Chapter 1: Atomic Structure
Q1: Define Ionization Energy and Write its Unit.
Answer:
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron from an
isolated gaseous atom in its ground state.
It tells how tightly an electron is held by an atom.
More the ionization energy, more difficult it is to remove the electron.
Unit: Electron volt per atom (eV/atom) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).
Q2: Define Electronegativity, Electron Affinity, and Electron Enthalpy.
Answer:
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity.
Electron Affinity is the amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state accepts
an electron to form an anion.
Electron Enthalpy is another term for electron affinity, but used when talking about energy
changes in reactions. It is also measured in kJ/mol.
Q3: What are Isotopes and Isobars?
Answer:
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons. Example: Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2 (Deuterium), Hydrogen-3 (Tritium).
Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number but different
atomic numbers. Example: Argon (Ar-40) and Calcium (Ca-40).
Q4: Differentiate between Orbit and Orbital.
Answer:
Orbit is the fixed circular path around the nucleus in which electrons revolve (as per Bohr’s
model).
Orbital is the region in an atom where the probability of finding an electron is maximum (as
per quantum mechanical model).
Orbit is 2D, Orbital is 3D and has different shapes (s, p, d, f).
Q5: Postulates and Defects of Bohr’s Atomic Model.
Answer:
Postulates:
1. Electrons revolve in fixed circular paths called orbits.
2. Each orbit has fixed energy and electrons do not radiate energy while in these orbits.
3. Energy is emitted or absorbed only when electrons jump between orbits.
Defects:
Couldn’t explain the spectra of atoms with more than one electron.
Didn’t explain the Zeeman and Stark effect.
Failed to consider the wave nature of electrons.
Q6: Electron Configuration up to Atomic Number 30.
Answer:
The electronic configuration is written based on the Aufbau principle.
Here’s the configuration of some elements:
Hydrogen (Z=1): 1s¹
Helium (Z=2): 1s²
Lithium (Z=3): 1s² 2s¹
…
Calcium (Z=20): 1s² 2s² 2p 3s² 3p 4s²
Zinc (Z=30): 1s² 2s² 2p 3s² 3p 3d¹ 4s²
You can write the full list of 1 to 30 in your book for practice.
Q7: Quantum Numbers (6 Marks Question)
Answer:
Quantum numbers describe the position and energy of an electron in an atom. There are 4
quantum numbers:
1. Principal Quantum Number (n): Shows the main energy level/shell. Values: 1, 2, 3…
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l): Shows the shape of orbital. Values: 0 to (n-1)
s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f = 3
4.
5. Magnetic Quantum Number (m): Shows the orientation of orbital in space. Values: -l to +l
6. Spin Quantum Number (s): Shows the direction of electron spin. Values: +½ or -½
Q8: Difference Between Emission and Absorption Spectrum.
Answer:
Emission Spectrum Absorption Spectrum
Produced when atoms emit energy Produced when atoms absorb certain wavelengths of
(light). light.
Lines are colored. Lines are dark.
Seen as bright lines on dark Seen as dark lines on a colored background.
background.
Chapter 2: Classification of Elements and Periodicity
Q1: What is Dobereiner’s Triad?
Answer:
Dobereiner grouped elements into sets of 3 called triads.
In each triad, the atomic mass of the middle element is nearly the average of the other two.
Example:
Lithium (7), Sodium (23), Potassium (39)
(7 + 39)/2 = 23 (which is sodium’s atomic mass)
Q2: Properties of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table and Defects.
Answer:
Properties:
Elements are arranged in increasing atomic mass.
Elements with similar properties are in same group.
Left spaces for undiscovered elements (like Gallium, Scandium).
Could predict properties of unknown elements.
Defects:
Position of isotopes not explained.
Some elements with higher atomic mass placed before lower ones.
Hydrogen placement was not fixed.
Q3: S-Block Properties
Answer:
Contains elements of Group 1 and 2.
Soft metals with low melting points.
Highly reactive, especially with water.
Form ionic compounds.
Show +1 or +2 oxidation states.
Reactivity increases down the group.
Q4: Properties of Modern Periodic Table
Answer
Elements arranged in increasing atomic number.
7 periods and 18 groups.
Elements with similar properties fall in the same group.
Separates metals, non-metals, and metalloids properly.
Periodic trends like atomic size, ionization energy, etc. are clearly seen.
Q5: Numerical on de Broglie Wavelength
(Formula only, as question may vary)
λ = h / mv
Where:
λ = wavelength
h = Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10 ³⁴Js)
m = mass of particle (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
Q6: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Answer:
It is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle exactly at the same time.
Formula: Δx × Δp ≥ h / 4π
Where:
Δx = uncertainty in position
Δp = uncertainty in momentum
This principle proved Bohr’s model to be incomplete.
Q7: Schrödinger Wave Equation
Answer:
Schrödinger developed a mathematical equation to describe the behavior of electrons as waves.
Equation:
ĤΨ = EΨ
Where:
Ĥ = Hamiltonian operator
Ψ = wave function
E = energy
The square of Ψ gives the probability of finding an electron in a particular region.
Let me know when you’re ready and I can make this into a well-formatted PDF too, just in case
you get time before the exam!