Areeba Nisar

1. Convert the following expression between exponential and logarithmic form.

4
a.​ 2401 = 7 b. 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑏 = 𝑦 → 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑦) = 𝑥 ​ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑦) = 𝑥 → 𝑏 = 𝑦
𝑎
𝑙𝑜𝑔7(2401) = 4 𝑏 = 𝑐

2. Solve for x. Give your answer to three decimal places where appropriate.
𝑎
a.​ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔21 d. 𝑥 = 1024
9 9 9
𝑥 = 1. 322 𝑥 = 1024
𝑥 = 2. 160
b.​ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2210000
*Change base of the log* e. 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥25
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎) 5
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑎) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑏)
𝑥 = 25
5 5
𝑙𝑜𝑔(10000) 5
𝑥= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(22)
𝑥 = 25
4
𝑥= 1.342
𝑜𝑟 2. 979 𝑥 = 1. 904

𝑥
c.​ 2 = 23 f. 3. 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔36𝑥
𝑏 3.5
*Property: 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎 ) = 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑎)* 3 = 6𝑥
𝑥 46.764
𝑙𝑜𝑔(2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(23) 𝑥= 6
𝑙𝑜𝑔(23)
𝑥= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2)
𝑥 = 7. 764
1.362
𝑥= 0.301
𝑥 = 4. 524

3. Use the properties of logarithms to solve the following equations.

21 (𝑙𝑜𝑔457)
a.​ 𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔11(11 ) c. 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔101000 b. 4 =𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥)
*Power rule* *𝑎 = 𝑥*
3
𝑀 = 21𝑙𝑜𝑔1111​ ​ ​ ​ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 210 𝑥 = 57
10
𝑚
*𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑎 = 1*​ ​ ​ ​ ​ *𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑎*
𝑏 𝑎
3
𝑀 = 21(𝑙𝑜𝑔1111)​ ​ ​ ​ 𝑥= 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔1010 *𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑎 = 1*

3
𝑀 = 21 × 1​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 𝑥= 2
×1
3
𝑀 = 21 𝑥= 2

1
Areeba Nisar

4. Solve for the unknown using a method of your choice.

(11𝑥+23) 7𝑥 𝑛 𝑥+5 𝑥
a.​ 5 = 125 b. 2 = 23 c. 3 + 3 = 177876
11𝑥+23 3 7𝑥 𝑥 6 𝑥
5 = (5 ) ​ ​ 𝑥
*𝑏 = 𝑦 → 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑦 = 𝑥* 3 × 3 + 3 = 177876 𝑚+𝑛
*𝑎
𝑚 𝑛
=𝑎 𝑎 *
11𝑥+23 21𝑥 𝑥 5
5 =5 ​ ​ 𝑙𝑜𝑔223 = 𝑥 3 (3 + 1) = 177876 *Factor*

𝑥
*Bases are the same set the​ ​ 4.524 3 (244) = 177876
𝑥 177876
exponents equal to ea/o* 3 = 244
𝑥 6
11𝑥 + 23 = 21𝑥 3 = 729 *Since 729 = 3 *
23 = 21 𝑥 − 11𝑥 𝑥=6
23 = 10𝑥
23
10
= 10𝑥
2. 3 = 𝑥
Therefore x= 2.3
1 1
5. Describe the transformations on the logarithmic function 𝑔(𝑥) = 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔[− 7
(𝑥 − 2)] + 9.
-​ Horizontal shifts (𝑥 − 2): Shift the graph 2 units to the right.
1
-​ Horizontal stretch (− 7
): Reflect horizontally (y-axis), graph stretch horizontally by a
factor of 7
1
-​ Vertical compression (− 2
): Reflect vertically (x-axis), graph compressed horizontally
by a factor of 2
-​ Vertical shifts (+9): Shifts graph by up by 9 units

6. Write the equation of logarithmic functions that has been vertically stretched by 4, reflected in
1
the x-axis, horizontally compressed by 4
, moved 11 units up and 12 units left. Justify your
answers.
𝑓(𝑥) =− 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(9(𝑥 + 12)) + 11
-​ Vertical stretched by 4: 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)
-​ Reflected along the x-axis: 𝐹(𝑥) =− 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)
1
-​ Horizontal compression by 9
: 𝐹(𝑥) =− 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(9𝑥)
-​ Shift left by 12: 𝐹(𝑥) =− 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(9(𝑥 + 12))
-​ Shift up by 11: 𝐹(𝑥) =− 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(9(𝑥 + 12)) + 11
Therefore the equation is 𝑓(𝑥) =− 4𝑙𝑜𝑔(9(𝑥 + 12)) + 11

2
Areeba Nisar

7. Ethan bought a new car worth $54 000. After 5 years, the car was worth $ 28 497. 52.
Calculate the annual depreciation rate of Ethan’s car.
𝑡
𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑜(1 − 𝑟)
5 5 5 5
28497. 52 = 54000(1 − 𝑟) (1 − 𝑟) = 0. 52773185
5 28497.52
(1 − 𝑟) = 54000
1 − 𝑟 = 0. 87999997
5
(1 − 𝑟) = 0. 52773185​ ​ ​ 𝑟 = 1 − 0. 87999997
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 𝑟 = 0. 120000
Therefore Ethan’s car annual depreciation rate is 12%

8. The hydrogen ion concentration of a lemon is about 0.02. What is its pH?
+
𝑝𝐻 =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10[𝐻 ]
𝑝𝐻 =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔10(0. 02)
𝑝𝐻 = 1. 699
Therefore the hydrogen ion concentration of a lemon is 1.699
9. How do the intensities of a magnitude 6.0 earthquake (1) and a magnitude 2.9 earthquake (2)
compare?
𝑚 −𝑚
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 10 1 2
𝑀1 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒
𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒
6.0−2.9
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 10
3.1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 10
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 1258. 92

Therefore earthquake 1 is 1258.925 times greater than earthquake 2.

10. Using log properties there are multiple ways of expressing the same transformations on a
parent equation. Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)], find an equivalent.
a.​ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) + 𝑐 b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏[𝑘(𝑥)]
𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)] 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔10[2(𝑥)]
𝑔(𝑥) = 8(𝑙𝑜𝑔[2] + 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥]) *Product rule* 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 (2𝑥)
10 8
𝑚
𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2] + 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥] c. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑘(𝑥 )]
𝑔(𝑥) = 2. 408 + 8𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥) *𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 (𝑥)* 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2] + 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥]
𝑏𝑎

8 8
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1
8
(𝑥) + 2. 408 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[2 ] + 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑥 ]
10

3
Areeba Nisar

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[(256𝑥^8)]
11. Not all logarithmic and exponential equations can be solved algebraically. Use technology to
2𝑥−3
solve the equation 3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(2𝑥) to 4 decimal places. Include a sketch or screenshot in your
solution.

Therefore from the graphical analysis the answer to 𝑔(𝑥) is 𝑥 = 1. 744, 0. 544

12. Why must the base of logarithm be positive?

The reason why the base of the logarithmic to be positive is because of how logarithms relate to
exponents. A logarithm in order to get x. For this to work properly, the base b has to be positive
and not equal to 1.
-​ Base 0: If the base is 0, which means the power of 0 will be 0, no matter what the
exponent is. Therefore there is no exponent that will make 0 equal to anything other than
0.
-​ Base 1: If the base is 1, which means the power of 1, will be 1. This means no matter
what exponent you use, you can’t get any number but 1.

13. Why can we not calculate the logarithm of a negative number?

Taking the log of a negative number will produce a complex system which means it is not
possible in the real numbers system. This is due to a log is the exponent needed to produce a
number. A negative number cannot be the power of a positive base.

4
Areeba Nisar

14. Rod says that he thinks of a one variable exponential or logarithmic equation that has the
following characteristic.
a.​ Has solutions 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
b.​ Does not contain the digit 3
c.​ Contains the number − 12
What are two different equations that Rod could be thinking of? Are those the only possible
answers?
No, these are not the only possible answers. There are many combinations of logarithmic and
exponential equations.
Creating logarithmic equations:
Required:
Solutions: 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
Does not contain the digit 3
Contains the number -12
𝑥
Equation: 𝑓(𝑥) =− 12(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)(𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ) = 0
Check solutions:
𝑥=1 𝑥=1
1 2
− 12(𝑙𝑜𝑔(1))(𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) = 0 2
− 12(𝑙𝑜𝑔(2))(𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ) = 0
0=0 0=0
Creating exponential equations:
𝑥 𝑥 2
Equation: 𝑓(𝑥) =− 12(𝑒 − 𝑒)(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) = 0
Check solutions:
𝑥=1 𝑥=2
1 1 2 2 2 2
− 12(𝑒 − 𝑒)(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) − 12(𝑒 − 𝑒)(𝑒 − 𝑒 )
0=0 0=0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
Therefore the equations 𝑓(𝑥) =− 12(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)(𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 ) and 𝑓(𝑥0 =− 12(𝑒 − 𝑒)(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) meets
all of the requirements.

5
Areeba Nisar

𝑥 2
5 𝑥 −2
15. Solve, rounding final answers to three decimals where appropriate = 2(6 )
5

16. Solve, rounding to three decimals where appropriate, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−4(3𝑥 + 1) = 2.

Exponential
2
(𝑥 − 4) = (3𝑥 + 1)
2
𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16 − 3𝑥 − 1
2
𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 15
2
−(−11)± (−11) −4(1)(15)
𝑥= 2(1)
11± 121−60
𝑥= 2
11+ 61 11− 61
𝑥= 2
𝑥= 2
𝑥 = 9. 401 𝑥 = 1. 595

11+ 61
The domain is 𝑥 > 4 so 𝑥 = 2
is the solution.