PRACTICAL TRAINING I: ACID-BASE
TITRATION
Student Name:
Group:
Date:
I. Objectives
1. Standardize a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
2. Determine molarity of an unknown hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution.
3. To determine the concentration of acetic acid in a vinegar sample.
4. To understand and apply the concept of acid-base titration and the use of phenolph-
thalein as an indicator.
II. Theoretical Background
Titration is a volumetric analytical technique used to determine the concentration of
an unknown solution by reacting it with a standard solution of known concentration.
The equivalence point is reached when the moles of acid equal the moles of base. An
indicator (phenolphthalein) is used to visually detect the endpoint.
For a strong acid-strong base titration (HCl with NaOH):
−
H+
(aq) + OH(aq) → H2 O(l)
At equivalence point, pH ≈ 7. Phenolphthalein is colorless in acidic medium (pH < 8.2)
and pink in basic medium (pH > 10.0).
The concentration is calculated using:
Macid × Vacid = Mbase × Vbase
III. Materials and Equipment
• Burette (50 mL) and stand
• Pipette (25.00 mL) and pipette filler
• Conical flasks (250 mL)
• Graduated cylinder (50 mL)
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• Polyethylene bottle (500 mL)
• Beakers
• Chemicals:
– Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 1 M stock solution
– Standard hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution (known concentration)
– Unknown hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution
– Vinegar sample
– Phenolphthalein indicator solution
– Deionized water
IV. Procedure
A. Preparation and Standardization of ∼0.1 M NaOH
1. Measure 50.0 mL of 1 M NaOH, dilute to ∼500 mL with DI water.
2. Fill burette with NaOH solution.
3. Pipette 25.00 mL of standard HCl into flask. Add 2-3 drops phenolphthalein.
4. Titrate with NaOH to light pink endpoint (persists ∼30 s). Record volumes.
5. Repeat for three trials.
B. Determination of Unknown HCl Concentration
1. Fill burette with standardized NaOH.
2. Pipette 25.00 mL of unknown HCl into flask. Add indicator.
3. Titrate to endpoint. Record volume of NaOH used.
4. Repeat for three trials.
C. Determination of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
1. Fill burette with standardized NaOH.
2. Pipette 25.00 mL of vinegar into flask. Add indicator.
3. Titrate to endpoint. Record volume of NaOH used.
4. Repeat for three trials.
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V. Data and Results
A. Standardization of NaOH Solution
Concentration of Standard HCl Solution: M
Trial Final Burette Reading (mL) Initial Burette Reading (mL) Volume NaOH (m
1
2
3
Calculation:
MHCl × VHCl
MNaOH =
VNaOH
• Average VNaOH : mL
• Calculated MNaOH : M
B. Concentration of Unknown HCl Solution
Trial Final Burette Reading (mL) Initial Burette Reading (mL) Volume NaOH (mL
1
2
3
Calculation:
MNaOH × VNaOH
MHCl =
25.00 mL
• Average VNaOH : mL
• Calculated MHCl : M
C. Concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar
Trial Final Burette Reading (mL) Initial Burette Reading (mL) Volume NaOH (mL
1
2
3
Calculation:
MNaOH × VNaOH
MCH3 COOH =
25.00 mL
• Average VNaOH : mL
• Calculated MCH3 COOH : M
• Mass concentration: g/L
• Percentage (w/v): %
(Molar mass CH3 COOH = 60.05 g/mol)
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VI. Discussion
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VII. Conclusion
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