Cardiovascular

System
By Mr. Jarelle Lucky T. Yanga
LEARNING OUTCOMES
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
01 Describe the structures and functions of the different
components of the circulatory & lymphatic system

DISEASES
02 Explain the effect of mutation on the circulatory &
lymphatic system and on the body
 01
TYPES OF
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
TAXONOMY
✓ Invertebrates (e.g. insects,
arthropods, mollusks)

STRUCTURES
✓ No separation between blood and
interstitial fluid
✓ Hemolymph – a fluid equivalent to
blood in most invertebrates,
occupying the hemocoel
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
TAXONOMY
✓ Invertebrates (e.g. earthworms,
squids, octopuses)
✓ Vertebrates

STRUCTURES
✓ Blood is confined to blood vessels
and is separated from interstitial fluid
✓ One or more hearts
✓ Large to smaller vessels
✓ Material passes through diffusion
EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

2 CHAMBERS 3 CHAMBERS 3 CHAMBERS 4 CHAMBERS

V
A A
A
V
 01
HUMAN
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
THREE MAIN COMPOSITIONS OF
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

✓ Heart
✓ Blood
✓ Blood Vessels
 THE HEART
✓Located near the
center of your chest
✓Hollow structure
✓Composed almost
entirely of muscle
✓About the size of
your clenched fist
 HEART
❖ Pumping organ of the
circulatory system.
❖ 100,000 beats per day
❖ About the size of your
clenched fist.
❖ Divided into four
chambers
●
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood vessels
○ Arteries - carry blood away from
heart
■ Arterioles
○ Veins - return blood towards the
heart
■ Venules
○ Capillaries - point of exchange,
thin wall
■ Capillary beds - networks of
capillaries
LAYERS OF THE HEART
 ATRIA
❖ The two upper
chambers of the heart.
❖ Divided into two: Left
and right atria
❖ Recipient of blood into
the heart
 VENTRICLES
❖ The two lower
chambers of the heart.
❖ Divided into two: Left
and right ventricles
❖ Pump of blood out of
the heart
 SEPTUM
❖ Divides the heart between
two atria and two
ventricles.
❖ Prevents blood from
flowing between two
atria or two ventricles
 Pumping of Blood
❖ Two atria contract forcing
blood into the ventricles.
❖ Then, the atria relax and
two ventricles contract,
pushing blood into the
blood vessels.
❖ “lub dub”
Blood Circulation Pathway
Deoxygenated blood
passes from the right atrium
into the right ventricle and
then goes to the lungs.

From the lungs, blood

moves back toward the
heart into the left atrium to
the left ventricle and then
passes into the aorta to go
to the rest of the body.
Blood Circulation Pathway
2 Pathways
❖ Pulmonary Circulation – it is the
circulation of blood between the
heart and lungs
❖ Systemic Circulation – it is the
circulation of blood from the
heart throughout the body
 Valves of the Heart
❖ Valves - "on-off
switch”, which prevents
the backflow of blood
in the blood cycle
❖ Flap of connective
tissue
Valves: General Categories
● 4 valves in the heart
○ Flaps of connective tissue
○ Prevent backflow
● Atrioventricular (AV) valve
○ Between atrium & ventricle
○ Keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when the ventricles contract SL
■ “lub”
● Semilunar valves AV
○ Between ventricle & arteries AV
○ Prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing
■ “dub”
 Definition of Terms
❖ Superior Vena Cava –
it is a pathway for
deoxygenated blood
from the head and
neck to the heart
 Definition of Terms
❖ Inferior Vena Cava –
it is a pathway for
deoxygenated blood
from the abdomen
and lower parts of the
body to the heart
 Definition of Terms
❖ Pulmonary artery – it
transports deoxygenated
blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs
❖ Pulmonary vein – it brings
back oxygenated blood from
the lungs to the heart, more
specifically, to the left
atrium
 The Heart Beat
● Heart muscles are composed
of individual fibers.

● Each atrium and ventricle

contracts as a unit.

● Each contraction begins with

a group of cardiac muscle
cells in the right atrium
known as the Sinoatrial
Node (SA node).
●
The Heart Beat
Because the SA node paces the
heart it is known as the
pacemaker.
● The impulse spreads from the
pacemaker to the rest of the
atria.
● From the atria, a signal is sent to
the atrioventricular node and
then to a bundle of fibers in the
ventricle.
● When the ventricle contracts,
blood flows out.
 Blood Vessels
As blood moves through
the circulatory system it
moves through 3 types
of blood vessels:

● Arteries
● Capillaries
● Veins
 Arteries
⚫ Large vessels
⚫ Carry blood from the heart to
tissues of the body
⚫ Carry oxygen-rich blood,
except pulmonary arteries.
⚫ Thick walls must withstand
pressure produced when the
heart pushes blood into
them.
Major Arteries in the Body
● Know the arteries on the
proceeding chart plus:
○ Arteries of the arm—
brachial, radial, ulnar
○ Arteries of the leg—
femoral, popliteal,
anterior tibial,
posterior tibial
[Link]
 Veins
● Once blood has passed through
the capillary systems it must be
returned to the heart.
● Walls contain connective tissue
and smooth muscle.
● Largest veins contain one-way
valves that keep blood flowing
toward the heart.
● Many are found near skeletal
muscles. When muscles
contract, blood is forced
through veins.
 Capillaries
● Smallest blood vessels

● Walls are only one cell thick

and very narrow.

● Important for bringing

nutrients and oxygen to
tissues and absorbing CO2 and
other waste products.
Normal Blood Pressures in Vasculature
 Blood Pressure
● The heart produces
pressure.

● The force of blood on the

wall of the arteries is
known as blood pressure.

● Blood pressure decreases

as the heart relaxes, but
the rest of the circulatory
system is still under
pressure.
 Blood Pressure
● When blood pressure is taken, the cuff
is wrapped around the upper portion
of the arm and pumped with air until
blood flow in the artery is blocked.
● As the pressure in the cuff is relaxed, 2
numbers are recorded.
○ Systolic pressure - the first number
taken, is the force felt in the arteries
when the ventricles contract.
○ Diastolic pressure - the second
number taken, is the force of the
blood on the arteries when the
ventricles relax.
 Cardiac cycle
● 1 complete sequence of pumping
○ heart contracts & pumps
○ heart relaxes & chambers fill
○ contraction phase
Systole
■ ventricles pumps blood out
○ relaxation phase
Diastole
■ atria refill with blood

systolic
________ pump (peak pressure)
_________________
diastolic fill (minimum pressure)
Composed of plasma and
Blood
blood cells
● Types of Cells are:
○ Red Blood Cells
○ White Blood Cells
○ Platelets

● Plasma
○ Straw colored
○ 90% water
○ 10% dissolved gases, salts,
nutrients, enzymes, hormones,
wastes, and proteins.
 Blood
● Plasma Proteins
○ 3 Types: Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen.

○ Albumins and Globulins – transport substances

such as fatty acids, hormones, and vitamins.

○ Fibrinogen – responsible for blood’s ability to

clot
 Red Blood Cells
○ Acellular
○ Most numerous type
○ Transport oxygen
○ Get color from
hemoglobin
○ Disk shaped
○ Made in red bone
marrow
○ Circulate for 120 days
 White Blood Cells
○ Guard against infection,
fight parasites, and
attack bacteria

○ The number of WBCs

increases when the body
is fighting

○ Lymphocytes produce
antibodies that fight
pathogens and
remember them
 WBC Counts
● NORMAL WBC
COUNT: 5000-9000/
ml3

● Leukopenia – less than

● Leukocytosis – more
than
● Leukemia
Types of WBC
 Neutrophil
● 65-70%
● 3-5 lobes
● Stay in the blood
for 10-12 hours
● Phagocytotic-
Microphages
● Pus
 Eosinophil
● 2-4%
● Bilobed
● Reduce
inflammation
● Parasitic infection
 Basophil
● More granules
● Histamine
● Heparin
 Lymphocyte
● Antibodies
● Allergic reactions
● Graft Rejection
● Immune System
Regulation
 Monocyte
● Largest
● Macrophages
 Platelets
○ Aid the body in clotting

○ Small fragments

○ Stick to edges of
broken blood cell and
secrete clotting factor
to help form clot.
ABO Blood Grouping System

According to the ABO

blood typing system
there are four different
kinds of blood types: A,
B, AB or O (null).
ABO Blood Grouping System

[Link]
ABO Blood Grouping System

Blood group A Blood group AB

If you belong to the blood If you belong to the blood group
group A, you have A AB, you have both A and B antigens
antigens on the surface of on the surface of your RBCs and no
your RBCs and B A or B antibodies at all in your
antibodies in your blood blood plasma.
plasma.

Blood group B Blood group O

If you belong to the blood If you belong to the blood group O
group B, you have B (null), you have neither A or B
antigens on the surface of antigens on the surface of your
your RBCs and A RBCs but you have both A and B
antibodies in your blood antibodies in your blood plasma.
plasma.
 RH Incompatability:
Erythrobastosis fetalis
✓ Different RH (rhesus) protein
factors
✓ Build up of bilirubin in
(baby’s) RBC.
✓ Prevent: RhIg(during 1st
trimester)
✓ Complications: brain damage,
fluid build-up, seizures,
anemia, heart failure, etc.
 Disorders of Circulatory System
● Atherosclerosis
○ Fatty deposits (plaque) in walls
of arteries

○ Deposits can obstruct flow of

blood which can raise blood
pressure

○ Increases risk of blood clots

○ If a clot breaks free, it can

obstruct blood flow to tissues.
 Disorders of Circulatory System
● Hemophelia
○ Genetic disorder that disrupts
clotting

○ People must be very careful to avoid

injury

○ Can be treated by injecting extracts

that contain the missing clotting
factor.
 Disorders of Circulatory System
● Heart Attack

○ Due to atherosclerosis,
coronary arteries may become
blocked (blood can’t get to
heart muscle)

○ Heart muscle begins to die due

to lack of O2
 Disorders of Circulatory System
● Stroke
○ Blood clot may break free and
block a vessel leading to the brain.

○ Brain cells are starved of oxygen

and nutrients

○ Loss of function may occur

○ Can cause paralysis, loss of ability

to speak or death.