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Chapter - 1 : Food : Where Does It Come From ?

1. Food is needed for four main purposes: growth, providing energy, repairing and replacing
damaged tissues, and providing resistance and protection against diseases.
2. Our food comes from different sources: plants and animals.
3. Food from plants:
- Green plants are known as producers and prepare their own food through photosynthesis.
- Different parts of plants serve as sources of food: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds.
- Examples of plant-based foods include fruits, vegetables, cereals, and pulses.
4. Food from animals:
- Animal products like meat, eggs, honey, milk, cheese, butter, and curd are eaten by humans.
- Examples of animal-based foods include various types of meat, eggs from different birds,
and honey collected from beehives.
- Milk is obtained from animals like cows, buffaloes, and goats, and it is used to make various
dairy products such as paneer, cheese, cream, butter, ghee, and curd.
5. Animals cannot make their own food and depend on plants and other animals for food.
6. Microorganisms are tiny organisms that can only be seen with the help of a microscope.
7. Feeding habits of animals:
- Carnivores: Animals that eat only the flesh of other animals.
- Herbivores: Animals that eat only plants and plant products.
- Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and the flesh of other animals.
8. Special characteristics of carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores related to their teeth, beaks,
and feeding behaviors.
9. Scavengers and decomposers:
- Scavengers are birds and animals that eat the flesh of dead animals.
- Decomposers are organisms like fungi and bacteria that feed on and decompose dead
plants and animals, playing a vital role in nature.
Know the Terms
Nutrition : The process by which living things take in food and utilize it for growth and repair.
Edible : The substance that one can eat.
Producer : An organism that prepares its own food.
Consumer : An organism that directly or indirectly depends on the food produced by a
producer.
Herbivore : An animal that eats only plants or plant products.
Carnivore : An animal that eats other animals.
Omnivore : An animal that eats plants and animals.
Scavenger : An organism that feeds on the dead bodies of plants and animals.
Decomposer : An organism that breaks down the organic components in the remains of dead
plants and animals.e.g., bacteria and fungi.
parasites: The organisms that live on or inside the body of other living organisms and obtain
food from them are called parasites. e.g., fleas, leeches etc.
Hosts: The organisms that provide food and shelter to a parasite are called hosts.
food chain: The sequence of eating and being eaten is called the food chain. e.g., Grass → Cow
→ Tiger
food web: A network of interconnection of food chains is called a food web.

Chapter 2: Components of Food

Food:
- Edible substances that provide energy, repair old tissues, and build new tissues in living
beings.
- Nutrition is the process of consuming nutrients required for the growth, development, and
energy of our body.
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Three main nutrients:

1. Carbohydrates:
- Found in grains (rice, wheat, sorghum), peas, beans, sago (sabudana), sugarcane, sugar
beet, fruits (banana, mango, melons), and vegetables.
- Important carbohydrates in food include cellulose, starch, sucrose, glucose, and fructose.
- Provide energy to the body.
- Two types of carbohydrates: sugar (simple carbohydrates) and starch (complex
carbohydrate).
- Sources of sugar include fruits, honey, and table sugar.
- Sources of starch include rice, wheat, corn, potato, and bread.
- Digestive system breaks down plant products into glucose, which is absorbed into the blood
and provides energy.

2. Fats:
- Found in groundnut oil, soybean oil, mustard oil (from plants), butter, and ghee (from
animals).
- Act as fuel, providing more energy than carbohydrates.
- Help protect body organs and prevent heat loss from the body surface.
- Excessive fat deposition can lead to obesity.

3. Proteins:
- Found in animal and plant sources.
- Important for growth, repair, and building new tissues in the body.
- Form the structure of muscles, hair, nails, and are part of the blood.
- Required in higher amounts during periods of rapid growth, such as infancy, pregnancy, and
lactation.

Vitamins:
- Required by the body in small quantities.
- Help maintain healthy eyes, bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels.
- Food items rich in vitamins are called protective foods as they help protect the body from
diseases.
- Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in fat tissues and used when needed.
- Water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folic acid, and vitamin C) are not stored in the
body and must be regularly supplied through food.

Minerals:
- Needed by the body in small amounts.
- Essential for proper growth, maintaining good health, and various bodily functions.
- Macro minerals (required in larger quantities) include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur.
- Trace minerals (required in smaller quantities) include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc,
cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.

Water:
- The body requires a large quantity of water daily (5-7 liters).
- Important for digestion, waste elimination, body temperature regulation, and blood circulation.

Roughage or Dietary Fibers:

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- Portion of plant food that doesn't provide nutrients but helps maintain a healthy digestive
system.
- Sources include whole grains, flour, cereals, potatoes, fresh and cooked vegetables.
- It aids in proper digestion of food, prevents constipation, and comes in soluble and insoluble
forms.

Diet and Balanced Diet:

- Diet refers to the amount of food consumed by a person at a time.
- A balanced diet consists of different varieties of food that provide essential carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals for healthy functioning.
- It includes fruits, vegetables, dairy, grains, and protein from meat or substitutes.
- Benefits of a balanced diet: growth and development, weight control, energy supply, improved
immunity, and mental well-being.

Deficiency Diseases:
- Illnesses that occur when the body lacks essential nutrients.
- Our bodies need various vitamins, minerals, and other.

Chapter 3: Fibre to Fabric

[Link]
- The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called fibres.
- Fabrics are made up of yarns, and yarns are further made up of fibres.
- Natural fibres are obtained from plants and animals, such as cotton, jute, silk, and wool.
- Cotton and jute are examples of fibres obtained from plants.
- Wool and silk fibres are obtained from animals.
- Wool is obtained from the fleece of sheep or goat, as well as from the hair of rabbits, yak, and
camels.
- Silk fibre is drawn from the cocoon of silkworms.
- Synthetic fibres are made from chemical substances and are not obtained from plant or animal
sources. Examples include polyester, nylon, and acrylic.

[Link]-Based Fibres
Cotton:
- Cotton plants are usually grown in places with black soil and warm climate.
- The fruits of the cotton plant (cotton bolls) are about the size of a lemon.
- After maturing, the bolls burst open, and the seeds covered with cotton fibres can be seen.
- Cotton is usually picked by hand, and fibres are then separated from the seeds by combing.
- This process is called ginning of cotton, which can be done by hand or by machines.

[Link]:
- Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant and is cultivated during the rainy season.
- In India, jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam.
- Jute plants are harvested when they are at the flowering stage.
- The harvested stems are immersed in water for a few days, causing the stems to rot and fibres
to be separated by hand.

[Link] COTTON YARN

- The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning.
- Spinning involves drawing out and twisting fibres from a mass of cotton wool to bring them
together.
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- A hand spindle, also called takli, is a simple device used for spinning.
- Charkha, a hand-operated device popularized by Mahatma Gandhi during the Independence
movement, is also used for spinning.

[Link] TO FABRIC
- Fabrics are made from yarns through processes such as weaving and knitting.
- Weaving is the process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric.
- Knitting involves using a single yarn to create a fabric by interlocking loops.
- Different weaving patterns and knitting techniques can create a variety of fabric textures and
structures.
- Knitted fabrics are commonly used for items like socks and clothing. Knitting can be done by
hand or by machines.

[Link] of Clothing Material

- In ancient times, people used bark, big leaves of trees, animal skins, and furs to cover
themselves.
- As agricultural communities developed, people learned to weave twigs and grass into mats
and baskets.
- Vines, animal fleece, or hair were twisted together into long strands and woven into fabrics.
- Indians wore fabrics made out of cotton, which grew in regions near the river Ganga.
- Flax, a plant that provides natural fibres, was also cultivated in ancient times.
- Ancient Egyptians cultivated cotton and flax along the Nile River for making fabrics.
- With the invention of the sewing needle, people started stitching fabrics to make clothes,
leading to various stitched garment variations.

Understanding the journey from fibres to fabrics allows us to appreciate the diverse range of
materials and techniques used in the creation of clothing. From natural fibres obtained from
plants and animals to synthetic fibres created from chemical substances, the textile

Chapter 4:-Sorting Materials

1. All objects around us are made up of one or more materials.
2. Classification is the process of sorting and grouping things based on similarities and
differences.
3. Materials can be grouped based on properties such as roughness, luster, transparency,
solubility, flotation, attraction towards a magnet, conduction of heat, and conduction of electricity.
4. Roughness: Materials can be rough or smooth.
5. Luster: Metals possess luster and are used for making jewelry and decorative articles.
6. Transparency: Materials can be transparent, translucent, or opaque.
7. Solubility: Materials can be soluble (dissolve in water), insoluble (do not dissolve in water),
miscible (liquids that dissolve in water), or immiscible (liquids that do not dissolve in water).
8. Flotation and Sink: Some materials float on water while others sink.
9. Conduction of heat: Materials can be conductors (allow heat to flow through) or insulators
(do not allow heat to flow through).
10. Conduction of electricity: Materials can be conductors (conduct electricity) or insulators
(do not conduct electricity).

chapter 5 "Separation of Substances

1. Classification of Substances:
- Mixture: Combination of different things that can be easily separated again without any
chemical changes.
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- Pure Substance: When there is only one kind of thing that cannot be separated because it's
all the same.

2. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures:

- Homogeneous Mixture: All components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture (e.g.,
mixture of salt and water).
- Heterogeneous Mixture: Components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture (e.g.,
mixture of oil and water).

3. Examples of Mixtures:
- Air: Mixture of different gases.
- Face cream: Mixture of oil, water, and chemicals.
- Aerated drink: Mixture of water, sugar, and carbon dioxide.

4. Separation Methods:
- Hand Picking: Removing impurities by hand.
- Threshing: Separating grain from stalks by beating or using machines.
- Winnowing: Separating lighter and heavier components of a mixture by wind or blowing air.
- Sieving: Allowing fine particles to pass through while retaining larger impurities.
- Sedimentation and Decantation: Allowing heavier components to settle and then pouring
off the water or liquid.
- Filtration: Using a strainer or filter to separate particles from a liquid.

5. Conversion of Water into Vapor:

- Evaporation: Process of water turning into vapor.

Chapter 6: Changes Around Us:

1. Changes around us can be caused by human beings, nature, or animals.
2. Changes can be temporary or permanent, periodic or non-periodic, slow or fast, reversible or
irreversible.
3. Reversible Changes:
- Changes that can be reversed by reversing the action or changing the condition.
- Examples: Freezing of water, rolling of chapati from dough.
4. Irreversible Changes:
- Changes that cannot be reversed even after changing the conditions.
- Examples: Rusting of iron, cooking of vegetables.
5. Other Ways of Change:
- Temperature changes cause expansion or contraction of substances.
- Different expansion or contraction in solids, liquids, and gases.
- Physical changes occur when a substance changes state from solid to liquid or gas.
- Examples with water: melting (solid to liquid), evaporation (liquid to gas), condensation (gas
to liquid).
6. Substances and materials undergo two major types of changes:
- Physical change: Changes in the physical form of a substance without changing its
chemical identity.
- Examples: boiling of water, melting of ice (reversible physical changes), growing of height
(irreversible physical change).
- Chemical change: Changes in the chemical identity of a substance.
- Examples: cooking of rice, burning of matchstick (irreversible chemical changes).
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Chapter - 7 : Getting to Know Plants

[Link]:
- Plants are living organisms that include trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.
- They absorb water and nutrients through their roots and produce food through photosynthesis.
- Plants supply food to other organisms and maintain the atmosphere by producing oxygen and
absorbing carbon dioxide.
- They contribute to the ozone layer and help reduce the greenhouse effect and global warming.

[Link]:
- Herbs have green and tender stems.
- They are usually short, non-woody, and have medicinal and aromatic properties.
- Herbs can be biennials (two years), perennials (more than two years), or annuals (one year).

[Link]:
- Shrubs have hard stems branching out near the base.
- They are woody plants with several stems arising from the ground.
- Shrubs include plants like roses and tulsi.

[Link]:
- Trees are tall with hard and thick brown stems.
- They have branches in the upper part, much above the ground.
- Trees are woody, perennial, and single-trunked, and they can be angiosperms or
gymnosperms.

[Link]:
- The stem supports leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- It transports water and nutrients through narrow tubes inside the stem.
- There are different types of stems, including those of creepers and climbers.

[Link]:
- Leaves are an important part of the plant.
- They come in different shapes and sizes.
- The petiole attaches the leaf to the stem, and the lamina is the broad, green part.
- Leaves have veins, and the arrangement of veins is called leaf venation.
- Leaves perform photosynthesis, release oxygen, and store food as starch.

[Link]:
- The main root is called tap root, and smaller roots are called lateral roots.
- Some plants have fibrous roots, which do not have a main root.
- Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to other parts of the plant.
- Food is stored in roots in plants like carrots, radishes, and sweet potatoes.

[Link]:
- Flowers have petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens.
- The pistil consists of the ovary, style, and stigma.
- Ovules are small bead-like structures inside the ovary.
- The stamen is the male part of the flower and contains the anther and filament.

These are the main key points from your notes. Remember, these points highlight the important
information from the chapter and can help you understand the main concepts when reviewing
your notes.
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chapter 8:- "Body Movements":

1. Movement is the motion that occurs with or without moving away from an original position.
2. Joints are points where two or more bones are connected in the human skeletal system.
3. There are different types of joints:
a. Ball and Socket Joints allow maximum movement in all directions (e.g., hip and shoulder
joints).
b. Pivotal Joints allow bending the head forward and backward and turning it right or left
(e.g., neck joint).
c. Hinge Joints allow back and forth movement (e.g., elbow, knee, and finger joints).
d. Fixed Joints are joints where bones are joined together and cannot move (e.g., joint
between the upper jaw and the head).
4. The human skeleton is made up of bones and cartilages, providing support to the body.
5. The rib cage protects internal organs like the heart, formed by 12 pairs of ribs and the
backbone.
6. The backbone or vertebral column is composed of small, ring-like vertebrae that form a
hollow bony tube through which the main nerve cord passes.
7. The hip bone, together with the last two parts of the backbone, forms the pelvis.
8. The skull protects the brain and is made up of many bones joined together.
9. Muscles contract and pull bones to create movement.
10. Muscles work in pairs, with one contracting while the other relaxes to move a bone.
11. Animals have different ways of moving:
a. Earthworms move by alternating extension and contraction of the body.
b. Snails drag their shells as they move.
c. Cockroaches walk and climb using their legs and a hard outer skeleton.
d. Birds fly with their modified wings and have a lightweight skeleton.
e. Fish have a streamlined body shape and use their muscles and tail fin to swim.
f. Snakes move by curving their bodies into loops and pushing against the ground.

Chapter 9:- The Living Organisms and Their Surroundings

1. Organisms:
- Organisms are individual forms of life that can grow, reproduce, and have one or more cells.
- Animals, plants, and bacteria are examples of organisms.
- Organisms come from pre-existing cells, and multi-cellular organisms have cells specialized
for different functions.
- Organisms can respond to stimuli, grow, and maintain homeostasis (internal balance).

2. Habitat and Adaptation:

- Habitat is the surroundings where organisms live and get their food, water, air, shelter, and
other needs.
- Different organisms share the same habitat, but habitats can vary, such as deserts and seas.
- Adaptation refers to the presence of specific features or habits that enable plants and
animals to live in their surroundings.

3. Habitat Components: Biotic and Abiotic:

- Habitat components include biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.
- Biotic components include plants and animals that depend on each other for food, shelter,
and other needs.
- Abiotic components include rocks, soil, air, water, sunlight, and heat, which are essential for
the habitat to function.
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4. Journey Through Different Habitats:

- Deserts:
- Desert animals have adaptations like living in burrows, while desert plants have features
like reduced leaves, stem photosynthesis, and deep roots to survive in hot and dry conditions.
- Mountain Regions:
- Trees in mountain regions have cone-like shapes, needle-like leaves, and strong roots to
cope with cold and windy conditions.
- Grasslands:
- Grassland plants have big leaves to catch sunlight, and grassland animals have different
teeth adaptations.

5. Aquatic Habitats:
- Oceans are large bodies of saltwater where fish and other sea animals live. They have
streamlined bodies, gills, and other adaptations for underwater life.
- Ponds and lakes are freshwater habitats where aquatic plants grow. These plants have long
stems and roots in the soil beneath the water.
- Aquatic plants have adaptations like bending leaves and floating flowers to thrive in water
environments.

6. Respiration and Sensitivity:

- Respiration is a process that involves breathing and obtaining energy from food. Different
organisms have different respiratory mechanisms.
- Living organisms can respond to stimuli, which are changes in their surroundings.
- Responses can be positive (liking something), negative (moving away or avoiding something),
or ignoring (not responding to something unimportant).
- Plants also respond to stimuli using receptors and hormones, adjusting their growth and
behavior.

7. Excretion in Living Organisms:

- Excretion is the process of removing waste materials from living organisms.
- Plants excrete waste differently than animals, mainly through processes like transpiration and
storage in specialized cells or structures.
- Plants release excess water vapor and gases through stomata and eliminate waste
substances through shedding or storage.

Chapter - 10 : Motion and Measurement of Distances

[Link]:
Motion refers to the change in position of an object with respect to time. When a body changes
its position over time, it is said to be in motion.

[Link] and Displacement:

Distance and displacement are used to describe the overall motion of an object and locate its
final position in relation to its initial position at a given time.

- Distance is the total length covered by an object in its motion. It is a scalar quantity that is
independent of direction. Distance only takes into account the magnitude of the motion and not
the direction.
- Displacement, on the other hand, is the shortest distance between the initial and final
positions of an object along with the direction. Displacement is a vector quantity because it has
both magnitude and direction.
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[Link] Length and Distance:

Measuring length and distance is an important aspect of motion. Here are some key points:

- Distance is the measurement of how far objects or points are from each other. For example,
the length of a table or the distance between two cities like Kashmir and Kanyakumari.
- Length can be measured using units. Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity
with a known quantity, which is referred to as a unit.
- The result of a measurement consists of two parts: a number and a unit. For example, if the
length of a room is found to be 12 times the length of your foot, then 12 is the number and 'foot
length' is the unit selected for the measurement.
- Traditionally, people used their body parts like feet or fingers for measuring length, but this
lacked accuracy and uniformity.

[Link] Units of Measurement:

To ensure accuracy and uniformity in measurements, standard units of measurement were
established. Here are some important points:

- In the past, various units like the length of a foot, width of a finger, or distance of a step were
commonly used for measurements.
- In 1790, the French introduced the metric system, which provided a standard unit of
measurement called the meter.
- The metric system evolved into the International System of Units (SI units), which is currently
used worldwide.
- The SI unit of length is the meter (m).

[Link] Error:
Parallax error refers to the displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object when
viewed along two different lines of sight. It is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination
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between those two lines. Parallax error can occur when measuring distances or positions and
must be accounted for to obtain accurate measurements.

[Link] of Motion:
Motion can be categorized into different types based on various factors such as time, speed,
distance, and path. Here are some common types of motion:

- Rotary Motion: This type of motion involves an object rotating around a fixed axis, such as the
Earth rotating on its axis.
- Oscillatory Motion: It is a repetitive motion in which an object continuously repeats the same
motion, like a swing.
- Periodic Motion: This type of motion occurs when an object repeats its motion after a specific
time interval.
- Rectilinear Motion: It refers to one-dimensional motion along a straight line, like an athlete
running on a straight track.
- Reciprocating Motion: This motion involves a repetitive back and forth or up and down
motion, such as the needle in a sewing machine.
- Circular Motion: It is the movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation
along a circular path. Circular motion can be uniform (constant angular rate of rotation and
constant speed) or non-uniform (changing rate of rotation).

Know the Terms

Measurement : The process of finding an unknown quantity by comparing it with a known fixed
quantity of the same kind.
Standard unit : A unit of measurement accepted universally.
Estimation : To guess the amount of anything without actual measurement.
Motion : The change in position of an object with time, relative to its surroundings.
Translational motion : A motion in which an object moves in the same direction and covers
equal distance in a given interval of time.
Rectilinear motion : A motion in which an object moves along a straight line.
Rotational motion : A motion in which an object moves about an axis.
Periodic motion : A motion that repeats itself in equal intervals of time.
Circular motion : A motion in which an object moves along a circular path.
One complete cycle from the point of release to the other extreme and back to the initial point is
called one oscillation.

Chapter - 11 : Light, Shadows and Reflections

[Link]:
Light is a form of energy which helps us to see the objects.
Light is also an electromagnetic radiation that we can detect.
Light does not need any material medium. It can travel even through vacuum.
Light is essential for the existence of life.
The natural warmth of the sunlight creates conditions conductive for the growth and
development of life.
Light is the main source of energy for animals and plants.
Light travels in a straight line.

Transparent, Opaque, and Translucent Objects:

Objects can be categorized based on their ability to transmit light. Here's an overview:
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- Opaque Objects: These are objects through which light cannot pass at all. They do not allow
the transmission of light and create a complete blockage.
- Transparent Objects: Transparent objects allow light to pass through them easily, and we can
see clearly through them.
- Translucent Objects: Translucent objects allow some light to pass through, but not very
clearly. They scatter or diffuse the light, making the objects behind them appear blurred.

[Link]:
A shadow is an area where light from a source is blocked by an opaque object. Here are some
important points about shadows:

- Shadows are created when an opaque object obstructs the path of light.
- Shadows are formed on the side opposite to the light source.
- Shadows provide information about the shape and size of objects.
- The cross-section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette or a reverse projection of the
object causing the shadow.

[Link] Camera:
A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens. It consists of a lightproof box with a small
aperture (a tiny hole) on one side. Here's some information about pinhole cameras:

- Light enters through the tiny hole and forms an inverted image on the opposite side of the box,
known as the camera obscura effect.
- The image formed by a pinhole camera demonstrates the rectilinear propagation of light,
indicating that light travels in straight lines.

4 Mirror and Reflection:

Reflection occurs when light rays strike a smooth and polished surface and bounce back in the
same medium. Here's what you need to know about mirrors and reflection:

- A mirror is a surface, usually made of glass, that reflects light and forms clear, erect images of
objects.
- Reflection follows the law of reflection, which states that the angle of incidence (the angle
between the incident ray and the normal) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle between
the reflected ray and the normal).

Know the Terms

Luminous objects : Objects that emit light of their own.
Non-luminous objects : Objects that do not emit light of their own.
Transparent material : A material that allows light to pass through it.
Opaque material : A material that does not allow light to pass through it.
Translucent material : A material that allows only a part of light to pass through it.
Shadow : A dark patch formed behind an object where light can not reach.
Reflection : Process of sending back the light rays, which fall on the surface of the object. Solar
eclipse : Shadow cast by the moon on the earth.
Lunar eclipse : Shadow cast by the earth on the moon.
The dark part of the shadow is called umbra.
The partially dark part of the shadow is called penumbra.

Chapter - 12 : Electricity and Circuits

[Link] Electric Cell:
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- An electric cell is a device that provides electricity to devices that cannot be directly powered
by the main electricity supply.
- It converts chemical energy stored inside it into electrical energy.
- It has two terminals: a positive terminal and a negative terminal.

[Link] Bulb:
- An electric bulb, also known as a light bulb, is an electric lamp enclosed in a translucent or
transparent glass housing.
- The bulb consists of a filament, which is a spiral wire, and two thick wires at its ends that
support the filament.
- When an electric cell is connected to the terminals of the bulb, electricity passes through the
filament, causing it to glow and emit light.
- Inert gases such as argon or nitrogen are used inside the bulb.

[Link] connected to an Electric Cell:

- To make a bulb glow using an electric cell, a wire needs to be connected from one terminal of
the cell to one terminal of the bulb.
- Similarly, the other terminal of the cell must be connected to the second terminal of the bulb.
- An electric wire is a conducting path in an electric circuit that allows the flow of current. It is
usually made of a metal, which is a good conductor of electricity.

[Link] Electric Circuit:

- An electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to flow between the two terminals of
an electric cell.
- The bulb glows only when there is a flow of current through the circuit.
- In an electric circuit, the direction of current is considered to be from the positive terminal to the
negative terminal of the electric cell.
- When the terminals of the bulb are connected to the terminals of the electric cell by wires, the
current passes through the filament of the bulb, causing it to glow.
- If there is a break in the filament, it interrupts the path of the current and the bulb will not glow.

[Link] Switch:
- An electric switch is a device that can make or break an electrical circuit automatically or
manually.
- It is used to control the flow of current in a circuit by either allowing or blocking the passage of
electricity.
- Switches are commonly used in electronic systems to turn devices on or off and control the
operation of circuits.

[Link] Conductor and Insulators:

- Conductors are materials that allow electric current to pass through them easily.
- Insulators, on the other hand, do not allow electric current to flow through them.
- Electrical switches, plugs, and sockets are made of conductors.
- Rubber and plastics are commonly used as insulators to cover electrical wires, plug tops,
switches, and other parts of electrical appliances to prevent electric shock.
- Conductors have free electrons on their surface, which facilitate the easy flow of electric
current.

Know the Terms

Electricity : The thing that causes the bulb to glow.
Switch : A device used to make or break a circuit.
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Electric circuit : A closed path around which electric current flows.

Closed circuit : A circuit that is complete and allows electric current to flow.
Open circuit : A circuit that is not complete and does not allow electric current to flow. Primary
cell : A cell that cannot be recharged.
Secondary cell : A cell that can be recharged.
Solar cell : A device that converts solar energy to electrical energy.
Conductor : A material that allows electric current to pass through it.
Insulator : A material that does not allow electric current to pass through it.

Chapter - 13 : Fun With Magnets

1. Magnet:
- A magnet produces a magnetic field.
- The magnetic field attracts or repels other magnets and ferromagnetic materials.
- Magnetic materials can be divided into magnetically hard and soft materials.
- Examples of magnetic materials include iron, nickel, cobalt, and their alloys.

2. Magnetic and Non-Magnetic:

- Magnetic materials are attracted to an external magnetic field and have magnetic domains.
- Magnetically soft materials can be easily magnetized but have temporary magnetism.
- Magnetically hard materials can be magnetized with a strong magnetic field and have
permanent magnetism.
- Non-magnetic materials are not attracted to a magnetic field and have randomly arranged
magnetic domains.

3. Poles of Magnet:
- Every magnet has two poles: North and South.
- Magnetic poles are the regions where the external magnetic field is the strongest.
- Earth also has North and South poles, which are the Arctic and Antarctica respectively.

4. Finding Direction:
- A magnetic compass aligns itself towards the magnetic North pole of the Earth.
- Travelers have used magnets to find directions for a long time.

5. Attraction and Repulsion between Magnets:

- Magnets can attract or repel each other.
- Attraction between unequal poles is slightly stronger than repulsion between equal poles.
- The alignment of molecular magnets affects the strength of attraction and repulsion.
- The strength of attraction and repulsion decreases with increasing distance between
magnets.

Like poles always repel each other. Unlike poles always attract each other.
An iron bar becomes a bar magnet when one of the poles of a bar magnet is rubbed on it
several times. This is known as touch-stroke method.
A magnet loses its magnetic property when dropped from a height, hammered, or heated.
Magnets can be stored safely by keeping them away from cassettes, CDs, mobiles, TVs, plastic
cards, etc.

Know the Terms

Magnet : A substance that has the property of attracting magnetic substances such as iron,
cobalt and nickel.
Artificial magnets : Magnets made by humans using magnetic substances.
 14

Magnetic force : The force exerted by a magnet on magnetic materials in its magnetic field.
Magnetic poles : Each of the two points of a magnet where the magnetic strength is maximum.
Demagnetise : The tendency to lose magnetism and magnetic properties.

Chapter - 14 : Water
Water is an essential natural resource for life on Earth, used for various purposes like drinking,
washing, cooking, and more.
1. Sources of Water:
There are various sources of water. About 71% of Earth’s surface is covered with water. The
three main sources of water are:

- Rainwater, groundwater, and surface water (including sea, oceans, reservoirs, rivers, streams,
ponds, lakes, and tanks).
- Rivers and springs are important sources for drinking, washing, and farming.
- Oceans and seas contain saltwater, unsuitable for drinking or agriculture.
- Snow melts and contributes to streams and rivers.
- Groundwater comes from rainwater seepage underground.
- Rain is a vital source of water for us, and all water resources are primarily replenished by
rainfall.
- Lakes and ponds act as small reservoirs of water, formed by collecting rainwater in low-lying
areas. Seepage from groundwater reserves also contributes to the water in lakes and ponds.
Summary: Rain is crucial for providing water, which fills lakes and ponds through collection and
seepage. The water table represents the underground level where only water exists.

- Majority of Earth's water is in oceans and seas (saltwater).

Out of 71% of the water on earth, 97% is in oceans and seas. Water from oceans and seas
contains dissolved salts in it, hence this water is called saltwater or saline water

2. Water Cycle:
- The continuous movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back to the
ground.
- Controlled by the sun and known as the hydrological cycle.
- Involves evaporation, condensation, transpiration, and precipitation.

Evaporation:
- Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate from oceans, rivers, lakes, wells, and soil.
- Water vapor continuously added to the air.

Condensation:
- The process of water vapor changing into liquid form.
- Cloud formation occurs as water vapor condenses into tiny water droplets.

Transpiration:
- Loss of water from plant leaves in the form of vapor.
- Every plant transpires and releases water vapor into the air.

Precipitation:
- Clouds carry small droplets of water that may come together to form larger drops, leading to
precipitation.

- Types of precipitation include rain, snow, hail, and dew.

 15

- Rain: Rain is water that falls from the sky in the form of drops larger than 0.5mm. The biggest
raindrops can reach about 6mm in size. Larger drops break up into smaller ones as they fall.
- Snow: Snow is made up of ice crystals and has a flaky appearance. It occurs when water
freezes in the atmosphere and falls to the ground as soft, white flakes.
- Hail: Hail is a type of precipitation that falls during violent thunderstorms. It consists of pellets
or lumps of ice that are larger than 8mm in size.
- Dew: During winter nights, when the air near the ground cools down, water vapor in the air
condenses into tiny water droplets. These droplets appear as dew on surfaces like grass,
leaves, or windows.

[Link] Calamities:
- Drought occurs when there is a prolonged absence of rainfall, causing soil to dry up and water
to be lost through evaporation and plant transpiration.
- Drought leads to drying up of rivers, ponds, wells, and a decrease in the water table.
- The impact of drought affects humans, animals, and plants.
- Consequences of drought include crop failure, reduced availability of food and fodder, and
loss of human and animal life.

- Continuous rains lead to rising water levels in rivers, lakes, and ponds.
- Floods occur when the soil becomes saturated with water.
- Consequences of floods include the displacement of air from the soil and the emergence of
animals living underground.
- Floods also result in the loss of crops due to excessive rainfall.
- Factors contributing to floods include the intensity and duration of rainfall, soil conditions, and
the presence of plants or trees on the ground.

[Link] Conservation:
- Policies, strategies, and activities to manage freshwater resources sustainably.
- Goals include ensuring availability for future generations, conserving energy, and preserving
habitats.

[Link] Harvesting:
- Collecting rainwater directly using various means.
- Harvested water can be used immediately or stored for later use.

[Link] Conservation:
- Water conservation aims to manage freshwater resources sustainably and meet human
demand while protecting the environment.
- It includes policies, strategies, and activities to ensure water availability for future generations.
- Water conservation helps conserve energy and preserve freshwater habitats for wildlife.

[Link] Harvesting:
- Rainwater harvesting involves collecting rainwater using various methods.
- Rainwater can be used immediately or stored for later use.
- Examples include collecting rainwater in tanks or using it to recharge groundwater.
- Different regions may have specific techniques for rainwater harvesting.

[Link] of Water Conservation:

- Water conservation helps address challenges such as climate change and increased water
demand.
 16

- It reduces the strain on natural water resources, particularly in manufacturing and agricultural
irrigation.
- Water conservation supports sustainable water management and protects habitats and water
quality.

[Link] Conservation:
- Water pumping, delivery, and wastewater treatment facilities consume significant amounts of
energy.
- Conserving water also conserves energy resources.
- This is important as water management can account for a substantial portion of total electricity
consumption in some regions.

[Link] Conservation:
- Minimizing human water usage helps preserve freshwater habitats for local wildlife and
migrating waterfowl.
- By conserving water, we can support the well-being of ecosystems and maintain water quality.

Chapter - 15 : Air Around US

1. Composition of Air:
- Air is a mixture of gases.
- Components of air include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.
- Air is important for breathing and burning.
- Life on Earth exists because of the presence of air.

2. Water Vapor:
- Air contains water vapor.
- Water vapor condenses on cool surfaces, leading to the formation of water droplets.
- Water vapor is important for the water cycle in nature.
- The amount of water vapor in the air varies depending on the weather.

3. Oxygen:
- Oxygen is necessary for the survival of all living beings.
- It is required for respiration.
- Oxygen constitutes around 20.95% of the air.
- Burning can only occur in the presence of oxygen.

4. Nitrogen:
- Nitrogen is the major component of air.
- It does not support the burning of a candle.
- Nitrogen occupies about four-fifths of the space that air fills.

5. Carbon Dioxide:
- Carbon dioxide is a small component of air (0.03%).
- It can cause a feeling of suffocation.
- Burning and respiration produce carbon dioxide.
- Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

6. Dust and Smoke:

- Air contains dust particles, which can vary in amount and cause pollution.

7. Breathing in Humans:
 17

- Humans and animals breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide through respiration.

8. Breathing in Plants:
- Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
- Plants take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during respiration.

9. Oxygen Replenishment:
- Oxygen in the atmosphere is replenished through the processes of photosynthesis and
respiration.
- Plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis and consume oxygen during respiration.
- The amount of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is greater than the amount consumed
during respiration.
- This balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide is maintained by plants and to some extent by
animals.
- Windmills have various uses, such as drawing water from wells and running flour mills. They
can also generate electricity.
- Air plays a crucial role in the water cycle and helps in the dispersal of seeds and pollen.
- Birds, bats, and insects are able to fly because of the presence of air.

In summary, plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis, which helps maintain the balance
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The windmills have multiple uses, and air
plays important roles in the water cycle, seed dispersal, and enabling flight for certain animals.
Know the Terms
Atmosphere : Envelope of air surrounding the surface of the Earth.
Humidity : The amount of water vapours present in air.
Pollutants : The substances that cause pollution.
Oxygen cycle : The cycle of consumption and release of oxygen in nature.
Respiration : The process in which combustion of food takes place to release energy and
carbon dioxide.
Pollution : The presence of a substance in the environment which has harmful or poisonous
effects.
Smoke : A collection of tiny solid, liquid and gas particles formed due to incomplete combustion
of fuel.
Windmill : A device used to produce wind energy.

Chapter - 16 : Garbage in, Garbage Out

1. Waste:
- Waste refers to any substance that is no longer needed or usable.
- It includes materials that are discarded after their primary use or are defective.
- Garbage is a type of waste that consists of solid materials, such as household waste,
municipal waste, and industrial waste.

2. Sources of Waste:
- Industrial Waste:
- Industrial waste is produced in factories and industries during manufacturing processes.
- Examples include plastic and glass waste generated by manufacturing plants.
- Improper disposal of industrial waste can lead to pollution.

- Commercial Waste:
- Commercial waste is generated in places like schools, colleges, shops, and offices.
- It includes waste materials such as plastic and paper.
 18

- Domestic Waste:
- Domestic waste refers to waste generated in households during daily activities like cooking
and cleaning.
- Examples include leaves, vegetable peels, and excreta.

- Agricultural Waste:
- Agricultural waste is produced in agricultural fields.
- It includes waste materials such as cattle waste, weed, and husk.

3. Types of Waste:
- Biodegradable Waste:
- Biodegradable waste comes from the kitchen, gardens, and other organic sources.
- It includes food remains, garden waste, and other organic materials.
- Biodegradable waste can be decomposed naturally over time, often through composting,
and can be used to create nutrient-rich manure.

- Non-biodegradable Waste:
- Non-biodegradable waste consists of materials that do not naturally decompose or take an
extremely long time to break down.
- Examples include old newspapers, broken glass pieces, and plastics.
- Non-biodegradable waste can be recycled and reused to reduce environmental pollution.

4. Methods of Waste Disposal:

- Landfill:
- Landfill is a method where waste is collected and deposited in low-lying open areas.
- Each layer of waste is covered with soil, but the area becomes unsuitable for construction
for a long period.

- Incineration:
- Incineration involves controlled combustion of waste to reduce it to ash and waste gas.
- It can reduce waste volume and is considered a hygienic method, although it may generate
toxic gases and pose environmental concerns.

- Waste Compaction:
- Waste compaction involves compressing waste materials like cans and plastic bottles into
blocks for easier transportation and recycling.

- Biogas Generation:
- Biodegradable waste, such as food items and organic industrial waste, can be converted
into biogas through degradation with the help of bacteria or other microorganisms.
- The generated biogas can be used as fuel, and the residue serves as nutrient-rich manure.

- Composting:
- Composting is the natural process of decomposition of organic waste materials, such as
food scraps and yard waste.
- Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down the organic matter, resulting in
nutrient-rich compost that enriches soil fertility.

- Vermicomposting:
 19

- Vermicomposting is a type of composting that involves using redworms to aid in the

decomposition of organic matter.
- The worms consume the organic waste and excrete nutrient-rich castings, enhancing soil
fertility.

5. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle:

- The three R's—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle—are important principles for minimizing waste
and conserving resources.
- Reduce encourages reducing consumption and using products only when necessary.
- Reuse promotes finding alternative uses for items to extend their lifespan before discarding
them.
- Recycle involves reusing waste materials by processing and transforming them into new

Apologies for the oversight. Here are the details for points 19 and 20:

19. How is Garbage Recycled?

- Garbage bins are taken to recycling plants where the waste is segregated into different
groups.
- Dry waste, including newspapers, plastic products, and glass items, is separated for
recycling and producing new usable products.
- Recycling paper: Paper is derived from trees, and recycling it helps save trees and reduce
environmental impact.
- Recycling and reusing paper is an eco-friendly practice that conserves resources.

20. Plastics:
- Plastic is a material made from synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that can be molded
into various solid objects.
- Plastics can be recycled, reused, colored, melted, rolled into sheets, or made into wires.
- Plastic is non-biodegradable and poses significant health hazards to animals, including
humans.
- When plastic is heated or burned, it releases harmful gases that can cause various health
problems, including cancer.
- Proper disposal and recycling of plastic are essential to minimize its negative environmental
impact.