Reg No: 24153145026 Name= Sameer Kumar Branch=cse(ds)
Operating System
Part 1: Navigation and Directory Management;-
1} * Open a terminal window.
* U se the pwd command to print the current working directory.
Explan:- ( pwd )… command, shows the full path of the directory you
are currently in.
2} * U se the ls command to list the contents of the current directory.
* U se the ls - l command to see a detailed listing with permissions, owner, size,
etc .
Explanation:-
The ls command lists the files and directories in your current location.
The ls - l command shows a long (detailed) listing of files and directories.
3} * U se the ls - a command to display hidden files (starting with a dot).
Explanation:-
ls –command show the hidden file that generally start whit (… ).
4} * Try navigating the directory structure using the cd command.
* U se cd .. to move up one level in the directory hierarchy.
Part 2: File and Directory Operations:-
1} * C reate a new directory named new_ dir using the mkdir command.
2} * C reate an empty file named [Link] using the touch command.
3} * C opy the [Link] file to a new location named test_ [Link] using the cp
command.
4} * Rename the test_ [Link] file to renamed_ [Link] using the mv command.
5} * Delete the [Link] file using the rm command
Part 3: Viewing File Contents:-
1} * U se the cat command to display the contents of the renamed_ [Link] file
2} * U se the less command to view the file's contents with scrolling capabilities.
3} * U se the head command to display the first 10 lines of the file.
4} * U se the tail command to display the last 10 lines of the file.
1} Expl:- cat command is use to display the content of the file.
2} The less command lets you view a file page by page with scrolling
3} The head command shows the first 10 lines of a file by default.
4} The tail command shows the last 10 lines of a file by default.
Part 4: Permissions and Ownership :-
1} * Briefly explore file permissions using the ls - l command output.
* (Optional) Try modifying file permissions using the chmod command (refer to
the
manual page for details)
Part 5: cat Command :-
1. Basic U sage :-
* Create a text file named [Link] and enter some content.
* U se cat [Link] to display the contents of the file.
2. Concatenating Multiple Files :-
* Create another file named [Link] with more content.
* U se cat [Link] [Link] to concatenate the contents of both files
3. Displaying a Range of Lines
* U se cat - n [Link] to display line numbers with the content.
* U se cat - n [Link] | head - 5 to display the first 5 lines with line numbers
Redirection
1. Output Redirection
* U se cat [Link] > new_ [Link] to redirect the output of cat to a new file.
* Verify the contents of new_ [Link].
2. Appending Output
* U se cat [Link] > > new_ [Link] to append the output to the existing
new_ [Link].
3. Input Redirection
* C reate a file named [Link] with some content.
* U se cat < [Link] to read the contents of [Link] and display them on the
terminal.
Part 6: Pipe :-
1. C haining Commands
* U se cat [Link] | wc - l to count the number of lines in [Link].
* U se cat [Link] | grep "search_ term" to search for a specific pattern in the file.
2. Creating a More Complex Pipeline
* U se cat [Link] | grep "keyword" | wc - l to count the occurrences of a
keyword
in the file.
* U se cat [Link] | grep "keyword" | head - 5 to display the first 5 lines
containing
the keyword
Part 7: System Information :-
* U se the uname - a command to view detailed system information.
* U se the top command to see a dynamic view of running processes and resource
usage.
* U se the df - h command to see disk space usage in a human- readable format.
* U se the du - h command to check disk usage for specific files and directories.
Part 8 (Optional): Searching and Finding Files :-
* U se the find command to search for files based on criteria (e.g., name, location)
* U se the grep command to search within files for a specific pattern.
Part 9 (Optional): Networking :-
* U se the ping command to check network connectivity to a host (e.g., ping
[Link]).