Statics of
particles
CHAPTER 2
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Objectives
Describe force as vector quantity
Examine vector operation useful for the analysis of forces
Determine the resultant of multiple forces acting on a particle
Resolve forces into components
Add forces that have been resolved into rectangular
components.
Introduce the concept of F.B.D
Use F.B.D to assist in the analysis of planer and spatial particle
equilibrium problems.
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Objectives
Recall: The focus on particles does not imply a restriction to very
small bodies. Rather, the study is restricted to analyses in which
the size and shape of the bodies is not significant so that all
forces may be assumed to be applied at a single point.
Application: The tension in the cable
supporting this person can be found
using the concepts in this chapter
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2.1B & C Vectors and vectors addition
Vectors are defined as mathematical expressions possessing
magnitude and direction, which add according to the
parallelogram law. Examples: Forces, displacements, velocities,
accelerations, momenta …Etc.
Vectors are represented by arrows in diagrams and or as
boldface type (P) or as in longhand writing.
Vectors Types: A vector used to represent a force can be
• fixed, or bound, vector
• free vectors
• sliding vectors.
Equal and negative vector
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Equal vector negative vector
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Addition of Vectors
Vectors add according to the parallelogram law, graphically and
analytically.
Vector addition has the following properties
Multiplication of a vector and a scalar S produces a new vector
where The magnitude of is equal to the
magnitude of multiplied by .
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RECALL – Force Characteristics
A force is vector magnitude sense
characterized by its point of
Line of
application, its magnitude, Action
and its direction. (LOA)
The direction of a force is
define by its line of action
and the sense of the force.
Point of
Application
The line of action is the infinite straight line along which the
force acts; it is characterized by the angle it forms with some
fixed axis
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Force in a plane - Sections 2.1 to 2.3
y
y
TAB TAC
x
200 N z x
Forces in a plane Forces in space
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Resultant of Concurrent Forces
Forces acting in a body is usually added to obtain the resultant
(R).
Resultant (R) of two forces: The effect of two nonparallel
forces F1 and F2 acting at a point A of a body is the same as the
effect of the single force R acting at the same point and
obtained as the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by F1 and
F2.
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Resultant of Concurrent Forces
Resultant of a system of n forces that all lie in a plane and
whose lines of action intersect at single point A. The resultant
can be obtained by adding the forces head-to-tail or through
successive application of the parallelogram law of forces.
Notes:
• The sequence of the addition is arbitrary; in particular, it is
immaterial which vector is chosen to be the first one
• Such a system is called a coplanar system of concurrent forces.
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2.1 Addition of planar forces
Forces can be added:
1. As vectors using the parallelogram law of forces
• Graphically
• Analytically
2. Decomposition of Forces and summation of the components
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Example 1
The D ring shown has three
cords tied to it and the cords
support the forces shown,
determine the resultant force
applied to the D ring by the
cords, expressing the result as
a vector.
Note: you can construct
several force polygons
as shown
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Solution
1. Find F1 + F2
• use the law of sines, to find angle
2. Find P + F3
• use the law
of sines, to
find angle
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2.1E Resolution of a Force into Components
If the forces (or vectors) P, Q and S acting on particle A may be
replaced by a single force R that has the same effect on the
particle. Then conversely, a single force R acting on a particle
may be replaced by two or more forces that, together, have the
same effect on the particle. These forces are called components
of the original force R.
Clearly, each force F can be
resolved into an infinite number of
possible sets of components.
However, sets of two components
are the most important as far as
practical applications are
concerned. 2 - 13
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2.1E Resolution of a Force into Components
Even when a force is to be resolved to two
components, the number of ways in which
a given force F may be resolved is
unlimited (see figure).
The cases are of particular interest are:
One of the Two Components, P, Is Known.
We obtain the second component, Q, by
applying the triangle rule and joining the
tip of P to the tip of F.
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2.1E Resolution of a Force into Components
2. The Line of Action of Each
Component Is Known. We obtain the
magnitude and sense of the
components by applying the
parallelogram law.
3. The direction of one component is
known, while the magnitude of the
F
other component is to be as small as
possible.
Possible
direction of
1-1 direction of
Q
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Sample Problem 2.2
Two tugboats are pulling a barge. If the resultant of the forces
exerted by the tugboats is a 5000-lb force directed along the axis
of the barge, determine
(a) the tension in each of the ropes, given that α = 45°
(b) the value of α for which the tension in rope 2 is a minimum.
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2.2 Adding forces by components
2.2A Rectangular Components of a Force
Rectangular Components of the force are
the two components (Fx and Fy) that are
perpendicular to each other.
Those components can be written using the Rectangular components
unit vectors I and j as of a force F.
Direction of a Force:
Magnitude F of the force:
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2.2 Adding forces by components
When several forces are acting on a particle, we obtain the scalar
components Rx and Ry of the resultant R by adding algebraically
the corresponding scalar components of the given forces.
Forces Components
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Sample Problem 2.3
Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the resultant of the
forces on the bolt.
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Sample Problem 2.3
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2.3 Forces and equilibrium in a plane
According to Newton’s First Law If the resultant force on a
particle is zero, the particle will remain at rest if it was at rest. In
this case the particle is said to be in equilibrium.
For example a body subjected to two equal
and opposite force is in equilibrium and.
For example a body subjected to several
forces that sums up to a close polygon is in
equilibrium or
In the case of equilibrium, the following equations shall be
satisfied
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Free-Body Diagrams and Problem Solving
A free body diagram (FBD) is a sketch of a body or a portion of a
body that is separated or made free from its environment
and/or other parts of the structural system, that show all forces
acting on the body.
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Pulleys as particles in equilibrium
Pulleys can be modeled as
particles as shown below
Forces in ropes or cables
is always tension (Pull).
In friction less pulleys, the
force in continuous rope
or cable is constant.
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Sample Problem 2.4
In a ship-unloading operation, a
3500-lb automobile is supported by
a cable. A worker ties a rope to the
cable at A and pulls on it in order to
center the automobile over its
intended position on the dock. At
the moment illustrated, the
automobile is stationary, the angle
between the cable and the vertical
is 2°, and the angle between the FBD
rope and the horizontal is 30°
What are the tensions in the rope
and cable?
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Sample Problem 2.4
FBD
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Sample Problem 2.4
Determine the magnitude and direction
of the smallest force F that maintains
the 30-kg package shown in equilibrium.
Note that the force exerted by the rollers
on the package is perpendicular to the
incline.
F = (294 N) sin 15° = 76.1 N
α = 15°
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Sample Problem
In the figure shown, determine the loads in all cables.
300kg
Particle A
Particle B
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Sample Problem
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2.4 Forces in space
Forces in space can be defined by
• Two angles, one with one coordinate axis and a projection
angle on the plan of the other axis.
• Three angles, one with each axis
• The coordinates of two points in the force line of action
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2.4A Rectangular Components of a Force in Space
Magnitude of a force in space
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Rectangular Components of a Force in Space
If the force angles with the coordinate axis are known as shown
above then as the shaded triangle are right triangles, the Scalar
components of a force F are:
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Rectangular Components of a Force in Space
But considering the unit victors I, j, k
The previous equation shows that the force F
can be expressed as the product of the scalar F
and the vector
The Magnitude of shall be 1 so that the magnitude of F to
remain constant. So is a unit vector which means
2 2 2
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Force Defined by its Magnitude and Two Points
on its Line of Action
Consider the vector MN joining M and N and of the same sense
as a force F.
We can obtain a unit vector along the line of action of F (i.e.,
along the line MN) by dividing the vector by its magnitude
MN
Scalar components of force F
Direction cosines of force F
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Addition of Concurrent Forces in Space
Graphical or trigonometric methods are generally not practical in
the case of forces in space. However, we can determine the
resultant R of two or more forces in space by summing their
rectangular components.
Or
Magnitude and direction of the Resultant of concurrent forces in
space
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Sample Problem 2.7
SOLUTION:
• Determine the unit vector pointing from A
towards B.
AB 40 m i 80 m j 30 m k
AB 40 m 2 80 m 2 30 m 2
94 .3 m
40 80 30
i j k
94.3 94.3 94.3
0.424i 0.848 j 0.318k
The tension in the guy wire is • Determine the components of the force.
2500 N. Determine: F F
a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the 2500 N 0.424i 0.848 j 0.318k
force acting on the bolt at 1060N i 2120 N j 795 N k
A,
• direction cosines x 115.1
b) the angles qx, qy, qz defining
the direction of the force y 32.0
(the direction cosines) z 71.5 2 - 35
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What if…?
SOLUTION:
FBA • Since the force in the guy wire must be
the same throughout its length, the
force at B (and acting toward A) must
be the same magnitude but opposite in
FAB direction to the force at A.
What are the components of the
force in the wire at point B? Can
you find it without doing any
calculations?
Give this some thought and
discuss this with a neighbor.
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2.5 FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM IN SPACE
The condition of equilibrium of a particle in three dimensions are
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Sample Problem
Determine the tension in the cables in order to support the 100-kg
crate in the equilibrium position shown.
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Sample Problem - solution
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Sample Problem – solution 2
TADz
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