CONCEPT - 3
BASIC INTEGRAL CALCULUS
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Here, we will be doing the reverse of Differential Calculus e.g., determination of the
distance traveled by a particle in a given time interval with its speed as a function of time specified.
If
We write the same equation in integral calculus as
where the symbol is used to denote integral.
If we think backwards, we see that s can be taken as
s = t3 2t2 + t + (any constant) to get
We say that t3 2t2 + t + c, where c is an arbitrary constant, is the indefinite integral of
3t 4t + 1 w.r.t. t, because of the presence of an arbitrary constant.
2
To find the distance traveled from time t = 2 s. to t = 10 s. we take the difference of values
of s at these time instants.
We write it as
= [(10)3 2(10)2 + (10) + c] [(2)3 2(2)2 + (2) + c] = 810 2 = 808 metres.
This process is called definite integration because the arbitrary constant vanishes.
Interestingly, this value represents the area enclosed by the speed-time graph, the time
axis between t = 2s and t = 10 s.
We now state: If the derivative of F(x) w.r.t. x is f(x), then the antiderivative of f(x) w.r.t. x is
F(x) + c.
i.e., if
then
where f(x) is called the integrand.
Definite integral of f(x) w.r.t. x is written as
where a is called the lower
limit of integration and b is called the upper limit of
integration.
= Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b
(generally). (refer to the figure on the next page)
Formulae
On the basis of differentiation and the definition of integration, we have the following
results.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Some rules of integration
(i) where k is a constant.
(ii)
(iii)
Product rule of integration exists which we will study later. There is no quotient rule in
integration.
Example: 1. Evaluate : (i)
(ii)
Solution: We have : (i)
(ii)
= (3cos x ) 4sinx + 5tanx 2 (cot x) + C = 3cos x 4sinx + 5tanx + 2cot x + C
Example: 2. Evaluate
(i) (a0 + a1x + a2x2) dx, (ii) dx,
(iii) dx, (iv) dx.
Solution: (i) (a0 + a1x +a2x2)dx =a0 dx + a1 x dx + a2 x2 dx = a0 x + a1 +a2 +c.
(ii) dx = dx + 2 dx - dx
= sin x + 2 log x - ex + c.
(iii) dx = dx = dx = dx -
= x – tan-1 x + c.
(iv) dx = dx = dx
= dx - dx + = - x + tan –1 x + c.
Example: 3. Integrate w.r.t.x. (i) sin2 x cosx, (ii) .
Solution: (i) Let sinx = t cos x dx = dt
dx = dt = +c= + c.
(ii) Let x4 = t 4 x3 dx = dt x3 dx = 1/4 dt
dx = dt = = tan –1 t + c = tan –1 x4 + c.
Example: 4. Evaluate (i) x ex dx, (ii) sin-1x dx.
Solution: (i) Let f(x) = x, (x) = ex
xex dx = [Link] - [Link] dx = xex – ex + c.
(ii) Let f(x) = sin-1x, (x) = 1
sin-1x dx = sin-1x 1 dx = sin-1x.x -
= x sin-1 x - x(1-x2)-1/2 dx = x sinx-1 + .
Note: ex(f(x) + f (x)) dx = ex f(x) dx + ex f1 (x) dx = f(x) ex -f(x)ex dx + ex f(x) dx = f(x) ex +
c.
Example: 5. Evaluate : (i) . (ii) . (iii)
Solution: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
Example: 6. Find the area of the triangle bounded by the sides y = x, y = 0 and x = 2.
Solution: Area in question is enclosed by the curve y = x
and the axis of x and the two ordinates x = 0, and
x = 2.
The required area = dx = dx
= = 2 [Link].
Example: 7. Evaluate
Solution: Let sin x = t cosx dx = dt
When x = 0 , t = 0 and for x = /2 , t = 1
= tan–1 1- tan .
Example: 8. Sketch the region bounded by the curve y = 2x x2 and the x-axis and find its area,
using integration.
Solution: The given curve is, y = 2x x2. Some of the values of x and y satisfying the given
equation are given below :
x 1 0 1/2 1 3/2 2 3
y 3 0 3/4 1 3/4 0 3
Plot the points (1, 3), (0, 0), and (3, 3).
Join these points with a free hand to obtain a rough sketch of the graph of the given
function. The required region is the shaded portion. (Note that it is a parabola opening downwards)
Clearly, the curve cuts x-axis, where y = 0.
i.e., 2x 2x2 = 0 or x(2 x) = 0
or x = 0 and x = 2
Required area
sq. units.
EXERCISE
1. Evaluate the following integrals:
(i)
(ii)
2. Integrate the following w.r.t. x :
(i) (2x + 9)5 (ii) e13x
3. Evaluate:
(i) (ii)
4. Find the area bounded by the curve y = secx tanx, x-axis and the lines and x = .