Reproductive

System
By Jarelle Lucky T. Yanga
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• Describe the different processes of asexual and sexual
reproduction in representative animals

• Explain how an organism develop from a diploid zygote to

full blown, matured organism

• Describe the structures and functions of male and female

reproductive systems in humans
INTRODUCTION…
• Reproduction is a biological
process by which new individual
are produced to continue the
existence of given species.
• In human reproduction,
information from both parents
merge to produce a genetically
unique individual.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Fission
• Fragmentation
• Budding
• Sporulation
• Parthenogenesis
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Fission
• Type of asexual reproduction
involving the division of body into
two or more equal parts
• Example: Paramecium
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Fragmentation
• Type of asexual reproduction where the
body breaks into two or more parts, with
each fragment capable of becoming a
complete individual
• In animals, fragmentation is usually
followed by regeneration where the
missing parts are produced
• Example: Filamentous alga (i.e. spirogyra),
starfish
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Budding
• Type of asexual reproduction where a
new individual arises as an outgrowth
(bud) from its parent, develops organs
like those of the parent, and then
detaches itself
• Example: Hydra
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Sporulation
• Type of asexual reproduction where a
new individual forms from an
aggregation of cells surrounded by a
resistant capsule or sporangium,
which later on germinates
• Example: Rhizopus
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Parthenogenesis
• It is a reproductive strategy that
involves development of a female
gamete (sex cell) without
fertilization.
• Example: Lizards
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Types of Sexual Reproduction

• Isogamy
• Bisexual Reproduction
• Hermaphroditism
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN ANIMALS

Isogamy
• Fusion of similar gametes which are
usually motile
• Example: Spirogyra undergoing
conjugation
 SPECIAL TYPE OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Bisexual Reproduction
• Type of sexual reproduction involving
the union of gametes from two
genetically different parents
• Example: Humans
 SPECIAL TYPE OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

Hermaphroditism
• Type of sexual reproduction where an
individual has both male and female
reproductive tissues
• ‘Self-fertilization’
• Example: Worms, barnacles
 STAGES OF ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

I. Gametogenesis
II. Fertilization
III. Cleavage
IV. Gastrulation
V. Organogenesis
VI. Differentiation and Growth
 GAMETOGENESIS

Gametogenesis
• Stage of
development that
yields haploid
gametes
 FERTILIZATION

Fertilization
• Stage of development that results in a
unicellular diploid zygote
 CLEAVAGE
Cleavage
• Stage of development involving a
series of mitotic divisions to produce
a multicellular blastula from a
unicellular zygote
• Totipotent cell – a cell that is capable
of differentiating to become any kind
of cell
 GASTRULATION
Gastrulation
• Stage of development involving
morphogenetic movements of the cells to
produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell
layers
• In vertebrates, this will result in three
layers:
- Ectoderm – outermost layer
- Endoderm – innermost layer
- Mesoderm – middle layer
GASTRULATION
GASTRULATION
GASTRULATION
 ORGANOGENESIS

Organogenesis
• Stage of development where the
different germ layers differentiate into
specific organ systems
 DIFFERENTIATION AND GROWTH

Growth
• Stage of development characterized
by an increase in size of an individual
Male RS performs the following functions:

• Secretion of the male hormones

• Production of sperm cells
• Transfer of sperm cells
Anatomy of the Male RS:

• Testes (sing., testis)

• Seminiferous tubules
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Urethra
Male Reproductive System

• The male reproductive system

includes the male gonads
which are the testes hanging
in the scrotum.
Male Reproductive System

• In mammals, sperm production

requires a slightly lower
temperature
• That is why the scrotum hangs
loosely outside the body cavity.
Male Reproductive System

• Seminiferous tubules are tightly

coiled tubes inside the compartment
of every testis.
• Their combined length may reach 250
meters.
Male Reproductive System

• Sperms develop from the

cells that line the
seminiferous tubules.
Male Reproductive System

• The premature cells are

then transported to the
epididymis to develop.
Male Reproductive System

• When a male is sexually aroused,

the sperm cells begin their
journey through the vas deferens
and then exiting through the
urethra.
• The sperms collect fluid along the
way.
Three glands that help the transport of the sperm

• Seminal vesicles secrete a thick fluid

that that contains nutrients.
• Prostate gland secretes a thick, milky
alkaline fluid to counteract the acidic
vagina and urethra and activate the
sperms.
• Bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s
gland produces the lubricating effect.
• SEMEN
Male Reproductive System

• Penis is an external sex organ that

allows the transfer of the semen into
the vagina of the female.
Male Reproductive System

• Testosterone is the main male

sex hormone secreted by the
testis.
Functions of Testosterone

• Normalize the development of the organs of the male

reproductive system.
• Necessary for the maturation of the sperm cells with the help of
another hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone of FSH.
• Brings about the changes experienced during puberty.
Male Secondary Sex Chararacteristics:
Male Secondary Sex Chars:
Male Reproductive System

• Most people describe the

sperm as tadpole-like
Male Reproductive System

• The tail propels the sperm as it swims in

the fluid.
• The middle piece contains mitochondria
that provide the sperms with energy during
its journey.
• Head of the sperm contains enzymes that
break the hyaluronic acid of the egg’s
membrane.
• Also, contains the genetic material that will
eventually unite with the egg’s nucleus
during fertilization
The Sperm Challenge

• About 200-500 million sperms are

released every ejaculation.
• Less than 1% of them make it to the
egg.
Struggle is real…

• Millions already die in the vagina;

• Some sperms lose energy;
• Some sperms go to the oviduct or fallopian tube that does not
contain the egg;
• Some sperms are blocked in the mucus covering of the cervix;
and
• Abnormal sperms resulting from its mass production are unable
to fertilize an egg.
TRIVIA TIME!!!
Monozygotic twins – also known as identical twins; result from the
union of a sperm and egg to form a single zygote that splits up
during the first cleavage stage.

Dizygotic twins – also known as fraternal twins; results from the

development of two or more separate fertilization events where
the resulting zygotes develop almost simultaneously
Female RS performs the following
functions:

• Production of female sex

hormones
• Production of egg cells
• Receive the male sex organs for
the transfer of sperms
• Protection and nourishment of
the developing embryo
Anatomy of the Female RS:

• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes or oviducts
• Uterus
• Cervix
• Vagina
Female Reproductive System

• The pair of ovaries, lying on the

right and left depressions of the
upper pelvic cavity, produce the
mature egg cell.
Female Reproductive System

• This mature egg is swept by the

tiny finger-like projections of the
oviducts or fallopian tubes.
• The egg moves along the tube
with the help of tiny hair or cilia
that line the fallopian tubes.
Female Reproductive System

• The uterus is an inverted pear-

shaped muscular organ where the
embryo may attach, to the
endometrium, its inner wall.
Female Reproductive System

• The neck of the uterus leading to

the vaginal canal is the cervix.
Female Reproductive System

• The vagina is a long, elastic muscular

canal where menstrual blood and
tissues are expelled from the body.
• The walls of the vagina provide
lubrication and receive the penis
during copulation.
• This organ also expands during
intercourse and childbirth.
Female Reproductive System

• The hymen is a membrane that

surrounds and partially cover the
opening of the vagina.
The Menstrual Cycle

• Typically, it is a 28 days cycle

which includes changes in the
hormones and the effects they
produce.
• During these days, changes in
both the ovary and uterus take
place.
The Menstrual Cycle

• The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) signals the
start of puberty that includes the development of
secondary sexual characteristics and onset
menstruation.
• Menarche – body changes in a female before
menstruation
• Secondary sex characteristics include development
of breast, growth of underarm and pubic hair,
rounded body contours like abdomen and hips,
widening of the hips, and development of high
pitch voice.
The Menstrual Cycle

A WOMAN’S MENSTRUAL CYCLE IS

DIVIDED INTO FOUR PHASES:

1. Menstrual Phase (day 1 to 5)

2. Follicular Phase (day 1 to 13)
3. Ovulation Phase (day 14)
4. Luteal Phase (day 15 to 28)
The Menstrual Cycle: Menstrual Phase

• Day 1 to 5
• The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue
and blood vessels which exits the body from
the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.
• Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered
normal.
• You may experience abdominal cramps.
These cramps are caused by the contraction
of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to
expel the menstrual fluid.
The Menstrual Cycle: Menstrual Phase

• The official start of your cycle is the first day

of your menstrual phase – the first day of
your period.
• A period usually lasts about three to seven
days.
The Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase

• Day 1 to 13
• It starts with your estrogen hormone telling
the lining of your uterus to thicken and
develop to prepare for a fertilized egg.
• The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that
stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to
grow.
• FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone -
stimulates your ovarian follicles to grow
The Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase

• One of these egg cells begins to mature in a

sac-like-structure called follicle. It takes 13
days for the egg cell to reach maturity.
• While the egg cell matures, its follicle
secretes a hormone that stimulates the
uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels
and soft tissue called endometrium.
• During this phase you might also notice
more discharge (clear or white sticky
mucus).
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovulation Phase

• Day 14
• This surge in estrogen triggers a spike in a
third hormone – the luteinizing hormone,
or LH.
• LH is what makes a follicle rupture and
release an egg. If you have regular 28-day
menstrual cycles, ovulation usually occurs
on day 14.
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovulation Phase

• The released egg cell is swept into the

fallopian tube by the cilia of the fimbriae.
• Fimbriae are finger like projections located
at the end of the fallopian tube close to the
ovaries and cilia are slender hair like
projections on each fimbria.
The Menstrual Cycle: Luteal Phase

• Day 15 to 28
• During ovulation, the egg bursts from its
follicle, but the ruptured follicle stays on
the surface of the ovary.
• For the next two weeks or so, the follicle
transforms into a structure known as the
corpus luteum.
• This structure starts releasing
progesterone, along with small amounts of
estrogen.
The Menstrual Cycle: Luteal Phase

• If a fertilized egg implants in the lining of

the uterus, it produces the hormones that
are necessary to maintain the corpus
luteum.
• This includes human chorionic
gonadotrophin (HCG).
• The corpus luteum keeps producing the
raised levels of progesterone that are
needed to maintain the thickened lining of
the uterus.
Fertility Awareness Method

• Fertility awareness (also called natural

family planning or rhythm method) is a
way to predict fertile and infertile times in
the menstrual cycle.
• FAM is based on body signs, which change
during each menstrual cycle in response to
the hormones that cause ovulation (the
release of an egg).
• Not 100% safe day-irregular periods
End