Science (Made by Maddy)

4.1 The Sonoran Desert

-Deserts are not easy places for animals and plants to live.
-They do not get much rain fall.
-So, the organisms that live there must have adaptations to
help them survive with little water.

Saguaro Cacti
-They grow very slowly
-They may be more than 100 years old.
-Their roots spread out widely underneath the soil, ready
to capture any rain that falls.

Gila woodpeckers
-They make holes in the cacti to make their nests.
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Cactus wrens
-They use a different kind of cactus called ‘teddy bear
cholla’ to make their nests.
-Teddy bear chollas are so spiky that very few animals
will get near them.
-So, the cactus wren’s eggs and young ones are protected
from predators.
-During the hot days, lizard, tortoises and other animals
rest in the shade of the plants or burrow themselves in the
soil where it is cooler.
-At night, when the temperature falls, kangaroo rats come
out to feed, worry of their predators such as rattle snakes
and coyotes.
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Non-living things in the desert

-There are interactions between the organisms and the
non-living parts of the environment.
Light
-The bright sunlight helps the plants to synthesize,
producing food.
Temperature
-It is often very high during the day, but much cooler at
night.
-Some animals are nocturnal.
-It is cooler underneath the soil.
-Some animals dig burrows for shelter during the day.
Soil
-Rocks and soil provide:
Minerals for the plants to grow
Building materials for ground nesting birds
Water
-All organisms need water to keep their cells alive.
-Rain allows them to become more active and to
reproduce.
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Air
-The desert air provides:
Carbon dioxide for the plants to use in photosynthesis.
Oxygen for all the organisms to use in respiration.

The desert ecosystem

Ecosystem
-The ecosystem is a network of interactions between all
the living organisms and the non-living things around
them.
Producers
-Plants are the producers in the food web.
-They use energy from sunlight to make food.
-The energy is passed through the desert food web.
Food web
-Food webs are a very important part of the interaction in
the ecosystem.
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4.2 Different ecosystems

Mangrove forests
Young fish >> Larger fish

Leaves>> Prawns and crabs >> monkey

-Mangroves are trees that can grow with their roots in sea
water.
-They form forests along the coast.
-Young fish live among the mangrove roots
-Mud skippers climb out onto the mud when the tide is
out.
-As the mangrove leaves fall onto the mud, they are
decomposed by bacteria.
-Prawns and crabs eat the partly decomposed leaves.
-Crab-eating macaques climb through trees and catch
crabs on the tree roots and mud.
Sea ice in Arctic Ocean
Aglae>> shrimp>>fish>>seal>>polar bear
-Seals hunt for fish in the water.
-Polar bears patrol the ice, looking for seals to kill and eat.
-They are good swimmers.
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-They can move from one ice floe to another.

-Arctic foxes look for food on the ice.
-Enough light passes through the ice to allow tiny algae to
grow on the underside of the ice floes.
-Tiny shrimp-like organisms eat the algae.
-Fish eat the shrimps.
Rice paddy
-Not all ecosystems are natural.
-The paddy fields are flooded with water.
-Algae grow in the shallow water and on the mud of the
side of the flooded areas.
-Fish swim into the flooded paddies from the irrigation
canals.
-Frogs and dragon files breed in the water.
-Famers add fertilizer to the paddy fields.
-Not only the rice but also the algae grow faster.
-Many birds feed in and around the paddy fields.
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5.1 The structure of the atom

Atom
- ‘Atom’ comes from a Greek word
that means ‘cannot be split’.

-All the atoms of a particular

element are the same.
-Different elements have different atoms.

Sub-atomic particles
-Atoms are made up of particles;
(1) protons
(2) neutrons
(3) electrons
-Protons and neutrons are grouped closely together in the
center of the atom.
-They form the nucleus of the atom.
-Electrons move around the atom.
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Particle Mass (amu) Charge

Proton 1 Positive
Neutron 1 neutral
Electron 1/1860 negative

5.2 Purity
Pure elements
-If an element is pure, it is made of just one type of atom.
-For example, pure gold is made of gold atoms.
-An alloy of gold may contain other metals such as copper
or silver.
-The more gold it is, the higher its purity.
-24 carat is pure gold.
-18 carat or 9 carat is an alloy of gold.
-18 carat of gold has 18 parts out of 24 that are gold.
-The rest (6 parts out of 24) is made up of others.
-18/24 x 100%= 75%
-18 carat gold has a purity of 75%.
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Diamonds
-They are made from the element carbon.
-Carbon atoms are arranged in a particular way.
-If they are pure, diamonds will contain no other elements.
-Pure diamonds are colorless and translucent.
-If diamonds have other elements mixed with the carbon
atoms, they can be different colors.
For example:
-If a few carbon atoms per million are replaced with
nitrogen, the diamond will be green.
-If some carbon atoms are replaced by atoms of the
element boron, the diamond will be blue.
-When one atom per 1000 of carbon atoms is replaced by
nitrogen, nickel or hydrogen, the color will be green.
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Seawater
-It is made up of seawater.
-If we want to obtain sodium chloride from seawater, we
can evaporate off the water.
-This is done by letting seawater fill flat and allowing the
water to evaporate in the heat from the sun.
-If we take 100g of seawater, about 350g is made up of
salts.
-Of this 350g, about 68% is sodium chloride, the rest is
made up of magnesium chloride (14.6%), sodium sulfate
(11.4%), calcium chloride (3.1%) and some other salt
(2.9%).
-The sodium chloride is obtained from seawater is only
68% pure.
-The mass of sodium chloride in 1000g seawater is:
350/1000 x 68=23.g (sodium chloride)
350/1000 x 14.6=5.11g (magnesium chloride)
350/1000 x 3.1=1.085g (calcium chloride)
350/1000 x 2.9= 1.015g (other salt)
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5.3 Weather and climate

-Weather is a state of atmosphere and it changes from
minute to minute, hour to hour, day to day, or week to
week.
-In some places, the weather is similar each day.
-In others, the weather changes frequently.
-Countries all over the world take careful measurements
of the weather;
To help predict what will happen next
To see patterns in the weather
To provide more information about the weather over time.
-It is important to be prepared of snow storms or
heatwaves as they can affect:
The transport system
Production of food
How much power people need to run their homes
Even what we want to buy in shops
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Climate
-It means the weather of a place over a larger time, usually
more than 30 years.
-It is the average weather in an area and takes several
years to change.
-Climate information includes the statistics of the normal
weather as well as the range of extreme weather at that
place.
-Weather is affected by factors such as temperature,
humidity, cloudiness and precipitation.
-Climate is affected by factors: temperature and
precipitation.
-The study of weather is called meteorology.
-The study of climate is called climatology.
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6.1 Reflections
Incident ray
-A light ray arriving at a mirror is called incident ray.
Normal
-The line perpendicular to the mirror is called the normal.
Reflected ray
-A light ray coming away from the mirror is called
reflected ray.
Angle of incidence
-The angle between the incident ray and the normal is
called the angle of incidence.
Angle of reflection
-The angle between the reflected way and normal is called
angle of reflection.
Law of reflection
-The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of
incidence.

i=r
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6.2 Refraction in everyday life

-It can be a nuisance.
-Each individual drop of water on the window refracts
light in a different direction.
-Many vehicles have windscreen wipers.
-They move the water drops.
-It is easier to see as all the refraction from the glass is in
the same direction.
-It can be useful.
-Lenses are used in our eyes, in cameras, and in glasses
that people wear, to cause refraction of light.
-A lens is a curved piece of glass that is designed to refract
light in a known way.
Science (Made by Maddy)

6.3 Making rainbows

Spectrum
-The range of colors that can be seen in white light are
called spectrum.
-The colors are not separate.
-They merge from one to another.
-There are seven colors.
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Dispersion
-It means splitting light into different colors.
-It happens because light is refracted.
-Each of the different colors of light that make up the
white light is refracted through a slightly different angle.
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-When a ray of white light passes through the prism, the

light is refracted.
-Violet light is refracted through the largest angle.
-Red light is refracted through the smallest angle.

6.4 Colors of light

Primary colors
-There are three colors of light from which all other colors
of light can be made.
-These are called the primary colors.
-the primary colors of light are;
Red
Green
Blue
-The primary colors of light are different from the primary
colors in paints.
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Adding colors in light

Red+green=yellow
Red+blue=magenta
Blue+green=cyan
Red+green+blue=white
-The different colors that we see in a mobile phone,
computer or television are all produced from
combinations of the three primary colors of light.
-Most screens can display 256 different colors.
-Changing the brightness of the primary colors makes all
these different colors.
-256 is the maximum number of colors that most people
see.
Subtracting colors of light
-We can use colored filters to remove colors from light.
-If a transparent piece of colored glass or plastic is placed
in front of a white light, only light of that color will be
transmitted.
-All of other colors will be absorbed.
-A common example of colored filters is in traffic light.
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-When seven colors arrive at the red filter, only red is

transmitted.
-The other six are absorbed.
-The result of using two different colored filters.
-If white light shines on a green filter, only green light will
get through.
-The other colors of the white light are absorbed.
-If this green light shines on a red filter, no light will get
through.
-Green is one of the colors that a red filter absorbs.
Seeing colors
Non-luminous
-It means the object does not emit its own light.
-When we look at a non-luminous object, we see the light
that is reflected from the object.
-A white object reflects all the colors in white light equally.
-A black object absorbs all the colors in white light and
does not reflect any.
-These three balls appear black, red or white, according
which colors of light they reflect which they absorb.
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-The red cube appears black when seen in blue light.

-This is because red objects only reflect in red light.
-They absorb all other colors.
-The red cube is absorbing the blue light and not reflecting
any light.
-The blue cube appears black when seen in red light.
-This is because blue objects only reflect in blue light.
-They absorb all other colors.
-The blue cube is adsorbing the red light and not reflecting
any light.
6.5 Galaxies
The Milky Way
-We can see a milky band across the sky.
-This milky band is part of the galaxy of where we live.
-The word ‘galaxy’ comes from a Greek word for ‘milky’.
Shapes of galaxies
-The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy.
-We can see one ‘arm’ of the spiral, which is that band
across the sky.
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-Most of the stars we see at night are in our own galaxy.

-These are an estimated 2.5 x 10 power 8 stars in the Milky
Way.
-These are other galaxies in the universe besides our own.
-The word ‘universe’ is used to describe all of space and
everything in it.
-Galaxies are classified according to shape.
Spiral galaxy
Elliptical galaxy
Irregular galaxy
-The closest know galaxy to the Milky Way is called the
Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy.
-It is elliptical.
-It is a distance of 42,000 light-years away from us.