CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter, the writer writes the research method that is applied in this

research, includes research design, population and sample of the research,

research instrument, data collecting method, and data analysis.

A. Research Design

The design used in this research is descriptive design by using quantitative

approach. Descriptive study is the design in the research that obtains the

information focusing in current status and phenomena. They are directed toward

determining the nature of situation, as it exists at the time of study. In descriptive

study, there is no control or treatment as in experimental study.

The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative method. The

researcher determines that the design is descriptive quantitative research because

it describes the data that is taken from the sample. In this research, the researcher

is going to identify the grammatical features errors made by students in speaking

class. Then, the researcher classifies those errors which are related to the error in

using simple past tense and simple present tense in student speaking skill. The

researcher identifies the errors happened and the frequencies of errors are

calculated by using certain formula. Then, he classifies the grammatical features

error aspect made by students in speaking class by using theory proposed by

Dulay et al. The grammatical features error made by students is analyzed by

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basing on surface taxonomy strategy. It includes error of omission, addition,

misformation and misordering.

B. Population and Sample

Before conducting research, the researcher tried to fulfill what is required.

One of them is deciding which one become population and which one become the

sample. Population and sample need to be decided in order to conduct data

collection.

1. Population

Population is all of subject in such research. According to Arikunto

(1997:108), population is the entire of research subject. If the researcher is going

to conduct research of all elements in the research, the researcher is considered as

population research. The study is also called population study. The population of

this research is English students in second semester of IAIN Tulungagung.

2. Sample

In the research, sample is taken from the population that has been decided.

Arikunto (1997:109) states that sample is part of population that investigated.

Sample research is the research that focuses on generalizing the result of sample

research. The sample of this research is the students who study in TBI B of IAIN

Tulungagung academic year 2013/2014. There are 30 students who become the

sample. In this class, there are 4 male and 26 female. The sampling technique used

in this research is stratified random sampling.

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C. Research Instrument

Research instrument is tool or facility that used by the researcher to collect

the data in order the research data can be easily collected and get better, complete,

and systematic result. In this research, the instrument is documentation of

speaking test. Ary (2010:442) states that documents here refers to a wide range of

writen, phisical and visual materials. In the other hand, Ary (201:2010) also states

that tests are valuable measuring instruments for educational research. A test is a

set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses. According to

those statements, test document is the document shows the result of a test, which

represented the students’ measurement as a response of stimulus. The researcher

uses the documentation of speaking test as an instrument in collecting the data.

The researcher wants to know how far the errors made by students in using

mechanics of speaking. Here the documention test, is in the form of visual

materials.

D. Data Collecting Method

In this research the data collecting method is the documentation method,

then the researcher conducting data colecting. In conducting research, we should

not ignore the procedures of collecting data, which is the ways or steps used to

collect until interpreted the data. Tarigan (1992:132) states in his book that every

research is good. If the research has determined the data, the next step is deciding

the procedure of how the data are collected. In the other word, in conducting

research, the researcher has to have questions for him/her self. What data must be

collected and how to collect them.

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In analyzing the data, one thing that we should not be forgotten is applying

procedures how the data are collected until interpreted. There are procedures to

collect until interpert the data in this research. Firstly, the researcher asks

permission to the English teacher (Dr. Susanto, M. Pd.) to enter to the class

determined. Secondly, the researcher records the students speaking on test. The

researcher records students speaking test from begining until ending. Thirdly, the

researcher transcripts the students speaking test from video.

E. Data analysis

After the data that has been collected need to analyze, so that it can be

interpreted then. Syamsudin and Damaianti (2006:110) state that data analysis is a

setting process systematically about interview transcript, field note, and the other

source which is collected to improve the understanding about the source so that

can be presented well to the other people. The data analysis in this research is

done by applying the following procedures:

1. Identification of Error

After the researcher transcripts video from the students speaking test, the

research is going to identify the errors happened in the students speaking that are

made by students, identification of errors means that the researcher identify the

deviation of using grammatical features by students. The grammatical features

errors that are made by students in composing sentence are identified. It is very

possible that in one sentence made by students, the researcher finds more than one

error. After the data has been identified, they amount of the frequencies by using
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frequency distribution. Then, errors happened are presented in the form of table.

Bellow is the formula to tabulate the frequecy of error:

f
%= x 100%
n

% = Percentage of error

f = Frecuency of class error

n = Total number of error

2. Classification of Error

After the errors have been identified, the next step is classifying them into

their types the errors that are made by students are classified by using surface

taxonomy strategy as stated by Dulay et al. They are error of omission, addition,

misformation and misordering.