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Digital Violence and Discrimination Handbook

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views162 pages

Digital Violence and Discrimination Handbook

Journal Article

Uploaded by

Tareq Al Hossain

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Handbook of Research

on Digital Violence and

Discrimination Studies

Fahri Özsungur
Mersin University, Turkey

A volume in the Advances in Human and Social

Aspects of Technology (AHSAT) Book Series
I dedicate this book to all people who suffer discrimination, racism, and violence.

Editorial Advisory Board
Mohammad Abubakar, Antalya Science University, Turkey
Özlem Akkaya, Yeditepe University, Turkey
Ilhan Ilker Albulut, Inonu University, Turkey
Hüseyin Araslı, University of Stavanger, Norway
Ayşe Nihan Arıbaş, Aksaray University, Turkey
Yiğit Aslan, Atilim University, Turkey
Ecaterina Balica, Romanian Academy, Romania
Ayşegül Bostan, Çankırı Karatekin University, Turkey
Ulaş Çakar, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
Çağatay Çakmakcı, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Turkey
Dababrata Chowdhury, University of Suffolk, UK
Elif Gökçearslan Çifçi, Ankara University, Turkey
Ayse Nur Ciftci, Kirklareli University, Turkey
Murat Ciftci, Kirklareli University, Turkey
Çağla Coşar, Yeditepe University, Turkey
Kamil Demirhan, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Turkey
Irfan Doğan, Ankara University, Turkey
Senem Duruel Erkılıç, Mersin University, Turkey
Yusuf Esmer, Bayburt University, Turkey
Sarah Eyaa, Excelsia College, Australia
Estaraq Abbas Fadhil, Atilim University, Turkey
Burak Gökalp, Pamukkale University, Turkey
Ebru Gozukara, Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
Ferit Gürbüz, Hakkari University, Turkey
Rasha Subhi Hameed, Diyala University, Iraq
Justus Haucap, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
Aftab Hossain, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Hakan Inke, Ege University, Turkey
Rashedul Islam, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Peninah Kansiime, Excelsia College, Australia
Ergün Kara, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey

Mehmet Karacuka, Ege University, Turkey

Himmet Karadal, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey
Kerim Karadal, Uludağ University, Turkey
Hakan Karadiken, Bursa Uludağ University, Turkey
C. Karthikeyan, Bangalore University, India
Attila Kaya, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey
Gökmen Kaya, Yeditepe University, Turkey
Esra G. Kaygısız, Giresun University, Turkey
Saidur Rahman Khan, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Gülşen Kirpik, Adıyaman University, Turkey
Levent Kıylıoğlu, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Turkey
Ali Çağrı Kocabalkan, Yeditepe University, Turkey
Burak Kocaoğlu, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey
Emre Kol, Anadolu University, Turkey
Fatma Korkmaz, Yozgat Bozok University, Turkey
Ünal Küçük, Fırat University, Turkey
Mehmet Emirhan Kula, Erzurum Technical University, Turkey
Ikiam Arturo Luque, Universidad Regional Amazónica, Ecuador
Arif Mahmud, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Donald Flywell Malanga, University of Livingstonia, Malawi
Ethem Merdan, Ahi Evran University, Turkey
Tereza Merlo, University of North Texas, USA
Gökberk İlker Muşabak, Atilim University, Turkey
M. Hamil Nazik, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey
Ertuğrul Buğra Orhan, Fırat University, Turkey
Emel Özdemir, Akdeniz University, Turkey
Pelin Kılınç Özüölmez, Mersin University, Turkey
Bekir Parlak, Bursa Uludağ University, Turkey
Sameen Rafi, Aligarh Muslim University, India
Simona Rodat, Adventus University, Romania
Shannon Said, Excelsia College, Australia
Daris Sambiono, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Muhammet Saygin, Mersin University, Turkey
Keshav Sinha, Birla Institute of Technology, India
Özlem Özdeşim Subay, Pamukkale University, Turkey
Soner Taslak, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
Canan Dural Tasouji, Mersin University, Turkey
Nevzat Tetik, Inonu University, Turkey
Sacip Toker, Atilim University, Turkey
Seda Topgül, Akdeniz University, Turkey
Ayşe Tuna, Trakya University, Turkey
Gürkan Tuna, Affiliation, University, Turkey
Kürşat Türker, Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Turkey
Hülya Semiz Türkoğlu, Istanbul University, Turkey

Süleyman Türkoğlu, Istanbul University, Turkey

İlksun Didem Ülbeği, Çukurova University, Turkey
Selin Umutlu, Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey
Oben Uru, Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
Juliana Abdul Wahab, University of Science, Malaysia
Arzu Yildirim, Şırnak University, Turkey
Nihan Yilmaz, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Table of Contents

Foreword........................................................................................................................................... xxvii

Preface..............................................................................................................................................xxviii

Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................. xxxiv

Chapter 1
eSports and eSocial Work........................................................................................................................ 1
Fahri Özsungur, Vocational School of Social Sciences, Mersin University, Turkey

Chapter 2
Opinions of Social Work Students on Technology Use and Ethics in Social Work Practices............... 21
Irfan Dogan, Gumushane University, Turkey
Elif Gokcearslan Cifci, Ankara University, Turkey

Chapter 3
Analysis of the Concept of Femicide: A Study of 102 Concepts.......................................................... 44
Arturo Luque González, Universidad Tecnica de Manabí, Ecuador & Universidad del
Rosario, Colombia
Aracely Berenice Apunte Guerra, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador
Jeniffer Elizabeth Robles Briones, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador
Jesús Ámgel Coronado Martín, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
Juan Carlos Morales-Intriago, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador

Chapter 4
Framing Femicide: An Analysis of Online Media Reporting on Romanian Immigrant Women
Killed in Germany.................................................................................................................................. 72
Simona Rodat, Adventus University, Romania

Chapter 5
Online Violence Against Women as a Challenge of the Digital Age and the European Union’s
Role in Combating the Violence Against Women................................................................................. 95
Seven Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Turkey

Chapter 6
Women Working in Turkey: Wage Injustice in the Labor Market....................................................... 114
Betül Altay Topcu, Kayseri University, Turkey
Sevgi Sümerli Sarıgül, Kayseri University, Turkey

Chapter 7
A Bibliometric Analysis of Digital Feminism Research..................................................................... 134
Soner Taslak, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
Nazli Ersoy, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Turkey

Chapter 8
Analysis of the Increase in Femicide Following Its Classification as a Crime in the Digital World... 163
Arturo Luque González, Universidad Tecnica de Manabí, Ecuador & Universidad del
Rosario, Colombia

Chapter 9
Digital Accounting and Gender Discrimination.................................................................................. 185
Sevgi Sümerli Sarıgül, Kayseri University, Turkey
Burcu Oralhan, Nuh Nacı Yazgan University, Turkey

Chapter 10
A Qualitative Research on the Work-Family-Life Balance Perception of Working Fathers................ 206
Selin Umutlu, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Turkey

Chapter 11
Discrimination as a Mobbing Behavior............................................................................................... 229
Muhsin Kürşat Türker, National Education Ministry of Turkey, Turkey
Mutlu Erdem, Gebze Technical University, Turkey

Chapter 12
Cyberbullying Perception and Experience Among the University Students in Bangladesh: A
Qualitative Study................................................................................................................................. 248
Aftab Hossain, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh & Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Malaysia
Juliana Abdul Wahab, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Md. Rashedul Islam, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Md. Saidur Rahman Khan, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
Arif Mahmud, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh

Chapter 13
A Research on Digital Violence in Social Media................................................................................ 270
Ergün Kara, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniveristesi, Turkey
Gülşen Kirpik, Adıyaman University, Turkey
Attila Kaya, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi, Turkey

Chapter 14
An Analysis of Children’s Content on YouTube in the Context of Sharenting: Case Study From
Turkey.................................................................................................................................................. 291
Pelin Kilinç Özüölmez, Mersin University, Turkey
Senem Duruel Erkiliç, Mersin University, Turkey

Chapter 15
An Evaluation on Turkey Within the Scope of Digital Transformation.............................................. 315
Arzu Yıldırım, Sirnak University, Turkey

Chapter 16
Communication and Marketing in the Fight Against Racism in the Sports Context: A Theoretical
Reflection on European Football.......................................................................................................... 333
Bruno Barbosa Sousa, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal
Filipa Costa Magalhães, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal
Ana Teresa Pedreiro, University of Minho, Portugal
Vasco Ribeiro Santos, ISLA Santarém, Portugal
Adrian Lubowicki-Vikuk, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

Chapter 17
Internet Addiction as a Behavioral Addiction: The Effect of Computer Games on Children and
Cyber Violence.................................................................................................................................... 352
Emre Kol, Anadolu University, Turkey
Seda Topgul, Akdeniz University, Turkey

Chapter 18
The Dark Side of Digitalization: Digital Mobbing.............................................................................. 374
F. Oben Uru, Istanbul Arel University, Turkey
Ebru Gozukara, Istanbul Arel University, Turkey

Chapter 19
The Prevalence of Online Violence Against Female Students at a Private University in Malawi....... 451
Donald Flywell Malanga, University of Livingstonia, Malawi

Chapter 20
The Sample of the Turkish Labor Market in Digital Discrimination and Pandemic Regarding
Elderly/Older Employment.................................................................................................................. 466
Ayse Nur Ciftçi, Kırklareli University, Turkey
Murat Çiftçi, Trakya University, Turkey

Chapter 21
The Ugly Face of the Digital World: Cyberbullying........................................................................... 489
Ethem Merdan, Ahi Evran University, Turkey

Chapter 22
Digitalization and Political Extremism................................................................................................ 506
Mehmet Karacuka, Ege University, Turkey
Hakan Inke, Ege University, Turkey
Justus Haucap, Heinrich Heine University, Germany

Chapter 23
The Escalating Cyberbullying Menace Through Social Media Platforms in Developing Countries
Including India: The Social Media Vulnerabilities Due to Excessive Usage...................................... 526
Karthikeyan C., T. John College, Bengaluru, India

Chapter 24
Increasing Virtual Offences Through Cyberbullying in Developing Countries: Catalytic Factors
Leading to Virtual Offences................................................................................................................. 547
Karthikeyan C., T. John College, Bengaluru, India

Chapter 25
Workplace Cyberbullying in Organizations With Criminal Intent and Subtle Means: A Very
Pleasant and Safe Organization Culture Brings in a Better Work Culture in an Organization............ 568
Karthikeyan C., T. John College, Bengaluru, India

Chapter 26
A New Framework for Politics, Law, and Government in the Digital Era: A Judge-Based Political
System.................................................................................................................................................. 589
Keshav Sinha, Usha Martin University, India
Roma Kumari, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
Rakesh Kumar Chandan, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India
Partha Paul, Sarala Birla University, India
Naghma Khatoon, Usha Martin University, India
Runmi Kundu, Banaras Hindu University, India

Chapter 27
Cyberbullying: A Literature Review on Cross-Cultural Research in the Last Quarter....................... 610
Mehmet Emirhan Kula, Erzurum Technical University, Turkey

Chapter 28
The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO): Theoretical Approach and Measurement in Organizations.......... 631
Evren Dinçer, Aksaray Municipality, Turkey
Muhammet Saygın, Mersin University, Turkey
Himmet Karadal, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Turkey

Chapter 29
The Study of Developing a Financial Literacy Scale for University Students in the Digital Era:
Evidence From Inonu University......................................................................................................... 652
Nevzat Tetik, Inonu University, Turkey
Ilhan Ilker Albulut, Inonu University, Turkey

Chapter 30
Information Ethics in the Context of Current Developments.............................................................. 685
Yusuf Esmer, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bayburt University, Turkey
Ayşe Nihan Arıbaş, Vocational School of Health Services, Aksaray University, Turkey

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 708

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 820

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 830
Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword........................................................................................................................................... xxvii

Preface..............................................................................................................................................xxviii

Acknowledgment............................................................................................................................. xxxiv

Bringing together international players, eSports benefits beyond digitalization according to its intended
use. It is possible to socialize individuals who cannot come together due to pandemics, extraordinary
events, and economic difficulties and increase their commitment to life with these video games. Social
work should take advantage of this developing field. eSports can provide benefits in geriatrics, home care
services, physical therapy, elderly people in nursing homes, women, children, people with an autistic
spectrum disorder, and social adaptation. Social work’s functions in many areas such as environmental
and social adaptation, well-being, welfare, public health, social policy, and the rehabilitation of children
prone to crime can be made more functional through eSports. This chapter deals with the functions of
social work to be developed and improved with eSports.

The use of technology in social work practices has increased due to the global pandemic of COVID-19.
This situation has also revealed new ethical issues and opinions in the field of social work practices. This
research aims to explore ethical issues and the increase of technology in social work practices from the
perspectives of social work students. Social work students at the undergraduate level in Turkey constitute
the sample of the research. The research data were collected through an online questionnaire consisting
of students’ socio-demographic information and their opinions on technology use and ethics in social
work practices. It was tried to reach social work students through the student groups in social media by
the typical case sampling technique. Statistical tests including descriptive and comparative statistics were
applied in analyzing the data. There was a significant relationship among opinions of the participants
on the use of technology in social work practices and ethics by gender, number of practice terms, and
taking courses about ethics in social work.

Femicide is intrinsically part of gender-based violence, and the two are inevitably linked at all levels.
Yet, despite having a common origin, there is a need to analyze femicide as a problem that must be
recognized, in social and legal terms, as having its own, particular features. To achieve this, an analysis
of 102 concepts was carried out through a frequency count in Google Scholar, followed by their
categorization, saturating in six dimensions: economic, social, legal, political, ethical, and cultural. The
methodology used a higher-order association of hierarchies by establishing a dyad-triad-tetrad model
that shows only the most representative combinations extracted from the definitions of greater weight
and scope. From this, it emerges that the current concept of femicide is defined on the basis of a dual
social-ethical category in view of its frequency of use in Google. This highlights the distance between
what, a priori, seems to implicitly allow for any definition of femicide and the existing reality that favors
private or institutional interests.

Femicides are topics frequently covered by the media, and journalists use different frames when reporting
on such lethal acts of violence against women. This chapter addresses the media coverage and framing
in German online press articles of two femicides with victims of Romanian ethnicity. The research
presented used as methodology thematic content analysis, along with media framing analysis. In the
chapter, the results of this study are discussed, that is, the characteristics of media coverage and content
related to the killings of the two Romanian women in the German press are analysed, the main frames
used by the media in their reporting on the femicides are pointed out, and the extent to which journalists
use in their narratives techniques of blaming the victims is examined. Moreover, the chapter investigates
whether the media report the crimes against women as singular facts or address them in the broader
context of social problems, and contribute, in this way, to the increase of public awareness and social
responsibility towards them.

With the advances in technology, the online aspects of life have been enhanced significantly in the digital
age. Online opportunities have equipped people with many new opportunities, but they have also brought
about many new challenges difficult to overcome, especially with the emergence of online versions of
the widespread offline problems. This chapter elaborates on the online violence against women as one

of the challenges of the digital world. In this scope, online violence against women is examined both
as a concept and as a phenomenon. In addition, the European Union is covered in the study as an actor
coping with the violence against women with all of its versions with a special emphasis over the online
forms getting more common. The study argues that as the level of digitalization increases, it will be more
likely to meet with the unwanted consequences of the advanced technologies, like the online violence
against women.

Working women face barriers based on gender discrimination in Turkey and around the world, especially
in terms of their career development. In this context, gender discrimination is one of the most important
problems that prevents the development of societies. Gender discrimination in terms of working life is
the exclusion of women, although it does not affect the performance of work, and as a result, the power,
satisfaction level, and income in the workplace are shared among men. Gender discrimination can be
in the form of paying different wages for the same job, or it can occur in the form of individuals with
equal efficiency having different jobs corresponding to different levels of pay. The aim of the study is
to reveal the place of women working in Turkey in the labor market and the unfairness of wages they
face. In this context, the study is important for providing proposals to prevent wage inequality in Turkey.

Feminism is the body of social movements for the protection of women’s rights. With the transfer of
feminist activities to the online environment, the concept of digital feminism emerged, and women’s
rights started to be defended online. The aim of this study is to analyze the articles dealing with the
subject of “digital feminism” in the Web of Science and Scopus databases taking various parameters
into account. For this purpose, the bibliometric method was utilized, and 53 articles which addressed
digital feminism between the years 1975-2021 were examined. This study is the first to discuss digital
feminism using bibliometric analysis. In this respect, it is thought that the study will contribute to the
literature and will be a reference for researchers.

Femicide, or feminicide as it is known in some Latin American jurisdictions, is the murder of a woman
because of her gender. National and international regulations agree that this constitutes a hate crime,
rather one of habitual violence since femicide is motivated by more complex factors than those of mere
physical assault. Violence has become a social problem that has changed the dynamics of the family and
associated elements, leading to implications in the psychological, personal, and social spheres, among
others. With this perspective, the study carried out a normative analysis of the current situation in Ecuador

following the separate classification of the crime of femicide in the General Organic Penal Code (GOPC).
The research drew heavily on interviews with active members of Ecuadorian legal institutions in order
to build a taxonomy of inconsistencies that determine the reasons for the increase in these murders after
the change to the law, at the same time as the stiffening of the state’s resolve to prevent them.

Digital technologies can process data much faster and more reliably than humans. Therefore, businesses
must ensure a radical transformation in their infrastructure in order to keep up with the competitive
environment. When establishing an accounting information system in enterprises, it should be ensured
that the system can produce complete and uninterrupted information. However, one consequence of the
digitalization process in accounting information systems is that the need for accounting personnel tends
to decrease day by day. The aim of this study is to examine the digital developments in accounting and
financial consultancy services and to emphasize the need for accounting engineering, which can contribute
the most to these developments In this context, the structure and consequences of gender differences of
individuals working in the accounting profession were examined.

Chapter 10
A Qualitative Research on the Work-Family-Life Balance Perception of Working Fathers................ 206
Selin Umutlu, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Turkey

Work-life and work-family-life balance can be expressed as the balance between the demands of an
individual’s work life and private life, and the demands of work life and family life. The issue of ensuring
the harmony between work-family and work-life is taken into consideration by researchers, and studies on
this subject are gaining momentum day by day. As in many countries around the world, family-friendly
organization practices are taking place in Turkey to address this situation, and many social policies
are implemented in order to harmonize the areas of work-life and work-family life. However, although
studies on working women are included in detail, studies related with working fathers are very rare. In
the study, the concepts of work-life balance and work-family-life balance will be discussed in detail. In
addition, the fact of being a working father for working fathers who tend to establish work-family-life
balance, and the thoughts of working fathers about whether they can establish a work-family-life balance
will be discussed within the scope of the interviews.

Discrimination is one of the oldest human topics because of human characteristics. From the perspective
of last two centuries, it can be supposed that discrimination history is mostly about gender, nationality,
race, or skin colour. The topic interested in here is not purely about discrimination in all aspects, but
especially about discrimination in the workplace, discriminatory actions, or behaviours in the work-related
environment. Discrimination can be considered as a harmful behaviour psychologically in terms of people
who are subjected to it. If it occurs in the workplace or in work-related environments, the people who

become victim cannot prevent it. At that time, discrimination can be discussed as a mobbing behaviour.
Accordingly, the main issue of this chapter is discrimination as a mobbing behaviour.

This study focuses on the understanding of the conceptualization of the global phenomenon of cyberbullying
among university students in Bangladesh. The emerging themes of this study investigate and explore
the concepts of university students using their social-ecological perspective. The study’s aim is to learn
about the antecedents, contexts, and conditions that influence the phenomenon, and the consequences
of the victims through focus group discussions (FGD). Using the thematic coding data analysis, the
study findings will contribute to having an in-depth idea about the perceptions of university students.
This timely needed research work will provide the South Asian point of view where a handful study
was undertaken in comparison to the Global North. The novelty of this study consists to explore young
people’s technology abuse, which can lead to cyberbullying, in addition to finding methods to deal with
cyberbullying issues if they arise. This study is intended to assist all parties including young people,
parents, teachers, and other social-ecological stakeholders.

The internet, which started to enter our lives with the last quarter of the 20th century, is being used
more and more widely every day due to the facilitating effect of technological innovations on human
life. Especially in the last 20 years, people have moved their social lives to the internet due to the fast
and practical access to information, the diversity of opportunities it offers, the freedom to meet people
from different parts of the world, and similar conveniences. In this new process, which is called the
information society, there are many areas from social life to economy, from politics to health. However,
this structure, which facilitates human life, has also brought with it negativities that can cause serious
problems in interpersonal relations. All these negativities, which have a legal dimension, are described
as the concept of “digital violence.”

Parental responsibility will be evaluated from the children’s perspective, and the pre-birth rights of the
child will be discussed in a juridical and social context. Within this scope, 375 videos, viewed between
March 17, 2019 and December 23, 2020, will be studied in-depth using the content analysis method. As
the aforementioned YouTube channel mainly targets younger child groups and the E.K.M. is also 6, it is
of great importance to discuss the suitability of the experienced digital games’ educative and instructive
features for children, as well as if they consist of elements of violence and horror. Parental responsibility
will be evaluated together with a selection of digital games and game displays. Having numerous followers
in Turkey, the ‘Sesegel Çocuk’ channel will be probed extensively since the channel has a potential to
act as a role model for its target audience. Digital parenting and the sharenting phenomenon will be
extensively analyzed with regard to privacy, personal data confidentiality and security, protection of
emotional and private data, and protection of personal rights.

Chapter 15
An Evaluation on Turkey Within the Scope of Digital Transformation.............................................. 315
Arzu Yıldırım, Sirnak University, Turkey

The change in information technologies and the dependency on them are increasing. It deeply affects
business and social life, especially in areas such as communication, production, business, marketing, and
reporting. Nowadays, it seems impossible to avoid digital transformation. Developments in information
and communication technologies offer various opportunities for change. Individuals or institutions
that use, follow, and lead these developments will be one step ahead of the competition. Institutions
that transform the processes of doing business from end to end in a controlled manner will find a place
for themselves in the future. Otherwise, they will not be able to continue their existence. Within the
scope of this information, the aim of this study is to reveal where Turkey is in the process of digital
transformation. In the study, the studies carried out within the scope of digital transformation in Turkey
were examined. The developments in digital transformation in the world and Turkey according to the
indices have been evaluated.

Racism is a global hierarchy of superiority and inferiority that has been politically, culturally, and
economically produced and reproduced for centuries by the institutions, in different countries, depending
on their colonial history. In that sense, racism cannot be seen as a concept that is equal in every region
of the world. Racism in sport is a research topic that has been particularly valued in recent years (and
decades). There are several episodes of racism that occur in sport (among fans and athletes). In this
sense, sports institutions (European and global) regularly invest in social marketing campaigns to raise
awareness of this social phenomenon. Therefore, social media has allowed football fans to engage in
discussions concerning football and other subjects. This chapter presents a brief theoretical reflection
with three (European) examples of marketing campaigns against racism in sport (UEFA, Premier League,
and F.C. Porto). This chapter presents inputs for marketing, ethics, and management in sport. At the end,
lines of future research will be presented.

Taking into consideration the gradually widespread use of the internet, children are thought to be an
important group both in terms of the time they spend on the internet and the dangers they will be exposed
to in the virtual world. Internet addiction is essentially a type of behavioral addiction, characterized by a
certain behavioral pattern, which is confronted with both physical, psychological, and social consequences.
The research aims to establish a correlation between children’s addiction to computer games with the cyber
violence that they may be exposed to base on this addiction. For this reason, this study is a systematic
review that aims to examine the effects of computer addiction as a subtype of internet addiction, which
is a type of behavioral addiction, on children and its relationship with cyber violence. The research
significantly contributes to the literature by revealing the effects of COVID-19 on children’s addiction
to computer games and the correlation of children’s addiction to computer games with cyber violence.

Digital change and transformation, affecting the economic and social context, paved the way for the
emergence of many new phenomena and behavior patterns. One of these phenomena is digital mobbing,
which is a serious type of digital bullying that harms the individual and forms the dark side of digitalization.
In this chapter, the authors explained the phenomenon of digital mobbing, its types, and effects on
individuals first. Then they conducted a field research to reveal employees’ level of exposure to digital
mobbing, its types, level, and suggestions for its prevention via snowball sampling method in Istanbul
and Kocaeli with 578 white-collar employees in the healthcare, information technologies, security, and
banking sectors through the Turkish adaptation of the “cyber-mobbing” scale developed in Germany.
According to the results, they found that the vast majority of employees are exposed to high level and
various forms of digital mobbing and they couldn’t find authorities to apply for a solution other than
legal remedies; so they also suggested for its prevention at last.

Chapter 19
The Prevalence of Online Violence Against Female Students at a Private University in Malawi....... 451
Donald Flywell Malanga, University of Livingstonia, Malawi

This chapter presents findings of the study that investigated the prevalence of online violence against
female students at the University of Livingstonia in Malawi. The study noted that female students
experienced online bullying, online harassment, online defamation, online stalking, sexual exploitation,
online hate speech, and revenge pornography. Perpetrators used digital platforms such Facebook,
WhatsApp, dating sites, and smartphones to carry out their evil acts. The motivations by perpetrators
were driven by revenge, anger, jealousy, and sexual desire, with the intentions to harm the victims
socially, psychologically, academically, and physically. The female students confronted and blocked
the perpetrator or left the online platform as a coping mechanism. Overall, the study confirmed that the
prevalence of online violence against female students is burgeoning in universities in Malawi and urgent
strategies are needed to address the vice.

Digitalization is a phenomenon that is spreading day by day on a global scale. Both physiological
decline and dissonances in education and professional experience strengthen the possibility of excluding
the elder in the new economic and social order where digitalization has accelerated. In a period of 10
years if Industry 4.0 is taken as a milestone, and 5-6 years if Society 5.0 is taken as a milestone, it
is natural to experience insufficiencies in the awareness of elder employees although there is a rapid
transformation process. Therefore, problems may arise in the possibility of the surveys to be conducted
for the addressee to constitute a healthy indicator. It can be argued that, in studies that are based on the
analysis of secondary data, the differential feature of basic parameters such as internet usage, which is
very common like literacy, will remain limited.

Chapter 21
The Ugly Face of the Digital World: Cyberbullying........................................................................... 489
Ethem Merdan, Ahi Evran University, Turkey

Technology is present in every moment of our lives and has become a part of our lives. Developments
in information and communication technologies affect and facilitate social life and business life day
by day. Although the positive aspects of technological developments are generally mentioned, it also
brings many negativities. One of these downsides is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying can be expressed as
behaviors that hurt, humiliate, disturb, frighten, exclude, and cause victimization by using information
and communication technologies of the individual. These behaviors can cause an individual’s job and life
satisfaction to decrease anxiety, sadness, tension, and loss of motivation. In this case, it becomes difficult
for the individual to be effective and efficient in his/her business and social life. For this, it is useful to
combat cyberbullying, and it is important to develop combat strategies for it. Otherwise, cyberbullying
cannot be prevented. With the precautions, most cyberbullying can be prevented before it happens.

Information and communication technologies shape, direct, and deter political behaviour and institutions
as the increase in internet usage regulate our daily lives. The advance of internet and digital media also
shape political involvement, partisanship, and ideology. Internet, as the new media, is an important
information source that shapes political behaviour along with other effects on societal layers. The new
technologies provide a platform for the voices of minorities and disadvantaged communities, therefore
urging a pluralist agenda. They are also blamed for the recent rise of populism and polarisation by
creating echo-chambers, filter-bubbles, and the “fake news.” In this study, the authors analyse the possible
effects of internet usage on political polarisation and ideological extremism by utilising World Values
Survey Wave 7 Data for 40 countries. The findings show that internet usage and education level decrease
extremism, while safety, work anxiety, and religiosity drive people to the extreme.

This chapter focuses on the social media vulnerabilities due to excessive usage among the youth in
developing countries like India. The increasing psychological dependence and ubiquitousness in the
availability of technological gadgets make interaction possible at any time to anyone making the act of
cyberbullying easier. The vulnerable sections of every society, especially the children, youth, and women,
face incremental psychological health issues due to the negative impact of ever-increasing cyberbullying
in one way or another. The chapter reports descriptively the extensive damages that are inflicted by social
media platforms on the productivity of the developing countries due to the negative influence on the
youth and working population of the developing countries including India.

Cyberbullying malice is more a socio-psychological issue in developing countries like India. The kinds
of virtual offences indirectly through cyberbullying and the toll on the various segments of society
are concentrated to bring attention to the increasing maladaptive consequences of the virtual offences.
The chapter concentrates on the direct and indirect methods of consistent evolution in the methods of
virtually offensive practices against children, adolescents, school students, college students, and women
in general. The chapter highlights the methods of cyberbullying happening across developing countries
like India. It also describes the catalytic factors leading to virtual offences committed online and their
nature, evolution, impact, and intensity on the victims’ psyche across developing countries like India.

This chapter examines the effects of workplace cyberbullying in organizations that are done with criminal
intent with subtle means and explores various research reports as the remedial measures to control this
social menace. It explores workplace cyberbullying as a hate crime and harassment at the workplace
by the perpetrator with criminal intent. The chapter justifies with evidence gathered through research
across the world, as to how workplace cyberbullying is perpetrated with subtle means. It also explores
with various research studies how workplace cyberbullying is growing as a social menace. The menacing
effects are categorized into psychological, social, and organizational in the chapter and are analysed as
to how the perpetrator plans their modus operandi to inflict pain in the workplace.

In the 21st century, the digital world has taken over law and politics. Political war is on online platforms,
and various decisions are made based on the digital data. Another problem is to provide security of online
data. Most of the world is unsatisfied with the government and policymakers. A lack of satisfaction
among the people leads towards civil war or it can cause the fall of an entire selected government, or it
can collapse the law systems of the world. To cope with this problem, the authors propose the judge-
based political system (JBPS). The new political system can deal with the advancement of technology
and cybersecurity. Judge-based politics will help to control this type of threat and provide satisfaction
in the upcoming era of democracy.

Chapter 27
Cyberbullying: A Literature Review on Cross-Cultural Research in the Last Quarter....................... 610
Mehmet Emirhan Kula, Erzurum Technical University, Turkey

This chapter includes a literature review of the studies on cyberbullying in the last quarter century. In
this direction, firstly, key concepts related to cyberbullying are explained in order to create a substructure
for the understanding of the concept. Then, the concept of traditional bullying is explained within a
conceptual evaluation. The concept of cyberbullying has been evaluated in detail with its definition, basic
features, reasons, tools, types, and roles. A comparison was made between bullying and cyberbullying,
and similarities and differences were revealed. Finally, a general conclusion was made based on the results
of the research conducted around the world in the last quarter. The results reveal that cyberbullying is
an increasing problem and is spreading uncertainly in almost every country.

Competitiveness, innovation, and constant change have become indispensable elements in today’s
transition from an industrial society to information society. Internet technologies, which are constantly
renewing themselves depending on globalization, have increased the tendency of promotion, sharing,
and following. Social networks have become an important part of our lives as a result of the continuous
developments in internet-based applications and mobile devices in the world of fiber networks. FoMO
emerges as an interdisciplinary phenomenon expressing individuals’ awareness of virtual environment.
Accordingly, individuals tend to be constantly aware of the changes around them through social media.
Individuals, who constantly update and monitor with their mobile devices, spend a long time on social
networks and create their own virtual worlds. The FoMO is closely related with psychological, behavioral,

and social issues. In the research, in addition to the theoretical background of FoMO, measurement scales
and managerial inferences for the organizations have been discussed.

Financial literacy, in its shortest definition, is the ability of individuals to use money rationally. Today,
young individuals’ infrastructure and kits are not enough to understand finance and make the right
decisions in the modern financial world. It is extremely essential for young university students to have
sufficient financial literacy in order to have a high tendency to consume and to be individuals who will
go into business life in the near future. In this study, the authors conduct a scale study to measure the
financial literacy levels of undergraduate students and its relation to the digital environment in the 2020-
2021 academic year. The scale consists of three factors under the headings of financial information,
financial prudence, and borrowing attitude, and 20 sub-items. In the study, the authors also compare
the financial literacy variable with sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and descriptive variables by
using t-test and ANOVA analysis. The findings show that there are no significant differences among
undergraduate students.

The emergence of globalization due to information technologies and the changes and/or developments
brought about by globalization require organizations to have more knowledge about ethics and therefore to
be more interested in this issue. The use of information and communication technologies in organizations
in accordance with ethical values is considered important in terms of the integrity, functioning, and
efficiency of both employees and organizations. Individuals, managers, organizations, and researchers
have important duties in the field of information ethics in order to prevent the making of difficult mistakes
that will adversely affect individuals and organizations during the use of information technologies. In
this context, information ethics has been examined in this study in the context of recent developments
all over the world, especially the developments in the global COVID-19 pandemic process.

Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 708

About the Contributors..................................................................................................................... 820

Index.................................................................................................................................................... 830
xxvii

Foreword

In today’s world, digital technologies matter a lot in terms of offering innumerable occasions for learning
and individual development; however, they also elicit potential risks, such as digital violence. Inevitably
being too involved in digital life with the emergence of COVID-19, from children to women, from young
people to disadvantaged groups, most people today are incrementally exposed to cyber violence, harass-
ment, and discrimination. Despite the fact that countries try to develop various policies to prevent such
cyber problems, it is seen that these policies are mostly not successful when it comes to implementation.
This publication, which offers different perspectives on digital discrimination and violence as a result
of various academic studies, basically deals with the issues of abuse, ageism, cyberbullying, cybercrime,
digital transformation, digital violence, ethics, feminism, gender discrimination, harassment, media stud-
ies, racism, and etc. What makes this 30-chapter publication valuable is that it has presented such a com-
mon and up-to-date subject to its readers with examples from different countries such as Turkey, India,
Ecuador, Romania, Colombia, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Portugal, Poland, Malawi, and Germany which
also may make it generalizable and acceptable worldwide. Therefore, by focusing on these concepts this
book will derive attention on these worldwide problems and create opportunities to develop solutions.
I would like to thank all the academicians—Adrian Lubowicki-Vikuk, Aftab Hossain, Ana Teresa
Pedreiro, Aracely Berenice Apunte Guerra, Arif Mahmud, Arturo Luque, Arzu Yıldırım, Attila Kaya,
Ayşe Nur Çiftçi, Betül Altay Topcu, Bruno Barbosa Sousa, Burcu Oralhan, Donald Flywell Malanga,
Ayşe Nihan Arıbaş, Ebru Gözükara, Elif Gökçearslan Çifci, Emre Kol, Ergün Kara, Ethem Merdan,
Evren Dinçer, Fahri Özsungur, Filipa Costa Magalhães, Gülşen Kırpık, Hakan İnke, Himmet Karadal,
İlhan İlker Albulut, İrfan Doğan, Jeniffer Elizabeth Robles Briones, Jesús Ámgel Coronado Martín, Juan
Carlos Morales-Intriag, Juliana Abdul Wahab, Justus Haucap, Karthikeyan C Karthikeyan C, Keshav
Sinha, Mehmet Karaçuka, Mehmet Kula, Muhammet Saygın, Muhsin Kürşat Türker, Murat Çiftçi, Mutlu
Erdem, Naghma Khatoon, Nazlı Ersoy, Oben Ürü, Nevzat Tetik, Partha Paul, Pelin Kılınç Özüölmez,
Saidur Rahman Khan, Rakesh Kumar Chandan, Rashedul Islam, Roma Kumari, Seda Topgül, Selin
Umutlu, Senem Duruel Erkılıç, Seven Erdoğan, Sevgi Sümerli Sarıgül, Simona Rodat, Soner Taslak,
Vasco Ribeiro Santos, and Yusuf Esmer—for their contribution to this valuable publication.

Sincerely,

Ahmet Çamsari
Mersin University, Turkey

xxviii

Preface

Today, many people are exposed to discrimination and violence. Disabled individuals, the elderly,
women, children, low-income people, trans, and non-binary people, in short, many people are unjustly
exposed to discrimination, racism, and violence. Discrimination has gradually increased as COVID-19
has increased the needs and requirements for cyber and digital infrastructure. This increase has affected
many factors such as gender, law, psychology, culture, bilateral relations, economy, and international
relations. With the emergence of cyber attacks and cyber warfare, discrimination and violence gained
a very different momentum.
Countries develop policies and legal regulations for the prevention of cyber discrimination and vio-
lence. However, these policies often fail in practice. Achieving success depends on the positive change of
individuals’ perceptions of differences in cooperation. This handbook aims to provide different perspec-
tives for countries, companies, and individuals in the prevention of digital discrimination and violence.

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

A brief description of each of the chapters follows:

Chapter 1 proposes eSports and eSocial Work. Bringing together international players, eSports
benefits beyond digitalization according to its intended use. It is possible to socialize individuals who
cannot come together due to pandemics, extraordinary events, and economic difficulties and increase
their commitment to life with these video games. Social work should take advantage of this developing
field. eSports can provide benefits in geriatrics, home care services, physical therapy, elderly people
in nursing homes, women, children, people with an autistic spectrum disorder, and social adaptation.
Social work’s functions in many areas such as environmental and social adaptation, well-being, wel-
fare, public health, social policy, and the rehabilitation of children prone to crime can be made more
functional through eSports. This book chapter deals with the functions of social work to be developed
and improved with eSports.
Chapter 2 aims to explore ethical issues and the increase of technology in social work practices from
the perspectives of social work students. Social work students at the undergraduate level in Turkey
constitute the sample of the research. The research data were collected through an online questionnaire
consisting of students’ socio-demographic information and their opinions on technology use and ethics
in social work practices. It was tried to reach social work students through the student groups in social
media by the typical case sampling technique. Statistical tests including descriptive and comparative
statistics were applied in analyzing the data. There was a significant relationship among opinions of the

Preface

participants on the use of technology in social work practices and ethics by gender, number of practice
terms, and taking courses about ethics in social work.
Chapter 3 presents an analysis of 102 concepts was carried out through a frequency count in Google
Scholar, followed by their categorization, saturating in six dimensions: economic, social, legal, political,
ethical, and cultural. The methodology used a higher-order association of hierarchies by establishing a
dyad-triad-tetrad model that shows only the most representative combinations extracted from the defini-
tions of greater weight and scope. From this, it emerges that the current concept of feminicide is defined
on the basis of a dual social-ethical category in view of its frequency of use in Google. This highlights
the distance between what, a priori, seems to implicitly allow for any definition of feminicide and the
existing reality that favors private or institutional interests.
Chapter 4 addresses the media coverage and framing in German online press articles of two femi-
cides with victims of Romanian ethnicity. The research presented used as methodology thematic content
analysis, along with media framing analysis. In the chapter the results of this study are discussed, that is,
the characteristics of media coverage and content related to the killings of the two Romanian women in
the German press are analyzed, the mainframes used by the media in their reporting on the femicides are
pointed out, and the extent to which journalists use in their narratives techniques of blaming the victims
is examined. Moreover, the chapter investigates whether the media report the crimes against women as
singular facts or address them in the broader context of social problems, and contribute, in this way, to
the increase of public awareness and social responsibility towards them.
Chapter 5 elaborates on online violence against women as one of the challenges of the digital world.
In this scope, online violence against women is examined both as a concept and as a phenomenon. In
addition, the European Union is covered in the study as an actor coping with the violence against women
with all of its versions with a special emphasis on the online forms getting more common. The study
argues that as the level of digitalization increases, it will be more likely to meet with the unwanted con-
sequences of advanced technologies, like online violence against women.
Chapter 6 aims to reveal the place of women working in Turkey in the labor market and the unfair-
ness of wages they face. In this context, the study is important for providing proposals to prevent wage
inequality in Turkey.
Chapter 7 aims to analyze the articles dealing with the subject of “Digital feminism” in the Web of
Science and Scopus databases taking various parameters into account. For this purpose, the bibliometric
method was utilized and 53 articles that addressed digital feminism between the years 1975-2021 were
examined. This study is the first to discuss digital feminism using bibliometric analysis. In this respect,
it is thought that the study will contribute to the literature and will be a reference for researchers.
Chapter 8 presents the femicide, or feminicide as it is known in some Latin American jurisdictions
is the murder of a woman because of her gender. National and international regulations agree that this
constitutes a hate crime, rather one of habitual violence since femicide is motivated by more complex
factors than those of mere physical assault. Violence has become a social problem that has changed the
dynamics of the family and associated elements, leading to implications in the psychological, personal
and social spheres, among others. With this perspective, the study carried out a normative analysis of
the current situation in Ecuador following the separate classification of the crime of femicide in the
General Organic Penal Code (GOPC). The research drew heavily on interviews with active members of
Ecuadorian legal institutions in order to build a taxonomy of inconsistencies that determine the reasons
for the increase in these murders after the change to the law, at the same time as the stiffening of the
state’s resolve to prevent them.

xxix
Preface

Chapter 9 aims to examine the digital developments in accounting and financial consultancy services
and to emphasize the need for accounting engineering, which can contribute the most to these develop-
ments In this context, the structure and consequences of gender differences of individuals working in
the accounting profession were examined.
Chapter 10discusses the concepts of work-life balance and work-family life balance in detail. In
addition, the fact of being a working father for working fathers who tend to establish work-family-life
balance, and the thoughts of working fathers about whether they can establish a work-family-life balance
will be discussed within the scope of the interviews.
Chapter 11 focuses on discrimination as a mobbing behavior.
Chapter 12 focuses on the understanding of the conceptualization of the global phenomenon of
cyberbullying among university students in Bangladesh. The emerging themes of this study investigate
and explore the concepts of university students using their social-ecological perspective. The study
aims to learn about the antecedents, contexts, and conditions that influence the phenomenon, and the
consequences of the victims through Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Using the thematic coding data
analysis, the study findings will contribute to having an in-depth idea about the perceptions of university
students. This timely needed research work will provide the South Asian point-of-view where a handful
study was undertaken in comparison to the global North. The novelty of this study consists to explore
young people’s technology abuse, which can lead to cyberbullying, in addition to finding methods to
deal with cyberbullying issues if they arise. This study is intended to assist all parties including young
people, parents, teachers, and other social-ecological stakeholders.
Chapter 13 handles digital violence.
Chapter 14 evaluates parental responsibility from the children’s perspective and discusses the pre-
birth rights of the child in a juridical and social context. Within this scope,375 videos, viewed between
March 17, 2019, and December 23, 2020, will be studied in-depth using the content analysis method. As
the aforementioned YouTube channel mainly targets younger child groups and the E.K.M. is also 6, it is
of great importance to discuss the suitability of the experienced digital games’ educative and instructive
features for children, as well as if they consist of elements of violence and horror. Parental responsibil-
ity will be evaluated together with a selection of digital games and game displays. Having numerous
followers in Turkey, the ‘Sesegel Çocuk’ channel will be probed extensively since the channel has the
potential to act as a role model for its target audience. Digital parenting and the sharing phenomenon
will be extensively analyzed about privacy, personal data confidentiality and security, protection of
emotional and private data, and protection of personal rights.
Chapter 15 aims to reveal where Turkey is in the process of digital transformation. In the study, the
studies carried out within the scope of digital transformation in Turkey were examined. The develop-
ments in digital transformation in the world and Turkey according to the indices have been evaluated.
Chapter 16 focuses on racism that is a global hierarchy of superiority and inferiority that has been
politically, culturally, and economically produced and reproduced for centuries by the institutions, in
different countries, depending on their colonial history. In that sense, racism cannot be seen as a concept
that is equal in every region of the world. Racism in sport is a research topic that has been particularly
valued in recent years (and decades). There are several episodes of racism that occur in sport (among
fans and athletes). In this sense, sports institutions (European and global) regularly invest in social mar-
keting campaigns to raise awareness of this social phenomenon. Therefore, social media has allowed
football fans to engage in discussions concerning football and other subjects. This chapter presents a
brief theoretical reflection with three (European) examples of marketing campaigns against racism in

xxx
Preface

sport (UEFA, Premier League, and [Link]). This chapter explains inputs for marketing, ethics, and
management in sport.
Chapter 17 aims to establish a correlation between children’s addiction to computer games with the
cyber violence that they may be exposed to base on this addiction. For this reason, this study is a sys-
tematic review that aims to examine the effects of computer addiction as a subtype of internet addiction,
which is a type of behavioral addiction, on children and its relationship with cyber violence. The research
significantly contributes to the literature by revealing the effects of COVID-19 on children’s addiction
to computer games and the correlation of children’s addiction to computer games with cyber violence.
Chapter 18 explains the phenomenon of digital mobbing, its types, and its effects on individuals,
reveals employees’ level of exposure to digital mobbing, its types, level, and suggestions for its preven-
tion via snowball sampling method in Istanbul and Kocaeli with 578 white-collar employees in the
healthcare, information technologies, security, and banking sectors through the Turkish adaptation of
the “Cyber-mobbing” scale (BGC, 2014) developed in Germany. According to the results, the chapter
reveals the vast majority of employees are exposed to a high level and various forms of digital mobbing
and they can not find authorities to apply for a solution other than legal remedies.
Chapter 19 presents the findings of the study that investigated the prevalence of online violence against
female students at the University of Livingstonia in Malawi. The study noted that female students experi-
enced online bullying, online harassment, online defamation, online stalking, sexual exploitation, online
hate speech, and revenge pornography. Perpetrators used digital platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp,
dating sites, and smartphones to carry out their evil acts. The motivations by perpetrators were driven by
revenge, anger, jealousy, and sexual desire, to harm the victims socially, psychologically, academically,
and physically. The female students confronted and blocked the perpetrator or left the online platform as
coping mechanisms. Overall the study confirmed that the prevalence of online violence against female
students is burgeoning in universities in Malawi and urgent strategies are needed to address the vice
Chapter 20 focuses on the Turkish labor market in digital discrimination and pandemic regarding
elderly employment.
Chapter 21 handles cyberbullying that can be expressed as behaviors that hurt, humiliate, disturb,
frighten, exclude and cause victimization by using information and communication technologies of the
individual. These behaviors can cause an individual’s job and life satisfaction to decrease, anxiety, sadness,
anxiety, anxiety, tension, and loss of motivation. In this case, it becomes difficult for the individual to be
effective and efficient in his / her business and social life. For this, it is useful to combat cyberbullying
and it is important to develop combat strategies for it. Otherwise, cyberbullying cannot be prevented.
With the precautions to be taken for him, most cyberbullying can be prevented before it happens.
Chapter 22 reveals digitalization and political extremism. Information and communication technolo-
gies shape, direct and deter political behavior and institutions as the increase in internet usage regulate
our daily lives. The advance of the internet and digital media also shapes political involvement, partisan-
ship, and ideology. Internet, as the new media, is an important information source that shapes political
behavior along with other effects on societal layers. The new technologies provide a platform for the
voices of minorities and disadvantaged communities, therefore urging a pluralist agenda. They are also
blamed for the recent rise of populism and polarisation by creating echo chambers, filter bubbles, and
the “fake news”. In this study, we analyze the possible effects of internet usage on political polarisation
and ideological extremism by utilizing World Values Survey Wave 7 Data for 40 countries. The chapter
findings show that internet usage and education level decrease extremism, while safety, work anxiety,
and religiosity drive people to the extreme.

xxxi
Preface

Chapter 23 focuses on the social media vulnerabilities due to excessive usage among the youth in
developing countries like India. The increasing psychological dependence and ubiquitousness in the
availability of technological gadgets make interaction possible at any time to anyone making the act of
cyberbullying easier. The vulnerable sections of every society, especially the children, youth, and women,
face incremental psychological health issues due to the negative impact of ever-increasing cyberbully-
ing in one way or another. The chapter reports descriptively the extensive damages that are inflicted by
social media platforms on the productivity of the developing countries due to the negative influence on
the youth and working population of the developing countries including India.
Chapter 24 concentrates on the direct and indirect methods of consistent evolution in the methods of
virtually offensive practices against children, adolescents, school students, college students, and women
in general. The chapter highlights the methods of cyberbullying happening across developing countries
like India. It also describes the catalytic factors leading to virtual offenses committed online and their
nature, evolution, impact, and intensity on the victims’ psyche across developing countries like India.
Chapter 25 examines the effects of workplace cyberbullying in organizations that are done with
criminal intent with subtle means, and explores various research reports as the remedial measures to
control this social menace. It explores workplace cyberbullying as a hate crime and harassment at the
workplace by the perpetrator with criminal intent. The chapter justifies with evidence gathered through
research across the world, as to how workplace cyberbullying is perpetrated with subtle means. It also
explores with various research studies, how workplace cyberbullying is growing as a social menace. The
menacing effects are categorized into psychological, social, and organizational in the chapter and are
analyzed as to how the perpetrator plans their modus operandi to inflict pain in the workplace.
Chapter 26 proposes the Judge Based Political System (JBPS). The new political system can deal
with the advancement of technology and cybersecurity. This chapter defends judge-based politics will
help to control this type of threat and provide satisfaction in the upcoming era of democracy.
Chapter 27 includes a literature review of the studies on cyberbullying in the last quarter-century. In
this direction, firstly, key concepts related to cyberbullying are explained to create a substructure for the
understanding of the concept. Then, the concept of traditional bullying is explained within a conceptual
evaluation. The concept of cyberbullying has been evaluated in detail with its definition, basic features,
reasons, tools, types, and roles. A comparison was made between bullying and cyberbullying, and simi-
larities and differences were revealed. Finally, a general conclusion was made based on the results of
the research conducted around the world in the last quarter. The results reveal that cyberbullying is an
increasing problem and is spreading uncertainly in almost every country.
Chapter 28 proposes FoMO that emerges as an interdisciplinary phenomenon expressing individuals’
awareness of the virtual environment. Accordingly, individuals tend to be constantly aware of the changes
around them through social media. Individuals, who constantly update and monitor with their mobile
devices, spend a long time on social networks and create their virtual worlds. The FoMO is closely related
to psychological, behavioral, and social issues. In the research, in addition to the theoretical background
of FoMO, measurement scales and managerial inferences for the organizations have been discussed.
Chapter 29 develops a scale study to measure the financial literacy levels of undergraduate students
and their relation to the digital environment in the 2020-2021 academic year. The scale consists of three
factors under the headings of financial information, financial prudence, and borrowing attitude, and twenty
sub-items. In the study, the authors also compare the financial literacy variable with sociodemographic,
socioeconomic, and descriptive variables by using t-test and ANOVA analysis. The findings show that
there are no significant differences among undergraduate students.

xxxii
Preface

Chapter 30 examines information ethics in the context of recent developments all over the world,
especially the developments in the global COVID-19 pandemic process.

Fahri Özsungur
Mersin University, Turkey

xxxiii
Published in the United States of America by
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Copyright © 2022 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in
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Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or
companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Özsungur, Fahri, 1981- editor.

Title: Handbook of research on digital violence and discrimination studies
/ Fabri Ozsungur, editor.
Description: Hershey, PA : Information Science Reference, [2022] | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Through best
practices, laboratory methods, policies and protocols, this book focuses
on digital violence and discrimination, cybercrime, cyberwar and digital
transformation, and practices and studies related to digital violence.
including issues such as gender, feminism, ageism, digital
transformation, social policy, racism, sexual abuse, and violence
against women”-- Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021021794 (print) | LCCN 2021021795 (ebook) | ISBN
9781799891871 (h/c) | ISBN 9781799891888 (eISBN)
Subjects: LCSH: Cyberbullying. | Prejudices. | Discrimination. | Attitude
(Psychology) | Marginality, Social. | Hate crimes.
Classification: LCC HV6773.I5.C92 H46 2022 (print) | LCC HV6773.I5.C92
(ebook) | DDC 364.16/8--dc23
LC record available at [Link]
LC ebook record available at [Link]

This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology (AHSAT)
(ISSN: 2328-1316; eISSN: 2328-1324)

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.

For electronic access to this publication, please contact: eresources@[Link].

820

About the Contributors

Fahri Özsungur graduated from Ataturk University Faculty of Law, Çağ University Department
of Private Law- Master of Laws- LL.M., Hacettepe University Department of Family and Consumer
Sciences PhD., Aksaray University Department of Business Ph.D., Anadolu University Department of
Private Law- Doctor of Law (student). He serves as a Higher Degrees by Research (HDR) Examiner
/Ph.D. Examiner for the University of New England. He is a Eurostars Technical Expert (EUREKA
Secretariat). He is affiliated with Rotary International, WEGATE- European Gateway for Women’s En-
trepreneurship, and the Canadian Institute for International Law Expertise (CIFILE). He has more than
120 works (Books, chapters, articles, etc). He is the editor of 24 Journals (2 SSCI/SCI/SCI-Expanded),
and the reviewer of more than 500 Journals (25 SSCI/SCI/SCI-Expanded,45 ESCI).

***

Juliana Abdul Wahab is an Associate Professor at the School of Communication, Universiti Sains
Malaysia. Her research areas include media studies, specifically television and radio, audience studies,
popular culture, gender studies, scriptwriting, documentary, and public service announcement production.

Ayşe Nihan Aribaş was born in Konya in 1985. She completed her primary and secondary education
in the city where she was born. He completed his undergraduate studies in Baskent University Health
Institutions Management in 2004, his master’s degree in Selcuk University Business Administration
Department in 2010, and his doctorate in Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Business Admin-
istration Department in 2020. Since 2010, he has been teaching at Aksaray University Vocational School
of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques. See works as she. She is married
and has two daughters.

Rakesh Kr. Chandan was born in Bihar, India in 1988. He received the B.E. degree in Electronics
and Communication Engineering from Bhabha Engineering Research Institute, Bhopal, M.P India, in
2010, and [Link]. Degree in Digital Communication from the RGTU, Bhopal, India in 2014. Currently,
as a research scholar, he is doing Ph.D. from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India in the field of
Antennas & Wave Propagation. His current research work is focused on the microwave-millimeter- wave
components, design of 5G antennas, and Antenna Arrays.

Ayşe Nur Çiftçi got her both Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from Trakya University, Turkey. She got
her second Master’s degree at Marmara University, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Department

About the Contributors

of Occupational Safety. Currently, Ayşe is a PhD candidate at Kirklareli University Institute of Social
Science, Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations. Her scientific interests include
social politics, social work, and labour sociology.

Murat Ciftci was born in Istanbul in 1977. He completed his primary, secondary and tertiary education
in Istanbul. He got his BA degree at Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics, Department of Public
Finance. He got his MA degrees at Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Departments of
Fiscal Economics, History of Economics and Development Economics & Economics Growth. He got his
first PhD degree at Istanbul University, Institute of Social Sciences, Departments of Labour Economics
and Industrial Relations. He got his second PhD degree at Yildiz Technical University, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Departments of City Planning. He has been working as a membership in the
Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations at Trakya University since 2011. His scientific
interests include social politics, social work, regional science, sociology, health politics and statistics.

Irfan Dogan, born in 1990 in Istanbul, Turkey, completed his undergraduate education at Hacettepe
University, Department of Social Work, and his minor education at the Sociology department of the
same university. He earned his master’s degree in Ankara University Social Work Department and
continues his doctorate education. He works as a research assistant at the Department of Social Work
Gumushane University.

Senem Duruel Erkiliç was born in İstanbul in 1971. She completed her undergraduate study in Mimar
Sinan University (İstanbul) Film and TV Department in 1993, took her master’s degree from Chapman
University (CA, USA) in 1997. Professionally worked as assistant director and second camera assistant
on commercial films and TV series besides directing short films and documentaries. She performed her
proficiency in art in Mimar Sinan University Film and TV field. Senem Duruel Erkılıç became associate
professor in 2008 and professor in 2013. She became the head of Radio, Film and TV Department in
2004 in Mersin University and later the Dean of Communication Faculty at Mersin University between
2014-2020 Along with still being the Head of Cinema Department, she is currently the head of an in-
terdisciplinary program called Media, Culture and Urban Studies at Mersin University. Her academic
field of study involves Turkish cinema, cinema-history and memory relationship, documentary film
and film language. She has articles and papers in relevant subjects in various journals and books. She is
the author of History and Memory in Turkish Cinema (2014). She gives lectures on “Turkish Cinema”,
“Constructing History and Memory in Film”, “Cinema, Society and Memory” at graduate level. Recently
she worked on a project titled “COVID-19 Pandemic and Crises of Turkish Film Industry” which is
founded by TUBITAK (The Scientifıc and Technological Research Council of Turkey).

Mutlu Erdem was born in 1980 in Erzurum. His banchelors degree is from Anadolu University and
master is Sakarya University.

Seven Erdogan is an Associate Professor and Head of International Relations Department of Recep
Tayyip Erdogan University. She graduated from Boğaziçi University and got her MA degree from the
Middle East Technical University. She holds a PhD on European Studies from Ankara University. Her
main research interests focus on the various aspects of the European integration, including the external
relations of the EU with the accession and neighbourhood policy countries, the historical and institutional

821
About the Contributors

development of the Union and migration agenda of the EU. She published numerous book chapters and
articles. Currently, she is interested in conduct studies related to gender.

Nazlı Ersoy is an Research Assistant Dr. at the Department of Numerical methods, Faculty of Eco-
nomics and Administrative Sciences, Kilis 7 Aralık University, Turkey. She received the Ph.D in busi-
ness administration from Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey. Her research interests include data
envelopment analysis, fuzzy set theory, decision making, MCDM, corporate sustainability.

Yusuf Esmer graduated from Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Business Administration in
2008. In 2011, he completed his master’s degree at Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Busi-
ness Administration. He worked as a Service Officer at T.R. Ziraat Bank, Inc. between 2009-2011. In
2017, he earned his doctorate degree from Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Department of Business
Administration. He worked as a lecturer at Sinop University Tourism and Hotel Management Program
between 2011-2018. In 2018, at the Department of Management Information Systems at Bayburt Uni-
versity, Assistant Professor Doctor was appointed to the staff. ESMER, who was awarded the title of
Associate Professor in the field of management and strategy science in 2020, continues her studies in
the fields of entrepreneurship, innovation management, ethics, strategic management, organizational
behavior and human resources management.

Elif Gökçearslan, born in 1975, works as a professor at Ankara University Faculty of Health Sci-
ences Department of Social Work. She completed his undergraduate, graduate and doctorate studies at
Hacettepe University Department of Social Work. She has scientific academic studies on forensic social
work and delinquency.

Ebru Gozukara is an associate professor of management and strategy at the Department of Busi-
ness Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Istanbul Arel University since
2018. She received her MBA in 2005 and Ph.D. in management and organization in 2014. She has been
working as a lecturer starting from 2009 till 2014, as an assistant professor between 2014 and 2018 and
as an associate professor in Business Administration Department since 2018 till then, in Istanbul Arel
University. Her research interests include strategic management, innovation management, knowledge
management, leadership, digitalization and business ethics.

Justus Haucap is a professor of economics and the director of the Düsseldorf Institute for Competi-
tion Economics (DICE) at Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf.

Aftab Hossain is currently a Ph.D. student at the School of Communication, University of Science
Malaysia. He is also working as a Senior Lecturer of the Department of Journalism, Media and Com-
munication, Daffodil International University from, Bangladesh from 2016. His core research areas are
Communication, Social Media, and Journalism.

Hakan Inke is a PhD candidate at Social Sciences Institute, Ege University.

Md. Rashedul Islam is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Journalism, Media and Communica-
tion in Daffodil International University, Bangladesh. He completed his Honors and Masters degree in

822
About the Contributors

Journalism and Mass Communication from Daffodil International University. His teaching and research
interests include Digital and Social Media, Journalism, Communication and Public Relations. Before
staring his career as a lecturer, he worked as a reporter in a leading English Daily of the country for
four years.

Mehmet Karacuka is an Associate Professor in economics at Ege University. His main study areas
are industrial organization, institutional economics and digitalization.

Md. Saidur Rahman Khan is a PhD student of Journalism and Media Studies, Kocaeli University,
lecturer at the Department of Journalism, Media and Communication, Daffodil International Univer-
sity and a former journalist, worked with most of the prominent newspapers of Bangladesh including
the Associated Press (AP). He completed his Graduation and Post-Graduation from the Department of
Journalism and Mass Communication of Daffodil International University (DIU), Bangladesh where
he was awarded with Vice-Chancellor’s Gold Medal for achieving the highest result among the students
of The Faculty of Humanities and Social Science of DIU in his Post-Graduation level. In 2018, he was
awarded with Indian Council for Culture and Relations (ICCR) Scholarship for pursuing MA in Centre
for Journalism and Mass communication, Visva-Bharati (VB). In 2021, he was awarded with Turkiye
Burslari Scholarship for PhD in Journalism and Media Studies, Kocaeli University. Mr. Khan has an
acute interest in International Relations, Political Communications, Film, Mass Communication and
New Media.

Naghma Khatoon is currently working as Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computing & Information
Technology, Usha Martin University, Ranchi since 2018. She has completed her Ph.D. in Computer Sci-
ence & Engineering from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in 2018.

Mehmet Emirhan Kula is an Assistant Professor at Erzurum Technical University (ETU) at Faculty
of Economics and Administrative Sciences. He holds a PhD from Atatürk University, Department of
Business Administration. He completed his Master’s Degree in MAA at the University of the Incarnate
Word, Texas, USA. He has national and international articles on leadership, organizational behavior and
entrepreneurship. He has also completed a scientific research project at ETU. He is a researcher in two
different Northeast Anatolian Development Agency projects. Also, he is the project coordinator of an
international forced migration themed European Union Project; and co-director of a European Union
project with the theme of adult education in the field of STEAM.

Pelin Kilinç Özüölmez was born in Ankara in 1988. She started his undergraduate education in
Mersin University Radio, Television and Cinema Department in 2007 and completed this education as a
second place of the faculty. During her undergraduate education, she won the first prize in the competi-
tion organized by the Turkish Sports Writers Association for sports journalism. After her graduation, she
started her master’s education in the Department of Women’s Studies and completed her education in
2016 by performing gender-based advertisement analysis. Özüölmez, who started her doctorate education
in the Department of Radio, Cinema and Television in 2017, has been published in various academic
journals. Özüölmez, who fulfills the duties of editor and press responsibility in the media sector, also
gave communication-based courses in various programs of Toros University. Özüölmez is currently
working as an Instructor in the Social Services program of the Social Sciences Vocational School of

823
About the Contributors

Mersin University and continues her doctorate education. She attends communication-based courses,
particularly gender equality, women’s rights and sociology, in the relevant program. At the same time,
Özüölmez gives Health Communication lectures for Mersin University Faculty of Medicine students,
who are among different disciplines, and her scientific research areas include gender studies, media
analysis, new media theories, digitalization and communication sociology.

Gülşen Kirpik was born on 01.01.1976 in Adana (Kozan). She completed her primary and secondary
education in Adana. In 1993, she graduated from Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine Health Col-
lege Nursing Department as the first. In the same year, she started to work as a Surgical Intensive Care
nurse at Balcalı Hospital of Medicine Faculty of Çukurova University. She successfully carried out her
nursing duties in Surgical Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine (including Large and Pediatric Emergency
Clinics) and Gynecology Obstetrics clinics. In 1999, she graduated from Çukurova University, Faculty
of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration (English). In 2002,
she completed her master’s degree at Çukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of
Business Administration. In 2002, she was appointed by the Rector of Çukurova University as the Medical
Faculty Property Treasurer (including the Treasurer of the Balcalı Hospital Pharmacy). She worked as
the Plan Budget Purchasing unit officer of Balcalı Hospital along with her duty as the Medical Faculty
Property Treasurer, and in the following years she performed similar administrative duties. She worked
as a Branch Manager in the Department of Administrative Financial Affairs at Çukurova University. In
2008, she was appointed as a lecturer to Adıyaman University, Kahta Vocational School Accounting and
Tax Applications Department. She served as the Assistant Secretary General of Adıyaman University in
2009-2011. In addition, she served as the Head of Department for 6 years in the Finance, Banking and
Insurance Department at Kahta Vocational School. In 2018, she completed her doctorate education in
Inonu University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Department of
Management and Organization. In December 2018, she was appointed as a lecturer to the Department
of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adıyaman University. Since 2019, she has been work-
ing as the Head of the Pharmacy Management Department of the Faculty of Pharmacy. She has many
national and international papers, books and articles. Moreover, she works as a referee for international
journals and some journals registered in the Ulakbim system. In addition, she is a volunteer member of
AFAD that attached to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Turkey. She is also a Field Education Volunteer
Member of TEMA Foundation, a member of KA-VAK Foundation, a member of YOÇAD and Turk
Egitim-Sen. She is married with 4 children.

Emre Kol has PhD in Labour Economics and Industrial Relations at the Anadolu University (2014).
He is studied Labour Economics and Industrial Relations as an undergraduate (2004) at Kocaeli University
and earned a [Link]. at Anadolu University (2009). He started to work a Research Assistant at Anadolu
University in 2005. At the end of PhD studies, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor in the same
program in 2015. Recently he works as Assistant Professor at the Department of Labour Economics
and Industrial Relations in Anadolu University. He has 9 book chapters, several published articles and
10 international conference papers. He has published widely in the areas of health policies and welfare
systems. Kol’s research and teaching focus on health policies, welfare systems and social policies, long-
term care services, health policies in relation to the changing welfare regime, social work studies and
social work practices in health care institutions.

824
About the Contributors

Roma Kumari received an M.C.A degree from Sikkim Manipal University in the year 2012. Sci-
ence March 2010, she has been working in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering BIT,
Mesra, Ranchi as a Technical Superintendent.

Runmi Kundu was born in Odisha, India. She is pursuing her bachelor’s degree from Banaras Hindu
University. Through her course, she developed a passionate interest in spectroscopic analysis of organic
compounds. Her interests include reading books. She’s open to challenges, conversations and exchanging
ideas. She is an avid learner and always been passionate about environmental sustainability and would
like to bring a positive difference in the lives of people and planet. It’s her curiosity that makes her.

Adrian Lubowicki-Vikuk is a graduate of Poznan University of Physical Education (MA in Tour-

ism and Leisure, PhD in Physical Culture Science) and SGH Warsaw School of Economics (‘Innovation
Manager’).

Arturo Luque is full professor at the Technical University of Manabí, Ecuador, and member of
Euro-Mediterranean Observatory on Public Policies and Democratic Quality at the University King Juan
Carlos (Spain). He holds a Ph.D. in Social Sciences and Law and a Master of two years about Labor
Relations. He supervises several doctoral theses (Ph.D.) in Córdoba (Spain) and in the Basque Country
(GEZKI Institute) like a director and co-director. It has 45 indexed articles and his latest publications
includes topics about corporate social (Ir)responsibility (How corporate social (ir)responsibility in the
textile sector is defined, and its impact on ethical sustainability: An analysis of 133 concepts), transna-
tional companies (The transnational textile companies relationship with environment: a Delphi analysis
approach) and their relations with ethics (Corruption in the transnational textile industry: an exception or
the rule?), social economy and cooperative system like economic alternative (Socially responsible public
management: case spinning development in Ecuador), media analysis and social conflicts (Analysis of
the indigenous uprising of Ecuador, 2019).

Filipa Magalhães has a bachelor’s degree in Communication Sciences by University of Minho

(Braga, Portugal). Master’s degree in Marketing and Strategy by University of Minho (Braga, Portugal).
Teaching Assistant at IPCA (Barcelos, Portugal). Marketing and Communication Manager at a non-profit
organization. Main areas of research: marketing, emotional marketing, marketing for education, social
marketing, communication, and consumer behaviour.

Arif Mahmud is currently a PhD student in the School of Computer Sciences at the Universiti Sains
Malaysia in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Besides, he is employed as Assistant Professor at the Department
of Computer Science and Engineering in Daffodil International University, Bangladesh. He has received
the Degree of Master of Science with Major in Computer Engineering from Mid Sweden University,
Sweden. He has published more than 15 academic papers in international conferences and journals. His
current research interest comprises Management Information Systems, IT Operations & Management,
Software engineering, and Social Networking with Communication systems.

Donald Flywell Malanga is a PhD candidate in Information Systems Program at the University
of Cape Town, South Africa. He holds a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science from the
University of Botswana and a Bachelor’s degree in Library and Information Science from Mzuzu Uni-

825
About the Contributors

versity, Malawi. His research focuses on Information and Communication Technology for Development
(ICT4D); Digital Rights and Inclusion, Information Systems; and Digital Information Literacy. He is
both a Fellow of Communication Policy Research for the Global South and African School on Internet
Governance. He currently works as a Librarian at the University of Livingstonia in Malawi.

Ethem Merdan was born in Yozgat in 1986. He completed his primary and secondary education
in Kırıkkale, his undergraduate education in Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Department of Business
Administration, and his graduate education in Kırıkkale University, Social Sciences Institute, Department
of Business Administration. His doctorate education continues at Aksaray University, Institute of Social
Sciences, Department of Business Administration. He started to work as an Instructor at Gümüşhane Uni-
versity Kelkit Aydın Doğan Vocational School in 2012 and transferred to Kırşehir Ahi Evran University
Kaman Vocational School as a Lecturer in the same year. He conducts academic studies in the fields of
entrepreneurship, human resources management, organizational behavior, management and organiza-
tion, and ahi-order. Communication, effective and eloquent speaking, professional ethics, ahi culture
and professional ethics, office management, administrative assistant, human resources management,
entrepreneurship, business, public relations, professional correspondence, protocol and social behavior
rules, organizational behavior, customer relations management, meeting management, management and
organization, research methods and techniques. He assumed the duties of Head of Office Services and
Secretariat Department, Head of Marketing and Advertising Department, Deputy Director of Vocational
School, Member of Board of Directors, Member of Strategic Planning Board. More than 20 national and
international scientific works, including articles and papers, have been published. He is deputy editor
of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries (Journal EMI). He is on the
organizing committee of the International EMI Entrepreneurship and Social Sciences Congress and the
International CEO Communication, Economy, Organization and Social Sciences Congress.

Burcu Oralhan was born in 1985 .She received her [Link]., and [Link]. degree in Industrial Engineer-
ing from Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. She received her Ph.D. degree in Business Administrative
Department from Cumhuriyet University. She was worked as business development specialist, internal
audit manager and senior director in a large scale enterprise between 2007-2013. From 2013 to 2015,
she was the owner and the manager of the company about constraion elements analysis laboratory. Since
2015, she is an Associate Professor Dr. in Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey. Her research
interests includes: Statistical analysis, artificial intelligence, operational research, and data mining.

Partha Paul received the B.E(CS) and M.E(CS) degrees from Moscow State University, Russia in
1998 & 1999 respectively. He did his Ph.D. degree from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi,
India in 2014. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science& Engi-
neering, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, India. He has authored or co-authored more than 40 Papers
published in Various International Journals and Conference Proceedings. His research interests include
Cryptography and Network Security, Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing, and Machine Learning.

Simona Rodat holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Bucharest, Romania (2002), a M.A.
in Gender Study from the University of Bielefeld, Germany (2016), and a M.A. in Communities and
Organizations from the University of Bucharest (1995). During the period 1994-2008 she was senior
researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest. Between 2004-2010 she

826
About the Contributors

collaborated as associate professor with Ecological University and National Academy of Intelligence,
Bucharest. From 2006 she had the position of an associate professor at Adventus University, Cernica,
Ilfov, Romania, Faculty of Theology and Social Sciences, and since 2011 she is university professor at the
very same university. She published more than 50 articles in scientific journals, including international
indexed journals, and more than 45 studies or chapters in international and national volumes. She is the
author of six books and co-author of four books. She has also contributed to six specialized dictionaries
and encyclopaedias and has participated in numerous international and national conferences. Her areas
of expertise and research interest include sociology of communication and public sphere, media studies,
gender studies, social problems and policies, the study of social inequalities. ORCID ID: [Link]
org/0000-0002-2916-7002.

Sevgi Sümerli Sarıgül was born in 1977 in Kayseri. She completed her university education in Kay-
seri, Erciyes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business
Administration and completed master’s degree in Gazi University foreign trade program and doctorate
in Erciyes University Social Sciences Institute Accounting and Finance Department. Her research inter-
ests are accounting, finance, performance, strategic management approaches, sustainable development,
financial development and foreign trade. She took part in the organizing committees of the International
CEO (Communication, Economy, Organization and Social Sciences Congress), USVES (International
Symposium on Social Sciences and Educational Sciences) and ISBES (International Sustainable Busi-
ness and Economic Strategies Congress).

Keshav Sinha was born in Dhanbad, India, in 1991. He received the B.E. Degree in Computer Sci-
ence and Engineering from Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, Kanchipuram,
India, in 2013, and M.E. Degree in Software Engineering from the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra,
India, in 2016. Currently, as a research scholar, he is doing a Ph.D. from Birla Institute of Technology,
Mesra, India in the field of Cryptography and Network security. In the future, this work provides a secure
environment for multimedia transmission. As a research scholar, he published several papers in various
conferences and journals. His current research interest includes Soft Computing, Cryptography, and
Network Security which provides flexibility in the computer science society.

Bruno Sousa is a Professor in Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave (IPCA, Portugal) Head of
Master Program - Tourism Management - PhD Marketing and Strategy. He was Market Analist at Sonae
Distribuição – Modelo e Continente, S.A. (2006 to 2009) and he was Marketing Assistant - Jornal O
Jogo at Controlinveste (2005) - Best Paper Award in Strategic Marketing & Value Creation (International
Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Marketing and Consumer Behaviour 2020) Teach-
ing Award of the School of Economics and Management of the University of Minho 2015/2016 - Best
Thesis in Tourism Award - ICIEMC 2015 - Management Graduation, University of Minho Award - Best
performance (2006) - Merit Scholarship for Students in Public Higher Education Awards of Merit Schol-
arship by University of Minho in 2001/02 - 2002/03 - 2003/04 Rresearch centre: CiTUR and Applied
Management Research Unit (UNIAG). He is author or co-author of several papers and her research
interests include tourism management, marketing and strategy. Editorial board member of several peer
reviewed scientific journals and ad-hoc reviewer of several peer-reviewed scientific journals. Member
of the scientific committee of several national and international congresses and conferences.

827
About the Contributors

Soner Taslak is a professor in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences at Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University. He gained his master’s degree from Karadeniz Technical University in 1997 and
his doctorate degree from Karadeniz Technical University in 2001. His research fields lie in the area of
strategic planning, strategic management, leadership development, organizational behavior, entrepreneur-
ship, ranging from human resource development to innovation to international business. He held many
administrative positions, including the director of a Vocational School of Higher Education at Yozgat
Bozok University. He is still the head of the department of management and organization at Muğla Sıtkı
Koçman University. He currently works as a professor at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of
Economics and Administrative Sciences in Muğla in Turkey.

Betül Altay Topcu was born in Kayseri in 1977. She completed his university education in Kayseri,
Erciyes university, faculty of economics and administrative sciences, Department of Economics. she
completed her master’s and doctorate studies at Erciyes University Institute of Social Sciences, Depart-
ment of Economic Development and International Economics. Her research interests include foreign
trade, economic growth, renewable energy, sustainable development, environmental economics, digital
economy, sectoral competitiveness measurement and econometric analysis. She took part in the organiz-
ing committees of the USVES (International Symposium on Social Sciences and Educational Sciences),
ISBES (International Sustainable Business and Economic Strategies Congress) and JAVScongress
(International Congress on Economics and Administrative Sciences).

Seda Topgul is associate professor at the department of social work at Akdeniz University in Turkey.
She holds a Ph.D. in Labour Economics and Industrial Relations from the Anadolu University, Eskise-
hir (2014), a M.A. in Labour Economics and Industrial Relations from the Anadolu University (2011).
She visited at Univerza V Ljubljani in Slovenia (2010-2011). During the period 2015-2018, she was
an assistant professor at the Labour Economics and Industrial Relations of Faculty of Economics and
Administrative Sciences at Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University. Between 2018-2020, she had the position
of an associate professor at Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University in the same program. Since 2020, she is
associate professor at the department of social work at Akdeniz University. She published more than 30
articles and articles in scientific journals, including international indexed journals, and more than 40
studies or chapters in international and national volumes. She is the author of seven books and co-author
of three books. Her areas of expertise and research interest include social problems and policies, social
care policies, the study of social inequalities, gender studies, international migration policies and groups
of persons that experience a higher risk of poverty, social exclusion, discrimination and violence than
the general population, including, but not limited to, ethnic minorities, migrants, people with disabilities,
isolated elderly people and children.

Muhsin Kürşat Türker was born in 1980 in Turkey. He graduated bachelor’s degree at Niğde Uni-
versity Education Faculty. He graduated master degree about Business and Management at Selçuk Uni-
versity. His PhD degree is about Business Administration from Gebze Technical University-Turkey. He
is still studying about mobbing, personal growth, proactive personality and organizational identification.

F. Oben Uru is an associate professor of management and strategy at the Department of Business
Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Istanbul Arel University since 2017.
She is the former chair of Business Administration Department and vice dean of Faculty of Economics

828
About the Contributors

and Administrative Sciences, Istanbul Arel University. She received her Bachelor’s Degree in Business
Administration, Master’s Degree in International Business and Ph.D. in management and organization
from Marmara University, Turkey, in 2003, 2005, and 2009, respectively. While at the university, she
held appointments as a Research Assistant on the staff of the Business Management Department between
2005 and 2009 and then as a Lecturer (Ph.D.) within the Business Management Department, Halic
University, Turkey in 2009. She also worked as an assistant professor of management and organization
at Halic University between 2009 and 2012 and then joined Istanbul Arel University as an assistant
professor in Business Administration Department. While working at Halic University as an assistant
professor and at Istanbul Arel University as an associate professor, she also held part-time faculty posi-
tions were with Turkish Air Force Academy and Bahcesehir University. She is the author of more than
100 scholarly articles, books, book chapters, and national and international conference proceedings.
She received numerous scholarly awards for her scientific research activities such as Best Paper Awards
in Eighth Annual General Business Conference, Texas, U.S.A., in 2016 and in Seventh International
Strategic Management Conference, Paris, France, in 2011. She also received the Honorable Mention
Award from the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) in 2012. Her research interests include strategic
decision making, leadership styles, types of innovation, gender studies, digitalization and business ethics.

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819
830

Index

3D printers 191, 205, 318 380-381, 449-454, 457, 459, 462-463, 465, 489-
505, 527-531, 533-537, 539-546, 548-550, 552,
A 556-569, 571-576, 578-587, 610-611, 614-630,
690-692, 694, 702-703
abuse 18, 44-45, 47, 65, 75-76, 82-83, 89, 92-93, 98,
100, 102-103, 105, 109-111, 121, 138, 161, 163- C
165, 175, 177, 183, 233, 248, 254, 263, 277-278,
280, 285, 288, 293-294, 311-312, 337, 340, 344, child 8, 11, 15, 47, 78, 93, 99, 105, 111, 113, 128, 175,
350, 356, 358, 361, 364, 367, 372, 377, 449, 462, 178, 209, 212-213, 216, 218, 220-225, 255, 264-
496, 504, 527-528, 533-534, 543, 548-549, 552, 265, 267-268, 291, 293-303, 305-312, 314, 355-
558, 561, 567, 571, 573, 575, 581-582, 587, 610, 357, 360-364, 366, 368-369, 469, 498, 504, 534,
612, 614-615, 656, 696 541-545, 560-562, 565, 575, 623, 625, 627-628
abuse of technology 610, 612 Cloud Computing 196, 205, 318, 596
accounting 167, 185-190, 192-205, 266, 470, 582, 597, Cluster 449, 525
634, 670, 672, 675-676 computer games addiction 353, 357-358, 366-367, 372
accounting engineering 185-186 confidence 238, 261, 547, 577, 667
addiction 4, 11, 17-18, 27, 287, 352-359, 365-373, constitution 119, 170, 173, 182, 240, 245, 537, 590,
434, 499, 501, 551, 554, 556, 567, 610, 612-613, 600, 608
626-629, 635, 637-641, 644-648, 686, 705-706 consumer behaviour 337, 342, 350-351
Africa 122, 203-204, 319, 325-326, 328, 359, 452, conversion 109, 190, 257, 315, 467, 691
501-502, 504, 591 COVID-19 15-16, 21, 43, 84, 101, 109, 112, 127-128,
aggression 46-47, 78, 93, 176, 232, 237, 243-244, 132, 201, 225, 255-257, 261, 268, 279, 287, 302,
250, 261, 264, 267-268, 288, 308, 357, 364-365, 352-353, 356-357, 368-370, 372, 455, 464, 476,
373, 449, 453, 491, 497, 502-503, 556, 561-562, 484-487, 593, 607, 632, 640, 647, 650, 656, 685,
565-566, 569, 574-581, 583-588, 613-614, 616, 699-702, 704-706
621, 623, 626-627, 629 criminal 6, 8, 11, 59, 66, 75-76, 82, 85, 92, 103, 111-
Aggressive Behavior 246, 250, 266, 369, 375, 491, 540, 112, 166-168, 170-174, 178, 252-253, 265, 277,
561-562, 579, 613, 621, 627, 630, 696 280, 302, 362, 494, 537, 543, 546, 568, 570-572,
anonymous friends 610, 612 574-575, 600, 629, 691, 696-697
Anti-Bullying Law 540, 546 culture 8, 18-19, 30, 51, 63, 84, 147, 161, 182, 189,
211, 230, 237, 240, 244, 249, 254, 267, 271, 289-
B 290, 298, 308, 312, 317, 334-336, 340, 350, 486,
499, 527-531, 536, 541, 546, 548, 550, 557, 565,
Bangladesh 113, 248-249, 253-254, 256-258, 261- 567-574, 576, 578-580, 582-587, 590, 599, 602,
264, 266-267 611, 622, 633, 675, 705
behavioral addiction 352-354, 357, 365, 372 Cyber 10-11, 15, 98, 105, 109-113, 252, 254-255, 260,
Body Shaming 262, 268 262, 264-268, 278-279, 283, 288, 296-297, 317,
bullying 9, 232-233, 242-245, 247, 249-251, 253, 255, 321, 324, 347, 352-353, 355, 360-364, 366-368,
260-268, 361-362, 364, 368, 371-372, 374-377, 370-372, 374, 377, 381, 449-450, 453-456, 463,

Index

489-492, 494-505, 528, 535, 539-544, 549-550, 570, 587, 610, 625, 697, 706
560, 562-563, 566, 570, 576, 591, 593, 611-612, Digital Career Management 1
615, 621, 625, 628, 685, 690-695, 702, 704-705, Digital Conversion 315
707 Digital Data 298, 315, 332, 589, 596, 608
Cyber Attacks 10-11, 685, 707 Digital Discrimination 466, 488, 671, 677
Cyber Bullying 262, 264, 267, 352, 361-362, 368, digital divide 196, 204, 261, 268, 298
371-372, 374, 377, 449-450, 490-492, 496-505, Digital Enterprise 1
535, 562, 625, 628, 690-692, 694, 702 Digital Enterprise Transformation 1
cyber harassment 252, 264, 279, 288, 361, 363, 367, Digital Era 289, 501, 511, 589, 600, 652, 677
372, 492, 496, 694 Digital Exclusion 197, 488
Cyber Stalking 288, 360-361, 367, 372, 449-450, 500 digital feminism 134-135, 137-139, 141-150, 152-
cyber victim 255, 489, 498, 504-505, 615 157, 160
Cyber Victimization 489, 497, 500-505, 540, 544 digital literacy 310, 329-330, 525, 587, 654
cyber violence 98, 109-113, 278, 288, 352-353, 360- digital marketing 157, 333-334, 337-339, 344-345, 348
362, 364, 366-368, 372, 374, 450, 453, 528 digital mobbing 374-408, 422-445, 450
cyberbullying 109, 248-268, 277, 279, 298, 360, 368, Digital Mobbing-Cyber Mobbing 450
370, 375, 377, 448-449, 489-505, 526-545, 547- Digital Satisfaction 1
550, 552-553, 556-578, 586-587, 610-630, 703, digital transformation 1, 3, 12, 16-17, 186, 191-192,
705-706 197-198, 201-202, 204-205, 291, 315-324, 328-
Cyberbullying Victimization 248, 265, 566 332, 379, 387, 468, 474, 485
cyberspace 259, 489-490, 492-493, 504-505, 541, 544, digital violence 4, 10, 12, 112, 248, 270-271, 276-277,
548, 550, 563, 694 279-280, 285-287, 289-290, 361, 363, 366, 370,
451, 453, 461-462, 491, 528, 652, 656, 668-670,
D 673-675, 677
digitalization 1, 95-96, 185-187, 191-205, 297, 316-
data security 591, 593, 595-596, 608 318, 322, 337, 374-375, 388, 450, 466, 473-475,
Definition of the Crime 65, 163, 183 481, 490, 506, 571, 611, 654
Delimitations 547 digitization 192, 204, 317-318, 332, 509, 594
Democracy 90, 110, 112, 244, 290, 338, 348, 467, 487, discrimination 2, 4, 9-10, 12, 14, 17, 30-31, 97-99,
507, 520, 523-524, 527, 589-592, 594, 597-602, 102, 112-122, 128-133, 137, 161, 164, 167, 170,
605-608 185-186, 197, 199, 205, 229-247, 272, 340, 342-
Determinants of Work-Family-Life Balance 228 343, 351, 461-462, 466, 473, 477, 488, 602, 654,
detrimental 11, 240, 547 656, 670-671, 677
digital 1-14, 16-18, 20, 22, 26-27, 32, 40, 42, 57, 95- disinformation 507, 519, 525
96, 98-101, 106-112, 134-139, 141-150, 152-161, domestic violence 72-77, 81-83, 85, 87-94, 98, 102-
163, 180, 185-187, 191-192, 196-198, 200-205, 104, 172, 174, 334, 629
248-249, 251, 253, 260-261, 263, 265, 268, doxing 98, 457, 533, 536-537, 546
270-271, 276-280, 283, 285-306, 308-334, 337-
341, 344-345, 348-350, 354, 357-372, 374-408, E
422-445, 447, 450-453, 457-459, 461-462, 466,
468, 473-475, 485, 488-489, 491-492, 494-495, Earnings Structure Survey 124-125, 133
501, 505-509, 511, 519-525, 527-528, 530-535, echo chambers 513, 519, 525
537, 541-542, 547-548, 550-551, 553-555, 559, elderly vulnerability 488
567, 570, 574, 576, 587, 589, 592, 596, 598, 600, election 277, 508, 510, 522, 589, 591-592, 594-595,
602-603, 605-608, 610-611, 615, 625, 629, 632, 597-598, 600, 604-606, 608
634, 638, 647, 652, 654, 656, 665-666, 668-671, E-Satisfaction 351
673-675, 677, 686, 691, 697-699, 701, 704, 706 esocial work 1-3, 6, 9-13, 20
Digital Accounting 185-187, 192, 200, 205 esports 1-9, 11-13, 15-20
Digital addiction 4, 18, 554, 567, 638 E-State 315
digital age 2, 42, 95, 108-109, 111, 136, 156, 159, 288, Ethical Principles and Responsibilities of Social
298, 306, 310-311, 313, 329, 527, 541-542, 567, Work 43

831
Index

ethics 9-10, 21-24, 28-34, 36-43, 51, 61, 64, 74, 245, Gerontology 6-7, 16, 20
295, 313-314, 333-337, 342, 346-350, 455, 581, Global Gender Equality Index Report 115, 122, 133
685-689, 695-696, 700-707 government 136, 173, 195, 230, 252, 256, 286, 317,
Europe 17, 60, 64-65, 92, 96-99, 102-104, 106-110, 321, 325, 329-330, 461, 475, 477-478, 484, 508,
122, 312, 319, 334, 341-342, 344, 349, 359, 453- 510, 522-524, 528, 530, 550, 557, 572, 589-604,
454, 461-463, 484, 509, 525, 565, 606 607, 609, 687
European Union 95-96, 102-105, 110-112, 300, 453,
465, 606 H
E-WOM 351
extremism 506, 508-509, 514-520, 525 harassment 9, 98, 100, 111, 113, 119, 121, 161, 165,
233, 240, 243-247, 249-250, 252, 254, 258, 261-
F 262, 264, 266-269, 271, 277-281, 285, 288-289,
340, 360-363, 366-367, 372, 375-377, 380-381,
factor analysis 487, 644, 657-659, 670-671, 676-677 449-455, 457, 459, 465, 490-492, 494, 496, 530,
fake news 506-508, 519-520, 525, 593 532, 534-537, 540, 548, 557-558, 563, 568, 570-
fear of missing out 552, 631-650 571, 576, 579, 581-583, 586, 613, 615, 617-618,
femicide 9, 44-54, 56-60, 63-67, 72-77, 79, 82-86, 89- 623, 628, 630, 652, 654, 668, 694
93, 163-168, 170-174, 176-179, 182-183 Hashtag 134, 137-138, 152-153, 157, 161, 299, 601-602
Fight Against Violence 95 Hashtag feminism 134, 138, 152, 157
Financial Literacy 652-657, 662, 665-677, 679-684 horrific 278
FinTech 652, 654 human rights 30-31, 47, 56, 66, 96, 99, 102-103, 108-
FoMO 552-553, 631-633, 635-650 109, 112, 118, 121, 175-176, 205, 229, 240-242,
football 302, 333-334, 337, 341-351, 594 286, 296, 298, 311-313, 335, 452, 454, 464, 602
fourth wave 134-136, 157 Human Services 14, 41, 43

G I
Gaming Addiction 358, 373 ICTs 375, 451-452
gender 3, 10-11, 16, 21, 24, 30-31, 33, 35, 44, 47-49, identity 19, 29, 49, 51, 77, 85, 90, 98, 100, 152, 161,
56, 60, 63, 65, 73, 84, 86, 90, 97-105, 108-119, 164-165, 172, 179, 205, 213, 215, 228, 230-231,
121-133, 136, 138, 152-156, 160, 163-164, 167- 246, 251, 253-254, 257, 259, 261, 268, 277, 280,
170, 174-176, 179, 182-183, 185-188, 196-199, 283, 295-296, 298-299, 304, 310-311, 364, 494,
201, 203-205, 209, 226, 228-230, 232, 235-236, 496, 508, 510, 532, 536, 558, 566, 585, 606, 616-
240, 246, 250, 254, 262, 264, 271, 277-278, 287- 620, 632, 691-692, 694, 697
288, 303, 340, 345, 348, 360, 369-370, 451-457, identity theft 98, 100, 253-254, 261, 268, 277, 280
460-461, 463-465, 479-480, 499-500, 502, 512, impact 3, 9, 15, 30, 32, 39, 53, 61, 88, 118, 129, 131,
540, 548, 561-562, 571, 573, 584, 613, 617, 623, 136-137, 160, 170-171, 174, 186, 192, 195-197,
627, 633, 641, 649, 655, 665-668, 670-672, 675 202-203, 214, 217, 220, 224, 243, 255, 260, 262-
gender discrimination 10, 114-115, 118-119, 121, 264, 266-267, 271, 285, 287, 289, 319, 328-329,
129-131, 133, 167, 185-186, 197, 205 334, 337-338, 344-345, 367-368, 454-458, 461,
gender inequality 65, 73, 99, 101, 113, 119, 129, 183, 464, 475, 480, 484-487, 494, 497, 499, 501, 505,
186, 196-197, 199, 205, 232, 613 508, 511-512, 514, 522-523, 526, 530, 534-536,
gender pay gap 115-117, 124-125, 127-128, 133 539-543, 546-549, 551, 553-555, 558-560, 563,
Gender Violence 44, 65, 113, 160, 163, 168, 174, 566, 569, 571-572, 574, 576, 580-582, 592, 594,
176, 183, 278 607, 616, 623, 625, 627, 629, 632, 635, 638, 640,
gender-based violence 44, 51, 93-94, 97, 103-105, 646-647, 657, 670, 674, 692, 698
109-111, 113, 164, 166-167, 169, 171-172, 174- Income and Living Conditions Survey 125-126, 133
176, 178-179, 277, 288-289, 367, 452-453, 455, Indian Penal Code (IPC) 546
463-465 Industry 4.0 191, 193, 316-317, 320, 328, 466-468,
General Strain Theory 265, 267-268 472-477, 481-488
Gerontechnology 2, 6-7, 11, 13-14, 17, 20 Influence Working Population 526

832
Index

information 2-4, 11, 14, 16-18, 21-27, 29-34, 37-40, 43, Intimate (partner) femicide 72
53-54, 75, 77, 80-82, 85-86, 89, 95, 97-98, 100, Intimate Femicide or Intimate Partner Femicide 93
102-103, 110, 133-135, 137-139, 143, 146-147, intimate partner violence 72, 85, 91, 93, 113, 288
152, 154-156, 159-160, 171-172, 178, 185-194,
196-198, 200-205, 214-215, 232, 241, 250-253, J
257-259, 261-262, 264-265, 268, 270-272, 274-
280, 282, 285-286, 289-290, 292-301, 303, 305, judge 83, 174, 240, 300, 589, 591, 598, 600-601,
307, 309-311, 314-323, 327-328, 330-332, 338- 603-605, 609
339, 350, 355-356, 362-368, 374-377, 379-381,
388-390, 392, 421, 439, 449, 451, 464, 473, 475, K
485, 489-490, 492-496, 498-499, 506-510, 512-
514, 520-522, 525, 533, 536-537, 542, 548-549, knowledge 4, 22, 26, 28, 31, 33, 40, 43, 79, 137, 139,
551, 553-554, 559, 566-567, 572-573, 575, 577, 154, 157, 159, 186, 189-190, 202, 260-261, 271,
584, 587, 592-597, 603-604, 606-608, 610-613, 280-281, 296, 298, 303, 310, 319-320, 330, 338-
615-620, 624, 630-632, 634-635, 638, 640, 645, 339, 347, 367, 473-474, 495, 504, 520-521, 525,
650, 652-654, 656, 669, 671, 677, 685-687, 689- 553, 578, 593, 599, 604, 615, 618, 633, 638, 648-
698, 700-707 649, 653-658, 662, 669, 672, 674, 677, 685, 689,
Information Crimes 685-686, 690-691, 693, 707 691, 698, 701, 707
information ethics 685-686, 689, 695-696, 700-701, KPMG 187, 202, 205
703, 707
information security 496, 685, 693-695, 701-702, L
706-707
information technologies 22, 24, 26-27, 31, 33-34, legislation 51, 97, 99-100, 103, 105-106, 108-109, 171-
37-39, 43, 190, 193, 197, 205, 300, 315, 319-321, 172, 181, 198, 239, 241-242, 254, 262, 287-288,
374, 379-381, 392, 473, 610-611, 615-619, 685, 323, 358, 390-391, 443, 463
690-691, 700-701, 707 Legislature 599, 609
information technology 2, 160, 189, 191, 204, 277, Logit Models, 506
315, 332, 475, 485, 603, 615, 689, 696, 704, 707
intent 236, 246, 250, 455, 505, 546, 552, 568, 570- M
575, 616
Internal Marketing 351 machismo 51, 56, 65, 163, 170-171, 175, 183
internet 2, 5-6, 8, 14-15, 18, 20, 30, 33, 39, 78, 83, 96- Malawi 112, 451-454, 458-459, 461-462, 464-465
101, 105-106, 111, 113, 135, 161, 191, 196-197, Marketing Tools 351
200, 205, 249, 251-253, 256, 263, 265-266, 270- Masquerade 269, 619
272, 275-279, 281-290, 292, 295, 297-301, 303, measurement of FoMO 631, 633, 642-643, 645
305-306, 310, 313-314, 316-318, 320, 326-328, media 2, 8-11, 14, 18, 20-22, 31-32, 64, 72-93, 96-
340, 351-373, 375-377, 379, 381, 388, 391, 409- 99, 103, 105, 107, 111, 135-138, 143, 146-147,
411, 415, 446, 449-453, 459, 461-463, 465-468, 152-157, 159-161, 179-180, 248-249, 251-266,
474, 481-482, 489-498, 500-501, 503, 505-517, 268-293, 295-300, 303-304, 310, 313-314, 317-
519-523, 525, 527-528, 531-533, 536-537, 539- 318, 320, 323, 333, 337-342, 345-346, 348-351,
540, 542, 544, 549-550, 556, 558-559, 567, 570, 354-355, 357, 359-362, 364, 367-369, 371-372,
572, 576, 591-597, 605, 607-608, 610-613, 615- 375-376, 387-388, 400-401, 414, 449, 451-452,
618, 620, 622-623, 626-629, 631, 634, 637-638, 457, 459, 463, 490, 492, 495-514, 519-528, 531-
641, 645, 647, 650, 654, 677, 685-686, 690-701, 537, 540, 542, 546-550, 556, 558-560, 589-590,
703-704, 706 593-596, 601-602, 604-608, 611-612, 615, 619,
internet addiction 287, 352-359, 365-366, 368, 370, 622, 624, 626-627, 629, 631-635, 637-650, 665,
372-373, 610, 612, 627-629, 637 669-670, 675, 686, 690, 697, 699, 702, 705-706
Internet Law 270, 290 media framing 72, 74, 76, 93
internet of things 191, 205, 317-318, 320, 328, 467- Media Techniques of Victim Blaming 93
468, 474, 481-482, 596, 694 mistreatment 164, 229-230, 237
intersectionality 136, 146, 153, 157, 161 mobbing 217, 229-243, 245, 247, 340, 374-408, 422-

833
Index

445, 448-450, 493, 501, 568-569, 579, 581-582, 483-488, 593, 607, 611, 632, 640, 647, 656, 685,
584, 587, 625-626, 629 699-700, 704, 706
parent 213, 255, 293-294, 296, 298-302, 304-311,
N 314, 532, 557
parenting 213, 291, 293-297, 299-301, 303-304, 306,
Name Calling 269 308, 310-313, 635
negative 1, 4, 7-8, 11, 18, 75, 93, 96, 101, 161, 170, Parliament 102, 104-106, 109-110, 112-113, 524, 543,
197, 211-213, 217-219, 224, 227, 229, 233, 235, 590, 599-600, 609
237-240, 242, 250, 257, 263, 268, 276, 285-286, participations 206
305, 316, 337, 339, 347, 351, 353-354, 356, 359, Patriarchy 44, 65, 137, 161, 164
361, 372, 375-376, 449, 458, 467, 476, 490-495, Perception of Life Balance 228
497-499, 505, 509, 517, 526-528, 530-531, perpetrator 45, 65, 75-76, 78-80, 83-84, 86, 89, 93-94,
533-535, 542, 548-549, 554-555, 557, 559, 563, 166-169, 171, 176, 183, 235-236, 250-251, 258-
569-570, 572-576, 592, 600, 612-613, 615, 617, 259, 261, 361-364, 366, 377, 381, 387, 390-391,
620-623, 633-634, 638, 642, 644-645, 648, 653, 449, 451, 455, 458, 460-461, 549, 552-554, 559,
668, 692, 698-699, 701 567-568, 570-572, 583, 587
Neoliberalism 112, 161, 166, 543 Personal branding 161
Netlessphobia 637, 645, 650 political behaviour 506, 509-511, 519, 525
new media 137-138, 143, 147, 152, 157, 161, 265, Political Extremism,Polarisation 506
291-293, 295-299, 304, 310, 313-314, 506-507, political polarisation 506, 508-509, 513, 519-520, 525
510-513, 521, 525, 606, 627, 675 Popfeminizm 162
Nomophobia 637, 645, 650 potential 27, 40, 101, 107-108, 138, 192, 197, 232,
Non-Consensual Pornography (Revenge Porno) 465 249, 275, 277, 282, 291, 296-298, 319, 327, 337-
339, 343, 351, 360-361, 453, 482, 484, 512, 515,
O 525, 544, 550, 577, 579, 585, 614, 618-619, 634,
644, 693, 698
Online (Cyber) Violence Against Women 113 power imbalance 236, 250-251, 261, 269, 493, 620-
online abuse 100, 111, 161, 361, 367, 462, 558 621, 623
online bullying 251, 255, 262, 451-454, 457, 459, 463, Problems of Working Women 114
465, 492, 548, 550, 556-557, 623 psychological 1-12, 16, 18-19, 47, 93, 97-98, 101,
online crime 113 157, 163, 175-176, 208, 210-213, 217, 219, 224,
online defamation 98, 451, 454, 457, 459, 465 226-227, 231, 233, 236-238, 244-246, 249, 254,
online harassment 113, 249-250, 252, 264, 267, 269, 262-263, 271, 296, 303, 308, 339, 346, 348-349,
279, 361, 451, 453-454, 457, 465, 534, 548, 558, 352, 354-356, 365, 367-369, 372, 380, 388, 433,
618, 623, 628 450-451, 453-455, 458, 460-461, 465, 489-491,
online hate speech 98, 451, 454, 457, 465 493, 496, 499, 503, 505, 521-522, 526-533,
Online Misogyny 112, 138, 156, 161 535-536, 541-543, 545-546, 548-555, 558, 560,
online sexual exploitation 361, 454, 457, 465 562-564, 567-571, 574-575, 577, 580-581, 583-
online stalking 451-454, 457, 459, 465, 537 584, 587, 606, 616, 620, 623-627, 629, 631-633,
online violence 95-101, 103-110, 112-113, 279, 451- 638-640, 642, 644, 650, 675-676
465, 491 psychological impact 454, 535, 543, 546, 553, 558,
online violence against female students 451-454, 632, 640
457-465 public awareness 72, 102, 137, 341, 344, 613, 630, 686
organizational justice 229 public health 1-2, 6, 10-11, 13-15, 18-20, 288, 368,
454, 504, 542, 545, 561-562, 646-647, 699, 705
P
pandemic 2, 5, 10-11, 15-16, 21, 96, 101-102, 112,
Q
127-128, 221, 225, 255, 261, 268, 277, 279, qualitative research 3, 53, 88, 172, 180, 206, 214, 226,
281, 284-285, 287, 302, 353, 356-357, 370, 376, 228, 264, 316, 367, 645
379, 388, 392, 464, 466-468, 476-478, 480-481,

834
Index

R social media 2, 8-11, 14, 21, 32, 81, 96-99, 103, 107,
135-138, 146, 152-153, 155, 157, 159, 161,
racism 10, 31, 162, 230-232, 237, 240, 242-246, 333- 248-249, 251-259, 261-262, 265-266, 268-290,
334, 340-347, 349-351, 499 292-293, 296, 299-300, 314, 317, 333, 337-342,
Relationship marketing 351 345, 348-351, 354-355, 357, 360-362, 364, 368,
reporting 22, 72-77, 79, 81, 83-85, 87-90, 92-93, 101, 372, 375, 387-388, 400, 414, 451-452, 457, 463,
106-107, 112, 176, 185-186, 193, 195, 204, 266, 490, 492, 495-505, 507-513, 519-528, 531-537,
276, 289, 315, 328, 335, 362, 364, 530, 549-550, 542, 546-550, 556, 558-560, 589, 593, 596, 602,
557, 559, 613 608, 612, 619, 626, 631-635, 637-650, 665, 669-
research 3, 12-19, 21, 23-24, 26, 29, 33, 38-39, 41-42, 670, 686, 697, 699, 702, 705-706
46-47, 49, 51, 53, 58, 60, 64-65, 72, 76-77, 88-89, social media addiction 287, 354, 626, 635, 639-640,
91, 97, 102-103, 106-108, 111-112, 114-116, 124, 644-645, 647, 686, 705
127, 131, 133-135, 139-140, 142-144, 146-147, Social Media Phenomenon 270, 290
149-150, 152-160, 163, 167, 170-172, 178, 180- social menace 527-528, 530, 537, 559, 568, 572, 576
182, 184, 186-187, 189, 197-202, 204, 206-207, social network 27, 155, 258, 274, 287, 289, 348, 510,
209-210, 214-215, 225-226, 228, 231-234, 236, 542, 564, 632, 634, 638-640, 642, 646-647, 649-
240, 242-249, 251, 255-257, 262-266, 268, 270, 650, 697, 705
272, 279, 282, 285, 287, 290, 293-294, 299, social networks 33, 39, 101, 161, 230, 251, 271, 277,
310, 313-314, 316-317, 319, 321, 324-325, 327, 287-288, 295, 299, 320, 334, 337, 344, 361, 363,
329-330, 333-334, 337-342, 344-345, 347-350, 367, 375, 377, 461, 490, 504, 506-507, 521, 544,
352-354, 359-360, 363-364, 366-371, 374, 379- 602, 606, 612-613, 615, 620, 631-632, 634, 638,
380, 386-388, 392, 448-449, 451-455, 461-464, 640, 642, 685, 697-699
474, 483, 485, 487-488, 499-504, 509, 514, 519- social policy 1-2, 6-11, 13-17, 20, 31, 112, 484, 486, 543
520, 522-524, 527, 531-545, 548-550, 553-554, Social Politics 466, 488
556-558, 560-566, 568, 571, 573-575, 580-583, social problem 8, 44, 46, 73, 75-77, 83, 85, 88-89,
585-586, 592, 594, 598, 604-608, 610, 619-620, 163, 257, 490, 572
623, 625-629, 631-633, 638-647, 649, 653, 671- social work 1-3, 6-16, 18, 20-24, 26-34, 36-43, 88,
677, 686, 690, 698, 701-703, 705 181, 608
social work ethics 22, 28, 30, 39-41, 43
S social work practice 14-15, 23, 28, 32, 38-39, 41-43
social work practices 2, 10, 20-22, 24, 26, 28, 30-34,
sampling 21, 23, 374, 379, 523, 641-644, 650, 658 36-40
scale development 643, 645, 653, 655-657, 670, 672, social work students 21-24, 31, 38-40, 43
674, 676-677 society 2-5, 7-12, 16-17, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 45-46,
Scaling 645, 650 51, 56, 73-74, 87-90, 94, 97, 102, 107, 110, 113,
security 5, 7, 10-11, 14-15, 40, 76, 92, 105, 107, 109, 115, 118-119, 128, 133, 137, 143, 154, 157,
121, 166, 203, 260, 263, 274-275, 277-280, 285- 160-161, 166-172, 174-179, 191-192, 200, 203,
287, 291, 293, 295-296, 298, 317, 321, 324-325, 205-207, 220, 235, 254, 260-262, 265, 270-271,
361-362, 374, 379-380, 392, 449, 463, 467, 472, 289-290, 298, 313, 315, 317, 321, 328-330, 334-
477, 482, 496, 498, 514-516, 519-520, 549, 556, 335, 337, 341, 351, 354, 454, 461, 464, 466-469,
589, 591, 593, 595-596, 600-601, 608, 619, 626, 474, 482-483, 485, 487, 497, 501, 508-513, 519,
685, 690, 693-695, 701-702, 704-707 521-522, 525-526, 528, 547-548, 550, 553-554,
self-esteem 252, 261, 264, 267, 388, 431, 493, 497, 559, 562, 567, 579, 587, 593, 597, 600, 602, 605,
501, 531, 536, 556-557, 560, 572, 583, 612, 614, 614, 616, 622, 627, 631, 645-646, 655, 674, 687,
627, 637, 650 689-690, 701
sexual violence 44, 60, 65, 84, 93, 111, 164, 167, 174- stigma 31, 260, 536, 547, 560
175, 181, 271, 277, 288-289 stress 4-5, 108, 211, 213, 217, 220, 222, 224, 233,
Sharenting 291, 293-296, 299, 305, 311-314 237, 239, 266, 279, 356-357, 449, 478, 487, 494,
smartphone 96, 354, 635, 638-640, 645, 647-648, 650 535-536, 549, 551, 553-555, 563, 565, 567, 572,
social ecology 255, 262, 269 575-576, 578, 584, 586, 612, 632-633, 650
social marketing 333-334, 342, 344, 351 subtle 166, 230-231, 237-238, 240, 243, 247, 527-531,

835
Index

548, 568, 570, 572-575, 578 654-655, 658, 662, 668-669, 671-672, 674, 677
survey 14, 23-24, 96, 103, 111, 113, 116-118, 124-126, Usage Internet 525
133, 167, 193, 196, 202, 253-254, 268, 281-282, user vulnerability 652, 656
355, 369, 374, 379-382, 454-455, 464-465, 478,
503, 506, 508, 513-514, 520, 522-523, 535, 556- V
558, 560, 563, 575-576, 579, 593, 623, 626, 628,
644, 653, 671, 704 values 5, 10, 22, 24, 28-29, 33, 39, 41-43, 51-52,
Swatting 546 54-55, 87-88, 92, 102-103, 121, 128, 131, 166,
174-175, 178, 189, 208, 241, 250, 281, 298, 309,
T 324, 328, 334-336, 345, 376, 454, 479, 496, 503,
506-508, 513-515, 517, 520, 522, 546, 567, 569,
technology 1-3, 6-7, 10-11, 14-15, 17, 19-24, 26, 31- 571, 577-578, 580, 582, 586-588, 600, 602, 627,
34, 36-42, 64, 95-98, 100-101, 105, 107-108, 111, 658, 660-661, 685-689
113, 136, 152, 154, 158-160, 186, 189, 191-192, victim 12, 44-46, 65, 74-76, 78-87, 89-90, 92-94,
195-204, 232, 248, 250-252, 256, 261-265, 268, 99-101, 106-107, 136, 164, 167-168, 170-173,
270-272, 276-277, 280, 285, 288-290, 292-293, 175-176, 178, 183, 229, 233-236, 250-262, 280,
297, 300-301, 310, 315-319, 321, 324-326, 328- 361-364, 375-377, 379, 381, 384-386, 389, 455,
332, 337, 339, 346-347, 352-355, 360, 362, 365, 460, 463, 465, 489-500, 504-505, 519, 530, 533-
369, 373, 375-376, 381, 456, 461, 463, 469, 473, 534, 546, 549, 552, 554, 557-558, 565-566, 569-
475, 484-486, 488-489, 492, 501-503, 510-511, 571, 573, 576, 578, 587, 612-622, 624, 692, 697
513, 523, 525-532, 534, 541-542, 550, 562, 564, victim blaming 74, 81, 84, 93-94, 261
567, 570-571, 580, 587, 589, 591-593, 595-596, victimization 113, 233, 248, 254, 265, 277, 288, 369-
601, 603-604, 606-608, 610-612, 615-616, 622, 370, 381, 463, 489, 492, 497, 500-505, 540,
624, 629, 632, 638, 654, 685, 689-694, 696-699, 542-545, 561-562, 564, 566, 569, 582-583, 615,
701, 704-707 625, 629
Technology Addiction 352, 354, 373, 501, 706 violence 2, 4, 8-10, 12, 31, 44-49, 51, 56-60, 63, 65-66,
technology use 21-24, 32-33, 37-39, 300, 534, 690 72-77, 81-85, 87-113, 137, 160, 163-179, 181-183,
theoretical approach 294, 631-632 234-235, 237, 243, 245, 261, 265, 267, 270-271,
transformation 1-3, 12, 16-17, 179, 185-186, 191-192, 276-280, 282, 285-291, 294-295, 301, 306-310,
197-198, 200-202, 204-205, 291, 297, 315-324, 334, 340-341, 352-353, 360-364, 366-370, 372,
328-332, 374, 379, 387, 466-468, 474, 482, 485, 374, 380-381, 388, 415, 449-465, 491, 493, 497,
490, 611, 616, 685, 698 500-501, 503, 527-528, 542-544, 546, 560, 562,
Transnationalism 162 565, 579, 582-585, 598, 604, 608, 613, 616, 618,
Trickery 252, 269, 619 620, 625-626, 629, 652, 654, 656, 668-670, 673-
troll 161, 264, 535, 545-546, 548, 554 675, 677, 689
Turkey 1, 21, 23, 31, 41, 95, 114-119, 121-125, 127- violence against women 2, 9, 45, 47-48, 56, 63, 66,
134, 138, 185, 195, 197-198, 206-207, 214, 229, 72-76, 84-85, 87-89, 91-92, 94-113, 160, 165-167,
236, 247, 270, 272, 274, 280, 291, 293, 295, 298, 169-170, 173-174, 176, 181-182, 278, 288, 369,
300-301, 310, 312, 315-317, 319-329, 352, 358- 452-455, 463, 675
360, 363-364, 366, 368, 374, 379, 387-388, 392, Virtual Offence 547, 567
463, 466, 468, 478-480, 483, 489, 506, 587, 610, Virtuality 350, 610, 612, 630
623, 631, 635-637, 640, 642, 652, 685-686, 690, voting 510-511, 525, 589, 591-592, 595, 605, 609
693, 700, 705 vulnerability 166, 169, 173, 263, 316, 478, 487-488,
526, 532-533, 537, 539, 642, 646, 652, 654,
U 656, 694

unfairness 114, 229 W

University of Livingstonia 451, 454, 458, 464
university students 248-249, 254-259, 261-262, 276, Wage Discrimination or Wage Inequality 133
323, 387, 463, 500, 505, 560-562, 565-566, Wage Injustice 114
623-624, 635, 637, 640, 642, 645, 647-648, 652, women 1-2, 6, 9-10, 12-13, 16-20, 24, 30-31, 33, 45-49,

836
Index

56-60, 63, 65-66, 72-77, 81-82, 84-85, 87-130, 502-503, 523, 527, 529-531, 535-536, 538, 559,
132-134, 136-138, 152, 154-157, 159-161, 163- 568-588, 622-625, 627, 633, 642
170, 172-183, 187, 189, 191, 197-202, 205-207, workplace aggression 232, 237, 243, 574-581, 583-
209-210, 213-214, 224, 227, 232, 236, 238, 245- 585, 588
246, 254, 264, 267, 271, 277-282, 284-285, 288,
342, 369, 380, 452-455, 461, 463, 469, 476, 479- Y
481, 483, 493, 522, 526-527, 530-531, 533-537,
540, 546-547, 550-551, 554, 558, 565, 575, 577, young people 102, 248-250, 254-255, 260-265, 273,
595, 602, 608, 625, 641, 655, 671, 674-675, 689 307-308, 323-324, 334, 342, 344, 358-360, 475,
work culture 527-531, 546, 568-570, 572-574, 576, 578 482, 490, 493-495, 498-501, 521, 542, 545, 554,
work- family balance 206 564, 566, 616-617, 619, 622-623, 628, 634, 645,
work-family boundary theory 211-212, 224, 228 669, 673, 686, 690, 698, 700, 705
work-family life balance 206-211, 214, 222-226 youth 14, 84, 249-250, 262, 265, 267-268, 340, 345,
work-family-life balance 206-208, 223, 228 369, 371, 501, 503, 526-527, 531-532, 534, 536,
working father 206-208, 212, 214-216, 222-225, 228 539, 541, 543, 545, 551, 555, 557-559, 561-562,
work-life balance 118, 206-207, 215, 226-228, 644 564, 619, 623, 628
workplace 7, 9, 11, 80, 114, 119, 121, 130, 134, 192, YouTube 105, 272, 274-275, 291-293, 295, 300, 305,
208, 211, 214, 225, 229-239, 241, 243-247, 255, 309, 314, 355, 375, 502, 510, 531, 593, 634, 686
283, 380, 388, 449, 490, 492-493, 497, 499,

837
Advances in Human and
Social Aspects of Technology
(AHSAT) Book Series
Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, D.B.A.
Information Resources Management Association, USA
ISSN:2328-1316
EISSN:2328-1324
Mission
In recent years, the societal impact of technology has been noted as we become increasingly more con-
nected and are presented with more digital tools and devices. With the popularity of digital devices such
as cell phones and tablets, it is crucial to consider the implications of our digital dependence and the
presence of technology in our everyday lives.
The Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology (AHSAT) Book Series seeks to explore
the ways in which society and human beings have been affected by technology and how the technological
revolution has changed the way we conduct our lives as well as our behavior. The AHSAT book series
aims to publish the most cutting-edge research on human behavior and interaction with technology and
the ways in which the digital age is changing society.

Coverage
• End-User Computing
IGI Global is currently accepting manuscripts
• ICTs and social change
for publication within this series. To submit a pro-
• Activism and ICTs
posal for a volume in this series, please contact our
• Human-Computer Interaction
Acquisition Editors at Acquisitions@[Link]
• Technology and Freedom of Speech
or visit: [Link]
• Information ethics
• Public Access to ICTs
• Technology and Social Change
• ICTs and human empowerment
• Human Development and Technology

The Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology (AHSAT) Book Series (ISSN 2328-1316) is published by IGI Global, 701 E.
Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033-1240, USA, [Link]. This series is composed of titles available for purchase individually;
each title is edited to be contextually exclusive from any other title within the series. For pricing and ordering information please visit http://
[Link]/book-series/advances-human-social-aspects-technology/37145. Postmaster: Send all address changes to above address.
Copyright © 2022 IGI Global. All rights, including translation in other languages reserved by the publisher. No part of this series may be
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teaching purposes. The views expressed in this series are those of the authors, but not necessarily of IGI Global.
Titles in this Series
For a list of additional titles in this series, please visit: [Link]/book-series/advances-human-social-aspects-
technology/37145

Impact and Role of Digital Technologies in Adolescent Lives

Shaveta Malik (Terna Engineering College, India) Rohit Bansal (Department of Management Studies, Vaish
College of Engineering, Rohtak, India) and Amit Kumar Tyagi (Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India)
Information Science Reference • © 2022 • 313pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799883180) • US $195.00

Applied Ethics in a Digital World

Ingrid Vasiliu-Feltes (University of Miami, USA) and Jane Thomason (University College London, UK)
Information Science Reference • © 2022 • 316pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799884675) • US $195.00

Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Diversity and Equity in a Virtual World

Emily K. Reeves (Midwestern State University, USA) and Christina Janise McIntyre (Midwestern State University,
USA)
Information Science Reference • © 2022 • 317pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799880288) • US $195.00

Next-Generation Applications and Implementations of Gamification Systems

Filipe Portela (University of Minho, Portugal) and Ricardo Queirós (ESMAD, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal)
Engineering Science Reference • © 2022 • 281pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799880899) • US $245.00

Philosophical Issues of Human Cyborgization and the Necessity of Prolegomena on Cyborg Ethics
Ivana Greguric (University of Zagreb, Croatia)
Information Science Reference • © 2022 • 352pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799892311) • US $195.00

Technological Influences on Creativity and User Experience

Joshua Fairchild (Creighton University, USA)
Information Science Reference • © 2022 • 305pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799843542) • US $195.00

Human Factors Issues and the Impact of Technology on Society

Heather Lum (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA)
Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 333pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799864530) • US $195.00

Ubiquitous Technologies for Human Development and Knowledge Management

Hakikur Rahman (Institute of Computer Management and Science, Bangladesh)
Information Science Reference • © 2021 • 396pp • H/C (ISBN: 9781799878445) • US $195.00

701 East Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, PA 17033, USA

Tel: 717-533-8845 x100 • Fax: 717-533-8661
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Common questions

Cyberbullying among university students leads to deterioration in academic performance and social interactions. It is associated with increased psychological distress and feelings of isolation, impacting students' overall wellbeing and academic success .

Feminicide is distinct from ordinary violence against women as it is classified as a hate crime motivated by complex factors beyond physical assault. It reflects deeper societal issues and gender-based hatred, whereas ordinary violence may not be explicitly driven by gender-based motives .

Digitalization has intensified the issue of violence against women by moving offline problems into the online sphere, resulting in new challenges such as online violence. As technology advances, the likelihood of encountering unwanted consequences, like increased online violence against women, becomes higher .

Recent legal frameworks regarding femicide include designating it a separate crime from typical homicides, emphasizing its gender-based motivation. This has led to stricter penalties and state interventions; however, inconsistencies and enforcement challenges remain, as seen in Ecuador following femicide legal classification .

Digital violence reflects challenges similar to traditional settings by transitioning societal problems like harassment and abuse into the online realm, magnifying their impact due to technology's pervasive and persistent nature. This shift complicates addressing these issues as digital environments provide anonymity and broader reach .

Media framing in the German online press often influences the perception of feminicides by framing them either as isolated incidents or as part of broader societal issues. The framing can impact public awareness and contribute to victim blaming, but when aligned with broader social issues, it may enhance social responsibility and awareness .

The bibliometric analysis of digital feminism research provides insights into how feminist activities have transitioned online, resulting in the emergence of digital feminism. The study analyzed 53 articles on digital feminism from 1975 to 2021, offering a structured overview of the development of digital feminist movements and contributing a reference point for further research .

Media reports on femicides are shaped by societal and cultural frameworks that often dictate narrative framing. These frames can either highlight systemic gender issues or obscure them by treating incidents as individual tragedies, thereby influencing public perception and accountability in addressing these crimes .

The European Union tackles online violence against women by acting as a significant player in combating all forms of violence against women, especially emphasizing the increasing prevalence of online violence. The EU employs policies and initiatives to mitigate these digital threats .

Women in Turkey encounter wage inequality characterized by gender discrimination where women are excluded from roles that do not correlate with performance but influence satisfaction, power, and income distribution. This results in women receiving different wages for the same job or being placed in lower-paying roles irrespective of their efficiency .

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