FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

The code is enforced by the Bureau of Fire Protection

Although the RNPCP contains limited fire-suppression (BFP) under the supervision of the Department of the
content compared to fire codes, it includes essential Interior and Local Government (DILG).
provisions for water service sizing, fire-resistive 
construction, and fire-service connections. When referring to “Revised Fire Code,” we generally mean
RA 9514 (2008) + its IRR.
Water Service Pipe for Fire Protection
Some older practices under previous fire codes (e.g. under
older codes) may still be referenced, but RA 9514 is the
governing statute now.

STANDPIPE SYSTEM

System of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses

can be attached on each floor, including a system by which
water is made available to the outlets as needed

Design & installation must follow recognized standards

(commonly NFPA standards, e.g. NFPA 14 Standard for the
 Minimum building water service pipe: 19 mm (¾”) Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant and Hose
 Larger sizes required for buildings with fire Systems)
suppression needs
 Materials must be approved for pressure and fire-
service demands SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT FROM IRR / FIRE CODE
DOCUMENTATION:
Installation in Fire-Resistive Construction
Requirement Specification / Note
Requirements include: Minimum internal
64 mm (2½ in.) minimum for interior
diameter of
wet standpipes.
 Protection of piping using fire-rated enclosures standpipe riser
o Fire-rated enclosures Outlet valve size
Each storey (including basement, roof)
(hose connection)
must have a 38 mm valve outlet.
per floor
Height of outlet
Between 91 cm and 182 cm above the
valve above
floor.
finished floor
The wet standpipe must deliver at least
Water supply 132 liters per minute at not less than
performance from 1.8 kilos/sq. cm residual pressure,
standpipe outlets from each of any two outlets flowing
 Restrictions on exposed flammable piping (e.g., simultaneously for 30 minutes.
ABS)
If multiple
 Sleeves and fire-stops where piping penetrates They may be interconnected (at base or
standpipes are
rated walls/floors top) via equal-size pipes.
required
Valving and Control Wet standpipes (interior) should be
 Fire-service lines require dedicated control valves Connection to connected to a street main not less than
 Must be accessible and clearly marked water supply / fire 100 mm diameter; if public water
 Backflow devices required where potable and fire- service main supply is insufficient, an adequate
service lines share connections water tank must be used.
Pressure / gravity Tanks must supply specified flow and
tank requirement pressure (if used instead of direct water
(if used) main).
Each wet standpipe outlet must have a
hose not less than 38 mm diameter,
Hose and hose reel
fitted with an approved nozzle; hose
requirements
reels/racks must be accessible,
preferably recessed or in cabinets.
For buildings with basements or cellars
(e.g. store, warehouse, factory), a
Basement / pipe
basement pipe inlet must be installed at
REVISED FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES | inlets (fire service
the first floor to allow fire-department
RA 9514 connections)
hose connection (unless there’s a
complete fire-extinguishing system).
Republic Act 9514 (RA 9514, 2008) Fire Code of the
Philippines

RA 9514 repealed/updated previous fire code (which was

CLASSES OF STANDPIPE
previously under older decrees / laws such as PD 1185)
Class 1 System (Usually used by the Fire Department) This system shall be provided with hose connection
This system is provided with 64mm (2.5 in) hose as required for both Class 1 and Class 2 System.
connections for full-scale firefighting required to flow 500
gallons per minute with minimum residual pressure of 100 DRY STANDPIPE SYSTEM
psi.

Designated Locations:
o At each intermediate landing between floor levels
in every required exit stairway;
o On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit
openings of horizontal exits;
o In each exit passageway at the entrance from the
building areas into the passageway;
o In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each
exit passageway or exit corridor, and at exit public Properties
entrances to the mall;  Piping installations where there is no water
o At the highest landing of stairways with stairway standing in the distribution pipe.
access to a roof and on the roof where stain access  A fire service connection is placed in the exterior of
the roof. the building connected to the distribution pipe.
o An additional 64 mm (2 ½ in) hose connection  Doesn't usually used nowadays.
shall be provided at the hydraulically most  Shall be used for Class 1 Systems
remote riser to facilitate testing of the system;
o Where the most remote portion of non-sprinkled Requirements
floor or storey is located in excess of 40 m of travel  Fittings and connections
distance from a required exit containing or adjacent To withstand 300psi (21kg/cm).
to a hose connection or the most remote portion of  Size of standpipe
a sprinklered floor or storey is located in excess of At least 102 mm (4 in.) diameter if the highest
61m of travel distance from a required exit outlet is 23m or less above the fire service
containing or adjacent to a hose connection, connections
additional hose connections shall be provided, in At least 153 mm (6 in.) diameter if the highest
approved locations, where required by the BFP. outlet is higher than 23m above the fire service
connections
 Fire Service Connection
All 102 mm dry standpipes shall be equipped with
four-way fire service connections.
Shall be equipped with an approved straight way
check valve and plugs
Shall be installed within 46 cm - 122 cm above
grade located on a street front
 Outlets
Shall be installed on every floor of the building
Shall be equipped with an approved 64 mm
diameter outlet placed within 61cm to 122cm
above the floor of each storey.
All dry standpipe shall be equipped with a two way
sixty four millimeters (64mm) outlet above the roof
line of a building when the roof has a slope of less
Class 2 System (Used by trained personnel) than thirty centimeters
This is a hose connection provided with 38mm hose or  Signs
within thirty seven meters (37 m) of a connection hose 25 mm in height permanently attached to all fire
system shall be provided with 38 mm (1 ½ in.) hose service connections cast on a plate that reads
connections for first aid firefighting, so that all each floor "DRY STANDPIPE"
level of the building are within forty meters (40 m) of
provided with less 38 mm (1 ½ in. ) hose WET STANDPIPE SYSTEM
Distances shall be measured along a path of travel
originating at the hose

Class 3 System (Provided for full scale and first aid

firefighting) Properties
  Piping installations wherein both the mains and the The spacing of sprinkler heads depends upon the
distribution pipes are constantly filled with water. following conditions:
 Wet standpipe with Siamese connection is one of  Fire rating of the building
the common types of fire protection.  Construction of the ceiling
 Types of occupancy
Requirements  Total Area
 Size of Standpipe
The size of the standpipes shall not be less than 64mm Two common types of sprinkler heads
in diameter  Pendant Type
 Location Used in areas with architectural ceiling (i.e. gypsum boards)
Shall be located so that all portions of the buildings are  Upright Type
within 6m of a nozzle attached to 22m of hose Used in areas with exposed ceiling (i.e. Parking areas)
 Fire Service Connection
All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with
38mm valve in each storey.
Shall be located not less than 91 cm nor more than
182cm above the floor.

COMBINATION STANDPIPE
 Size
Combination standpipe systems shall not be less than
150mm in dia.
 Fire Service Connection
All combination standpipe systems shall be equipped
with 4-way fire service connections
Shall be equipped with an approved straight way check
valve and plugs
Shall be installed 46 cm to 122 cm above grade.
 Outlet
Shall be installed on every floor of the building. Temperature Automation
Shall be equipped with an approved three-way 64 mm At 136 degrees Fahrenheit the bulb breaks and automatically
diameter outlet placed within 61cm to 122cm above the releases a water stream.
floor of each storey.
 Signs
25 mm in height permanently attached to all fire service
connections cast on a plate that reads
"COMBINATION STANDPIPE AND TEST
CONNECTION"

Sprinkler System

Sprinkler Systems & Automatic Fire-Suppression Piping

 An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping
installed in a building, structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically
discharges water when activated by heat or combustion
products from a fire.
 Where sprinkler protection is required (depending on
occupancy/use), the sprinkler system must be designed
in accordance with internationally recognized standards
(commonly NFPA standards, e.g. NFPA 13 or NFPA
13R for residential).
 Plans and specifications for sprinkler (and other fire- A- Ash B- Barrel C-Current D- Dynamite K-Kitchen
extinguishing) systems must be signed and sealed by a
qualified professional (a Professional Mechanical Extinguishing Elements
Engineer, PME). Class A- Water or ABC dry chemical
 Maintenance, inspection, and testing requirements: all Class B- Dry Chemical, CO2, and foam
sprinkler and fire-protection water-based systems must Class C- CO2, Dry Chemical
be maintained, tested periodically, and records Class D- Special Dry Powder or Dry Sand
submitted with the Fire Safety Inspection Certificate Class K- Fine Wet Mist, Foam
(FSIC).
Water Supply for Fire Protection: Integration with
Coverage of One Sprinkler Heads Domestic Water / Dedicated Systems
 20 square meters for light hazard occupancy  The Fire Code allows, under certain conditions and
 10 square meters for normal/moderate/special upon approval by the fire marshal, that an
hazard occupancy automatic sprinkler or standpipe system may be
connected to the building’s domestic water supply
Spacing of sprinkler heads provided that the domestic supply is of adequate
 pressure, capacity, and sizing for the combined  Sprinkler systems (when required) must follow
load (domestic + fire). accepted standards (like NFPA 13/13R) and have
 If the domestic supply is inadequate, then dedicated sealed & approved plans.
water supply (e.g., via fire pumps, gravity/pressure 
tanks, or auxiliary water storage) must be provided.
 All water-based fire protection systems must be Water and Water Supply
properly designed, installed, tested, and
maintained.  On high rise building, water is supplied through:
This has direct implications on plumbing design: water o Elevated water tank or
supply sizing, pump/tank sizing, separation (or proper
o Underground reservoir
zoning) of domestic vs fire-protection circuits, pipe sizing
 Standby Power
and materials, installation standards, and pressure/flow
o In case of fire incidence, the power supply in
testing.
the building is automatically cut off which
Applicability: When Fire-Code Plumbing Requirements could be a tragedy
Apply o A standby diesel-powered generator is a must.
 The Fire Code (RA 9514) applies to all private and This unit and its fuel stock are separately
public buildings — whether erected before or after housed in a fire-resistant enclosure sufficiently
effectivity of the Code. away from the possible location of fire in the
 The requirement for sprinkler / standpipe / hose / main building.
fire-protection piping depends on building use
(occupancy), height, floor area, number of storeys, The Up-Feed Pumping System
and fire-hazard classification.
Therefore, for any building project, one must check the  The Up-feed Pumping System provides a continuous
occupancy classification, height, floor area, and hazard flow of water from the deep well through the domestic
category to determine if fire-protection piping (sprinkler, and fire reservoir. The continuous flow of water
standpipe) is mandatory. prevents it from becoming stagnant and rancid.
 The fire reservoir has the priority over the domestic
Building that requires compliance with the Fire Code reservoir by means of a simple weir, even if the
If you are engaged in plumbing works for a building that domestic reservoir is totally empty, the fire reservoir
requires compliance with the Fire Code, you need to: would remain full of water.
 Recognize that fire-protection piping (sprinkler  A small 20 gallons per minute jockey pump will supply
risers, standpipe risers, hose outlets) is part of the necessary pressure for the sprinkler system, and
plumbing scope. consequently, a signal from the sprinkler system will
 Use correct pipe sizes (e.g. ≥ 64 mm riser, 38 mm start the 750 gpm main pump. If this pump becomes
outlets) and appropriate materials. inadequate for the demand, a diesel engine driven pump
 Ensure water supply adequacy (public main or fire- of equal capacity will automatically takes over.
dedicated supply), including pumps and tanks if  The sensing unit which control the operations of the
needed. pumps are:
 Separate fire-protection piping (or properly o The Bubble Control Units in each of the two
integrate, with approval) from domestic water reservoirs.
piping. o The Dual Control Unit that regulates the
 Include all required valves, hose outlets, fire- supply for the pressure tank.
department connections, floor inlets, hose  These controls are connected to a large central cabinet
reels/racks, per code. underground pump room adjacent the reservoir
 Prepare plans and specifications signed/sealed by a
MEPS (eg. professional mechanical engineer
Hydropneumatic Tank
(PME)) if sprinkler / standpipe systems are
included.
 Ensure maintenance, inspection, and testing of the  A hydropneumatic tank is used to store air under
fire-protection plumbing system as required by pressure that will balance out-surge from the two
code. domestic pumps and reduce the frequently starting,
and stopping of the motor
 It is an improvement of the closed system, where
Summary
several pumps are sequenced automatically to
supply an even pressure.
 Sprinkler systems & standpipe systems are defined,  It has the advantage of using only two pumps when
regulated by the Fire Code. necessary
 Minimum standpipe riser diameter: 64 mm (2½  One disadvantage of this system is the difficulty in
in.). maintaining the ratio of 60% air to 40% water.
 Each floor must have a 38 mm hose valve outlet,  Water from deep well to the tank becomes air
at 91–182 cm above floor. bound as water stored therein gives up its absorbed
 Standpipe water delivery: ≥ 132 L/min at ≥ 1.8 air.
kg/cm² pressure from each of two outlets  The dual control installation eliminates the need for
simultaneously for 30 minutes. manual adjustment of this 60% to 40% ratio by
 Hose reel/hose size: 38 mm diameter hose, with employing two sensing devices within a single
approved nozzle, accessible rack/recess. control.
 Water supply source: street water main (≥ 100 mm  A drop air pressure inside the tank will send signals
diameter) or adequate tank/pump system if public to start the pump, and the rise of water level,
supply insufficient. automatically send signals to stop the motor.
 How the Control System Operates: 1. Wet Pipe

o For correct time delay through the motor The Wet Pipe refer to the piping installations wherein both
driven re-lays, the signal from the dual control the mains and the distribution pipes are constantly filled
and the double control units are processed in with water
the central cabinet
o The central control system alternates the
pumps to give them even wear, or run them
together as demand requires.
o In case of low suction, the control system
automatically shut off to prevent motor
damage.
 At the same time after it shut off, it
relays the alarm signal to the office of
the Maintenance Engineer indicating
the location of the trouble.
 The system could run without human
attendance to satisfy the heavy
demand of air conditioning, domestic
water supply, and fire control.

The Standpipe and Hose

Standpipe- is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the

water supply or disposal system, but primarily, for use as
water conveyance in case of fire.
Fire Hose- is always located near the stairs for use by
firemen in case of fire. It is incased in glass cabinets with
the following label: Break Glass in Case of Fire.

The Standpipe and Fire Hose Functions as follows: 2. Dry Pipe

1. Upon arrival of the firemen, the standpipe Siamese
Twin is immediately connected to the street fire
The Dry Pipe refers to the piping installations where there is
hydrant, or to any other water source by their fire hose.
no water standing in the distribution pipe, except during the
occurrence of fire. This is generally confined to unheated
Siamese Twin
buildings
A "Siamese twin" in fire protection is a Fire Department
Connection (FDC), a Y-shaped fitting with two inlets that
allows firefighters to pump water into a building's sprinkler
or standpipe system.

2. The firemen would immediately goes up the building

and connect their fire hose to the standpipe, freeing
them from the inconvenience of carrying their hose to
the upper floor of the building
3. With the standpipe and hoses, the firemen were
provided with an ever-ready firefighting tools and
equipment that saves time and effort which may spell
the difference in saving life and property
4. The length of the firemen hose is limited to a certain
height, but because of the standpipe provision, the
upper most floor of a tall building, could be reached by
the fire fighters.

The Automatic Sprinkler System

 The automatic sprinkler system consists of

horizontal pattern, of pipes placed near the ceiling  Operations of the wet pipe system, depends upon
of industrial and commercial buildings, the nozzles opening in the area affected by the
warehouses, stores, theaters and other structures sensitive elements within the nozzles themselves.
where fire hazard require their use.  Remote valves in the dry pipe system may be
 These pipes are provided with outlet and sprinkler activated by sensitive element to admit water to
heads that open automatically at temperatures of sensitive heads.
135° F to 160° F and emit a series of fine water
sprays

 The Sprinkler System includes: Spacing of the sprinkler heads

  The spacing of sprinkler heads depends upon the  The disadvantage of this installation is when there
following conditions: is inadequate water supply for firefighting. The
o Fire rating of the building firemen may decide to connect the Siamese
o Constructions of the ceiling connection to a river or drainage ditch. In such a
o Types of occupancy case, cross connection may occur contaminating
o Total area the water conveyed into the water distribution
 The coverage of one sprinkler head varies from 20 system of the building.
square meters for light hazard occupancy to about  A connection between the domestic water system
10 square meters for extra hazard condition and the fire distribution main must be provided
 Nozzles are set about 2.40 to 3.60 meters apart on with two check valves and a manually controlled
the supply pipes, and spaced about 3.00 to 4.00 gate valve. These devices will prevent
meters apart at right angle exposed beams or contaminated water in entering into the water
panels. distribution system. The gate valve will serve as a
safeguard that may be closed by the firemen in
their routine operation
Special Installation Requirements

1. At least one fire department connection on

each frontage.
2. A master alarm valve control for all water BP 344 | LATEST PUBLICATION
supplies other than fire department
connections Toilets and Baths
3. Special fire walls between protected areas.
4. Sloping water proof floors with drains or 1. Accessible public toilets
scupper to carry away waste water. Accessible public toilets shall permit easy passage
 When a gravity tank is used with sprinkler system, of a wheelchair and allow the occupant to enter a toilet
it must have enough water reserve for this purpose compartment, close the door and transfer to the water closet
and enough water to operate at least 25% of the from either a frontal or lateral transfer.
sprinklers for 30 minutes.
 This time is sufficient to give the fire department a [Link] number of accessible toilet compartments
chance to arrive and take over. The minimum number of accessible toilet
compartments
Other Requirements for Fire Fighting  on each floor level or
 on that part of a floor level accessible to persons
 In firefighting operations, one of the initial steps by with disabilities
firemen is to create a ventilation or hole at a high Shall be :
point of the structure to relieve the building of  Where the total number of water closets per set on
smoke and hot gases. This will permit access to the that level is 20;
fire at the height of its occurrence.  Where the number of water closets exceeds 20.
 In multi storey buildings, Vent Shaft is necessary
to quickly relieve the burning building of smoke [Link] toilet compartments
and hot gases. When automatic venting device is Accessible toilet compartments shall have the
installed, this relief will be attained immediately. following:
Undue delay will be avoided, and the firemen will  Minimum area
not waste time chopping an opening for the exhaust  1.70 m x 1.80 m.
of heat and smoke  Guidance bar
 One (1) flip-up grab bar to be mounted on
the wide side of the compartment adjacent
Vent Shaft
to the water closet and be at a height
between 280 mm and 300 mm from the
top of the water closet seat and extend not
more than 100 mm in line with the front of
the water closet.
 One (1) vertical bar to be provided on the
side wall close to the water closet and
located between 350 mm and 450 mm
from the front edge. Center line of water
closet (top view) is 750 mm from finish to
wall to grab bar.
 Turning space
 A turning space of 2.25 sq. m with a
minimum dimension of 1500 mm for
wheelchair users shall be provided outside
Wet Standpipe and Siamese Connection water closet cubicles.
 Accessories
 The wet standpipe with Siamese connection is one  Accessories such as mirrors, paper
of the common types of fire protection installed in dispensers, towel racks and fittings such
buildings. This kind of standpipe is connected to as faucets mounted at heights reachable by
the water supply and distribution system. wheelchair users.
  Toilet accessories such as mirrors, towel [Link] or Folding doors
and soap dispensers, hand dryer, waste bin The use of sliding or folding doors that are easier to
should be encouraged to have a color operate and require less wheelchair maneuvering space
contrast. should be considered.
 Accessories should be placed near the
accessible lavatory. [Link] push button door
 Lighting/illumination levels An automatic push button door should be
 For lighting/illumination levels, please considered wherever possible since it is easier to operate and
refer to the Philippine Electrical Code. maneuver around the doorway.

4. Turning space [Link] accessible toilet compartment doors

A turning space of 2.25 sq. m with a minimum Individual accessible toilet compartment doors
dimension of 1500 mm for wheelchair shall be provided for shall be provided with a horizontal pull bar fixed at a height
toilet compartments for lateral mounting. of 900 mm.

5. Accessories 14. Emergency call button

An emergency call button that is waterproof and
1. All accessible public toilets shall have accessories contrasting color with the background shall be provided and
such as mirrors, paper dispensers, towel racks and be located at a height between 400 mm to 600 mm from the
fittings such as faucets mounted at heights finish floor.
reachable by a wheelchair user.
2. Toilet accessories such as mirrors, towel and soap [Link] water pipes and drain pipes
dispensers, hand dryer, waste bin shall be The hot water pipes and drain pipes located within
encouraged to have a color contrast. the knee space or toe space shall be properly insulated.
3. Accessories should be placed near the accessible
basin. Lighting/illumination should be fixed. 16. Roll-in shower compartment
 A roll-in shower compartment for wheelchair user
shall have a dimension of 1500 mm by 1500 mm
6. Water closets and lavatories
and should have L-shaped bars.
Water closets and lavatories should use colors of
 Rising butt hinge should be spiral hinge to close
lighter contrasting grey value to tiles to aid people with low
independently.
vision impairment
 Curbs for roll-in shower should not be more than
10 mm high and beveled at a gradient of 1:2 and
7. Height of toilet seat
have color contrasts.
The height of toilet seat shall be 450 mm.
[Link] Bath Tubs
[Link] Accessible Bath Tubs shall have:
 Rim height
4. Lavatory shall be installed at 460 mm distance 500mm from the finish floor
from center line to adjacent wall.  Minimum clear transfer space
5. Lavatories shall be mounted at a height of 800 mm 900 mm wide by 1500mm long
from the finish floor with a vertical clear leg room  Two slip resistant grab bars:
space not lower than 650 mm. o L-Type grab bar with the horizontal leg
1200 mm long (minimum) mounted 250
[Link] mm from the rim of the bath tub;
Urinals shall: o Vertical grab bar 1200 mm long starting
 Be of the wall-hung type and should have an 250 mm from the rim of the bath tub
elongated lip; installed at the shower side of the bath tub.
 The maximum height of the lip should be 480 mm  A slip resistant base coefficient of friction
from the toilet floor. (coefficient of friction of 0.6)
 It shall have a minimum clear floor space of 750
mm wide (wing to wing) by 1200 mm (between DETAIL PLANS
grab bar and wall)
 Privacy shields of 750 mm. PLAN OF ACCESSIBLE TOILET FOR PERSONS WITH
DISABILITIES
[Link] doors

o Toilet doors shall be:

 designed to open outwards so that it would be

easier for a rescuer to enter a toilet cubicle if a
person has fallen and is lying behind the door.

o To allow for assistance in case of emergency, locks and

latches:

 should allow the door to be opened from the

outside with a coin or any simple device.
3D VIEW OF ACCESSIBLE TOILET FOR PERSONS ACCESSIBLE URINAL (FRONT ELEVATION)
WITH DISABILITIES

BLOW UP FLOOR PLAN OF ACCESSIBLE TOILET

FOR PESONS WITH DISABILITIES ACCESSIBLE URINAL (SIDE ELEVATION)

L-TYPE GRAB BAR 3D VIEW OF WALK-IN-SHOWER

BATH TUB FOR PERSON WITH DISABILITIES

ACCESSIBLE URINAL & LAVATORY COUNTER
 ISOMETRIC VIEW OF BATH TUB FOR
PERSON WITH DISABILITIES
 Urinals
o Accessible Urinal Specifications
 Rim height: 0.48 m maximum
 Clear floor area in front: 0.75 m x 1.20 m
 Flush controls: Must be operable with one
hand, no tight grasping, maximum force: 5
lbs (22 N).
 Bath & Shower Areas
o Required Clearances
 Minimum shower area: 1.50 m x 1.80 m
 Shower seat: 0.45 m – 0.50 m height
 Shower controls must be reachable from
the seat position.
o Plumbing Fixtures
 Hand-held adjustable shower head,
reachable at
By BP 344 (1983), BP 344 IRR (1983), DPWH  1.00 m – 1.20 m height
Accessibility Standards (1983 + 1994 diagram edition),  Lever-type or push-type mixing valve
NBCP Rule XII (latest revision 2004) controls.
 Drinking Fountains
If included in project scope of the Master Plumber.
 Accessible Toilets & Bath Facilities
o Specs
o Required Number & Location
 Spout height: 0.85 m maximum
 At least one (1) accessible toilet shall be
 Knee clearances same as lavatories
provided for each floor serving the
 Spout must direct water within 100 mm
public.
from front edge, at midline.
 Toilets must be located near accessible
 Water Supply Controls (Accessible Height
routes, ramps, elevators, or entrances.
Requirements)
 Accessible Water Closets (WC)
o BP 344 requires that controls, knobs, buttons,
o Dimensional Requirements
valves, and flush mechanisms must be:
 Centerline of toilet: 0.45 m (450 mm)
 Operable using one hand
from the nearest wall (for side transfer).
 Require no tight grasping or twisting
 Seat height: 0.45 m – 0.50 m from
 Require no more than 5 lbs (22 N) force
finished floor level.
 Mounted within 0.80 m – 1.20 m height
 Clear transfer space beside WC: 0.80 m
range from floor
minimum.
o This applies to:
 Front clearance: 1.20 m minimum in front
of the WC.  Flush lever or flush button
 Grab Bars  Faucet handles
Though architectural, they require reinforced walls, which  Shower mixing valves
affects plumbing chase design.  Sensor activators
o Grab bar height:  Drinking fountain push plates
 Accessible Routes to Plumbing Facilities
0.80 m – 0.90 m from floor level
The path to and from the toilet and washrooms must comply
o Configuration:
with:
 Horizontal on the side (minimum 0.90 m
o Width
length)
 Minimum 1.20 m corridor width
 Horizontal behind WC (minimum 0.60 m
 If less than 1.20 m, must have passing
length)
spaces every 6 m
 Load capacity: Must support 250 lbs (113
o Doors
kg) minimum.
 Lavatories (Sinks) These affect fixture arrangement due to swing
o Dimensional Requirements clearance.
 Door width: 0.80 m clear opening
 Height: 0.80 m – 0.85 m (maximum) from
 Threshold height: 6.5 mm maximum
floor to rim.
 Doors must swing outward for accessible
 Knee clearance below:
toilet rooms.
0.60 m width
o Turning Space
0.70 m height (minimum)
0.50 m depth  1.50 m diameter turning circle
o Plumbing Requirements (wheelchair turning space)
 Signage & Identification (Related to Plumbing Services)
 Hot water and drain pipes must be
o Accessible toilets must have:
insulated or recessed to prevent
scalding/burning.  Braille markings
 Use of lever-type, push-type,  International Symbol of Accessibility
automatically controlled (sensor)  Mounted at 1.40 m – 1.60 m height
faucets is preferred—BP 344 strongly  Other BP 344 Requirements Affecting Plumbing Design
recommends “easy-grip” controls. o Floor Finishes
 Must be non-slip for wet areas.
  Indirectly affects waterproofing and
drainage specs.
o Drainage / Slopes Service Tap Connection Detail
 Shower floors must slope 1:50 toward
drain.
 Must not create steps or abrupt changes in
level.
o Toilet Partitions
 Must allow space for transfer to WC,
influencing plumbing layout.

Summary Table of Plumbing-Related BP 344 Specs

Feature Requirement
Toilet seat height 0.45–0.50 m
WC centerline 0.45 m from wall Corporation Cock- a valve screwed into the street water
main to supply the house service connection.
WC front clearance 1.20 m
Clear floor beside WC 0.80 m
Lavatory height 0.80–0.85 m
0.70 m height, 0.60 m width, 0.50 m
Knee clearance
depth
Gooseneck- the part of the pipe curved like the neck of a
Urinal height 0.48 m max goose, usually flexible. Also, the lead connection between a
Shower head height 1.00–1.20 m service pipe and water main
Controls height
0.80–1.20 m
(general)
Faucet/flush force 5 lbs (22 N) max
Turning radius 1.50 m diameter
Door clear opening 0.80 m
Floor slope (showers) 1:50 Curb Stop or Curb Cock- a control valve for the water
supply of a building, usually placed between the sidewalk
and the street curb; used to shut off the water supply in case
of emergency or should the water supply of the building be
discontinued.
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Elements of the Domestic Water Distribution System

Meter Connection Details

 Water (Street) Main

A water supply pipe for public or community use controlled
by public authority
 Water – Service Pipe
The pipe from the water main, water meter, water supply Water Meter- mechanical device used to measure the
system or other approved source of water supply, to the volume of water passing through a pipe.
building or structure served.
 Water – Distribution Pipe Meter Stop- a valve placed at the street side of the water
A pipe which conveys potable water from the building meter and serves as a controlling device for the building
supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in installation.
the building.
 Fixture Branch
A pipe connecting several fixtures. Pipe and Fittings for Water Supply and Distribution
 Fixture Supply
A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture Pipe Schedule
branch or directly to a main water supply pipe. In piping, the term “schedule” refers to the wall thickness of
a pipe.
 It is a numerical designation (e.g., Schedule 20, 40,
80, 160).
 Higher schedule number = thicker wall.
  Thicker wall = higher pressure capacity.

Example

Schedule Wall Thickness Pressure Rating

SCH 40 Standard thickness Standard pressure
SCH 80 Thicker wall Higher pressure
SCH 160 Very thick Very high pressure

 Schedule does NOT change the pipe’s outside diameter

(OD); only the inside diameter (ID) changes as wall
thickness increases.

ASTM
Types of G.I. Pipe Fittings
In piping, ASTM refers to the American Society for Testing
and Materials (now called ASTM International)
1. Nipple- a short piece of pipe with male threads on both
.
ends, used to connect two fittings.
 ASTM provides material standards for pipes, such
as:
o What metal the pipe is made of (steel
grade, stainless type, copper alloy, etc.)
o How strong it must be (yield strength,
tensile strength)
o How it must be manufactured (seamless,
welded)
o Testing requirements (hydrotest, chemical
composition)
o Dimensional tolerances (allowable
deviations) [Link] Nipple- a nipple with standard length
(usually a few centimeters to a few inches).
Examples of ASTM Standards Used in Piping b. Long Nipple- longer than a standard nipple;
used when you need extra horizontal or vertical
ASTM reach.
Material / Use c. Close Nipple- a nipple where the threads meet in
Standard
Carbon steel pipe (standard, welded or the middle (no unthreaded portion); used when
ASTM A53 fittings need to be as close together as possible
seamless)
High-temp seamless carbon steel pipes (e.g.,
ASTM A106
boilers, power plants)
ASTM A312 Stainless steel pipes
ASTM A36 Structural steel
ASTM B88 Copper water tubes [Link] (Couple)- a female-threaded fitting used to
ASTM D3034 PVC sewer pipes connect two pipes of the same size in a straight line
ASTM F2389 PP-R plumbing systems

Type of Pipes for Water Supply and Distribution

Galvanized Iron Pipes and Fittings | (Schedule 40)

ASTM A53 3. Elbow- a fitting that changes the direction of a pipe
(commonly 45° or 90°).
 Galvanized a. Reducing Elbow -a directional elbow where the
Refers to a metal plating process that coated iron or inlet and outlet have different diameters: changes
steel water pipe surfaces with a corrosion - resistant zinc direction and size at the same time.
surface
 Galvanized steel supply pipes
are typically 1/2-inch diameter with a length of 20 feet
(6 meters). The connections are threaded. When the pipe
corrodes, the rust accumulation inside the pipe chokes down
the diameter of the pipe, resulting in poor water pressure.

Illustration for GI Pipe Properties

[Link] Elbow - one end is male-threaded, the

other end is female-threaded; allows connection
directly into another fitting without a nipple.
[Link]- a fitting shaped like the letter T; used to split flow or [Link] Piece- a length of GI pipe with threads on
connect a branch line at 90° to the main pipe. both ends, used to extend the distance between fittings or
reach a connection point; similar to a long nipple but usually
longer and used for alignment or spacing

[Link]- connects two pipes of different diameters;

usually straight (not angled)
Teflon tape
When to Use Teflon Tape on GI Fittings
Use Teflon tape on all male-threaded GI pipe
fittings, such as:
6. Bushing- a small insert fitting with male threads outside ✔ Nipples (short, long, or close)
and female threads inside; used to reduce pipe size inside a ✔ Male side of street elbows
fitting, not between two pipes (Example: reducing a 1” tee ✔ Male side of bushings
opening to ½”). ✔ Male-threaded reducers
✔ Male-threaded plugs
✔ Male-threaded parts of unions
✔ Male-threaded ends of GI pipes
These all need sealing to prevent water leaks and
ensure tight connections.

When NOT to Use Teflon Tape

Do not apply Teflon tape on:
✘ Female threads
(Female threads do not need tape. The sealing comes from
[Link]- a male-threaded fitting used to close the end of a the male thread with tape.)
pipe or fitting. ✘ Compression fittings
(No threads used for sealing—compression ring does the
sealing.)
✘ Flanged connections
(Use flange gaskets, not tape.)
✘ Welded connections
(No threads, no tape.)

Simple Rule to Remember

[Link]- a female-threaded fitting that closes the open end of If it screws in → if it has male threads → wrap it with
a pipe. Teflon tape.

How Many Wraps?

Usually 3–5 wraps clockwise around the male thread.
[Link]- a fitting that allows two pipes to be joined and More for larger sizes (up to 6–8 wraps).
easily disconnected without cutting.

PVC Pipe and Fittings (Sch. 40)

It typically has three parts:
a. Thread Piece - the end section with threads that Polyvinyl chloride- commonly abbreviated PVC, is the
attach to one pipe. third-most widely produced plastic after polyethylene and
b. Center Piece -the central nut (large ring) that polypropylene
tightens both sides together.
c. Shoulder Piece -the opposite end piece that  UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride)
mates with the threaded piece, forming the seal. Rigid PVC with no plasticizers; it is hard, strong
material.
Unions are used where future disassembly is needed (e.g., Main Use
water meters). o Cold water lines only
o Drainage, vent pipes, irrigation, sewer lines
Temperature Limit
[Link]- a flat circular fitting used to connect pipes to
o Up to 60°C (if exposed to higher temps, it can
valves, pumps, or equipment; pipes are bolted together via
the flange faces; common in industrial and large-diameter warp or soften)
piping. Color
o Usually white (in PH plumbing)
Cost
o Cheaper than CPVC

Area of Utilization
 o Residential cold water Solvent Cement Joint (Solvent Welding)
o DWV (Drain–Waste–Vent) Most common; this is the main method used for
o Irrigation systems pressure PVC and UPVC pipes.

How it works:
Apply primer/cleaner (optional but recommended)
Apply solvent cement (PVC glue)
Insert pipe into fitting and hold
 CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
PVC that has been chlorinated, making it more heat-
resistant.
Main Use
o Hot and cold water lines
o Pressurized residential water supply
o Heating systems Result:
Temperature Limit The solvent partially melts the PVC → pipe and fitting
o Up to 93°C chemically fuse.
o Suitable for hot water (showers, heaters) Forms a strong, permanent, leak-proof joint.
Color Where used:
o Usually cream or light yellow Water lines
Cost Cold & hot water for CPVC
o More expensive because of higher heat Most indoor plumbing
resistance
Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ) / Push-On Joint
Area of Utilization
Common for large-diameter PVC pipes, especially
o Hot water lines (bathrooms, kitchens)
sewer and drainage pipes.
o Hotels, condos, commercial plumbing with
heaters How it works
A rubber ring (gasket) is pre-installed inside the socket
Pipe is pushed in with lubricant

Comparison Table
Feature UPVC CPVC Result
Flexible, leak-resistant joint
Use Cold water Hot & cold water
Allows slight movement (expansion, vibration)
Temp limit ~60°C ~93°C Where used
Strong but heat- Underground sewers
Strength High heat resistance
sensitive Storm drains
Common Large irrigation lines
White Cream/Yellow
color
Cost Cheaper More expensive
DWV, cold Hot water supply, Threaded Joint
Application Used for small fittings and where disassembly is
supply heaters
Simple Memory Trick needed.
UPVC = U for “Under normal temperature” (cold
only) How it works:
CPVC = C for “Can handle heat” Male and female PVC fittings are screwed together
Seal using Teflon tape
PolyVinylChloride (PVC) Supply Pipes & Fittings

Where used:
Pumps
Water meter areas
Transition connections to metal pipes

Not recommended for high-pressure lines → PVC

threads can crack if overtightened.

Pipe Joint Method for PVC Pipes Flanged Joint

 Used when the connection must be detachable or Polypropylene pipe is used in many industrial
connected to pumps, tanks, valves, or machinery. settings due to its chemical and thermal resistance,
affordability, and cost.
How it works: o Use PPR PN 10 for cold water piping.
Use PVC flanges or PVC-to-metal flanges o Use PPR PN 20 for hot & cold-water piping.
Bolt them together with a gasket in between

Where used:
Pump discharge
Water treatment plants
Industrial PVC systems

Mechanical/Compression Joint
Uses a compression ring and nut to tighten around  Polyethylene Pipe
the pipe. High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE or PE
Pipe) is made from ethylene, which can be derived from
either crude oil or natural gas.
PE pipe is extremely strong, durable, flexible,
corrosion free and chemical resistant. These features make it
perfect for a variety of underground conditions and help it
last up to 100 years.
Where used: The smooth walls allow for less friction, which
Temporary or repair work increase flow through the same diameter as that of other
Irrigation pipes.
PVC to PE/HDPE or PVC to GI transitions

Summary

 Polybutylene Pipe
Polybutylene is a form of plastic resin that was used
extensively in the manufacture of water supply piping from
1978 until 1995.
Due to the low cost of the material and ease of
installation, polybutylene piping systems were viewed as
"the pipe of the future" and were used as a substitute for
traditional copper piping
The piping systems were used for underground water
mains and as interior water distribution piping.
Gibault Joint While scientific evidence is scarce, it is believed that
Gibault Joint is a coupling designed to supply an oxidants in the public water supplies, such as chlorine, react
efficient and economical method for PVC pipes. It is an with the polybutylene piping and fittings causing them to
ideal way for re-connecting pipes after removal of the scale and flake and become brittle.
damaged PVC pipe or for Connecting 2 pipe into a pipeline. Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by
United States or Canadian building codes.

 Polypropylene (PPR) Pipes and Fittings

 Copper Pipes and Tubing High-pressure systems
Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and Refrigeration and air-conditioning (HVAC)
cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. Industrial hot-water or steam systems
There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and Temperature
rigid copper. 600–800°C
Copper tubing is joined using flare connection,
compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high Compression Joint
level of resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly. Uses a compression nut and ferrule (ring) to seal
the pipe.

How it works

Common Wall-Thickness of Copper tubing

 Type K
has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure
rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground
burial such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable
corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene
sleeve as required by code. It is color coded in Green. Insert copper pipe into fitting
 Type L Tighten nut → ferrule compresses around pipe → seal
has a thinner pipe wall section, and is most popular for use Uses
in water supply system. It is color coded in Blue. Areas needing disassembly without heat
 Type M Under-sink connections
has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in Appliances, faucets, fixtures
residential and commercial water supply where pressure is Pros
not too great. It is color coded in Red. No torch needed
 Type DWV Quick installation
has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only suitable
for unpressurized applications, such as drains, waste and Flared Joint
vent (DWV) lines. Pipe end is flared (expanded) using a flaring tool,
then connected with a flare nut.
Pipe Joint Methods used for Copper Pipes,

Soldered Joint (Soft Soldering) — Most common

This is the standard method for joining copper pipes in
water supply lines.

How it works

Uses
Gas lines (LPG, natural gas)
Refrigeration
High-pressure fluids
Benefit
Very strong and leak-resistant, even under vibration.

Press-Fit Joint (Press Connect / Pressing System)

Uses Modern method using special pressing tools.
Hot and cold water lines
Residential plumbing Threaded Joint (rare for pure copper pipes)
Potable water Used mainly when copper transitions into other
Temperature: materials (e.g., brass).
Low flame → solder melts at ~180–250°C

Brazed Joint (Hard Soldering)

A stronger, high-temperature joint compared to
soldering.

How it works
Heated with a higher-temperature torch
Filler metal (brazing rod) melts at >450°C
Creates a very strong joint

Uses Control Valves

 A valve is a device that regulates, directs or A valve on a water pipe by means of which water
controls the flow of fluid (gases or liquids) by opening, can be drawn from or held within the pipe.
closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. The valve is placed at the end of the pipe.
Valves are technically fittings, but are usually
discussed as a separate category.
In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from
higher pressure to lower

Gate Valve
A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by
means of a circular disc fitted against machine – smoothed
faces at right angles to the direction of flow

Other types of Valves

Globe Valve
A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by
means of a circular disc that fits against the horizontal valve
seat.

Water Distribution System

Upfeed Distribution System

1. Direct Pressure

2. Hydropneumatic Pressure System or Pneumatic

Air-Pressure system- this is a pumping system
Check Valve that provide water within pre-set flow and pressure
A valve that automatically close to prevent the flow ratings, automatically on demand giving all the
of liquid or gas in a reverse direction. advantages of city water supply.

Basic Elements
 A Pump (of any type or manufacture)
 A Pressure Sensing Electric Switch
 A Pressure Vessel (Pressure Tank) which contains
an elastic medium.

Angle Valve
A device, usually of the globe type, in which the
inlet and outlet are at right angles.

Ball Valve
A spherical shaped gate valve providing very tight
shut off.

Faucet
 c. Drain Pipe
d. Outlet Pipe
e. Air Vent Pipe
f. Manholes & Covers
g. Water Level Indicator
h. Control Valves

Downfeed Distribution System

Types

Polyethylene Water Storage Tanks

For Hard water, deep well system, cisterns & other
fluids.

Stainless Steel Grade 304 Water Storage Tanks

Water Supply Tank Design

Properties and Specifications

a. Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be: Stainless Steel Grade 304 Modular Water Storage Tank:
a. watertight
b. vermin-proof (rat proof)
c. corrosion proof
d. capable of withstanding the pressure under
which they are to be operated and
e. provided with safe and easy means of access for
inspection.
b. The capacity of any single tank in or on building shall not
exceed113,000 liters (30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters.
c. Tanks shall not be located over openings in floor and roof Pumps
construction. a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases) or
d. Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for sometimes slurries by mechanical action.
standpipe or automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed
and installed to furnish water in sufficient quantity and Basic Classification of Pumps
pressure for such systems.  Piston Pumps
e. The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston/
pipes: plunger
a. Inlet Pipe
b. Overflow
 Operated by a manually or mechanically working head Blackwater
by moving the plunger backward and forward or upward and Wastewater that contains human waste (feces and
downward movement urine) and comes from toilets. It may also include flush water,
toilet paper, and pathogens.
Sources:
 Toilets
 Bidets
 Urinals
Characteristics:
 High organic load
 Centrifugal Pumps  Contains harmful bacteria and viruses
Water is drawn into the pump and discharged with a  Requires full treatment before disposal or reuse
centrifugal force
It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft Greywater (Gray Water)
Wastewater that does NOT contain human waste.
It comes from washing and cleaning activities.
Sources:
 Showers and bathtubs
 Bathroom sinks
 Laundry (washing machines)
 Kitchen sinks (in some definitions, but many
exclude kitchen sinks because of grease and food
waste)
Characteristics:
 Lower contamination than blackwater
 May contain soap, detergents, grease
 Can be treated and reused for non-potable
purposes such as irrigation or flushing (depending
on local codes)

Clear Water / Clear Wastewater

Clean water that becomes wastewater but does not
contain organic or chemical contamination.
Sources:
 Turbine Pumps  Air-conditioning condensate
Has a vertical turbine located below groundwater level  Groundwater from foundation drains
and a driving motor located at ground  Rainwater that enters drainage systems
Characteristics:
 Generally clean
 Can be diverted or reused for some non-potable
applications

Yellow Water
Separated urine-only stream, usually from
 Submersible Pumps waterless urinals or specialized toilets.
A centrifugal pump with electric motors which are Characteristics:
positioned underwater that delivers the water to surface  Nutrient-rich (nitrogen, phosphorus)
 Can be used for fertilizer after treatment

Brown Water
Separated toilet flushing water containing feces
only, from dry or composting toilets.
Characteristics:
 Very high biodegradable content
 Often treated via composting
DRAINAGE, WASTE AND VENT SYSTEM
Industrial Wastewater
Wastewater generated by industrial or
manufacturing processes.
Examples:
 Chemicals, oils
 Heavy metals
 Process water from factories
Characteristics:
 Varies greatly; requires specialized treatment
before discharge.

DWV Illustrations
Drainage Traps
 Drain
 A Drain is a pipe, which carries ground and surface
waters, storm water or wastewater into a building
drainage system.
 The common types of drains are the floor drains
and the roof drains.
 The 2 types of drain connections are the direct
drain connection and the indirect drain connection.

Traps
 A Trap is a fitting or device designed and
constructed to provide, when properly vented, a
liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air
or methane gas without materially affecting the
flow of sewage or wastewater through it.

Types of water sealed traps are

P-trap- is the most widely used for fixtures, common

diameter sizes are 32mm (1-1/4”) and 38mm (1-1/2”)

Drum trap- is used mostly for bathtubs. It has the

advantage of containing a larger volume of water &
discharging a greater volume of water than a P-trap

Grease Inceptor / Grease Trap- is an interceptor of at least 3

cubic meter capacity to serve one or more fixtures and which is
remotely located. Grease trap is a device designed to retain
grease from one to a maximum of four fixtures

House Trap / Running Trap- a device installed to prevent

circulation of air between the drainage of the building and the
building sewer.

Venting Air Admitance Valve

 Air admittance valves offer a substitute for running
vent pipes to the outside of buildings. These valves open
automatically to let fresh air into the sanitary system if there is a
decrease in air pressure within the system. The valves close
automatically, to avoid the discharge of foul air, whenever the
pressure in the system is equal to or greater than the external
pressure.
You can use air admittance valves for:
 trap vents
 group vents
 stack vents Types of Joints
 branch drains.
Caulked Joint - plugging an opening with oakum, lead or
other materials that are pounded into the annular space.
Also, the material pounded into the annular opening.

Oakum- hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil or tar to make

it waterproof.
Process
o Cast iron soil pipe joints, also known as
calked joints, when made with oakum
fiber and lead, are leak-proof, rot-proof,
strong and flexible.
o The waterproofing qualities of oakum
fiber have long been recognized by
plumbers.
o Molten lead, when poured over oakum in
the hub end of the pipe, completely seals
and locks the joint. After the lead has
cooled a minute or two, it can be caulked
into the joint.
EXCRETA DRAINAGE PIPING

Cast Iron Soil Pipes -is made from an alloy of iron,

carbon& silicon, with the controlled amounts of manganese,
sulfur & phosphorous; this is primarily used for sanitary
drain, waste and storm water systems.

Classification of CISP Neoprene Compression Gasket Joint- the compression

Class A – Extra Heavy (XH) - is often used for gasket is a precision molded one-piece gasket that is made
underground applications; 100 psi of an elastomer that meets the requirements of ASTM C-
Class B – Service Weight (SV) -is used for general building 564. The physical characteristics of this elastomer ensures
installations; 50 psi that the gasket will not decay or deteriorate from contact
with the materials flowing in the pipe or chemicals in the
Bell and Spigot soil or air around the pipe.

BELL or HUB- is that portion of the pipe which, for a short

distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the end of
another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making
a caulked or push-on joint.
Stainless Steel Coupling for Hubless Pipe Joint
SPIGOT- is the end of the pipe that fits into a bell Hubless cast iron soil pipe and fittings are simply pipe and
fittings manufactured, without a hub, in accordance with ASTM
DOUBLE HUB- is constructed with hub on each end so it A888 or CISPI 301. The method of joining these pipe and
may be cut into 2 pieces when a short piece of pipe is fittings utilizes a hubless coupling which slips over the plain
needed ends of the pipe and fittings and is tightened to seal it. Hubless
SINGLE HUB- is equipped with 1 hub & 1 spigot end and cast iron soil pipe and fittings are made in only one class or
used in the installation of plumbing in its full length. thickness. There are many varied configurations of No-h
coupling fittings and both pipe and fittings range in sizes from 1
HUBLESS PIPES- are cast iron pipes with plain ends 1/2" to 10". Couplings for use in joining hubless pipe and fittings
connected together with bolted stainless-steel bands and are also available in these same size ranges from the member
neoprene gaskets. companies of the Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute.
 PVC DWV Series 1000 vs. ABS DWV — Quick
Comparison Table

PVC DWV SERIES 1000

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe

 is made from a plastic and vinyl combination
material.
 The pipes are durable, hard to damage, and long
lasting. A PVC pipe does not rust, rot, or wear over
time. For that reason, PVC piping is most
commonly used in water systems, underground
wiring, and sewer lines.

Summary
o PVC DWV Series 1000 = most commonly
used in the Philippines, cheaper, quieter, but
less impact and heat resistant.
o ABS DWV = lighter, stronger, better for cold
climates, but not widely used locally.
o Both perform the same plumbing functions but
cannot be solvent-welded to each other.
 Series 1000
This refers to the pipe series classification, indicating:
o Thinner wall compared to pressure-rated
pipes
o Designed only for non-pressure
applications
o Complies with the Philippine National
Standards (PNS) or manufacturer
classifications for DWV usage
o Often follows ASTM D 2241 / ASTM D
2665 standards (varies by manufacturer)
In the Philippines, “Series 1000” is commonly used
by brands like Atlanta, Moldex, Neltex, Emerald, etc., to
specify their standard DWV pipe thickness

 PVC DWV Series 1000

Standard non-pressure PVC pipe used for drain, waste
& vent plumbing lines.

ABS pipe and fittings

are made from a thermoplastic resin called
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS for short).