 cm
solids only. (3) 92.5 cm (4) 113.5 cm
(3) Mechanical transverse waves can propagate
through solids only. 11. In a stationary wave represented by
(4) Longitudinal waves can propagate through y = 2acos (kx) sin (t) the Intensity at a certain point
vacuum. is maximum when [NTA Abhyas-03-01]
(1) cos (kx) is maximum
07. A sound wave is passing through air column in the (2) cos (kx) is minimum
form of compression and rarefaction. In (3) sin(t) is maximum
consecutive compressions and rarefactions, (4) sin(t) is minimum
[NCERT Exemplar]
(1) density remains constant. 12. The amplitude of the two waves is in ratio 5 : 2. If
(2) Boyle’s law is obeyed. all other conditions for the two waves are same,
(3) bulk modulus of air oscillates. then what Is the ratio of their energy densities?
(4) there is no transfer of heat. [NTA Abhyas-06-11]
(1) 5 : 2 (2) 5 : 4
08. A string of mass 2.5 kg is under a tension of 200 N. (3) 4 : 5 (4) 25 : 4
The length of the stretched string is 20.0 m. If the
transverse jerk is struck at one end of the string, 13. The ends of a stretched wire of length L are fixed at
the disturbance will reach the other end in x = 0 and x = L. In one experiment the displacement
[NCERT Exemplar]
 x 
(1) one second of the wire is y1  A sin  sin t and energy is E1
 L 
(2) 0.5 second
(3) 2 seconds and in other experiment its displacement is
(4) data given is insufficient.  2x 
y 2  A sin   sin 2t and energy is E2. Then
 L 
09. A train whistling at constant frequency is moving [NTA Abhyas-06-35]
towards a station at a constant speed V. The train (1) E2 = El (2) E2 = 2E1
goes past a stationary observer on the station. The (3) E2 = 4E1 (4) E2 = 16E1
frequency n of the sound as heard by the observer
is plotted as a function of time t. Identify the 14. The fundamental frequency of a string stretched
expected curve. [NCERT Exemplar] with a weight of 4 kg is 256 Hz. The weight required
n n to produce Its octave is [NTA Abhyas-07-11]
(1) 16 kg – wt
(2) 12 kg – wt
(3) 24 kg – wt
(1) (2) (4) 8 kg – wt
t t 15. A big explosion on the moon cannot be heard on
the earth because [NTA Abhyas-08-04]
n
(1) the explosion produces high frequency sound
n waves which are Inaudible
(2) sound waves require a material medium for
propagation
(3) (4) (3) sound waves are absorbed in the atmosphere
of moon
t
t (4) sound waves are absorbed in the earths
10. In a resonance pipe the first and second resonance atmosphere
are obtained at depths 22.7 cm and 70.2 cm
respectively. What will be the end correction?
[NTA Abhyas-02-29]
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16. The equation of a wave on a string of linear mass 22. A wave of frequency 500 Hz has a velocity of 350 m/
density 0.04 kgm–1 is given by s. The distance between two nearest points on the
wave which are 60° out of phase with each other
  t x 
y  0.02(m) sin 2   .The tension will be around [NTA Abhyas-12-43]
  0.04(s) 0.50(m )  (1) 70 cm (2) 0.7 m
in the string is [NTA Abhyas-09-41] (3) 12.0 cm (4) 120.0 cm
(1) 4.0 N (2) 12.5 N
(3) 0.25 N (4) 6.25 N 23. A man is standing between a stationary source and
cliff. When he starts moving along line joining him
17. A transverse wave pulse is generated at the free and source, he hears 10 beats per second. The
end of a string which is hanging from a rigid support. velocity of man is [frequency of source = 600 Hz,
The speed of the wave pulse at distance x from the velocity of sound = 330 m s–1]
free end is proportional to [NTA Abhyas-10-16] [NTA Abhyas-13-25]
(1) x2 (2) x (1) 5.5 m/s (2) 11 m/s
(3) 16.5 m/s (4) 2.75 m/s
(3) x (4) 1 x
24. An earthquake generates both transverse (S) and
18. While performing a resonance column experiment longitudinal (P) sound waves in the earth. The
to measure the speed of sound, a student gets the speed of S waves is about 6 km s–1 and that of P
first resonance condition at a column length of 18 waves is about 9 km s–1. A seismograph records P
cm during winter. Repeating the same experiment and S waves from an earthquake. The first P wave
during summer, she measures the column length arrives 5 minute before the first S wave. The
to be x cm for the second resonance. Then epicenter of the earthquake is located at a distance
[NTA Abhyas-10-17] of about– [NTA Abhyas-13-26]
(1) x < 18 (2) x > 54 (1) 54 km (2) 540 km
(3) 18 < x < 36 (4) 18 < x < 54 (3) 5400 km (4) 72 km

19. Find the phase difference between two waves 25. A tuning fork of frequency 100 Hz when sounded
which are represented by together with another tuning fork of unknown
yl = 10–6 sin [100t + (x/50) + 0.5] m frequency produces 2 beats per second. On loading
y2 = 10–6 cos [100t + (x/50)] m the tuning fork whose frequency is not known and
[where x is expressed in meters and t is expressed sounded together with a tuning fork of frequency
in seconds] [NTA Abhyas-10-29] 100 Hz produces one beat, then the frequency of
(1) 1.07 radians (2) 2.07 radians the other tuning fork is [NTA Abhyas-14-23]
(3) 0.5 radians (4) 1.5 radians (1) 102 (2) 98
(3) 99 (4) 101
20. xl = 12 sin(484t – 7x) and
x2 = 12 sin(480t – 7x) represent the equation of 26. The equation of a transverse wave is given by y =
two sound waves and x and t are in metre and l0sin (0.01x – 2t) where x and y are in cm and t is in
second. Beat frequency (in Hz) produced by these seconds. Its frequency is [NTA Abhyas-14-24]
two waves is [NTA Abhyas-11-43] (1) 10 s–1 (2) 2 s–1
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 1 s–1 (4) 0.01 s–1
(3) 2 (4) 1
27. A travelling wave passes a point of observation. At
21. A wave is represented by the equation given by this point, the time interval between successive
  crests is 0. 2 s and [NTA Abhyas-15-25]
y  7 sin 7 t  0.04x   where x is in metres and (1) the wavelength is 5 m
 3
(2) the frequency is 5 Hz
t is in seconds. The speed of the wave is
(3) the velocity of propagation is 5 m/s
[NTA Abhyas-12-44]
(4) the wavelength is 0.2 m
(1) 175 m/s (2) 97 m/s
(3) 49/ m s (4) 0.287 m/s
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28. A tuning fork makes 256 vibrations per second in 35. The driver of a bus approaching a big wall notices
air. When the velocity of sound is 330 m/s, then that the frequency of his bus’s horn changes from
wavelength of the tone emitted is 420 Hz to 490 Hz when he hears it after it gets
[NTA Abhyas-15-26] reflected from the wall. Find the speed of the bus
(1) 0.56 m (2) 0.89 m if speed of the sound is 330 ms–1:
(3) 1.11 m (4) 1.29 m [JEE Main 2020]
(1) 61 kmh –1 (2) 91 kmh–1
29. When both the listener and source are moving (3) 81 kmh –1 (4) 71 kmh–1
towards each other, then which of the following is
true regarding frequency and wavelength of wave 36. A progressive wave travelling along the positive x-
observed by the observer? [NTA Abhyas-16-01] direction is represented by y(x, t) = A sin (kx – t +
(1) More frequency, less wavelength ). Its snapshot at t = 0 is given in the figure:
(2) More frequency, more wavelength [JEE Main-2019]
(3) Less frequency, less wavelength
(4) More frequency, constant wavelength

30. Two waves propagating along x-axis are given by

y1 = 5 sin (t – kx); y2 = 3 sin (t – kx + 1.57)
Find resultant amplitude due to superposition of For this wave, the phase f is:
two waves [JEE Main 2022] 
(1) 0 (2) –
(1) 8 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 34 2

31. A cyclist is moving with speed 18 km/h towards a (3)  (4)
2
hill. A sound source kept behind (at some distance)
cyclist produces sound of frequency 640 Hz. speed 37. The pressure wave, P = 0.01 sin [1000 t –3x] Nm–2,
of sound = 320 m/s. Find the beats heard by cyclist corresponds to the sound produced by a vibrating
due to source and echo. [JEE Main 2022] blade on a day when atmospheric temperature is
(1) 10 Hz (2) 30 Hz (3) 20 Hz (4) 50 Hz 0°C. On some other day, when temperature is T,
the speed of sound produced by the same blade
32. A transverse wave travels on a taut steel wire with and at the same frequency is found to be 336 ms–1.
a velocity of v when tension in it is 2.06 × 104 N. Approximate value of T is: [JEE Main-2019]
When the tension is changed to T, the velocity (1) 15°C (2) 12°C
changed to v/2. The value of T is close to: (3) 4°C (4) 11°C
[JEE Main 2020]
(1) 10.2 × 102 N (2) 5.15 × 103 N 38. Two coherent sources produce waves of different
(3) 2.50 × 104 N (4) 30.5 × 104 N intensities which interfere. After interference, the
ratio of the maximum intensity to the minimum
33. A string of mass per unit length µ = 6 × 10–3 kg/m is intensity is 16. The intensity of the waves are in
fixed at both ends under the tension 540 N. the ratio: [JEE Main-2019]
If the string is in resonance with consecutive (1) 4 : 1 (2) 25 : 9
frequencies 420 Hz and 490 Hz. Then find the length (3) 16 : 9 (4) 5 : 3
of the string? [JEE Main 2020]
(1) 2.1 m (2) 1.1 m 39. In an interference experiment the ratio of
(3) 4.8 m (4) 4.2 m
1 a 1
amplitudes of coherent waves is a  3 . The ratio
34. Two identical strings X and Z made of same material 2

have tension TX and TZ in them. If their fundamental of maximum and minimum intensities of fringes
frequencies are 450 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively, will be: [JEE Main-2019]
then the ratio TX/TZ is: [JEE Main 2020] (1) 4 (2) 2
(1) 1.5 (2) 2.25 (3) 9 (4) 18
(3) 0.44 (4) 1.25
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40. A travelling harmonic wave is represented by the (1) 328 ms–1 (2) 322 ms–1
equation y (x, t) = 10–3 sin (50 t + 2x), where x and y (3) 341 ms–1 (4) 335 ms–1
are in meter and t is in seconds. Which of the
following is a correct statement about the wave ? 45. A train moves towards a stationary observer with
[JEE Main-2019] speed 34 m/s. The train sounds a whistle and its
The wave is propagating along the frequency registered by the observer is f 1. If the
(1) Negative x-axis with speed 25 ms–1 speed of the train is reduced to 17 m/s, the
(2) The wave is propagating along the positive x- frequency registered is f2. If speed of sound is 340
axis with speed 25 ms–1 m/s, then the ratio f1/f2 is : [JEE Main-2019]
(3) The wave is propagating along the positive x- (1) 18/17 (2) 19/18
axis with speed 100 ms–1 (3) 20/19 (4) 21/20
(4) The wave is propagating along the negative x-
axis with speed 100 ms–1 46. A musician using an open flute of length 50 cm
produces second harmonic sound waves. A person
41. A string 2.0 m long and fixed at its ends is driven by runs towards the musician from another end of a
a 240 Hz vibrator. The string vibrates in its third hall at a speed of 10 km/h. If the wave speed is 330
harmonic mode. The speed of the wave and its m/s, the frequency heard by the running person
fundamental frequency is [JEE Main-2019] shall be close to: [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 320 m/s, 120 Hz (1) 753 Hz (2) 500 Hz
(2) 180 m/s, 80 Hz (3) 333 Hz (4) 666 Hz
(3) 180 m/s, 120 Hz
(4) 320 m/s, 80 Hz 47. Two cars A and B are moving away from each other
in opposite directions. Both the cars are moving
42. A string is clamped at both the ends and it is with a speed of 20 ms–1 with respect to the ground.
vibrating in its 4th harmonic. The equation of the If an observer in car A detects a frequency 2000 Hz
stationary wave is Y = 0.3 sin(0.157x) cos(200t). of the sound coming from car B, what is the natural
The length of the string is: (All quantities are in SI frequency of the sound source in car B?
units.) [JEE Main-2019] [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 20 m (2) 80 m (speed of sound in air = 340 ms–1)
(3) 60 m (4) 40 m (1) 2250 Hz (2) 2060 Hz
(3) 2150 Hz (4) 2300 Hz
43. A tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz is used in an
experiment for measuring speed of sound (n) in 48. The phase difference between two light waves is
air by resonance tube method. Resonance is 60° and the distance between their source of
observed to occur at two successive lengths of the origination is 10 nm. Find the velocity of light is
air column, l1 = 30 cm and l2 = 70 cm. Then n is equal frequency is ‘f’. [JEE Main-2023]
to: [JEE Main-2019] –7
(1) 6 × 10 f (2) 6 × 10–8 f
(1) 332 ms–1 (2) 379 ms–1 –6
(3) 6 × 10 f (4) 6 × 10–4 f
(3) 384 ms–1 (4) 338 ms–1
SECTION - C
44. A resonance tube is old and has jagged end. It is
still used in the laboratory to determine velocity 01. The ratio of frequencies of fundamental harmonic
of sound in air. A tuning fork of frequency 512 Hz produced by an open pipe to that of closed pipe
produces first resonance when the tube is filled having the same length is: [NEET-2023]
with water to a mark 11 cm below a reference mark, (1) 1:2 (2) 2:1
near the open end of the tube. The experiment is (3) 1:3 (4) 3:1
repeated with another fork of frequency 256 Hz
which produces first resonance when water 02. If the initial tension on a stretched string is
reaches a mark 27 cm below the reference mark. doubled, then the ratio of the initial and final
The velocity of sound in air, obtained in the speeds of a transverse wave along the string is:
experiment, is close to: [JEE Main-2019] [NEET-2022]

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(1) 2 :1 (2) 1: 2 (1) 20 Hz (2) 30 Hz (3) 40 Hz (4) 10 Hz
(3) 1 : 2 (4) 1 : 1
09. Three sound waves of equal amplitudes have
frequencies (n – 1), n, (n + 1). They superimpose to
03. In a guitar, two strings A and B made of same
give beats. The number of beats produced per
material are slightly out of tune and produce beats
second will be [2016 Re]
of frequency 6 Hz. When tension in B is slightly
(1) 3 (2) 2
decreased, the beat frequency increases to 7 Hz. If
(3) 1 (4) 4
the frequency of A is 530 Hz, the original frequency
of B will be: [NEET-2020]
10. The second overtone of an open organ pipe has
(1) 523 Hz (2) 524 Hz
the same frequency as the first overtone of a closed
(3) 536 Hz (4) 537 Hz
pipe L metre long. The length of the open pipe will
be [2016 Re]
04. A tuning fork with frequency 800 Hz produces
resonance in a resonance column tube with upper L
(1) (2) 4L (3) L (4) 2L
end open and lower end closed by water surface. 2
Successive resonance are observed at length 9.75
cm, 31.25 cm and 52.75 cm. The speed of sound in 11. An air column, closed at one end and open at the
air is : [NEET-Odisha-2019] other, resonates with a tuning fork when the
(1) 500 m/s (2) 156 m/s smallest length of the column is 50 cm. The next
(3) 344 m/s (4) 172 m/s larger length of the column resonating with the
same tuning fork is: [2016]
05. The fundamental frequency in an open organ pipe (1) 66.7 cm (2) 100 cm
is equal to the third harmonic of a closed organ (3) 150 cm (4) 200 cm
pipe. If the length of the closed organ pipe is 20
cm, the length of the open organ pipe is [2018] 12. A uniform rope of length L and mass m 1 hangs
(1) 13.2 cm (2) 8 cm vertically from a rigid support. A block of mass m2
(3) 12.5 cm (4) 16 cm is attached to the free end of the rope. A transverse
pulse of wavelength  1 is produced at the lower
06. A tuning fork is used to produce resonance in glass end of the rope. The wavelength of the pulse when
tube. The length of the air column in the tube can it reaches the top of the rope is 2. The ratio 2/1
be adjusted by a variable piston. At room is [2016]
temperature of 27°C two successive resonances are m1 m1  m 2 m2 m1  m 2
produced at 20 cm and 73 cm column length. If the (1) m2 (2) m2 (3) m1 (4) m1
frequency of the tuning fork is 320 Hz, the velocity
of sound in air at 27°C is [2018]
(1) 300 m/s (2) 330 m/s 13. A siren emitting a sound of frequency 800 Hz moves
(3) 350 m/s (4) 339 m/s away from an observer towards a cliff at a speed of
15 ms–1. Then, the frequency of sound that the
07. Two cars moving in opposite directions approach observer hears in the echo reflected from the cliff
each other with speed of 22 m/s and 16.5 m/s is:(Take velocity of sound in air = 330 ms–1) [2016]
respectively. The driver of the first car blows a horn (1) 885 Hz (2) 765 Hz
having a frequency 400 Hz. The frequency heard by (3) 800 Hz (4) 838 Hz
the driver of the second car is [velocity of sound
340 m/s): [2017] 14. A string is stretched between fixed points
(1) 361 Hz (2) 411 Hz separated by 75.0 cm. It is observed to have
(3) 448 Hz (4) 350 Hz resonant frequencies of 420 Hz and 315 Hz. There
are no other resonant frequencies between these
08. The two nearest harmonics of a tube closed at one two. The lowest resonant frequency for this string
end and open at other end are 220 Hz and 260 Hz. is [2015 Re]
What is the fundamental frequency of the system? (1) 105 Hz (2) 155 Hz
[2017] (3) 205 Hz (4) 10.5 Hz

126 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

15. A source of sound S emitting waves of frequency 20. A wave travelling in the +ve x-direction having
100 Hz and an observer O are located at some displacement along y-direction as 1 m, wavelength
distance from each other. The source is moving with 1
a speed of 19.4 ms–1 at an angle of 60° with the 2 m and frequency of Hz is represented by

source observer line as shown in the figure. The [2013]
observer is at rest. The apparent frequency
(1) y = sin(x – 2t) (2) y = sin(2x – 2t)
observed by the observer (velocity of sound in air
330 ms–1) is [2015 Re] (3) y = sin(10x – 20t) (4) y = sin(2x + 2t)

21. A source of unknown frequency gives 4 beats/s,

when sounded with a source of known frequency
250 Hz. The second harmonic of the source of
unknown frequency gives five beats per second,
when sounded with a source of frequency 513 Hz.
(1) 97 Hz (2) 100 Hz (3) 103 Hz (4) 106 Hz The unknown frequency is [2013]
(1) 254 Hz (2) 246 Hz
16. The fundamental frequency of a closed organ pipe
(3) 240 Hz (4) 260 Hz
of length 20 cm is equal to the second overtone of
an organ pipe open at both the ends. The length of
organ pipe open at both the ends is [2015] 22. If we study the vibration of a pipe open at both
(1) 80 cm (2) 100 cm (3) 120 cm (4) 140 cm ends, then the following statement is not true
[2013]
17. A speeding motorcyclist sees traffic jam ahead of (1) Open end will be anti-node
him. He slows down to 36 km/hour. He finds that (2) Odd harmonics of the fundamental frequency
traffic has eased and a car moving ahead of him at will be generated
18 km/hour is honking at a frequency of 1392 Hz. If (3) All harmonics of the fundamental frequency will
the speed of sound is 343 m/s, the frequency of be generated
the honk as heard by him will be [2014] (4) Pressure change will be maximum at both ends
(1) 1332 Hz (2) 1372 Hz
(3) 1412 Hz (4) 1454 Hz 23. A train moving at a speed of 220 ms–1 towards a
stationary object emits a sound of frequency 1000
Hz. Some of the sound reaching the object gets
18. The number of possible natural oscillations of air
reflected back to the train as echo. The frequency
column in a pipe closed at one end of length 85 cm
of the echo as detected by the driver of the train is
whose frequencies lie below 1250 Hz are (velocity
(speed of sound in air is 330 ms–1) [2012]
of sound = 340 ms–1) [2014]
(1) 3500 Hz (2) 4000 Hz
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 7 (4) 6
(3) 5000 Hz (4) 3000 Hz

19. If n1, n2 and n3 are the fundamental frequencies of 24. Two sources of sound placed close to each other
three segments into which a string is divided, then are emitting progressive waves given by
the original fundamental frequency n of the string y1 = 4 sin 600 t and y2 = 5 sin 608 t. An observer
is given by [2014] located near these two sources of sound will hear:
1 1 1 1 [2012]
(1) n  n  n  n (1) 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 81 : 1
1 2 3
between waxing and waning
1 1 1 1 (2) 4 beats per second with intensity ratio 25 : 16
(2)   
n n1 n2 n3 between waxing and waning
(3) 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 25 : 16
(3) n  n1  n 2  n 3 between waxing and waning
(4) n = n + n2 + n3 (4) 8 beats per second with intensity ratio 81 : 1
between waxing and waning

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 127

25. Two identical piano wires kept under the same 03. Two sitar strings A and B playing the note 'Dha' are
tension T have a fundamental frequency of 600 Hz. slightly out of tune and produce beats of frequency
The fractional increase in the tension of one of the 5 Hz. The tension of the string B is slightly increased
wires which will lead to occurrence of 6 beats when and the beat frequency is found to decrease to 3
both the wires oscillate together would be[2011] Hz. What is the original frequency of B if the
(1) 0.02 (2) 0.03 (3) 0.04 (4) 0.01 frequency of A is 427 Hz?
(1) 432 Hz (2) 427 Hz
26. Sound waves travel at 350 m/s through a warm air (3) 422 Hz (4) data is insufficient
and at 3500 m/s through brass. The wavelength of
a 700 Hz acoustic wave as it enters brass from warm 04. A metre- long tube open at one end, with a movable
air [2011] piston at the other end, shows resonance with a
(1) increases by a factor 20 fixed frequency source (a tuning fork of frequency
(2) increases by a factor 10 340 Hz) when the tube length is 25.5 cm or 79.3 cm.
(3) decreases by a factor 20 Estimate the speed of sound in air at the
(4) decreases by a factor 10 temperature of the experiment. The edge effects
may be neglected.
27. Two waves are represented by the equations y1 = a (1) 346 ms–1 (2) 347 ms–1
sin(t + kx + 0.57) m and y2 = a cos (t + kx) m where (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these
x is in metre and t in second. The phase difference
between them is [2011] 05. A stone dropped from the top of a tower of height
(1) 1.25 rad (2) 1.57 rad 300 m high splashes into the water of a pond near
(3) 0.57 rad (4) 1.0 rad the base of the tower. When is the splash heard at
the top given that the speed of sound in air is 340
28. A transverse wave is represented by y = A sin (t – ms–1? (g = 9.8 ms–2)
kx). For what value of the wavelength is the wave (1) 8.5 s (2) 8.7 s
velocity equal to the maximum particle velocity? (3) 87 s (4) None of these
[2010]
(1) A/2 (2) A 06. Assertion : Longitudinal waves can be propagated
(3) 2 A (4) A through solids and fluids both.
Reason : Solids as well as fluids have non-zero bulk
29. The 4th overtone of a closed organ pipe is same as modulus, i.e. they can sustain compressive stress.
that of 3rd overtone of an open pipe. The ratio of (1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
the length of the closed pipe to the length of the Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
open pipe is: [NEET-II-2023] (2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
(1) 9 : 8 (2) 7 : 9 Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) 8 : 9 (4) 9 : 7 (3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
SECTION - D
07. Assertion: Interference between the waves
01. A steel wire 0.72 m long has a mass of 5.0×10–3 kg. If produced by the violens is not possible.
the wire is under a tension of 60 N. What is the Reason: Its not necessary to have constant phase
speed of transverse waves on the wire? difference between two waves interference to
(1) 55 m/s (2) 93 m/s (3) 33 m/s (4) 1.3 m/s occur.
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
02. Estimate the speed of sound in air at standard Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
temperature and pressure. The mass of 1 mole of (2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but
air is 29.0 ×10–3 kg. Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(1) 332 m/s (2) 330 m/s (3) 280 m/s (4) 340 m/s (3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

128 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

08. Assertion: To hear different beats, difference of 10. If the incident travelling wave is given y(x, t) = a
the frequencies of two sources should be less than sin (kx – t), then match the Column–I (condition)
10. with Column–II (equation of displacement).
Reason: More the number of beats more is the Column–I Column–II
confusion. A. Reflected wave from 1. a sin (kx – t)
(1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and rigid boundary
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. B. Reflected wave from 2. –a sin (kx – t)
(2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but open boundary
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. C. The resultant displacement 3. 2a sin (kx – t)
(3) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. at the rigid boundary
(4) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. D. The resultant displacement 4. 0
at the open boundary
09. Column I lists the figure for odd harmonic of air Choose the correct answer from the options given
column I and Column II names the corresponding below.
harmonics. Match the Column I with Column II. (1) A–2; B–1; C–4; D–3
Column–I Column–II (2) A–1; B–2; C–3; D–4
(3) A–2; B–1; C–3; D–4
A. 1. Third harmonic (4) A–1; B–2; C–4; D–3

B. 2. Fifth harmonic

C. 3. Ninth harmonic

D. 4. Seventh harmonic
(1) A–1; B–2; C–3; D–4
(2) A–4; B–3; C–2; D–1
(3) A–2; B–3; C–4; D–1
(4) A–3; B–2; C–1; D–4

SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582 PHYSICS 129

ANSWERS
TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

SECTION - A
01. (2) 02. (1) 03. (4) 04. (1) 05. (3) 06. (2) 07. (3) 08. (2) 09. (3) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3)
21. (3) 22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (3) 26. (2) 27. (3) 28. (4) 29. (3) 30. (3)
31. (1) 32. (3) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (3) 36. (3) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (2) 40. (1)
41. (1) 42. (2) 43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (4) 46. (4) 47. (3) 48. (3) 49. (2) 50. (1)
51. (1) 52. (3) 53. (1) 54. (3) 55. (4) 56. (1) 57. (2) 58. (1) 59. (2) 60. (2)
61. (2) 62. (3) 63. (4) 64. (4) 65. (4) 66. (1) 67. (3) 68. (4) 69. (4) 70. (1)
71. (1) 72. (2) 73. (3) 74. (1) 75. (3) 76. (1) 77. (3) 78. (1) 79. (4)
SECTION - B
01. (2) 02. (3) 03. (3) 04. (3) 05. (2) 06. (3) 07. (4) 08. (2) 09. (3) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (2) 16. (4) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (1) 20. (3)
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (4) 24. (3) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (2) 28. (4) 29. (1) 30. (4)
31. (3) 32. (2) 33. (1) 34. (2) 35. (2) 36. (3) 37. (3) 38. (2) 39. (1) 40. (1)
41. (4) 42. (2) 43. (3) 44. (1) 45. (2) 46. (4) 47. (1) 48. (2)
SECTION - C
01. (2) 02. (2) 03. (2) 04. (3) 05. (1) 06. (4) 07. (3) 08. (1) 09. (2) 10. (4)
11. (3) 12. (2) 13. (4) 14. (1) 15. (3) 16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1)
21. (1) 22. (4) 23. (3) 24. (1) 25. (1) 26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (3) 29. (1)
SECTION - D
01. (2) 02. (2) 03. (3) 04. (2) 05. (2) 06. (1) 07. (3) 08. (3) 09. (3) 10. (1)

130 PHYSICS SKD NEW STANDARD COACHING INSTITUTE [Link] 7080111582

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