Introduction to Network Protocol Architectures

Standards
§ Documented agreements containing
technical specifications that stipulate
how a particular product or service
should be designed or performed
§ Many different industries use
standards to ensure that products,
processes, and services suit their
purpose

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 Standardized Protocol Architectures

§ Vendors
§ Customers
§ Two protocol standards are well-known:
§ TCP/IP: widely implemented
§ OSI: well-known, less used, still useful for
modeling/conceptualizing

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Telecommunications Standards
§ Where do they come from?
§ Standard setting bodies
§ Governments
§ Two types
§ Market-driven and voluntary
§ Government-regulated and mandatory

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Networking Standards Organizations
§ American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
§ Determine standards for electronics industry in addition
to other fields
§ Industry Associations
§ Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA
§ Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
- Sets standards for members,

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Networking Standards Organizations
§ Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE)
§ Promotes development and education in
electrical engineering and computer science
fields
§ International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
§ Collection of standards organizations

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Networking Standards Organizations
§ International Telecommunication Union
(ITU)
§ Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

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Advantages and Disadvantages
§ Required to allow for interoperability between equipment
§ Advantages
§ Assures a large market, which encourages mass
production and often lowers costs
§ Encourages vendors to enter market because investment
is protected
§ Allows products from multiple vendors to communicate,
providing consumers with wider selection
§ Disadvantages
§ Standards process can freeze technology too early, due
to the length of the standards-setting process and the
speed with which technology changes
§ Current process allows for multiple standards for the
same thing

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ISO/OSI MODEL
§ International standards
organization/open system
interconnect (ISO/OSI)
§ It was created to solve this
interoperability problem{There was
no standard way to communicate
between these networks, operating
systems and computers.
§ People wanted to share data
§ That is where OSI came in
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So what is real?
§ TCP/IP is a suite of protocols used by
the Internet
§ TCP/IP is real

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§ OSI describes:
§ The network protocol stack
§ Set of rules
§ How data is communicated
§ The network devices

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OSI Reference Model
§ The OSI reference model segments
the communication activities
associated with sending messages
from source to destination into seven
functional layers
§ The functions carried out at each layer
are described below
§ The seven layers are illustrated below

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What the OSI Model Looks Like
•Each layer has specific functions it is
responsible for
•All layers work together in the
correct order to move data around a
network
OSI Model Layer Mnemonics

• Top to bottom
– All People Seem To Need Data Processing
• Bottom to top
– Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
Physical layer
§ The physical layer deals with the physical
characteristics of the transmission medium.
§ It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural,
and functional specifications for activating,
maintaining, and deactivating the physical link
between end systems.

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Data Link layer
§ Providing access to the networking media and
physical transmission across the media to enable
the data to locate its intended destination.
§ Reliable transit of data across a physical link by
using the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses.

§ It responsible for finding whose turn it is to talk

and finds the physical device on the network

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Data Link layer
§ NOTE: The Data Link Layer contains two SUB-
LAYERS
§ LLC (Logical Link Control) - The upper sub-layer, which
establishes and maintains links between communicating
§ MAC (Media Access Control) - The lower sub-layer, which controls
how devices share a media channel. Either through CONTENTION or
TOKEN PASSING

§ Concerned with network topology, network access,

error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and
flow control.
§ Examples :- Ethernet, Frame Relay, FDDI.

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Network Layer
§ Defines end-to-end delivery of packets.
§ Defines logical addressing so that any
endpoint can be identified.
§ Defines how routing works and how routes
are learned so that the packets can be
delivered.

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Transport Layer
§ Error Control: Ensures that data are transferred
between points reliably and without errors
§ Segmentation: Splits data from the sending host's
system and reassembles the data into a data
stream on the receiving host's system.
§ Flow control: Method of gauging appropriate rate
of data transmission
§ protocols include TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

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Session Layer
§ Defines how to start, control and end conversations (called
sessions) between applications.
§ Responsible for controlling the communication:
§ Login rights
§ Permissions

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Presentation Layer
§ Ensures that the information that application
layer of one system sends out is readable by the
application layer of another system.
§ Is responsible for configuring the data:
§ Encryption
§ Compression
§ Translation
§ Examples :- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML.

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Application Layer
§ It provides network services to the user’s applications.
§ this consists of network aware applications like:
§ Email
§ Web browser
§ File sharing services
§ Print server
§ Network drivers
§ Twitter
§ Facebook
§ All these among other need network to operate properly
§ The application layer establishes the availability of intended
communication partners

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 TCP/IP Model
§ TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the
Internet is developed, so the TCP/IP model gains
credibility just because of its protocols.

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Similarities between OSY & TCP/IP Model

§ Similarities include:
§ Both have layers.
§ Both have application layers, though they
include very different services.
§ Both have comparable transport and network
layers.
§ Both models need to be known by networking
professionals.

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Differences between OSY & TCP/IP Model

§ Differences include:
§ TCP/IP combines the presentation and
session layer issues into its application
layer.
§ TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and
physical layers into the network access
layer.
§ TCP/IP appears simpler because it has
fewer layers.

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TCP/IP Model

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The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
§ Consists of four layers
§ Network access layer: Provides physical
delivery of IP packets via frames or cells
§ Internet layer: Contains the information so
that data can be routed through an IP
network
§ Transport layer: Services the process layer
and Internet layer to handle reliability and
session aspects of the transmissions
§ Application layer: Application support

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Network access layer

§ Physical interface between data

transmission device (e.g. computer) and
transmission medium or network
§ Characteristics of transmission medium
§ Signal levels
§ Data rates
§ Exchange of data between end system and
network
§ Destination address provision
§ Invoking services like priority

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The Internet Layer
§ Easily compared directly with the network layer(layer 3) in
the OSI
§ is responsible for transferring data between the source and
destination computers.
§ The following are the functions of the Internet layer:
§ Transmitting data to the Network Interface layer.
§ Routing the data to the correct destination..

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The Transport Layer

§ Concerned with end-to-end data transfer between

end systems (hosts)
§ Transmission unit is called segment
§ TCP/IP provides two types of services
§ “connection-oriented” service – Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP)
§ “connectionless” service - User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)

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TCP: Connection-oriented Service
§ TCP guarantees the recipient will receive the packets in order by
numbering them.

§ The recipient sends messages back to the sender saying it received

the messages.

§ If the sender does not get a correct response, it will resend the packets
to ensure the recipient received them.

§ Packets are also checked for errors.

§ TCP is all about this reliability — packets sent with TCP are tracked so
no data is lost or corrupted in transit.

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UDP: Connectionless Service

§ No handshaking
§ Send whenever and however you want
§ No reliability
§ No congestion & flow control services
§ Why is it needed? Because of the less
overhead of not guaranteeing data
delivery, UDP is faster tha TCP
§ UDP is used when speed is desirable and
error correction is not necessary. For
example, UDP is frequently used for live
broadcasts and online games.
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The Application Layer
§ Primarily concerned with formatting,
encapsulating and transmitting data
across the network.
§ Protocols include:
§ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
§ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
§ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
§ Domain Name System (DNS)
§ Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
§ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
§ Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
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Names for Data at Each Layer

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PROTOCOLS AND THE TCP/IP
LAYERS
§ Application layer – HTTP, FTP, TFTP,
POP3, HTTPS, SMTP, NTP, SNMP,
SSH, TELNET, DNS

§ TRANSPORT layer protocols:

§ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) –
guarantees end to end delivery of
data
§ User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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Internet layer protocols
§ Internet protocol (IP)
§ Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP)
§ Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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LAYER ADDRESSING
§ Each layer has an address which is a
scheme to identify services

§ Eg source address and destination

address

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Application/Transport Layer
Addressing
§ The data is broken up into segments which use
ports to identify services

§ http = 80
§ https = 443
§ telnet = 23
§ ftp = 20 and 21
§ DNS = 53

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Internet layer addressing
§ The IP packets use an addressing
scheme called IP addresses

§ Example [Link] this is a 32

bit address

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MAPPING NETWORK DEVIES TO
THE TCP/IP & OSI MODEL
§ PHYSICAL LAYER:
§ Devices that extend the physical network
§ Deals with the physical characteristics:
voltage, cable type, transfer rates etc
§ Devices that work at this layer:
§ Repeaters - they extend the LAN (now
commonly called transceivers)
§ Multiport repeaters - HUB used for
10baseT (now Obsolete)

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DATA LINK LAYER DEVICES
§ The PDU is the frame and addressing is
the physical (MAC) address
§ Devices at the data link layer make
decisions based on the physical address of
the source or destination address – to
forward or not to forward a frame
§ These devices are:
§ Bridges
§ Layer 2 switch (also called Multiport
bridge)

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DEVICES SUMMARY
§ Application layer = application Layer
Gateway (ALG) – data
§ Transport layer = firewalls – ports
§ Internet/network layer = routers and
layer 3 switches – IP address
§ Data link layer = Bridges and switches
– physical (NAC) address
§ Physical layer = repeaters
(transceivers) and hubs - Bits

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