EXTINCTION OF

FIRES IN
COMPARTMENTS
INTERIORS
Volunteer Firefighters of Puerto Madryn
Training Department
MOD.
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Introduction
This material has attempted to convey the most essential aspects for the
Firefighter in his constant fight against structural fires.
Next, techniques that are not very well known will be developed or
currently disseminated in our Country, operations that help
to fulfill our mission and even save our lives, it is worth
adding that the mere reading of this manual does not authorize to
to perform the risky task of the firefighter, and furthermore must
contar con cierta antigüedad y experiencia como tal. Aplicara estos
knowledge in a place where the different can be practiced
maneuvers, so that in a real situation their constant practice and
training yields the expected results.
Marcelo O. do Pazo
B.V.P.M.
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1-Structural fire and its risks.
In every structural fire, we will find and can
to face
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Partial or total darkness, zero visibility.
An aggressive and unknown environment.
Toxic gases.
Flammable and explosive gases.
Physical/Chemical Phenomena: Backdraft, Flashover
Rollover, etc.
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Structural collapses.
Stumbles, slips, and falls.
Obstacles of the most varied.
Property services: electricity, gas.
Thermal stress, physical collapse.
Failures in the RPE (respiratory protection equipment).
Communication breakdowns in case of an accident due to lack of a
personnel control system.
As can be seen, there are several risks that at first glance the firefighter or
industrial firefighter is going to face a structural fire during the
fights against interior compartments.
It is evident that the list would continue to grow if we conduct a more thorough analysis.
critical and profound.
This shows us that all the 'security measures' that are implemented
they will always be necessary and essential but never sufficient, as the dynamics
from a fire in many cases and mainly in extreme situations
rescue of people or firefighters inside, in elevated plans, cutting of
propagation to sensitive facilities or properties, etc.) requires
imperatively of well-planned action plans.
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The protection of the firefighter
Security measures must be implemented for the
personal and the maneuvers in everything it encompasses
definition of this word, in this sense it develops
some aspects to consider.
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Always enter with the structural team or another
alternative correctly placed and complete.
Structural equipment: pants, coat, boots, gloves, helmet
and hood.
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EPR under a good control and maintenance program.
let's think that our life depends on this team, any
Failure can be fatal.
Use of accessories in indoor operations:
PASS (personal alert safety system - safety system of
personal alarm
Variable angle flashlight.
Large axe or fireman's axe (small).
Ropes: guide rope and personal use rope
Communications team.

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Good physical and psychological condition.
Attention!!!
A high rate of "sudden death" is being recorded in
firefighters, heart attacks occur both in the
accidents, like in the barracks or at home. This leads us to
understand that as firefighters we not only take risks
due to the accidents inherent to the task, related to the
death.
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2-TETRAHEDRON OF TRAINING
1-THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE / LABORATORY TESTS /
DEMONSTRATIONS.
They are all the knowledge that through different systems of
training we received in courses, seminars, etc. this is what
commonly it is being developed in one way or another.
Example: pitons, naming, uses and applications, checks
of flows etc.
2-TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE.
They are those related to the knowledge of the equipment, parts
components, models, features, applications, programs of
control, maintenance etc. that manufacturers offer, advancements
technological.
Example: pitons, brands, manufacturers, models, features, etc.
3-PRACTICAL/OPERATIONAL TRAINING.
It is the practical training that in a way is also coming
carrying out, from the practice of simple maneuvers to the
simulation of large operations.
4-PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING.
It is fundamental for many firefighting activities including
we can mention that if we do not take this factor into account
Determining the rest of the knowledge will not succeed on its own.
same.
Example: a firefighter who is training in rescue in
height, in confined spaces, use of PPE, if at any stage of
their training does not overcome the psychological barrier and they have a good
physical condition, its training is not completed, being able to run
serious risks in the real operation.
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Due to the high-risk nature of firefighting, the firefighter
constantly has its natural alarm system, which in the face of
minimum risk condition this system triggers naturally
starting with signals like fear, phobia, problems
emotional, does not reason, gets agitated, does not control mentally, gets
desperation, it is heading towards the accident, triggered by this system
without good training and depending on the situation the end
it can be serious.
Personal risk factors are the triggers for occurrence.
serious accidents; in structural fires we will find
a highly aggressive environment, such as darkness, confinement, the
unknown realm, structural sounds etc. alter
psychologically the state of the firefighter; if they enter nervous,
uneasy, with symptoms of some distrust regarding what
pueda encontrar dentro de incendio, estos factores en algún momento
they are redundant in a crisis that mostly has tragic results.
In this regard, the instructor must support the firefighter by doing a
serious monitoring of each individual member.
Each firefighter must collaborate directly with the
Instructor since it itself represents a challenge and it is he who
one must overcome psychological barriers, gaining confidence in oneself
same; achieve a good physical condition, to have a good response
in the most demanding tasks.
Practical programs with small advancements where the firefighter goes
overcoming step by step until reaching the simulated risk situation,
for example, inside a structural fire where the man performs
el trabajo en forma controlada, superando los factores de riesgo
psychological and physiological.
It is not advisable to rush or demand these stages of training and
As mentioned, constant support should be provided to the firefighter until
that he achieves this fundamental objective.
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Action Plans.
They are the predetermined, rehearsed, tested maneuvers.
approved and trained to carry out from the beginning of
the operations, being the common guide of all the
organization in the emergency.
Improvisation should be left as a single and remote alternative,
for those situations where everything planned is surpassed by
the unforeseen, it is not advisable to have it as a tool
Constant use can generate serious risks that are difficult to
to handle.
In an emergency, we must act by applying the plans of
we cannot be thinking about what we are facing
sinister.
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Intervention Plans (RIT rescue intervention team, teams for
rescue interventions.
Due to the high rate of firefighters injured in fires
structural, for a few years now they have been operating in the USA the
RIT's or RIC's (rescue intervention team or rescue intervention crew) these
they are groups of rescue firefighters, that is, specialized firefighters
in the firefighter rescue.
They are teams that act in parallel to the operations of the
regular firefighters, conducting monitoring together with the command post
of the operations within the fire, they have their own autonomy, in case
that some group of firefighters declares an emergency, they act
immediately in the rescue of their companions.
Like all special groups, they require specific equipment.
training, their action plans, tactics and rescue techniques, etc.
to some extent it is important that the Fire Departments have in
count the possibility of these facts based on
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EPR control system (respiratory protection equipment)
This system consists of the appropriate equipment, whether it is the board
controller, a firefighter in charge and their corresponding procedure; the
it is of vital importance, the supplies are required to carry the
control of personnel entering a structural fire. Always
suggest adopting the OSHA Standard (2 inside - 2 outside) when two
firefighters enter, two must stay outside prepared, both for
make relays or in case of emergency enter immediately.
In this sense, the Fire Department must establish in its plans
action the procedure for these cases, which can become more than
a checkpoint depending on the magnitude of the disaster and of the
selected access places.
To establish this procedure, it is necessary to have materials that are
accessories of the EPRs such as personal use ropes, the ropes of
guide, the alarms of the motionless man with his corresponding card of
control; before entering, the firefighters activate their personal alarm and put it on.
they deliver to the fire controller in charge of those operations to
enter it into the board and establish according to times/consumptions and of the
entry time, when they must be out of the fire, if this does not happen,
enter the couple that is on stand by.
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EPR control system (respiratory protection equipment)
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3- Flammability limits of 'CO'.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is mainly associated with one of the risks that
presents the toxicity and what is the one that claims the highest number of victims
mainly in winter; but also this gas product of the
combustion poses serious risks in structural fires for the
firefighters. Carbon monoxide from 600ºC has its temperature of
ignition and between 12% by volume of air up to 76% is flammable and
explosive, these characteristics are the main foundation of physical/chemical phenomena
like smoke explosions (backdraft), sudden propagations (flashover), etc.
These phenomena occur during different stages of the fire but in
all of them must be provided these parameters in order to be produced; as it
You can observe in the face of flammable gas that carbon monoxide is present.
dangers like any flammable gas, in this case especially in fires
structural within interior compartments. For example, the gas that has
with a wider range of flammability is acetylene (from 2% to 82%) followed
by hydrogen and then by carbon monoxide.
Mix
explosive
L.I.I.
12%
L.S.I.
76%
Range of
inflammability
Mix
rich
Mix
poor
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4- Phases of combustion.
Depending on the state of the fire, they will be in
to a large extent the combat methods that are applied, exist
extremely important factors that must be considered such as the
the duration of time in which a fire was burning (in the first
3 minutes of fire we can find the total development in a
room), the ventilation it has and the type of fuel it has
inside it. We can divide structural fires into three
progressive stages, such as:
Initial or starting stage
In this first stage, the oxygen in the room is maintained.
unalterable has not been reduced consequently the fire produces
water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, small
quantities of sulfur dioxide and other gases; it begins to generate
heat that will increase; at this stage the heat of the flame may
reach 530ºC, but the temperature in the environment of the
the room is starting up and increasing very little.
Free combustion stage
At this stage where the oxygen-rich air is absorbed into the
llamas that in an ascending way the hot gases carry the heat to
the upper parts of the enclosure confining them. The hot gases are
they accumulate horizontally from top to bottom pushing the air
cooling the low areas and generating gas emission of
combustion in the closest combustible materials, this area
it is considered positive pressure, the area of fresh air in the
low pressure parts of negative pressure or depression, between both forms
a neutral zone called "neutral plane"; at this moment the
the burned area can be classified as a ground fire since
she is completely involved. In situations of this type the
firefighters must be trained to work as low as possible
possible since we can find temperatures that exceed
700ºC. It is at this stage that the different types can be produced.
of flashover and its disruptive discharges.
Stage of burning without flame.
In this final stage, the flames cease to exist depending on the confinement.
from the fire and the hermeticity of the enclosure, the fire is reduced to embers
Incandescent, the room is completely filled with dense smoke and gases.
product of incomplete combustion that was consuming the oxygen
Gradually. The entire environment has enough pressure to let
escape that pressure through the small openings that remain; the fire will continue
reducing in this latent state by raising the temperature above
ignition point of combustion gases at above 600ºC. At this stage it is
where the phenomena of smoke explosions can occur or
backdraft
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Incipient or initial phase
Hot rising gases.
Oxygen in the enclosure 20.5%
Ambient temperature >40°C
Flame temperature >530°C
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Free combustion phase
Reduced supply of
oxygen.
Ambient temperature >704°C
Possibility of a flashover.
3
Latent phase or burn without
llama
Oxygen <15%
Ambient temperature >600ºC
Important amounts of CO
Possibilities of a Backdraft.
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5- The structural fire (Physical/Chemical phenomena).
In any structural fire and depending on the development conditions.
from its inception to its extinction, it can produce
physical/chemical phenomena that in most cases cause serious
accidents to the intervening firefighters.
In the declared fires where the fire took hold of the entire property and
the crews see the flames coming out through the openings, as a rule
they will first have to combat the spread to areas
sensible, and then or in parallel dedicate themselves to extinguishing the fire.
The occurrence of these phenomena is not as likely unlike the fires.
confined individuals who are developing within the property in the different
stages of the evolution of fire; firefighters must enter to combat the
fire, in these disasters is when we have the greatest probability that
these phenomena occur.
FLASHOVER (sudden propagation):
The Swedish concept of Flashover, developed and disseminated by engineers
KRISTER GISELSSON and ESTERAS ROSANDER encompass the phenomena of
Flashover and Backdraft, as parts of the evolutionary process of a fire
confined, which can take different directions depending on a series
of variables. In this sense, consider the smoke explosion or backdraft,
like a type or a variety of flashover but let's do a first
tour of certain concepts used in Swedish bibliography for
understand better the particular approach with which this phenomenon is addressed.
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Products or gases of combustion:
The heating of certain materials causes a chemical decomposition.
(pyrolysis) and produces a wide variety of combustion products; With the
except for water and some others, most of the combustion products
and mainly the gases are still flammable.
Ventilation:
The degree of air supply, generally dependent on the gaps of
ventilation, determines the duration of the flashover and its possible recurrence, with
limited air supply the flashover will be of short duration since the
combustion will reduce the concentration of oxygen and make it impossible for its
continuity. With an average air supply, the Flashover will occur
periodically causing a fluctuating development of the fire, with notable
variations in the temperature of gases; with a large supply of oxygen the
flashover will be maintained until the complete development of the fire in the entire volume
from the enclosure. If after the first Flashover the contribution of gases from
combustion is small, the fire will be reduced by being restricted to the area of
origin of the flames. This usually happens when a fire occurs in a
enclosure with non-combustible walls and ceilings and with a high fire load.
Ignition source:
In order for a fire to start, it is necessary for an ignition source to ignite.
the gas mixture within its flammability range, the fact that this
The source being of open, closed, or intermittent type will determine the character of the
flashover. The most typical case of an open ignition source is that of a flame.
located in a central place of a room, a mixture of gases above
of its ignition temperature, in the absence of sufficient oxygen concentration that
it allows its combustion, it is also considered comparable to an ignition source
open.
In this case, a flame will originate at any point where it occurs.
Air-gas mixture, an open ignition source will cause a flashover every time.
for the gas mixture to reach the flammability limits. An example of a source
the closed ignition would be some embers covered in a corner of the room;
another example would be a small fire in a burning room, a source of
this type will cause a delay in ignition relative to the moment when the
mix enters the flammability range. In this case, the mix
fuel can approach the ideal concentration and its combustion
delayed to cause a more violent flashover than the previous case, being able to
an explosion occurs, another example: let us consider a space filled with gases
combustible items in which air enters, if ignition occurs
it is delayed due to the lockdown of the source, a 'Flashover' will occur
"rich delayed" that can reach explosive violence.
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A random or intermittent ignition source is one that can
to appear suddenly or repeatedly. An example can be found in the
sparks or flames from the fire that reach an enclosure
previously flooded with flammable gases.
Otro ejemplo seria el provocado por las chispas procedentes de una
electrical installation affected by heat, or simply from a
switch, this activation energy can appear in any
concentration of the flammable mixture.
A structural fire in its initial phase is not differentiated
too much of a fire outdoors, however its character of
Confinement causes combustion gases to accumulate.
under the roof, this mass of hot gases generally
still fuels, when ignited gives rise to Flashover and to the
gas explosion known as "disruptive discharge".
Positive pressure zone
Neutral plan
Un fuego confinado en una habitación puede comenzar con un lento tramite de
combustion until the gases in this initial stage of pyrolysis reach the
ignition temperature and produce flame, from the appearance of flames
begins to produce a faster increase in heat, spread of fire
and larger amounts of superheated combustion gases that are being confined
in the upper parts of the ceiling, and descending as the fire
advance, in the room we will observe three well-defined parts in the room:
high part 'positive pressure zone', low part 'depression zone' and in the
The neutral plane.
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Positive pressure zone, begins to
the appearance of flame detachment
Neutral plan
The fire continues to advance, the room is filling with gases.
super hot, the area of positive pressure is descending as well
neutral plane and the depression zone (this is where the fire takes the O2
necessary to sustain itself) when in the combustion gas zone
Flames are beginning to appear, this indicates that we are above 600°C.
and that in some sectors the gas/air mixture is produced within the
parameters of the flammability range.
Positive Pressure
Negative Pressure
The fire process continues to increase the temperature to over 700ºC and
increasing consequently the positive pressure zone of gases
superheated combustion, the fire continues to be fueled by O₂2for the part
drop in negative pressure and the flames increase in volume.
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At one moment the temperature increase, the production of gases of
combustion of all combustible materials within the room and flames causes the
fire spreads suddenly throughout the area resulting in the "discharge"
"disruptive" reaction that in some cases can have explosive violence, this
energy is released through the room openings and conducted internally
through hallways or other rooms, places through which firefighters the
mobilize to reach the focus of the fire.
Disruptive download:
The term disruptive discharge was introduced by the British scientist.
[Link] in the 60s, this definition was used to describe the
sudden growth of the fire until reaching the total fire of the compartment.
Moment when it
produce a download
disruptive
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BACKDRAFT (smoke explosion):
It is a variable explosion of violence caused by the sudden influx of air.
in a compartment that contains or has contained fire, and where it has occurred
the sufficient amount of smoke and superheated gases, as a consequence of the
incomplete combustion of the fire in its stage of burning without flame due to deficiency
of oxygen.
As a result, when firefighters respond to a fire that is at the
end of the free combustion stage and beginning of the flame-free burning stage
or in their development they face serious risks of encountering these smoke explosions or
backdraft.
In the stage of burning without flame in the environment as explained, we will find
due to incomplete combustion, the intense heat of the combustion stage
free and the unburned free carbon particles plus the flammable gases
like CO (carbon monoxide) and SO2(sulfur dioxide) are prepared
to explode in an intense and instantaneous combustion when the environment is
ventilated and incorporate oxygen.
On the part of the firefighters, inadequate ventilation can trigger this.
phenomenon classified as an explosion due to its speed and destruction.
En la etapa de arder sin llama contamos con suficiente temperatura por encima
of the ignition point of gases and other combustion products
incomplete due to lack of oxygen. The neutral plane is a few centimeters above the floor.
we will be able to observe the signal in the burning of the door of the enclosure.
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If fresh air from a rupture or ventilation is added to this condition,
incorrect, we will find the four elements necessary to have fire, right?
however in this case with a sudden, instantaneous, and violent reaction such as it is
the explosion of smoke or backdraft, relieving all its intensity through where it
originated the opening.
There are indicators that the firefighter must evaluate to prevent these.
phenomena
External signs and symptoms
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Smoke under pressure.
Black smoke turning into a yellowish gray color.
Isolation from fire and excessive heat.
Little or no visible flame.
Smoke that comes out of the compartment in bursts or pulses.
Smoky stained glasses, with violet features, blackened, with
appearance like greased.
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Muffled sounds.
A quick inward suction of air if an opening is made.
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Internal signs and symptoms:
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It may be happening in an indoor space and we do not know it.
The neutral plane is almost 20/25 cm from the floor.
When opening a ventilation, you will hear how the fire draws in the air.
A rollover may occur.
To avoid this situation in case of using ventilation systems.
it should always be done from the highest parts, in order to take out the
superheated gases from high positive pressure areas.
Difference between a Flashover and a Backdraft
Flashover
Initial phase
Backdraft
Latent phase
Fire phase
Space
Ventilated enclosure
Temperatura
Llamas
Unventilated enclosure
Ventilation
Inducing agent
Heat generated
Embers
Minimum Ignition Energy
Pre-mixed
Fundamental factors Ignition temperature
Type of flame
Free of diffusion
Non-existent
Overpressure wave
Frequently
Rear fire
Generalized
Not necessarily
TERMINOLOGY:
Flameover
inflammation of the warm gas layer (Paúl Grimwood)
Rapid spread of flames over one or more surfaces
(NFPA)
Inflammation of the gases deposited on walls, ceilings, and floors
(Vincent Dunn)
Rollover
The sporadic ignition of combustible gases at ceiling level during
the growth phase of a fire occurs before the fire.
Dunn).
Inflammation of the gas layer, without the rest inflaming.
room content (IFSTA) Other meanings
Flashback
Sudden ignition of the accumulated flammable vapors in a
room after the fire has been extinguished (Vincent Dunn)
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6-Cooling of the layer of hot combustion gases
Water is a very powerful extinguishing agent, although to achieve this
potential, heat must be transferred efficiently from the fire and its
surroundings to the water that is applied to extinction.
In all studies, the dominant extinction technique has been cooling.
of fuel, however few realize the benefits of the
cooling of the gas layer, in terms of safety and survival of the
firefighter. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the techniques of 'Application
of three-dimensional misted water (3DWF), 3D attack or offensive attack,
maneuvers that have become so popular among firefighters on the Continent
European.
At this point, it is made clear that this technique has some similarity to the classic.
"indirect attack," which consisted of spraying water in the form of a spray onto the
hot surfaces (walls, ceiling, and floor) thus generating an excessive amount
of superheated steam that forced firefighters to work in an environment
that could cause burns from the gases and vapors that descended to the
lower levels, there was also a problem called 'Piston Effect'
caused by that great mass of vapor, thus pushing the gases, the smoke and
including calls to other sectors of construction, running the risk of
spread the fire to other areas.
Contrary to what was previously mentioned, the main objectives of the technique
3DWF are not aimed at mastering the fire suppression mode, if
not to generate a safer and more comfortable environment for firefighters
they can work on extinction in general and mitigate the risks of a possible
Flashover or Backdraft.
Application of the 3DWF technique.
The application of the technique in live fires requires lance operators who
they have a clear understanding of the objectives and capabilities of the technique,
also be extremely trained in the 'pulsations' that are achieved
opening and closing the lance intermittently and quickly (0.5 seconds
approximately), and applying the jet by correctly selecting its angle and
direction in which it is directed, being this the farthest point where
the junction points of the ceiling with the walls converge.
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Correct application of the jets.
§ Number 1 would not be a suitable spray since it would reach the ceiling surface.
thus generating a large amount of steam that would be ineffective, in addition to
dangerous.
§ The Nº2, being directed straight to the fire source, is not advisable because of the
mentioned earlier.
§ Number 3 is the one indicated, as it will penetrate throughout most of its trajectory.
superheated gas layer, where it would have the greatest absorption power
of temperature, and would cool the gases below their ignition point.
7-Operational maneuvers
Upon arriving at the accident:
As mentioned earlier, it is essential to have action plans.
that contemplate the joint action of the endowment and subsequent reinforcements
according to the magnitude of the disaster.
These plans must include the orientation of the teams within the
fire, establish clear operational parameters, the search for victims, the
rescue, entry with primary or special materials, which and how many,
relay system and application of modern or current methodologies of
extinction.
For example, it is important to refer to safety standards such as the
CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) of OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health)
Administration) and its application; the 29 CFR 1910-134 'Firefighter safety'
regulation" in one of its articles mentions "2 in - 2 out" if there are two
firefighters inside working there must be two firefighters outside prepared and
ready for entry either as a relay or as a rescue team.
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In firefighting in interior compartments, it is extremely
risky for a firefighter to enter alone, this is one of many points
important to keep in mind when developing action plans, as
implementing interior work by pairs of firefighters leads us to reconsider the
available equipment in the units.
Conduct the recognition and investigation with the witnesses.
Formulate an action plan.
The staff must be properly informed.
Enable the EPRs outside the fire in a safe place.
Name groups of two firefighters always as a relay team or
security.
Upon entering:
When firefighters prepare to enter a burning building, they must
throw water over the door at its top at least a couple of
seconds before being opened, in this way a possible will be avoided
inflammation of gases when the opening is performed. This maneuver in turn
Can you indicate to us at what height the neutral plane is located since if the
the door is metal the water will evaporate upon contact, it can be done this
work (opening and closing again) two or three times already since this
We are inerting the flammable gases and thereby ensuring the environment.
for our entry.
Positioning of the lead climber and their assistant who will be responsible for making the
opening of a door that opens outward, this last member must
be alert to any eventuality, to close the door quickly.
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Positioning to open a door that opens towards
inside. Both firefighters take their positions as shown in the photo,
the snake charmer well crouched against the wall, before the assistant opens the
the door the pitonero already had to select the stream of about 60º and
start throwing water, at that moment the assistant opens the door for 3
seconds and closes it again, let the steam work and repeat the
maneuver until you are sure that the ambient temperature has decreased.
Once the atmosphere and the environment
they are sure they just entered there
compartment taking the positions
as the image shows, always
covering both sides of the wall
leaving the door opening free.
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Different ways to move indoors, this way we can
detectar obstáculos que podamos tener en el camino.
§Acciones de los bomberos y signos de aviso:
A) Upon entering or during the advance with the line inside, observe the smoke. If
it detects pulses going back and forth, if it is black and
wheel around itself, move out of the area immediately behind
these signs serve as strong indicators of a possible
Backdraft.
B) Whistles or crackling sounds are classic indicators of Backdraft. It is the
moment to quickly go out protecting ourselves with water pulses.
C) A clear sign of backdraft can be the presence of blue flames.
inside the compartment, this may be a warning of the combustion of the
premix, when air enters at high speed towards the origin of the fire.
Press and take out.
D) Any sudden increase in temperature that forces firefighters
to drop to one's knees as low as possible is a warning sign that a
eminent flashover is going to happen. Spray water upwards to cool down
the gases.
E) Flames signs above our heads is an indicator of Flashover.
Press, press, press!!!
If the smoke layer descends rapidly to the ground and is seen rolling the
fire through the ceiling, move away from the compartment behind a pulse of
water before the flashover occurs.
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8- Control of consumption.
Cuando se debe regresar, la lectura del manómetro
Comúnmente se observa que dotaciones de bomberos tienen como consigna
to undertake the return once they hear the tube alarm sound
empty, leaving only the reserve air, this maneuver is more than risky, already
that the reserve fulfills its function in case of emergencies due to accidents of
entrapment, collapse etc. of the user.
If we consume so much to enter and work, the same amount will take us.
consume to go out, this must be controlled very well by the firefighter and must be put
pay attention to the control of air consumption, in case of a couple of
Firefighters one must go out again, both do, the reserve must remain only.
for emergencies.
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Glossary:
§L.I.I.: Lower limit of flammability.
L.S.I.: Upper limits of flammability.
Neutral plan: Existing dividing line between the smoke and gas layer and the
space where there is still visibility.
Rollover: Inflammation of the sporadic layer of combustible gases that
they are accumulated at the top. It manifests in the form of
wave
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association
against the Fire.
IFSTA: International Fire Service Training Association
International Firefighters Training.
Bibliography
Online Firefighting (Gerardo Crespo)
Flashover & Nozzles Techniques (Paul Grimwood)
Compilation and editing
Official Ayte. Marcelo O. of the palace
Firefighters Vol. of Puerto Madryn
Year 2008
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