A PRESENTATION ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

GROUP 08
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 Content
• Structure

• Types of structural system • Wall slab

• Post slab
• Post lintel

• Case Studies • Wall slab – Deepshikha school (Local)

Notre Dame De Haut (International)

• Post slab – Lab aid general hospital (Local)

Bishan Public Library (International)

• Post Lintel – SPL Prantor (Local)

Yale center (International)
Structure: Any type of large man made object permanently fixed to earth surface due to construction is
known as a structure.

Types of load on structure

lateral :
• wind
• earthquake
• Soil lateral pressure
• Thermal etc

Gravity :
• Dead
• Live
• Snow
• Rain etc

1. Live loads : The load which is superimposed on the structure by all the movable objects In a building
are the live loads.

2. Dead load : The load superimposed by the weight of primary elements of a building ( beams , slabs
Columns etc ) on the structure are considered as dead load.

3. Self load : The load that itself bears the structure is known as the self load.
Basic structural elements
• Walls

• Slabs

• Beam

• Column

• Shear wall

Major structural systems in Bangladesh

1. Wall and slab

2. Post and slab

3. Post and lintel

Wall slab
In this structural system wall bears all loads. The load is transferred from the slabs to the wall and then the walls
transfers all the load to the earth. In this system loads are transferred from slab to the vertical elements (load
bearing wall)

Transformation of load :

Slab > wall > foundation > ground

Sometimes arch is also used to transfer loads.

Slab :
• One way slab (two longer and parallel walls bear the load)
• Two way slab (four or all surrounded walls bear the load)
• Waffle (used for covering a large span)
Wall :

Cellular wall arrangement Simple cross wall structure

Double cross wall structure Complex wall arrangement

Limitations:
•10” thickness.
•Weak prevention of latOpenings are mostly vertical in shape and horizontal openings must be avoided.
•More solidity.
•Vulnerable to earthquakes.
•Use of little amount of cantilevers in verandah.
•load-bearing walls must have minimum eral force.
•Maximum height of building – 5 story

Scope:
•Cheap construction system
•Easily available materials
•Arch opening can be made in this system which can give a good visual expression and replaces lintel in load bearing.
•Possibility of creating Large opening using arches.
•Use of waffle slab for larger spans.
POST SLAB
The structural system in which the slabs are supported directly on the posts is the post slab
system. The dead and live load from the slab are transferred to the ground through the vertical
elements (columns) and the footing.

TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD:

Slab > column > foundation > ground

There are four different types of concrete Flat Slabs:

Slab with drop and

Slab without drop and Slab with drop and Slab without drop and
column with capital
column without capital column without column with capital
capital
Post slab

Limitations:
• Higher Slab thickness
• Use of cantilevered slab is necessary
• Construction cost increases if capital & drop panels are used
• Slab punches are possible anywhere if left cantilevered
• Column spacing 17”-22”
• Floor punches cannot be placed anywhere
• Not suitable for high rise buildings
• Low earthquake resistance.
• Most expensive structural system

Scopes:
• Large and continuous openings can be designed
• Flexible arrangement of clear space as no beam is present
• Cantilever 30%-50% possible
• Walls can be built as desired in different floors
• Flexibility in slab cutting
• Large openings can be used
• Free forms can be designed
• Various shading devices can be used
Economical grid : Punch in slab:

• No use of irregular grids • in the area common to the slab middle strips.
• Mostly square grids are used. • in the area common to two column strips,
• Thicker slab compared to post lintel or wall slab. • In the area common to one column strip and one
• Grids should be regular middle strip.
• Economical span of grid is 17’ -25’

Effective span
The horizontal distance between the center points of two
vertical columns .

Clear span
The horizontal distance between internal faces of two
vertical columns.
Post lintel:
In this structural system load of the slab transfers through the beam and columns to ground.
In architecture post lintel system is the oldest in building construction and it’s also the first
man made structural system.

Transformation of load :

Slab > Beam > Column > Foundation > Ground

Main load bearing element:

• Beam
• Column
Limitations: Scopes:
• Large openings can be provided column to column
• This system is more costly (30% more) than wall slab
• High rise buildings can be built due to easy structural
structure
solvency.
• Opening should be placed according to the post.
• Various types of roofs can be used. (flat, pitch etc)
• Visibility of beams in large spaces is not desirable
• Post and lintel can be shown as design element.
• Sometimes beam causes acoustical problems
• Flexibility in space planning as partition and enclosing walls
• More time consuming structural system
can be freely placed
• Floor height increases due to beam to get a clear space
• Compact and controlled structural system.
in the placement of any ac duct.
• Cantilever can be added.
• Higher earthquake resistance
• Vast space can be created without using vault domes e.t.c.
• Slab thickness is laser than flat slab
Economical grid: • Inverted beams can be used
• There are scopes to have different organization of space on
various floors.
• Use of regular grid
• Both square and rectangular grid are
used
• Radial grid is used for circular or semi-
circular buildings
• Economical span of grid is 15’-25’
CASE STUDIES
WALL AND SLAB
CASE STUDY - LOCAL

Project - Deepshikha school

Architect – Uttam Kumar Saha
Location - Gulbagh, malibagh, Dhaka
Structure - Wall slab
Structural Expression
• Brick Masonry construction
• Main structural element is brick wall
• Load bearing solid wall express solidity from both exterior and
interior
• Ceiling load is transferred through brick walls
• Windows are arranged vertically in groups
• Punches for ventilation and lighting
• Not more than 5 story
• Regular grid pattern is maintained

Limitations
• Not more than 5 storeys
• Mostly vertical openings
• No use of cantilevers

Scopes
• Use of easily available material
• Cheap construction system
Structural Analysis:
• Regular pattern in structural wall
• Landing is supported by load bearing wall
• It is four storied building (maximum height)
• Spans are small due to lack of beams
• No cantilever spaces

-The load is transferred by the

brick walls and released to the
ground

One way slab

 WALL AND SLAB
CASE STUDY - INTERNATIONAL

Project - Notre Dame De Haut

Architect - Le Corbusier
Location - Ronchamp, France
Structure - Wall Slab

Structural Expression:

• The walls of this church acts as the structural, sculptural

and acoustic amplifiers

• curving walls support the concrete and masonry.

construction, As well as the massive curvilinear roof.

• The exterior walls are load bearing.

• Concrete walls bear the load and transfers to the ground..
Limitations:

• Notably cantilever was not used

except small verandah

• Massive walls expressing solidity

• No large openings
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
• Load bearing wall stands the whole load of the building
• Absence of large openings expressing wall slab characteristics
• Extreme solidity remains
• The windows are punched deep inside the wall cavity

Load bearing walls taking Load bearing walls taking whole

whole load of the building load of the building
POST AND SLAB
CASE STUDY - LOCAL

LAB AID GENERAL HOSPITAL

LOCATION : DHANMONDI, DHAKA
STRUCTURE : POST SLAB

Extended slab

Double height space

Structural Analysis
• Extended slab
Scopes
• No beams in the interior
• Arrangement of clear space is flexible
• Wall plates seen in elevation
• Continuous opening is seen in the front elevation
• Square column grid is used
• Columns are also square in shape

Limitations
• There is use of beam at the back elevation
• Slab is not extended at the back side

Extended slabs

Plan Elevation
POST AND SLAB
CASE STUDY - INTERNATIONAL

BISHAN PUBLIC LIBRARY

LOCATION : SINGAPORE
STRUCTURE : POST SLAB
ARCHITECTS : LOOK ARCHITECTS
Scopes
• Cantilever is possible
Limitations
• Flexibility in arrangements of clear space as no beam is arranged
• Expensive structural system
• Continuous opening is used
• Slabs should always be cantilevered
• Different types of shading devices can be used
• Not much earthquake resistance
• Not suitable for high rise buildings

Structural Analysis

Cantilevered slab

Continuous openings have been used here

giving a floating effect

Posts are exposed and solid- void

relationship has strongly achieved

Cantilevered slabs, acting as

shading devices
POST AND LINTEL
CASE STUDY – LOCAL

SPL PRANTOR
ARCHITECT : EHSAN KHAN
LOCATION : INDIRA ROAD, DHAKA
Structural Analysis Beam
• Column widths are same on each floor
• Large opening is provided
• Main load bearing element is beam and column Column
• Roof is extended

Drop panel

Scopes Limitations
• Large opening can be provided column to column • Visibility of beams in large spaces is not desirable
• Compacted structural system • Sometimes beam causes acoustical problems
POST AND LINTEL
CASE STUDY - INTERNATIONAL

Yale Center for British Art Technical Information

Architect: Louis Kahn
Location: New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Project Year: 1969 – 1977
Scope: Square
grid
Column to
column
• Column to column uninterrupted openings openings

were provided.
• Regular square grid is used.
Column
• Partition and enclosing walls were
designed to provide flexible space
Beam
planning.
• Uninterrupted vast space Had created;
also without using any vault, dome, or
waffle.
• Slab thickness is as usual(6inch) and flat
slab
• Post and lintel were shown as design Post and Lintel as
elements design elements

Limitation:
• Opening were placed considering the post.
Vast • Beams are visible.
Space

Opening
considering
post
 Load-bearing wall

Non Load-bearing wall

Flat slab (6 “
thick)
THANK YOU