Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

1. Explain the role of Virtual memory in computer system [Oct- 2014, Apr- 2012]
Ans:
Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system (OS) that allows a
computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily
transferring pages of data from random access memory (RAM) to disk
storage.

Eventually, the OS will need to retrieve the data that was moved to
temporarily to disk storage -- but remember, the only reason the OS moved pages of data from
RAM to disk storage to begin with was because it was running out of RAM. To solve the
problem, the operating system will need to move other pages to hard disk so it has room to bring
back the pages it needs right away from temporary disk storage. This process is known as paging
or swapping and the temporary storage space on the hard disk is called a pagefile or a swap file.

Swapping, which happens so quickly that the end user doesn't know it's happening, is carried out
by the computer’s memory manager unit (MMU). The memory manager unit may use one of
several algorithms to choose which page should be swapped out, including Least Recently Used
(LRU), Least Frequently Used (LFU) or Most Recently Used (MRU).

In this video tutorial, Mike Callahan explains how virtual memory works in the Windows 7
operating system.

Reff: [Link]

Or, Virtual memory is a memory management scheme is allows the execution of process which
might not be completely loaded in the main memory.
There are three basic concepts used for realization the virtual memory. i.e
On-Line Secondary Storage.
Swapping.
Demand paging.

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

2. What are CPU registers? Write the functions of the following CPU resister?
Describes briefly [Oct- 2014, Oct- 2011, Apr-2012, 2011]
 Instruction Resister -----------------------2014
 Memory Address Resister(MAR) ------2014
 Program Counter--------------------------2014
 Accumulator-------------------------------2014
 Floating Point Register-------------------2014
 Memory Buffer resister (MBR)---------2011

Register: CPU registers are small areas of data storage on the silicon of the
CPU. For most architectures, they're the primary place all operations happen
(data gets loaded in from memory, operated on, and pushed back out).

Extra: What does Processor Register mean?

Ans: A processor register is a local storage space on a processor that holds data that is being
processed by CPU. Processor registers generally occupy the top-most position in the memory
hierarchy, providing high-speed storage space and fast access to data. A register may include the
address of the memory location instead of the real data itself.

Reff: [Link]

Instruction Resister:

In computing, an current instruction register (CIR) is the part of a CPU's control unit that stores
the instruction currently being executed or decoded.

Memory Address Resister:

In a computer, the Memory Address Register (MAR) is a CPU register that either stores the
memory address from which data will be fetched to the CPU or the address to which data will
be sent and stored. In other words, MAR holds the memory location of data that needs to be
accessed.

Program counter:

A program counter is a register in a computer processor that contains the address (location) of
the instruction being executed at the current time.

Accumulator:

An accumulator is a register for short-term, intermediate storage of

arithmetic and logic data in a computer's CPU (central processing unit).
The term "accumulator" is rarely used in reference to contemporary
CPUs, having been replaced around the turn of the millennium by the
term "register." In a modern computers, any register can function as an
accumulator.
The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh
Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

Floating Point Register:

A floating-point unit (FPU, colloquially a math coprocessor) is a part of a computer system

specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. Typical operations are
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square root, and bitshifting. Some systems
(particularly older, microcode-based architectures) can also perform various transcendental
functions such as exponential or trigonometric calculations, though in most modern processors
these are done with software library routines.

Memory Buffer Resister:

A Memory Buffer Register (MBR) is the register in a computer's processor, or central

processing unit, CPU, that stores the data being transferred to and from the immediate access
store. It contains the copy of designated memory locations specified by the memory address
register. It acts as a buffer allowing the processor and memory units to act independently without
being affected by minor differences in operation. A data item will be copied to the MBR ready for
use at the next clock cycle, when it can be either used by the processor for reading or writing or
stored in main memory after being written.

This register holds the contents of the memory which are to be transferred from memory to other
components or vice versa. A word to be stored must be transferred to the MBR, from where it
goes to the specific memory location, and the arithmetic data to be processed in the ALU first
goes to MBR and then to accumulated register, and then it is processed in the ALU.

3. Show the relationship among- Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte and Terabyte [Oct-
2014, Oct- 2012]

Ans: Although computer data and file size is normally measured in binary code using the binary
number system (counted by factors of two 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc), the prefixes for the multiples
are based on the metric system! The nearest binary number to 1,000 is 2^10 or 1,024; thus 1,024
bytes was named a Kilobyte. So, although a metric "kilo" equals 1,000 (e.g. one kilogram = 1,000
grams), a binary "Kilo" equals 1,024 (e.g. one Kilobyte = 1,024 bytes).

bit = 1 bit
byte = 8 bits
Kilobyte = 1024 bytes
Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte = 1024 megabytes
Terabyte = 1024 gigabytes
Petabyte = 1,048,576 gigabytes
Exabyte = 1,073,741,824 gigabytes
Zettabyte = 1,099,511,627,776 gigabytes

Reff: [Link]

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

Processor or Virtual Storage Disk Storage

· 1 Bit = Binary Digit
· 8 Bits = 1 Byte · 1 Bit = Binary Digit
· 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte · 8 Bits = 1 Byte
· 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte · 1000 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
· 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte · 1000 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
· 1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
· 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1000 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte · 1000 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
· 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte · 1000 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
· 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte · 1000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
· 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte · 1000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
· 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte · 1000 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
· 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte · 1000 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte

4. Write the characteristics and tasks of different memory and storage device. Write
the uses of cache memory in a computer system. [Apr- 2014]

There are two kinds of computer memory: primary and secondary.

Primary memory:

Random Access Memory (RAM):

The primary storage is referred to as random access memory (RAM) because it is possible to
randomly select and use any location of the memory directly store and retrieve data. It takes same
time to any address of the memory as the first address. It is also called read/write memory. The
storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is temporary. It disappears from RAM
as soon as the power to the computer is switched off. The memories, which loose their content on
failure of power supply, are known as volatile memories .So now we can say that RAM is volatile
memory.
Read Only Memory (ROM):
There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only Memory (ROM). Again it is the
ICs inside the PC that form the ROM. The storage of program and data in the ROM is permanent.
The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by the manufacturers to operate the
personal computer. The ROM can only be read by the CPU but it cannot be changed. The basic
input/output program is stored in the ROM that examines and initializes various equipment
attached to the PC when the switch is made ON. The memories, which do not loose their content
on failure of power supply, are known as non-volatile memories. ROM is non-volatile memory.
The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh
Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

PROM:
There is another type of primary memory in computer, which is called Programmable Read Only
Memory (PROM). You know that it is not possible to modify or erase programs stored in ROM,
but it is possible for you to store your program in PROM chip. Once the programs are written it
cannot be changed and remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore programs or
instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased or changed.
EPROM:
This stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which over come the problem of
PROM & ROM. EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the information
stored earlier in it. Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time ultraviolet light
and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a special programming facility. When the EPROM is in
use information can only be read.
Cache Memory:
The speed of CPU is extremely high compared to the access time of main memory. Therefore the
performance of CPU decreases due to the slow speed of main memory. To decrease the mismatch
in operating speed, a small memory chip is attached between CPU and Main memory whose
access time is very close to the processing speed of CPU. It is called CACHE memory. CACHE
memories are accessed much faster than conventional RAM. It is used to store programs or data
currently being executed or temporary data frequently used by the CPU. So each memory makes
main memory to be faster and larger than it really is. It is also very expensive to have bigger size
of cache memory and its size is normally kept small.
Registers:
The CPU processes data and instructions with high speed, there is also movement of data between
various units of computer. It is necessary to transfer the processed data with high speed. So the
computer uses a number of special memory units called registers. They are not part of the main
memory but they store data or information temporarily and pass it on as directed by the control
unit.
Secondary Memory:

Magnetic Tape:
Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers where large volume of
data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of cassettes. The cost of
storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials that store data
permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film-type and 500 meter to 1200 meter
long which is coated with magnetic material. The deck is connected to the central processor and

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

information is fed into or read from the tape through the processor. It similar to cassette tape
recorder.
Magnetic Disk:
You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and coated with
magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same principle. It rotates
with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the surface of the disk.
Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device. Each disk consists of a number
of invisible concentric circles called tracks. Information is recorded on tracks of a disk surface in
the form of tiny magnetic spots. The presence of a magnetic spot represents one bit and its
absence represents zero bit. The information stored in a disk can be read many times without
affecting the stored data. So the reading operation is non-destructive. But if you want to write a
new data, then the existing data is erased from the disk and new data is recorded.
Floppy Disk:
It is similar to magnetic disk discussed above. They are 5.25 inch or 3.5 inch in diameter. They
come in single or double density and recorded on one or both surface of the diskette. The capacity
of a 5.25-inch floppy is 1.2 mega bytes whereas for 3.5 inch floppy it is 1.44 megabytes. It is
cheaper than any other storage devices and is portable. The floppy is a low cost device
particularly suitable for personal computer system.
Optical Disk:
With every new application and software there is greater demand for memory capacity. It is the
necessity to store large volume of data that has led to the development of optical disk storage
medium.

5. Write the use of RAM and ROM in a computer system. Write the task of different
storage device. [Oct- 2013]

Ans:

RAM is Random Access Memory.

ROM is Read Only Memory.

RAM is the memory available for the operating system, programs and processes to use when the
computer is running.
ROM is the memory that comes with your computer that is pre-written to hold the instructions for
booting-up the computer.

RAM requires a flow of electricity to retain data (e.g. the computer powered on).
ROM will retain data without the flow of electricity (e.g. when computer is powered off).

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

RAM is a type of volatile memory. Data in RAM is not permanently written. When you power off
your computer the data stored in RAM is deleted.
ROM is a type of non- volatile memory. Data in ROM is permanently written and is not erased
when you power off your computer.

There are different types of RAM, including DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) and
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).
There are different types of ROM, including PROM (programmable read-only memory) that is
manufactured as blank memory (e.g. a CD-ROM) and EPROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory).

There are many differences between RAM and ROM memory but there are also a couple
similarities (and these are very easy to remember). Both types of memory used by a computer,
and they are both required for your computer to operate properly and efficiently.

Have more questions about RAM and ROM? Feel free to ask in the comments section!

6. What is off-line and on-line storage device?

Offline Storage mean:-

Offline storage refers to any storage medium that must be physically inserted into a system every
time a users wants to access or edit data. Offline storage can be any type of internal or external
storage that can easily be removed from the computer.

Offline storage is also known as removable storage.

Online Data Storage mean:-

Online data storage is a virtual storage approach that allows users to use the Internet to store
recorded data in a remote network. This data storage method may be either a cloud service
component or used with other options not requiring on-site data backup.

Benefits of Online Storage:

One of the biggest benefits of online storage is the ability to access data from anywhere. As the
number of devices the average person uses continues to grow, syncing or transferring data among
devices has become more important. Not only does it help transfer data between devices, online
data storage also provides the ability to share files among different users. This is particularly
helpful for business users, although it's also popular with consumers who want to share photos,
videos and similar materials with their friends and family.

7. What are the functions of RAM and Hard disk? [Apr- 2013]

Functions of RAM:

Most modern computers are often performing more than one task at once.
While you're using your computer to browse the Web, you may also be
playing music and downloading a file. As you do these things, your computer

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

is using Random Access Memory to store data from each of these running programs so that it's
ready for easy access by your computer's processor.

Hard disk:

One of the most necessary parts of a computer is the hard drive. Besides storing digital
information, hard disk drives also contain all of a computer's operating data, including the
operating system. In configurations with multiple hard drives, they are also useful in backing up
data for archival purposes.

Dynamic RAM:

A type of physical memory used in most personal computers. The term dynamic indicates that the
memory must be constantly refreshed (reenergized) or it will lose its contents. RAM (random-
access memory) is sometimes referred to as DRAM (pronounced dee-ram) to distinguish it from
static RAM (SRAM). Static RAM is faster and less volatile than dynamic RAM, but it requires
more power and is more expensive.

DVD-RAM:
A DVD format wherein DVD-RAM discs can be recorded and erased repeatedly but are only
compatible with devices manufactured by the companies that support the DVD-RAM format.
DVD-RAM discs are typically housed in cartridges. DVD-R, DVD-RW and DVD-RAM are
supported by Panasonic, Toshiba, Apple Computer, Hitachi, NEC, Pioneer, Samsung and Sharp.
These formats are also supported by the DVD Forum.

For comparison and contrast, see DVD, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+R.

Main Memory:

Refers to physical memory that is internal to the computer. The word main is used to distinguish it
from external mass storage devices such as disk drives. Another term for main memory is RAM.

The computer can manipulate only data that is in main memory. Therefore, every program you
execute and every file you access must be copied from a storage device into main memory. The
amount of main memory on a computer is crucial because it determines how many programs can
be executed at one time and how much data can be readily available to a program.

Because computers often have too little main memory to hold all the data they need, computer
engineers invented a technique called swapping, in which portions of data are copied into main
memory as they are needed. Swapping occurs when there is no room in memory for needed data.
When one portion of data is copied into memory, an equal-sized portion is copied (swapped) out
to make room.

Swap:

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Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

To replace pages or segments of data in memory. Swapping is a useful technique that enables a
computer to execute programs and manipulate data files larger than main memory. The operating
system copies as much data as possible into main memory, and leaves the rest on the disk. When
the operating system needs data from the disk, it exchanges a portion of data (called a page or
segment) in main memory with a portion of data on the disk.

DOS does not perform swapping, but most other operating systems, including OS/2, Windows,
and UNIX, do.

Swapping is often called paging.

8. What are the differences between Persistent and Non Persistent storages of
computers? Give two example of each type of storage. [Apr- 2013]

Persistent or Non-Volatile storage device:-

If the content of storage device is not altered when power is removed from the computer then it is
called persistent storage device. It has lower cost per bit storage. It has slower speed than that of
Non-persistent storage. i.e- Flash drive, Hard drive, Magnetic tapes.

Non Persistent or Volatile storage device:

If the content of storage device is altered when the power is removed from the computer then it is
called non-persistent storage device. It has higher cost per bit storage and higher/faster speed than
that of persistent storage. i.e- RAM

9. What do you mean by the configuration of 1.86 GHz CPU, 512 MB memory and 256
GB hard disk of computer? [Apr- 2013]
Soln:
1.86 GHZ CPU:
1.86 GHz CPU means clock speed of CPU. where Giga means 109 and hertz means cycle per
second. 1.86 GHz or (1.86*109) means 1.86*109 cycle produced per second. One cycle in the
time it takes to perform one operation.
512 MB Memory:
512 indicate that storage capacity of the memory.
We know, 1KB= 1024 byte
1MB= 1024*1024 byte
512MB= 512*1024*1024 byte
= 536870912 byte
256 GB Hard disk:
256 GB hard disk indicates that storage capacity of hard disk.
256 GB= (256*1024*1024*1024) byte

10. How many bytes are required to store a 5 KB Microsoft word file? [Apr- 2013]
Soln:
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Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

We know, 1 byte= 8 bit

Now, 5KB = 5*103
= 5000 byte
= 5000*8 bit
= 40000 bit

11. What are the difference between a Hard drive and a Flash drive of a computer.[Oct-
2012]

No Hard Drive Flash Drive(Pen drive)

1 It is on-line secondary storage device It is off-line secondary storage device

2 The user cannot carry it in pocket The user can carry it in pocket anywhere
anywhere

3 It is not portable as easily It is easily portable

4 They are made of digid metal platters It is a compact device and come in many shape
and come in many size ranging from 1 and stylish design
to 14 inch diameter

5 Usually it storage capacity varies from Usually it storage capacity varies 256 MB to
8 GB to 500 GB 64 GB

12. Suppose we have an image which is 800 pixels by 600 pixels. Its pixel has its own red,
green and blue values each stored in 1 byte. How many bytes are required to store
whole image in RAM? [Oct-2012]
Soln:
Total pixel required= 800*600
= 4,80,000
Each pixel stored in 1 byte
Now, Byte required to stored the whole image in RAM= 4,80,00*1
= 4,80,000 byte

13. What is Virtual memory? How a Virtual memory realized? Mention the advantages
and disadvantages of virtual memory.`

Virtual memory:
Virtual memory is a memory management scheme is allows the execution of processes,
which might not be completely loaded in the main memory.
The basic concept used for the realization of virtual memory.

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

On-Line secondary storage: It is online secondary device having much larger capacity
than main memory.
Swapping: Swapping is the process of transferring a block of data from on-line
secondary storage to main memory or vice-versa.
Demand paging: In a virtual memory system, the operating system partitions all
processes into pages, reside on on-line secondary storage.

Advantages:
You can run more applications at once
You can run larger applications with less real RAM
You don't have buy more memory RAM

Disadvantages:

Applications run slower

It takes more time to switch between applications
Less hard drive space for your use

14. What is PCB? Differentiate among SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI [Apr- 2012, Oct- 2011,
Apr- 2010]
PCB:
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated
onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two
copper layers) or multi-layer.

Scale Of Integration
The number of components fitted into a standard size IC represents its integration scale, in other
words it’s a density of components. It is classified as follows:

SSI – Small Scale Integration

It have less than 100 components (about 10 gates).

MSI – Medium Scale Integration

It contains less than 500 components or have more than 10 but less than 100 gates.

LSI – Large Scale Integration

Here number of components is between 500 and 300000 or have more than 100 gates.

VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration

It contains more than 300000 components per chip

VVLSI - Very Very Large Scale Integration

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Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

It contains more than 1500000 components per chip.

15. With diagram describe the memory hierarchy? [Apr- 2012]

Ans:
The Memory Hierarchy Pyramid
Registers
Cache
Main Memory
Magnetic Disk
Off-Line Storage
Archival Storage

Registers:
CPU local storage,single clock cycle access,
small capacity (2-10’s) Inside CPU

Cache:
High speed buffering memory, multiple clock cycles,
small to moderate capacity (100’s to 1000’s of words)
1st level usually on CPU, 2nd and higher discrete SRAM

Main Memory:
Moderate speed primary memorystorage, 10’s to 100’s of clock cycles
moderate to large capacity (64 MB, 2 Mwords @ 32 bit words, and higher)
CPU to Memory Bridge chips to access DRAM

Magnetic Disk:
Slow speed on-line program and datastorage, 100’s of clock cycles or more
large capacity (2 GB, 64 Mwords @32 bits, and higher)
Bus to Hard Driver chips to access Hard Disk Drives (typ. EIDE or SCSI I/F)
Network to disk server farms

Off-Line:
Simple, slow speed removable storage, 1000’s of clock cycles or more
moderate capacity per disk, CD, DVD, etc. (144 MG, 750 MB, etc.)
Bus to peripheral chips to access drives (typ. USB or EIDE or SCSI I/F)

Archival:
Large, slow speed removable storage, “over night archives”
significant capacity desired (GB per day), archive tapes, “Data Safe Storage”
Network to bulk storage devices

16. Differentiate among RAM, ROM, PROM and EPROM. [Oct- 2011]
RAM:

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. The user can read and write into it. It is used at
temporary data store. When the computer power switch is off, the stored data in RAM will
destroy. That is why it called volatile memory.

ROM:
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The ROM is used for store data permanently. The user can
read only from it, but cannot write into it. It is permanent or non volatile memory.

PROM:
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. It is blank chip where nothing data is
recorded. Once instruction or data are recorded into the chip by a special programming device.
The PROM stores data permanently like ROM.

EPROM:
An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read only memory, is
a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched
off. In other words, it is non-volatile.

EEPROM:
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of
non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of
data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration.

17. Differentiate among SRAM and DRAM.

SRAM is static while DRAM is dynamic
SRAM is faster compared to DRAM
SRAM consumes less power than DRAM
SRAM uses more transistors per bit of memory compared to DRAM
RAM is more expensive than DRAM
Cheaper DRAM is used in main memory while SRAM is commonly used in cache memory

18. What is cache memory? How does it differ from main or primary memory?
[Oct- 2011, 2010]
Cache Memory:
Cache memory is a small amount of high speed memory which is located between the CPU and
main memory. This memory generally placed on the CPU or closed to the CPU. The CPU can
pass data much faster by using cache memory.

CPU Cache Memory Main Memory

Differences:
Primary memory is the memory that is directly accessible to the CPU. The computer needs this
memory for constant processing of data and instruction. RAM is kind of primary memory that is
small in size, light but expensive also.

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

Where cache memory is a kind of memory which is used by the central processing unit of a
computer. It reduces the time to access the main memory. It is smaller in size, faster and store
copies data from frequently visited locations.

19. What are the classes of memory?

Internal Process Memory
Main Memory(Primary Memory)
Secondary Memory

20. Discuss about the properties of memory?

Storage capacity:-
It is the amount of data which storage unit can store. As compared to secondary storage device
primary storage unit have less storage capacity is desirable
Access time:-
It is time required to locate and retrieve data from the storage unit

21. What is Flash memory? Why is it so called?

Flash memory is a type of electrically erasable programmable read-only

memory (EEPROM). Whew, that's a mouthful. The name comes from how the
memory is designed -- a section of memory cells can be erased in a single action
or in a "flash." A common use of flash memory is to store the BIOS settings in a
computer's ROM. When the BIOS need to be changed, the flash memory can be
written in blocks, rather than bytes, making it easy to update. Most modems use
flash memory for the same reason.

Though flash memory was originally used inside computers, it has

invaded many other areas outside the box. Flash memory cards used for
digital cameras, cellular phones, networking hardware, and PC cards.
Though the memory's read/write speed is not lightning fast, it is nice to
be able to tote around a little card rather than a cumbersome hard drive.

Or, Flash memory is a type of constantly-powered nonvolatile memory that can be erased and
reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks.

Flash memory gets it name because the microchip is organized so that a section of memory cells
are erased in a single action or flash

22. What are difference between primary memory and secondary memory?

Subject Primary Memory Secondary Memory

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

Volatility This is volatile. This is Non-volatile.

Access Time is higher Than Secondary Access Time is lower Than Secondary
Access Time
memories. memories.
Memory Status This is a Temporary Memory. This is a Permanent Memory.
At present time, 512 MB to 8 GB At Present time 80 GB to 4 TB Hard
Capacity
RAMs are available. Disc Drive are available.
Price Higher than HDD/Secondary Memory Lower Than primary Memory.
Connection Connected via Slots. Connected Via Cables.
Primary memory is directly accessible Secondary memory is not directly
Accessible
to the CPU accessible to the CPU

Picture

23. What is magnetic tape?

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin
magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic. It was developed in
Germany, based on magnetic wire recording. Devices that record and play back
audio and video using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape
recorders. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is a tape drive
(tape unit, streamer).

24. What is magnetic disk?

Magnetic disk an information storage device for a computer in the shape of a

round flat plate which can be rotated to give access to all parts of the surface.
The data may be stored either magnetically (in a magnetic disk ) or optically (in
an optical disk such as a CD-ROM).

25. Classification of secondary storage devices.

Different types of secondary storage devices

There exists different types of secondary storage devices, each of them suitable for a different
purpose. They mainly differ in the following aspects:

 Technology used to store data  Portability of storage device and

 Capacity of data they can hold  Access time to stored data.

 Size of storage device

Currently the most common forms of secondary storage device are:

 Floppy disks  Hard disks

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 Optical Disks  Solid State Devices

 Magnetic Tapes.
Understanding the characteristics of each of them would help you choose the most appropriate
storage device to hold your data.

26. What is Hard disk?

Hard disk is a magnetic disk on which you can store computer data. The term hard
is used to distinguish it from a soft, or floppy, disk. Hard disks hold more data and
are faster than floppy disks. A hard disk, for example, can store anywhere from 10
to more than 100 gigabytes, whereas most floppies have a maximum storage
capacity of 1.4 megabytes.

27. What is floppy disk?

Floppy disk is a soft magnetic disk. It is called floppy

because it flops if you wave it (at least, the 5��-inch
variety does). Unlike most hard disks, floppy disks (often
called floppies or diskettes) are portable, because you can
remove them from a disk drive. Disk drives for floppy disks
are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access
than hard disks and have less storage capacity, but they are
much less expensive. And most importantly, they are
portable.

28. A hard disk contains 50 disks, each disk contains 256 trucks, each truck contains 80
sectors, each sector can store 512 byte of data. Then calculate storage capacity of the
hard disk in gigabyte.
No of recording surface= 98
Soln:
Storage Capacity = 98*256*80*512
= 1027604480 byte
= 1003520 kilobyte
= 980 Megabyte
= 0.957 Gigabyte
= 1 Gigabyte (Approx)
[N.B: Recording surface area= 98 (excluding the upper surface of topmost plate and lower surface
of bottom most plate)]

29. A hard disk has two sides. The total number of sector in a 3.5 inch commonly used
floppy disk with 80 trucks per side and 18 sectors per truck. Each sector contains
512 bytes. What is its storage capacity?
Soln:

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Storage Capacity= 2*80*18*512

= 1474560 byte
= 1440 KB
= 1.44 MB

30. What is the difference between a USB hard drive and a USB flash drive?

Answer: A USB hard drive is an external hard drive that connects via USB. It uses the same
design as an internal hard drive, except comes in an external casing that protects the drive. The
case also includes a USB interface, which allows you to connect the drive to your USB port using
a USB cable. Most USB hard drives require a USB 2.0 connection, since USB 1.1 does not have a
fast enough data transfer rate to be practical.

A USB flash drive, sometimes called a "keychain drive," also connects to the USB port on your
computer. Unlike a USB hard drive, a flash drive is a "solid state" device, meaning it has no
moving parts. The data is stored electronically, using millions of small gates that have a value of 1
or 0. Hard drives store data using spindles of disks that spin thousands of times every minute.

Because USB flash drives are solid state devices, they are more rugged and less prone to data loss
than hard drives. However, flash drives are significantly smaller than most hard drives and cannot
hold nearly as much data. Both types of storage media keep their data even when the power to the
devices is turned off. However, if you want to archive data for several years, you should burn it to
a CD or DVD, both of which do not require electronic charges to store data.

Reff: [Link]

31. What is data backup? Why back data? What are the types of backup data?
Ans:
Data backup is the process of creating a copy of some data from a on-line storage device to a
secondary backup device. Usually the copy services the purpose of off-line storage of data, if the
system somehow losses original data it retrieve data from the device and restore it on the on-line
storage device.
Backup data is necessary when the system losses data from the on-line storage device in any
one or more of the following ways-
A disk crash
Virus attack
Natural disaster like fire or earth quake damaging of computer system.

There are two types of backup data- Full backup and Incremental backup

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1. What is the function of the swap partition in LINUX operating system? [Oct- 2014]

2. What are the major tasks of an Operation System [Apr- 2013]

The major task of an operating system are-

File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management
Security Management
Command Management

3. Can you manually stop a current running service in your windows machine?
How do you do that? [Apr- 2013]

Yes, I manually stop a currently running service in my windows machine by following task-

Using mouse pointer, click start button, which is located on the taskbar on the start menu,
click shutdown.

Windows will begin shut-down process.

4. What are the process of manually run in computer windows?

I can run computer windows by following steps-
Find the ON/OFF switch on each attached device and place it in the ON position.
Find the ON/OFF switch on the computer system and place it in ON position.

My computer may be display messages during start-up process.

5. Define multi programming, multitasking, and multithreading, Single tasking OS

and Multiprogramming OS. Explain how multiprogramming ensures effective
utilization of main memory and CPU? [Apr- 2012]

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6. What is the function of the swap partition in Linux operating system? [Oct-
2014, Apr- 2012]

7. What do you mean by Kernel, Shell and Process in Linux operating system?
[Oct- 2012]

8. Show the directory file structure of Linux file system [Oct- 2012]

9. What is an operating system? Discuss four main functions of an operating system

[Oct- 2011]

Operating System:

An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities
among computer hardware devices. It is the first program that is loaded into the computer by
a boot program and remains in memory at all times. i.e- MS-DOS, Windows 2000, Windows
XP, Windows 7, UNIX, Linux, etc

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The main features of operating system are-

Process Management:-
It means assigning processor to different tasks which has to be performed by the computer
system.
Memory Management:-
It means allocation of main memory and secondary storage areas to the system programs, as
well as user programs and data.
Input and Output Management:
It means co-ordination and assignment of the different input and output devices while one or
more programs are being executed.
File System Management:
Operating system is also responsible for maintenance of a file system, in which the users are
allowed to create, delete and move files.
Device Management:
A computer system consist of peripheral device such as printer, mouse, keyboard. The device
management module of an operating system control all I/O device.
Security:
It ensures security for a computer system from various threats such as virus attacks.
An operating system uses various techniques for ensuring security.

10. Write main features of Windows and Linux operating system [Oct- 2011]

11. Explain five functions of an operating system [Apr- 2011]

12. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of time shearing operating system
[Oct- 2010]

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Advantages:-

Reduce CPU idle time.

Provide advantages of quick response time.
Offer good computing facility to small user.
Time shearing operating system allows the many user to share the computer simultaneously.
Since each action or command in a time sheared system tends to needed for each user.

Disadvantages:-

The main disadvantages of time shearing system is very difficult and expensive to built.
The time shearing provides an inline file system.
Hence, more memory management must be provided.

13. What is the process of manually run in computer windows?

14. What are the popular operating systems?

 MS-DOS
 UNIX
 MS-Windows (Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Windows 7)
 Linux

15. Why Linux is a great operating system?

Linux tends to be the more popular and has been voted the best operating system.

16. What is time shearing operating system?

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17. What is BIOS of MS DOS operating system?

18. What do you mean by Kernel, Shell and Process in UNIX OS?

19. What do you mean CLI and GUI?

20. Write main feature of Windows and Linux operating system.

Microsoft developed Microsoft windows operating system to overcome the limitation of its own MS-
DOS operating system. Windows 3.0 was the first successful version of this operating system. It was
released in 1990. The MS Windows developed day by day such as windows 95, windows 98,
windows XP.

The main features of MS Windows are-

 Its native interface is a GUI. Hence, it is easier for new user to learn and use the computer
system.
 It is not just an OS, but also complete operating environment.
 It is single user multitasking operating system.
 It always file name to contain 255 characters as well as some function marks, such period,
commas, etc

The main features of Linux OS are-

Linux is a new flavor of UNIX operating system. It is faster growing operating for Intel
based personal computers.

Two important characteristics make Linux attractive this are-

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a) It is Powerful.
b) It is free

Linux brings all the maturity and sophistication of UNIX to the PC, including multitasking, virtual
memory, internet support etc.

Basic features of Linux operating system are-

Portable
Open source
Multi- user
Multi-programming
Hierarchical file system
Shell
Security. etc
21.

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1. What are the major functionalities of motherboard in a computer? [Apr- 2013]

Ans:
The motherboard acts as the central backbone of a computer on which other modular
parts are installed such as the CPU, RAM, and Hard disk.
In a motherboard various expansions slots are available to install other device.
The motherboard is responsible to distribute power to the various component of the
computer.
Motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer, it bearing all the basic circuitry
and components that are required for the computer function.

2. List the main components of motherboard and briefly describe their functions or
uses. [Apr- 2013, 2011, Oct- 2011]
Microprocessor and Update socket:
Most system do not solder the microprocessor permanently to the motherboard. The
processor is in a socket that permits the processor easy remove from the motherboard.
The socket is generally designed to support several types of microprocessor.

Keyboard/Mouse controller and Port:

A motherboard generally contains keyboard and mouse controller device and connector
points. The keyboard is attached to the motherboard through a serial interface cable.
PCI Bus Bridge chip:
This chip converts the microprocessor local bus to PCI bus. This chip is different for
different microprocessor.
Real time clock and calendar:
Every motherboard contains chip called a real time clock/calendar. These devices always
run even when the system is powered off. The power supplied by a small battery on the
motherboard.

PCI to ISA Bridge:

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The PCI Motherboard contains a bridge chip. This chip performs transformation of the
PCI bus to older ISA bus.

3. List the main component of a motherboard. [Oct- 2011]

Microprocessor and upgrade socket.
Cache memory and DVRAM controller.
PCI Bus bridge chip.
Keyboard /Mouse controller and Ports.
ROM BIOS.
Real time clock and calendar.
PCI to ISA Bridge.

4. What is the motherboard? [Apr- 2011]

Ans: Mother is the main printed circuit board in a computer. The motherboard is the head of
the system. It is called motherboard because all other features and peripherals plug into if to
operate. Some of its major components are describe below.

5. Describe microprocessor in different generation. [Apr- 2011]

Generation of computer based on their hardware technologies

1st Generation:

The first generation includes the serial processor. Second processor felch and execute each instruction
before going to the next. i.g- Intel 4004, Intel 8085.

2nd Generation:

The second generation is distinguished by pipelining and similar method for overlapping instruction
execution. Pipe lining is a technique of decomposing a sequential processor into sub operation. i.g-
Intel 80486, 80i860.

3rd Generation:

The 3rd generation is characterized by superscalar processor. A superscalar processor is one in which
multiple pipeline are provided to allow instructions to execute in parallel. i.e- Pentium processor,
RISC processor.

4th Generation:

The fourth generation will be composed of multiple superscalar pipe line. An example of fourth
generation processor is trace processor.

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6. Explain the term ‘real time processing’ [Oct- 2011]

7. Real-time processing is a kind of data processing that responds instantly to commands

or to the entry of data. In some cases, this may also refer to the appearance of
instantaneous response when in reality there is a short delay. This processing is often
divided into two different categories, hard real-time and soft real-time.

Hard real-time processing refers to a system in which a deadline that must be met. If
the deadline is not met, the task or system is considered a failure. This kind of
processing can be found in systems with which there is often little room for failure.
Some examples may include airplane control systems, pacemakers, and many medical
devices that monitor the health of patients who may be in critical condition.

Soft real-time processing, on the other hand, is a kind of processing in which the
deadlines may be missed without the system failing because of the delay. In some
cases, the system might suffer from poorer quality or decreased effectiveness of
functions. These processes are often found in audio and visual systems. A recorded
videos, for example, might miss frames, though the video will not fail because of the
lateness or deletion of certain frames. Instead, the quality of the video is decreased.

23. What is Processor Speed or CPU clock speed?

CPU clock speed, or clock rate, is measured in Hertz — generally in gigahertz, or GHz.
A CPU's clock speed rate is a measure of how many clock cycles a CPU can perform
per second. For example, a CPU with a clock rate of 1.8 GHz can perform
1,800,000,000 clock cycles per second

24. What is an OMR device. Explain the technique used by it for recognition of
marks?

Ans:

An optical mark reader is a scanner, which is capable of recognition a pre-specified types of

mark made by pen or pencil. It is suitable for objective type text. i.e- scoring examination in
educational institution.

The actual technique used by OMR device for recognition of marks on a document involves
focusing a light beam on the document being scanned and detecting the reflected light patern
from the marks.

25. What are the functions of RAM?

It store program and data during computer operation.

It minimizing the disk-processor, speed mismatch because data fetching by CPU from
RAM is 100 times faster than that from a high speed secondary storage.
It allows the user can read and write into it.

26. What Are the Functions of Hard Drives?

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One of the most necessary parts of a computer is the hard drive. Besides storing
digital information, hard disk drives also contain all of a computer's operating data,
including the operating system. In configurations with multiple hard drives, they are
also useful in backing up data for archival purposes.

Storage:

Hard drives are designed to store large amounts of digital information. This is accomplished
by writing the binary data to a series of rotating magnetic platters. When the platters
containing data are spun, the magnetic profile is read and the data can be detected and
reconstructed by the computer. Hard drives are attached to the computer's motherboard,
which governs the writing and reading of information.
All of the data displayed on a computer, including pictures, music, video and text, are stored
on the hard drive. Additionally, the applications that display this content and allow users to
modify it are themselves stored on the hard drive. For this reason, larger hard drives are
always desirable, and new generations of PCs are expected to contain larger storage
capacities.

27. What is the Function of the Computer Motherboard?

Ans: The function of the computer

motherboard is to act as the main circuit board
that connects and communicates to all the
devices and components attached. The
motherboard also facilitates the communication
of devices with each other. Motherboards are
designed around the type of central processing
unit (CPU) that will be installed. Because
motherboards act as the base for all other
computer components, the number of PCI slots,
USB headers, memory slots, SATA headers,
and other slots should be checked ahead of time
before building a personal computer.

Speed:

o Measuring the motherboard's speed can be difficult and varies, depending on the CPU
attached. A motherboard has a maximum front side bus (FSB) speed, for example,
but a CPU with that speed as well must be used. Motherboards have a chipset, which
directs the flow of data between the various buses which have attached components;
its primary function is to traffic the information to its appropriate destinations.

CPU:

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The CPU is the computer's brain, responsible for taking commands and executing
them. CPUs are only compatible with certain motherboards. CPUs attach to the CPU
socket on the motherboard, pin side down, and a lever is clamped to hold it down.
CPUs have heat sinks to keep from overheating, as well as a fan. When purchasing
motherboards or CPUs, they are usually bundled together as a single package.

PCI Slots:

Peripheral component interconnect refers to PCI slots, which allow components to be

placed directly into the motherboard. There are as many as 10 types of PCI slots
available on motherboards, with the larger slots having faster speeds. PCI Slots have
speeds of 33 MHz and 66 MHz ,while PCI-Express slots may be as fast as 2.5 GHz.
PCI-Express slots are also full-duplex, meaning data is sent and received at the same
time.

Graphics Card

A graphics card, or graphics controller, is a device that takes data and converts it into
images to be displayed onto a computer monitor. Older graphics cards were plugged
into the advanced graphics port (AGP) on the motherboard, while new graphics cards
use the PCI-Express slot. High performance cards can be large enough to take up two
slots. Even more sophisticated cards allow two identical cards to be linked together,
with the use of a scalable link interface (SLI) Bridge.

Other Components

o Motherboards have external connectors for mouse and keyboard devices, display
adapters, and audio jacks, like output and microphone. USB ports also allow USB
devices to be plugged into the motherboard, which can take the place of mouse,
keyboard and audio devices.

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1. Explain with examples the concept of

 Encapsulation  Function overloading
 Inheritance and
 Operator  Friend function in
overloading object oriented
programming?
Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is the packing of data and functions into a single component. The features of
encapsulation are supported using classes in most object-oriented programming languages, although
other alternatives also exist.

Inheritance:

In object-oriented programing (OOP) inheritance is a feature that represents the "is a" relationship
between different classes. Inheritance allows a class to have the same behavior as another class and
extend or tailor that behavior to provide special action for specific needs.

Function overloading:

Function overloading or method overloading is a feature found in various programming languages

such as Ada, C++, C#, Delphi, D, Java, and Swift, that allows creating several methods with the same
name which differ from each other in the type of the input and the output of the function.

Friend function in object oriented programming:

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2. What are the differences between Structured

programming language and an Object oriented
programming language? [Apr- 2013]
3. What are the usages of continue and break
statement in programming language? [Apr-
2013]
4. What are the different between high level programming language and low level
programming? [Oct- 2012]
Ans:
No High Level Language Low Level Language
I They are machine independent They are machine dependent
II They are easier to maintain They are not easier on compared to high
level language
III Lower efficiency Relatively higher efficiency
IV High level language are easy to learn Low level language are difficult to learn
V High level language are near to human Low level language is far from human
language language.
VI These languages are normally used to These languages are normally used to write
write application programs. hardware programs.
VII Memory requirement of the program in Relatively less
this language is more.

5. What is an algorithm and what is flow chart?

[Apr- 2012]
6. Explain the difference between a source
programs and object oriented program. [Oct-
2011]
7. Write the advantages of high level programming language. [Oct-
2011]
Ans: There are several advantages of high-level programming languages. The most important
advantages are:
Easy to Learn
Easy to Understand
Easy to Write Program

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Easy to Detect & Remove Errors

Built-in Library Functions
Machine Independence
8. What are the advantages and limitation of an assembly language?
[Oct- 2011]

Assembly Language :

It is the first step to improve the programming structure. You should know that computer can
handle numbers and letter. Therefore some combination of letters can be used to substitute
for number of machine codes.
The set of symbols and letters forms the Assembly Language and a translator program is
required to translate the Assembly Language to machine language. This translator program is
called `Assembler'. It is considered to be a second-generation language.

Advantages Assembly Language:

The symbolic programming of Assembly Language is easier to understand and saves a lot of
time and effort of the programmer.
It is easier to correct errors and modify program instructions.
Assembly Language has the same efficiency of execution as the machine level language.
Because this is one-to-one translator between assembly language program and its
corresponding machine language program.

Disadvantages Assembly Language:

One of the major disadvantages is that assembly language is machine dependent. A program
written for one computer might not run in other computers with different hardware
configuration.

9. What are the advantages and limitation of a machine language?

[Apr- 2011]
Machine Language :
Machine Language is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. It does
not needs any translator program. We also call it machine code and it is written as strings of
1's (one) and 0’s (zero). When this sequence of codes is fed to the computer, it recognizes the
codes and converts it in to electrical signals needed to run it. For example, a program
instruction may look like this:

1011000111101

It is not an easy language for you to learn because of its difficult to understand. It is efficient
for the computer but very inefficient for programmers. It is considered to the first generation
language. It is also difficult to debug the program written in this language.

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Advantage Machine Language:

The only advantage is that program of machine language run very fast because no translation
program is required for the CPU.

Disadvantages Machine Language:

It is very difficult to program in machine language. The programmer has to know details
of hardware to write program.
The programmer has to remember a lot of codes to write a program which results in
program errors.
It is difficult to debug the program.

10. What is complier? What types of error are detected by complier? [Oct- 2011]
Compiler:
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written
in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target
language, often having a binary form known as object code).

The compiler can detect all kinds of syntactical errors like:

Or,

A compiler is translator program that translates a high-level language program into its
equivalent machine language program.

A program written by a programmer in a high level language is called source

program. The source program when converted into machine language by a compiler is
referred to as a object program.

High level language Input Compile Output Machine language

r
Types of errors:

 Referring to a method that doesnt exist

 Assigning objects of one type to another without explicit casting
 Trying to access private methods of another class
 etc.

(Syntax, Run time, Logic and Linker errors etc)

The purpose of the compiler is to detect these kind of programming problems in

the code.

11. What is interpreter? How does it differ from a complier? [Apr- 2011]
Interpreter:
Interpreter is a type of translator used to translate high level language program into its
equivalent machine language program.

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Interpreter differs from a compiler, because a compiler translates the entire source
program into an object program and not involved in its execution, while the point to
an interpreter is a source program. Its output is the result of program execution instead
of an object program

12. What is high level language? What features

are necessary in high level language? [Oct-
2010]
High level language: In computer science, a high-level programming language is a
programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer.

13. Discuss the differences between procedural

programming language and object oriented
programming language [Oct- 2010]
14. What are the differences between Procedural

programming language and Object oriented

programming language?
15. What is programming language?
A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate
instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to
create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.
We classify all computer language into the following three categories-
Machine Language
Low level language
Assembly Language
High Level Language

16. What is Pseudocode of program?

Ans:

Pseudocode is An outline of a program, written in a form that can easily be converted

into real programming statements. For example, the pseudocode for a bubble
sortroutine might be written:

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While not at end of list

compare adjacent elements
if second is greater than first
switch them
get next two elements
if elements were switched
repeat for entire list

Pseudocode cannot be compiled nor executed, and there are no real formatting or
syntax rules. It is simply one step - an important one - in producing the final code.
The benefit of pseudocode is that it enables the programmer to concentrate on the
algorithms without worrying about all the syntactic details of a particular
programming language. In fact, you can write pseudocode without even knowing
what programming language you will use for the final implementation.

17. What are Syntax errors?

Ans: In computer science, a syntax error is an error in the syntax of a sequence of
characters or tokens that is intended to be written in a particular programming language.
Common syntax errors are-
Missing or misplaced.
Illegal characters
Improper sequence of instruction
Illegal combination of characters.

18. What is Linker?

19. Why use Flow chart?
20. What are the advantages and limitation of Flowchart?
21. What is debugging? What is debugger?
22. What are the steps that are followed to debug a program?
23. What are the usages of continue break statements in programming language?
24. Write down the reason for using binary system in the design of the computer. [Oct- 2011]
25. Write the rules of binary addition.
26. Write the rules of binary subtraction.
27. What is complement of binary number?
Ans:
Complement come up in storing number in computer while human being use the sign + and –
To donate the positive and negative numbers, the computer can process data in terms of bits.
It is possible to reserve a bit to denote the sign of number (i.e for+, 1 for-), most computer
store negative number in the form of their arithmetic complement.
28. Why complement of binary number?
Ans:
Complement of binary number is required for subtraction by using additive method.
When we implement subtraction by means of digital component, direct method of subtraction
is less efficient than additive method.

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The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

1. What are the different types of computer? Explain the differences between
mainframe computer and network server? [Oct- 2013]

Names of different Computer:

Mainframe Computer
Personal Computer (PC)
Laptop Computer
Palmtop Computer
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A Mainframe is actually a bit harder to define today. They are actually less common as the
power of smaller computers running popular operating systems
continues to grow. Yes ago there was essentially three layers of
computing power: the "personal" computer of any type with limited
storage and power (think floppy disks), the big mainframe that ran
only custom programs under obscure operating systems and took up
dedicated computer rooms, and then the middle-ground
minicomputers. For a while the minicomputers looked like they
were taking over, but the capacity of personal ("micro") computers
grew so fast they it was the minicomputer that has almost vanished.
But there are still many places where the mainframe is still in use-- sometimes because the
legacy programs are working ("if it ain't broke...") and sometimes because the big data
pathways and custom, highly-efficient kernel level programming is needed. More and more,
this kind of function is relegated to more modern, even more scaled up mainframes called
"supercomputers."

2. Write the names of four programs that are stored in BIOS ROM. Write the
order of execution of these programs while the start up process of a PC. Explain
the functionalities of each of these programs. [Oct- 2013]

Ans: The names of four programs that are stored in BIOS ROM are given below:
ROM EPROM and
PROM EEPROM

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Read Only Memory (ROM):

There is another memory in computer, which is called Read Only Memory (ROM). Again it is
the ICs inside the PC that form the ROM. The storage of program and data in the ROM is
permanent. The ROM stores some standard processing programs supplied by the
manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The ROM can only be read by the CPU but it
cannot be changed. The basic input/output pro-gram is stored in the ROM that examines and
initializes various equipment attached to the PC when the switch is made ON. The memories,
which do not loose their content on failure of power supply, are known as non-volatile
memories. ROM is non-volatile memory.

PROM:
There is another type of primary memory in computer, which is called Programmable Read
Only Memory (PROM). it is not possible to modify or erase programs stored in ROM, but it
is possible for you to store your program in PROM chip. Once the programs are written it
cannot be changed and remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore programs or
instructions written in PROM or ROM cannot be erased or changed.

EPROM:

This stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, which overcome the problem of
PROM & ROM. EPROM chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the information
stored earlier in it. Information stored in EPROM exposing the chip for some time ultraviolet
light and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a special programming facility. When the
EPROM is in use information can only be read.

3. Write the name of four peripheral devices. Write the name of different malicious
programs that harm our computer system. What are the common ways of
spreading such malicious programs? [Oct- 2013]

Peripheral devices: A computer peripheral, or peripheral

device, is an external object that provides input and output
for the computer. Some common input devices include:

 Keyboard  MIDI
 Mouse  Keyboard
 Touchscreen  Scanner
 Pen tablet  Digital camera
 Joystick  Video camera
 Microphon

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Some common output devices include:

 Monitor  Printer
 Projector  Plotter
 TV screen  Speakers

There are also devices that function as both input and output devices, such as:

 External hard drives  Digital mixers

 Media card readers  MIDI equipment
 Digital camcorders

While these are some of the more common peripherals, there are many other kinds as well. Just
remember that any external device that provides input to the computer or receives output from the
computer is considered a peripheral.

Name of different malicious programs:

Malware Keyloggers

Spyware Dialer

Viruses Rootkits
Worms

Trojans

Way of Malware Spreading:

Criminals continually come up with new and innovative ways to get malware onto your computer.
Here are some of the more common ways in which malware is spread and the preventative measures
you can take to stop this from happening.

Email
Malware is often present in email attachments, or can be automatically downloaded and installed on
your computer when you click on links within emails.

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- Be suspicious of all email attachments – even those sent from friends or co-workers. Scan all
attachments for malware before opening them.
- Never open attachments or click on links in emails sent from unknown or untrusted senders.

Websites
Malware can be inadvertently downloaded from websites, or automatically downloaded when
visiting some websites.
- Be suspicious of requests to download applications or to install ‘Add-Ons’, such as suspicious
ActiveX components or strange media players.
- Never download or install software from unknown or untrusted websites.

Pop-Ups
A fairly new tactic to spread malware is through the use of cleverly disguised pop up adverts that
appear as legitimate looking Windows alerts or messages.
- Never buy software in response to unexpected pop-up messages or emails.
- Be especially wary of hoax adverts that claim to have scanned your computer and detected malware.

Social Networking Sites

Malware is increasingly spread through social networking sites by installing dubious 3rd party add-on
applications or by clicking on web links in messages. There is a false sense of security when using
these sites, so you must remain vigilant at all times.
- Only install 3rd party social networking applications that are well known and trusted.
- Never click links in messages from unknown or untrusted contacts, and avoid clicking on message
links sent from trusted contacts unless you are certain where it will lead you.

Software
Malware located in legitimate looking software is one of the most common ways it is spread. Peer to
Peer software and cracked or pirate software (e.g. ‘warez’), often facilitates the spread of malware.
- Never install unauthorized, unlicensed or unapproved software on your computer.
- Be suspicious of all free software – ensure you read and understand the licensing terms and privacy
policies before installing.

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Computer Media
Malware can be easily spread through the shared use of computer storage media such as DVDs, CDs,
and USB drives.
- Do not insert untrusted computer media into your computer.
- Always scan files stored on shared computer media for malware before copying or opening them.

Mobile Devices
Malware has been known to spread through mobile devices such as cell phones. As devices
become more and more like mini computers, the threat of malware on these devices will
increase.
- Never install unverified or unsigned software on your mobile device.
- Be alert of unsolicited text or other message requests for software installs or links to
unknown or untrusted locations.

4. What are the common problems that are found in a computer system? How do
you troubleshoot these problems? Write the common measures that are used for
the maintenance of your PC.[Oct- 2013]

Ans: You're working away at your computer when suddenly, up comes an error message – or
worse, your computer comes to a screeching halt. Deciphering what computer problems you
have and how to fix them can be difficult, especially if you don't know as much as you'd like
about your PC. Here are five common computer problems that system repair software can
help you fix.

Blue Screen of Death (BSoD)

Many people think of blue as a calming color; however, when it comes up on your computer
screen with a bunch of white text, it probably has the opposite effect. The blue screen of death
(BSoD or STOP Error) may appear to be one of the scariest computer problems you'll come
across. However, all your computer may need is for you to reboot it. This STOP error appears
on your screen for a variety of reasons: failing hardware, damaged software, corrupt DLL
files, problems with drivers and more. The remedy for a blue screen of death depends on the
original problem. The screen provides you with codes that can help you identify and fix your
computer problems.

Missing DLL File

Dynamic-Link Library (DLL) files house information for your operating system on how to
perform certain functions. Occasionally, your computer loses DLL files or something
damages them. When your PC can't read the particular DLL file, it doesn't know how to
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respond in certain situations. You may have a missing or corrupt DLL file if you receive an
error message every time you perform a certain function, such as saving. If your computer
problems are stemming from missing and damaged DLL files, you can restore them by
downloading them back onto your PC.

Applications That Won't Install

If you're having trouble with an application not installing, it may be because your computer
doesn't have enough hard drive space. If this is the case, you need to free up some space. This
is one of the computer problems that's, well, least problematic. You can free up some hard
drive space by getting rid of files and folders you don't need. These may be temporary files,
duplicate files or data for software you've uninstalled.

Applications Run Slowly

There are several reasons software might be running at turtle speed. You may have computer
problems that involve your operating system or an application, your operating system might
be missing updates or your computer doesn't have enough hard drive space. If you don't have
enough hard drive space, you can scan, clean and optimize your hard drive.

Abnormal Applications Behavior

Computer problems that involve applications acting strangely oftentimes leave you
wondering what has happened. Your application has been working just fine, but now,
seemingly without reason, it is doing something strange.

For instance, your Word document will no longer show the top margin of your document. It
still says it's there, and when you print it, there's not a problem. You just can't see it on your
monitor. If this is happening, you may want to restart your computer. Conducting an internet
search for the type of problem you're experiencing or consulting your user manual may help
you as well.

Using System Repair Software

If you have computer problems, chances are, system repair software can help you fix it. Most
of these applications can repair operating system problems that lead to the Blue Screen of
Death. They can also replace missing or damaged DLL files. System repair software can also
free up space you need for another application, and it can optimize your computer so it runs
faster. It may even identify problems you're having with applications, but it depends on the
software you use and the application that's having problems.

5. What do you mean machine code of CPU? [Apr- 2012]

Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's

central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load,
a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program
directly executed by a CPU is made up of a series of such instructions.

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Numerical machine code (i.e. not assembly code) may be regarded as the lowest-level
representation of a compiled and/or assembled computer program or as a primitive
and hardware-dependent programming language. While it is possible to write
programs directly in numerical machine code, it is tedious and error prone to manage
individual bits and calculate numerical addresses and constants manually. It is
therefore rarely done today, except for situations that require extreme optimization or
debugging.

6. What do you mean by ‘Generation’ in computer technology? [Oct- 2011]

Generation in computer terminology is a step in technology. It provides the all
Information about the growth of computer industry. The term generation was used to
distinguish between varying the hardware technologies. Now a days, it has been extended to
include both hardware and software that together make up a computer system.

There are five generations:-

First Generation (1942-55)
Second Generation (1955-64)
Third Generation (1964-75)
Fourth Generation (1975-89)
Fifth Generation (1989-Present)

7. Briefly describe the Generations of Computer Technology?

First Generation (1942-1955) Vacuum Tubes:

The beginning of commercial computer age is from UNIVAC (Universal Automatic

Computer). It was developed by two scientists Mauchly and Echert at the Census
Department of United States in 1947. The first generation computers were used during
1942-1955. They were based on vacuum tubes. Examples of first generation computers are
ENIVAC and UNIVAC-1 UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Advantages

 Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days.
 Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers.
 These computers could calculate data in millisecond.

Disadvantages

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 The computers were very large in  Used magnetic drums which

size. provide very less data storage.
 They consumed a large amount of  Used punch cards for input.
energy.  Not versatile and very faulty.
 They heated very soon due to
thousands of vacuum tubes.
 They were not very reliable.
 Air conditioning was required.
 Constant maintenance was
required.
 Non-portable.
 Costly commercial production.
 Limited commercial use.
 Very slow speed.
 Limited programming capabilities.
 Used machine language only.
Second Generation (1955-1964) Transistors:

The second generation computers used transistors. The scientists at Bell laboratories
developed transistor in 1947. These scientists include John Barden, William Brattain and
William Shockley. The size of the computers was decreased by replacing vacuum tubes with
transistors. The examples of second generation computers are IBM 7094 series, IBM 1400
s
e
r
i
e
s

a
n
d

C
D
C 164 etc.

Advantages:

 Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers.

 The 2nd generation Computers were more reliable
 Used less energy and were not heated.
 Wider commercial use
 Better portability as compared to the first generation computers.
 Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds
 Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, printer etc.
 Used Assembly language instead of Machine language.
 Accuracy improved.

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Disadvantages:

 Cooling system was required

 Constant maintenance was required
 Commercial production was difficult
 Only used for specific purposes
 Costly and not versatile
 Puch cards were used for input.

Third Generation (1964-1975) Integrated Circuits:

The Third generation computers used the integrated circuits (IC). Jack Kilby developed the
concept of integrated circuit in 1958. It was an important invention in the computer field. The
first IC was invented and used in 1961. The size of an IC is about ¼ square inch. A single IC
chip may contain thousands of transistors. The computer became smaller in size, faster, more
reliable and less expensive. The examples of third generation computers are IBM 370, IBM
System/360, UNIVAC 1108 and UNIVAC AC 9000 etc.

Advantages

 Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.

 More reliable.
 Used less energy
 Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers.
 Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds.
 Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage.
 Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is reare.
 Totally general purpose
 Could be used for high-level languages.
 Good storage
 Versatile to an extent
 Less expensive
 Better accuracy
 Commercial production increased.
 Used mouse and keyboard for input.

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Disadvantages

 Air conditioning was required.

 Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

Fourth Generation (1975-Present) Microprocessors:

The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor. The
Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs. Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor in
1971 for Intel. It was known as Intel 4004. The technology of integrated circuits improved
rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
circuit was designed. It greatly reduced the size of computer. The size of modern
Microprocessors is usually one square inch. It can contain millions of electronic circuits. The
examples of fourth generation computers are Apple Macintosh & IBM PC.

Advantages

 More powerful and reliable than previous generations.

 Small in size
 Fast processing power with less power consumption
 Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold.
 No air conditioning required.
 Totally general purpose
 Commercial production
 Less need of repair.
 Cheapest among all generations

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 All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers

Disadvantages

 The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessor

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Scientists are working hard on the 5th generation computers with quite a few breakthroughs.
It is based on the technique of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Computers can understand spoken
words & imitate human reasoning. Can respond to its surroundings using different types of
sensors. Scientists are constantly working to increase the processing power of computers.
They are trying to create a computer with real IQ with the help of advanced programming and
technologies. IBM Watson computeris one example that outsmarts Harvard University
Students. The advancement in modern technologies will revolutionize the computer in future.

DID YOU KNOW...?

An integrated circuit (IC) is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material.
The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.

8. What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a
particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the
form of information or signals.

Modern Computers:
Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery —
wires, transistors, and circuits — is called hardware; the instructions and
data are called software.

9. What are the different types of computer?

S
i
n

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ce the advent of the first computer different types and sizes of computers are offering
different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a
laptop or a microcontroller in mobile & embedded [Link] four basic types of computers
are.

Super computer
Mainframe Computer
Minicomputer
Microcomputer

Supercomputer
The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data
processing are the supercomputers. These are specialized and
task specific computers used by large organizations. These
computers are used for research and exploration
purposes, like NASA uses supercomputers for launching
space shuttles, controlling them and for space exploration
purpose.

The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. It can be accommodated in
large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire building.

In 1964, Seymour cray designed the first supercomptuer CDC 6600.

Uses of Supercomputer

In Pakistan and other countries Supercomputers are used by Educational Institutes like NUST
(Pakistan) for research purposes. Pakistan Atomic Energy commission & Heavy Industry
Taxila uses supercomputers for Research purposes.

Space Exploration

Supercomputers are used to study the origin of the universe, the dark-matters. For these
studies scientist use IBM’s powerful supercomputer “Roadrunner” at National Laboratory
Los Alamos.

Earthquake studies

Supercomputers are used to study the Earthquakes phenomenon. Besides that

supercomputers are used for natural resources exploration, like natural gas, petroleum,
coal, etc.

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Weather Forecasting

Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting, and to study the nature and extent of
Hurricanes, Rainfalls, windstorms, etc.

Nuclear weapons testing

Supercomputers are used to run weapon simulation that can test the Range, accuracy &
impact of Nuclear weapons.

Popular Supercomputers
 IBM’s Sequoia, in United States  IBM’s SuperMUC in Germany
 Fujitsu’s K Computer in Japan  NUDT Tianhe-1A in China
 IBM’s Mira in United States

Mainframe computer
Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers, but
certainly they are quite expensive nonetheless, and many large
firms & government organizations uses Mainframes to run their
business operations. The Mainframe computers can be
accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of its size.
Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage
capacity, Mainframes can also process & store large amount of
data. Banks educational institutions & insurance companies use
mainframe computers to store data about their customers,
students & insurance policy holders.

Popular Mainframe computers

 Fujitsu’s ICL VME

 Hitachi’s Z800

Minicomputer

Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms.

Minicomputers are also called as “Midrange Computers”. These
are small machines and can be accommodated on a disk with not as
processing and data storage capabilities as super-computers &
Mainframes. These computers are not designed for a single user.
Individual departments of a large company or organizations use
Mini-computers for specific purposes. For example, a production
department can use Mini-computers for monitoring certain
production process.

Popular Minicomputers

 K-202

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 Texas Instrument TI-990

 SDS-92
 IBM Midrange computers

Microcomputer:

Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets &

smartphones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are
widely used & the fastest growing computers. These computers are the
cheapest among the other three types of computers. The Micro-computers
are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and
work purposes. Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell,
Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.

Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car, Netbooks,
Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones, Calculators are all type of Microcomputers.

[Link] procedure of computer? Or How does a computer work?

This document has been created to give you a better understanding of how the
personal computer works and what it does each time you press the power button.

Powering on the computer

When you first press the power button the computer sends a
signal to the computer power supply, which converts the
alternating current (AC) into a direct current (DC) to supply the
computer and its components with the proper amount of voltage
and electricity.

Once the computer and its components have received ample

power and the power supply reports no errors it sends a signal
(using transistors) to the motherboard and the computer processor (CPU). While this is
happening, the processor will clear any leftover data in the memory registers and give the
CPU program counter a F000 hexadecimal number. This number is the location of the first
instruction and tells the CPU that it's ready to process the instructions contained in the basic
input/output system (BIOS).

BIOS and the POST

When the computer first looks at the BIOS, it begins the power-on self-test (POST) sequence
to make sure the components in the computer are present and functioning properly. If the
computer does not pass any of these tests, it will encounter an irregular POST. An irregular
POST is a beep code that is different from the standard one or two beeps. For example, an
irregular POST could generate no beeps at all or a combination of different beeps to indicate
the cause of the failure.

If the computer passes the initial POST, it will next look at the first 64-bytes of memory
located in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip, which is kept alive

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by the CMOS battery even when the computer is turned off. This chip contains information
such as the system time and date and information about all the hardware installed in your
computer.

After loading the CMOS information, the POST will begin inspecting and comparing the
system settings with what is installed in the computer. If no errors are found it will then load
the basic device drivers and interrupt handlers for hardware such as the hard drive, keyboard,
mouse, floppy drive. These basic drivers allow the CPU to communicate with these hardware
devices and allow the computer to continue its boot process.

Next, the POST will check the real-time clock (RTC) or system timer and the computer
system bus to make sure both of these are properly working on the computer. Finally, you'll
get a picture on your display after the POST has loaded the memory contained on the display
adapter and has made it part of the overall system BIOS.

Next, the BIOS will check to see if it's currently performing a cold boot or warm boot
(reboot) by looking at the memory address 0000:0472, if it sees 1234h the BIOS knows that
this is a reboot and will skip the remainder of the POST steps.

If 1234h is not seen, the BIOS knows that this is a cold boot and will continue running
additional POST steps. Next, it tests the computer memory (RAM) installed in the computer
by writing to each chip. With many computers, you'll know it's performing this step if you see
the computer counting the total installed memory as it's booting.

Finally, the POST will send signals to the computer floppy, optical, and hard drive to test
these drives. If all drives pass the test, the POST is complete and instruct the computer to start
the process of loading the operating system.

Booting the operating system

After the computer has passed the POST, the computer will start the boot
process. This process is what loads the operating system and all of it's
associated files. Because Microsoft Windows is the most commonly used
operating system, this section will cover the process of loading Microsoft
Windows.

The BIOS first hands control over to the bootstrap loader, which looks at the
boot sector of the hard drive. If your boot sequence in CMOS setup is not
setup to look at the hard drive first, it may look at the boot sector on any
inserted floppy disk drive or optical disc first before doing this.

In this example, the Microsoft Windows XP NT Loader (NTLDR) is found on the boot sector
and tells the computer where to find the remaining code on the hard drive. Next, Windows
loads the [Link] file, which displays the Windows splash screen and loads the Windows
registry. After loading the registry, Windows begins to load dozens of low-level programs
that make up the operating system into memory. Many of the initially loaded programs are
what allow Windows to communicate with the essential hardware and other programs running
on the computer.

After the registry has loaded the initial basic hardware devices, it begins to load Plug and Play
devices, PCI, and ISA devices. After loading all these devices, Windows then moves to

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loading full support of the hard drive, partitions, and any other disk drives and then moves to
all other drivers that have been installed.

Finally, after successfully completing the above steps any additional required services are
loaded and Windows starts.

Hardware devices communicating with the computer

After the computer has loaded the operating system, hardware attached to the computer must
be able to communicate with the CPU. Hardware communication is done by using an
interrupt request (IRQ). Each time a hardware device needs the attention of the computer the
interrupt controller sends the request (INTR) to the CPU so it temporarily stop what it is
doing to process the request of the hardware device. Anything that was being currently done
by the CPU is put on hold and stored as a memory address in the memory stack and is
returned to after the interrupt request is processed.

[Link] a computer works?

Basically a computer has five functions. They are-
 It stores data
 It can process data as required by user
 It gives results in the form of output
 It accepts data or instructions by way of input.
 It control all operation inside computer

[Link] is Hardware?
Hardware refers to machine or physical equipment that performs the basic function of the
data processing cycle. In addition to the computer itself, other hardware devices are also
required. These devices may be off-line that is detached from the computer and operating
independently or may be on-line that is directly connected too and controlled by the
computer. A printer is an off-line device and a keyboard is an on-line device.

[Link] is Software?
Software is a collection of instruction that tells the hardware what to do.
A computer cannot do anything without instruction from the end user. In order to do any
specific job we have to give a sequence of instructions to the computer. This sets of
instruction is called computer program. Software refers to the computer program procedures
and associated documents describing the program and how they are to be used.

[Link] is 2 GHz processor?

Ans: 2GHz processor means clock speed of process where Giga means 109 and hertz means
cycle per second. 2GGz or 2*109 Hz which means 2*109 cycle produced per second. One

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cycle is the time, it takes to perform one operation such as moving a data from one memory
location to another memory location.
3GHz processor data faster than 1 GHz processor (3 times faster)

[Link] is optical scanner? Write short note on OCR, OMR, and

MICR.
Optical scanner:
An optical scanner is an input device using light beams to scan and digitally convert images,
codes, text or objects as two-dimensional (2D) digital files and sends them to computers and
fax machines. Flatbed scanning devices are the most popular optical scanners. Optical
scanners are used for many purposes, including reading customized response forms, creating
automated data fields and recording fingerprints.
“Willard Boyle and George Smith developed the optical scanner technology in 1969”.
Or,
Optical scanner is a device which performs optical character recognition and produces coded
signals corresponding to the characters identified.

a) MICR: MICR is a character recognition technology used primarily by the banking industry to
facilitate the processing of cheques. The human readable characters are printed on documents
using a magnetic ink. It stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.
b) OMR: OMR which stands for Optical Mark Recognition is the process of gathering data with an
optical scanner by measuring the reflectively of light at predetermined positions on a surface.

c) OCR: OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition. OCR is the recognition of printed or
written text characters by a computer. It is the application software that allows a computer to
recognize printed or written characters, e.g. letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and pictograms
using an optical scanner for input. OCR is being used by libraries to digitize and preserve their
holdings.

d) OBR: It stands for Optical Bar Code Reader which is used for reading bar-coded data. It scans a
set of vertical bars of different width for specific data and is used to read tags. Bar code reading is
done by a light pen or scanner connected to a computer.

16. What makes a computer fast and powerful?

Ans: There are several components within a computer that help make it faster and more powerful.
Below is a list of all the hardware components that help contribute to the performance of a
computer. Keep in mind that even the software running on the computer may impact the speed of
a computer.

Processor (CPU):

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The overall speed or clock speed of the computer and how fast it is capable of processing data is
managed by the computer processor (CPU). The computer will be much faster and more powerful
when it is capable of executing more instructions every second. For example, the first computer
processor was the Intel 4004, which was only a 740 kHz processor and capable of processing
approximately 92,000 instructions per second. Today's processors are multi-core GHz processors
capable of processing over 100 billion instructions per second.

Cache:

Although today's computers are cable of executing billions of instructions every second, the
processor is usually waiting for those instructions from the slower types of memory in the
computer. Because the RAM and hard disk drive are much slower than the CPU, computer
processors and motherboards use cache to transfer instructions between the processor, memory,
and components in the computer. Cache is the fastest type of memory and a computer with more
L2 cache or L3 cache will be capable of storing more instructions and send those instructions to
the processor more efficiently.

Memory (RAM):

A computer with more memory (RAM) will be capable of storing more programs that are
currently running in memory. If your computer runs out of memory, the computer must swap
unused data stored in memory to your hard disk drive until it is needed again. This makes each
task more complex by adding another extra step and because the hard drive is the slowest type of
memory in the computer it will decrease the speed even more.

BUS speed:

The bus speed of the motherboard can make the data being transferred between all the
components much faster or slower. For example, a Front Side Bus (FSB) of 66 MHz is going to
be much slower than a 400 MHz FSB. If the bus is slow, it only increases the
amount of time the processors has to wait for the instructions.

Hard drive:

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There are several contributing parts of a hard disk drive that can make it faster, which makes your
overall computer faster. With an old or slow hard disk drive each time your computer has to read
or write to the hard disk drive the system will slow down. Below is a list of different factors

 An SSD drive has no movable parts which makes it much faster than a traditional HDD.
 Older computers use EIDE (ATA) cables to connect the drives, which has a much slower transfer
rate than the SATA included with newer computers.
 With an HDD the RPM is how fast the platters in a hard drive spin. A 5400 RPM hard disk drive
will be a lot slower than a 7200 RPM drive.
 Since Cache is the fastest type of memory, a hard drive with a cache or larger cache allows data to
be handled more efficiently when it's transferred between the computer and drive.
 Reff: [Link]

Video card:

If you play the latest computer games, a powerful video card with its own CPU (GPU) and its
own memory makes the game run faster. These types of video cards help with the performance of
the computer by taking on the responsibilities of processing the 3D rendering and other complex
tasks.

The interface of a video card is also a contributing factor to the performance of the video card.
For example, the older AGP video cards are much slower than the new PCI Express video cards.

17. What is device driver? Why is it important to have a device driver for each device?
A device driver is a program that controls a particular type of device that is attached to your
computer. There are device drivers for printers, displays, CD-ROM readers, diskette drives, and
so on.
It is important to have a device driver for each device because hardware will activate by device
driver.

18. What is input and output device?

An input device sends information to a computer and an output

device receives information from a computer. For example, as you
can see in the image, a keyboard sends electrical signals to your
computer which display text or tell the computer to perform a
function. Then in the lower half, you can see a computer sending
data to a printer that will be reproduced on a piece of paper.

More examples:

An input device, such as a computer keyboard or mouse, can send information (input) to
the computer, but it cannot receive information (output) from the computer.

An output device, such as a computer monitor or printer, can receive information

(output) from the computer, but it cannot send information (input) to the computer.

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An input/output device, such as a CD-RW drive or USB flash drive, can both send information
(input) to a computer and receive information (output) from a computer.

Input Devices:

a) Graphics Tablets g) Gamepad m) Scanner

b) Cameras h) Joystick n) Webcam

c) Video Capture i) Keyboard o) Touchpads

Hardware
j) Microphone p) Pen Input
d) Trackballs
k) MIDI keyboard q) Microphone
e) Barcode reader
l) Mouse r) Electronic
f) Digital camera (pointing device) Whiteboard

Output Devices:

 Monitor  LCD Projection Panels

 Printers (all types)  Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
 Plotters  Speaker(s)
 Projector

19. What is Digitizer?

In the case of our cell phones, this device would be the glass that covers the LCD. Yes, the
glass piece that is attached to the LCD is the digitizer... or sometimes called LCD digitizer. It
converts your actions (press, swipe, etc) into a digital signal that your phone understands.

20. Show the Block diagram of CPU. [Apr- 2012]

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21. Explain the working procedure of CPU.

Description:
It's a microprocessor chip developed by Intel, AMD or any other company.
CPU speed depends upon the clock frequency, higher the clock frequency more number
of instructions can be executed per second.
Clock frequency is measured in MHz or GHz.
CPU word size is the largest number of bits that can be handled by CPU in one clock
cycle. It is either 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bit.
This word size value determines number of bit processor i.e. 8-bit processor, 16-bit
processor, 32 bit processor etc.
CPU performance also depends upon the RAM, bus speed and cache size as well.
Called as heart of the computer.

Working:

CPU consists of three basic units: control unit, Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) and
memory unit.
Input is given through the input devices to CPU.
Control unit controls communication within ALU and memory unit.
Decides which circuit is to be activated.
For reading instruction it uses Fetch-execute mechanism.
Control unit gets instruction from memory.
Control unit decides what to do of that instruction and transfers it to the ALU.
ALU performs various arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, NAND etc. on that instruction.
Results of ALU are stored in the memory or resistor for its further operations.
After completing the instruction, stored results are passed to the output devices.
To synchronize all these operations CPU uses its own system clock.

What it does?

Executes stored instructions called as program.

Tells rest of the computer system what to do.
Executes arithmetic calculation and data manipulation.
Holds data and instruction which are in the current use.
Responsible for storing and retrieving information on disks and other media.

22. What are the characteristics of Computer?

Computers are the electronic device which takes input from the user, processes the data and
gives the exact output to the user. Computer performs three basic operations

 Taking the input in the form of instruction and data.

 Processing the instruction and data and store the results.
 Display the stored results or output it into the print format.

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Characteristics:

Speed: Computer speed depends upon the type of processor and bus line architecture used. Good
type of processor and bus line architecture can perform billions of operations in one second.
Processor speed depends upon the clock speed and speed of computer is measured in terms of
GHz (Giga Hertz).

Accuracy: Computer performs millions of operations but within the given input set of
instructions and data, the result obtained should be precise one without any errors.

Reliability: Reliable means that they can do their task properly and consistently. Computer
communication and components are very reliable and has very less failure rate.

Storage: Two types of storage are used, first is primary storage and second is secondary storage.
Primary storage stores the data temporarily for executing the processes i.e. RAM, while
secondary storage used for permanent storage of data i.e. hard disk. Some external devices are
also used to store data like portable hard disk, pen drives, memory card etc.

Automation: Once a set of program is fed into the computer, then the computer can take
decision automatically without interfering with the user. Example: Pen drive drivers are
automatically detected and loaded called as auto play.

Versatility: Computers are capable of performing various operations at same time. Like you are
reading this webpage and downloading two files from the internet and also printing the
documents simultaneously.

Diligence: Computer can work lot of hours with same speed and accuracy on each operation,
without getting tired.

Limitations:

 Computer are not intelligent, they need to be programmed to do their task.

 They cannot learn from their experience.

1. What are the functionalities of a system software and application software?

Write down the names of five system software and five application software?
[Apr- 2013]

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Functions of an operating system:

The basic functions of an operating system are:

Perform common computer hardware functions (e.g. I/O)

Provide a user interface
Provide a degree of hardware independence
Manage system memory
Manage processing tasks
Provide networking capability
Control access to system resources
It control other application software

Functions of an Application Software:

The function of application software is to perform specific operations for various

applications.
Writing reports, creating spreadsheets
Manipulating images, keeping records,
Developing websites and calculating expenses.

2. Define following terms: Kernel, Machine language, Firmware and Assembler.

[Apr- 2013]
Kernel:
The kernel is the central module of an operating system (OS). It is the part of the
operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory. Because it stays in
memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing
all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and
applications.
Machine code:

Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's

central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load,
a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory.
Firmware:
In electronic systems and computing, firmware is the combination of persistent memory and
program code and data stored in it.

Assembler:
An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a
pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.

3. What are the difference between system software and application software? Give
three example of each type of software? [Oct- 2013]

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Subject
Application Software System Software
System software is computer software
Application software is computer
designed to operate the computer
Definition software designed to help the
hardware and to provide a platform for
user to perform specific tasks.
running application software.

Purpose It is specific purpose software. It is general-purpose software.

 Time Sharing,
 Resource Sharing,
 Client Server
 Batch Processing Operating
System
 Package Program,
Classification  Real time Operating System
 Customized Program
 Multi-processing Operating
System
 Multi-programming Operating
System
 Distributed Operating System

Application Software performs System Software Create his own

Environment in a environment which created environment to run itself and run other
by System/Operating System application.

Execution
It executes as and when required. It executes all the time in computer.
Time

Application is not essential for a System software is essential for a

Essentiality
computer. computer

The number of application

The number of system software is less
Number software is much more than
than application software.
system software.

Picture

4. Explain three properties of an object oriented programming language. What are

steps that are followed to debug a program? [Oct- 2013]

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Ans:

Encapsulation –
Encapsulation is capturing data and keeping it safely and securely from outside interfaces.

Inheritance –
This is the process by which a class can be derived from a base class with all features of base
class and some of its own. This increases code reusability.

Polymorphism -
This is the ability to exist in various forms. For example an operator can be overloaded so as
to add two integer numbers and two floats.

Class definitions –
Basic building blocks OOP and a single entity which has data and operations on data together

Objects –
The instances of a class which are used in real functionality – its variables and operations

Abstraction –
Specifying what to do but not how to do ; a flexible feature for having a overall view of an
object’s functionality.

5. What is computer software?

Ans:
Computer software, or simply software is any set of machine-readable
instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific
operations. Computer software contrasts with computer hardware, which
is the physical component of computers.

6. What are the types of software?

Ans: Here are some common types of software.

Type Operating systems

Examples Microsoft Windows. Linux. Macintosh OS X.

Purpose Control your computer.

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When you turn on a computer, the operating

system is usually the first piece of software
you see. It lets you install software, organize
your files, and tell your hardware what to
do. The operating system keeps all your
software and hardware (such as your mouse
or printer) working together.

An operating system

Type: Word processors

Examples : Word. Corel WordPerfect. AbiWord.

Purpose: Write essays, novels, reports, or other types of text.

Word-processing software lets you fix mistakes in your

writing or rearrange text. You can check your spelling or
count how many words you have entered. You can
decorate your text by making it bold, changing its size, or
using a different font.

A word processor

Type: Spreadsheets

Examples: Excel. Lotus 1-2-3. VisiCalc.

Purpose: Track budgets or investments, or make other calculations.

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Spreadsheets have rows and columns, like an

accountant’s ledger. Calculations such as totals or
averages can be done automatically.

A spreadsheet

Type: Presentation software

Examples: PowerPoint.

Purpose: Create slideshows for meetings.

Presentations feature short notes, pictures, and

charts for an audience to see. You can add
sounds or animation to make presentations
more interesting.

Presentation software

Type: Database management systems

Examples Access. Oracle. Sybase. 4th Dimension.

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Purpose Organize and filter lists of data, such as addresses or inventories.

A database contains information about

groups of things, such as people or books
or sales. The information is broken down
into categories. For example, a table of
books might have categories like title,
author, publication date, and number of
pages.

A database management system helps you

search all the tables in a database to locate
specific data, summarize this data, or find
trends.

A database

Type: Photo editors

Examples Photoshop. Fireworks. Photo Paint. Gimp.

Purpose Change digital photos and other images.

Photo editors allow you to make your pictures

brighter, emphasize a particular colour, or add
artistic effects, such as blurs. You can fix
common photography problems, such as
overexposure or red-eye. You can also
combine two or more photos or erase
unwanted parts of photos.

Photo editing software

Type: Games

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Examples The Sims. PacMan. Minesweeper.

Purpose Have fun playing or experiencing challenges.

With the different games available you can take

the role of a race-car driver, starship pilot, or
army commander, or you can play electronic
versions of old favourites, such as chess or
solitaire.

A computer game

Type: Desktop publishing

Examples PageMaker. InDesign. QuarkXPress.

Purpose Make a magazine, a poster, or an advertisement.

Desktop publishing software lets you arrange

words and photos together, making layouts that
are ready for professional printing.

Desktop publishing software

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Type: Computer-aided design (CAD) software

Examples AutoCAD. Solid Works. Micro Station.

Purpose Create blueprints or designs.

With CAD software you can draw plans for

bridges, buildings, gardens, engines, bicycles, or
other objects and see what your design might
look like in the real world.

CAD software

Type: Web browsers

Examples Internet Explorer. Netscape. Mozilla Firefox. Opera. Safari.

Purpose View pages on the World Wide Web.

You need a Web browser to visit Web pages like

the [Link] bookstore or the [Link] news
site. Web browsers store the addresses of your
favourite pages so you can visit them again.

Firefox Web browser

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Type: E-mail clients

Examples Outlook. Eudora. Entourage.

Purpose Send letters and files to other people.

E-mail clients also keep and organize the

messages you have sent or received. They store
the e-mail addresses of your friends and
colleagues.

An e-mail client

And these categories are just the beginning.

Programmers have also created software to do the following tasks:

 Organize employee schedules

 Encode messages to protect bank transactions and other private information
 Change speech into type
 Format screenplays
 Determine how to get the most lumber from a log
 Count down seconds, like an egg timer
 Create music CDs
 Block unwanted advertisements on the World Wide Web or in e-mail
 Keep track of airplane traffic
 Design Web sites
 Edit sound recordings
 Help create more software

You have probably thought of examples not mentioned yet.

The same computer could be used for thousands of different tasks, depending on what
software it runs.
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7. What is computer Virus and what is Antivirus?

Virus:
A computer virus is a malware program that, when executed, replicates by
inserting copies of itself (possibly modified) into other computer programs,
data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive; when this replication succeeds,
the affected areas are then said to be "infected".
Meaning of Virus: Vital Information Resources
Type of viruses:
Aids Virus
Bad boy Virus and
I love you Virus. etc

Antivirus:
Antivirus or anti-virus software (often abbreviated as AV), sometimes known as
anti-malware software, is computer software used to prevent, detect and remove
malicious software. Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and
remove computer viruses, hence the name.
Type of Antivirus:
Avast Antivirus.
Norton Antivirus
Avira Antivirus
Kespersky Antivirus
Bit defender Antivirus
Mc Afee Antivirus
Panda Antivirus
Trend Micro Antivirus etc

8. What is Firmware software?

Firmware is a software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device. It
provides the necessary instructions for how the device communicates with the other computer
hardware. Firmware is typically stored in the flash ROM of a hardware device. While ROM is
"read-only memory," flash ROM can be erased and rewritten because it is actually a type of
flash memory.
The most basic definition of Firmware is the programming inside the main chip that makes
the player run. Firmware updates can be used to add functions, fix bugs, and add playback
compatibility for disc playback.

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9. Why do we need to update firmware for disc compatibility?

One of the main reasons include copy protection. The Blu-ray format
utilizes a variety of copy protection methods such as DRM (Digital
Rights Management) and AACS (Advanced Access Content System)
to prevent Blu-ray Disc movies from being pirated.

Each movie is encrypted with a unique title key, and several copies of the title key, encrypted
with different processing keys, are stored on the disc. When you play a disc the Blu-ray
player figures out which of the encrypted title keys it has the ability to decrypt. Then it uses
its device keys to compute the necessary processing key, uses the processing key to decrypt
the title key, and then uses the title key to extract the content (movie) and finally begins
playing the movie.

Many new movies also utilize Java scripting which can cause compatibility problems. Unlike
DVDs that just contain a Movie and a Title, Blu-ray discs have many added features with
advanced coding that some players may not be able to read. If new discs have an
unrecognizable code the disc will fail to read, and the Blu-ray Player will need a firmware
update.

Since the Blu-ray format has not been standardized, AACS keys and their decryption methods
change from one movie producer to another. This keeps hackers from ‘cracking’ the
encryption keys and making copies of the movie and selling /or uploading it online. If the
player doesn’t recognize or can’t process any of the AACS keys, the disc may not play
properly or at all.

10. What is Firmware and Middleware?

Firmware:
Firmware is programming that's written to the read-only memory (ROM) of a computing
device. Firmware, which is added at the time of manufacturing, is used to run user programs
on the device.
Middleware:
In the computer industry, middleware is a general term for any programming that serves to
"glue together" or mediate between two separate and often already existing programs.

11. What are the difference between Application software and Utility software?

Utility software is system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain
a computer. A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.
Utility software usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure (including the computer
hardware, operating system, application software and data storage) operates.

Examples of Utility Softwares are;

Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses.
Backup utilities can make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the
entire disk

Data compression utilities make the files smaller to occupy lesser space on the storage
media

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Disk checkers can scan the contents of a hard disk to find files or areas that are corrupted in
some way, or
were not correctly saved, and eliminate them for a more efficiently operating hard drive.
Disk cleaners can find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up
considerable amounts of space. Disk cleaner helps the user to decide what to delete when
their hard disk is full.
Disk defragmenters can detect computer files whose contents are broken across several
locations on the hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.
Disk partitions can divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own
file system which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
Disk space analyzers for the visualization of disk space usage by getting the size for each
folder (including sub folders) & files in folder or drive. showing the distribution of the used
space.
Disk storage utilities
Network utilities analyze the computer’s network connectivity, configure network settings,
check data transfer or log events.
Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows registry by removing old registry keys that
are no longer in use.

Application Software is the software which allows users to do things like creating text
documents, playing games, listening to music or viewing websites.
Examples are,

 Microsoft Office
 Adobe Photoshop
 Windows and other Media Player
 Web Browsers like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome

12. Discuss about System software and Application Software

Ans: Computer software classified into two types –

System software
Application software

System Software:

System software is a set of programs and extends the processing capability of a computer
system more effective and efficient.

Example:

 MS Windows  BIOS Software

 Linux Unix  HD Sector Boot Software
 DOS  Device driver software (i.e Graphics driver)
 Mac OSX
Application Software:

Application software is a set of programs, which solves a specific problem. These are useful for
word processing, billing system, accounting, producing statical report, analysis of numerous data
in research, etc

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Example:

 Paint  Internet Explorer  Entertainment

 MS- Office  Database Software Software
 Image Viewer  Graphics Software
13. What are the commonly known System Software? (Apr- 2013)
Operating System
Communication Software
Utility Programs and
Programming language translators.
14. Functionalities of Application Software? (Apr- 2013)
Develop the own program.
Solve the specific problems. and
Execution of a special programs,

Commonly known Application Software are-

Word processing Software (MS Word)

Spreadsheet Software (MS Excel)
Database Software (MS Access)
Educational Software ( World Atlas)
Drafting Software (Auto CAD)
Entertainment Software. etc

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1. What is computer animation? Give an example to explain its uses in multimedia

applications? [Apr- 20121]

Computer animation, or CGI animation, is the process used

for generating animated images by using computer
graphics. The more general term computer-generated
imagery encompasses both static scenes and dynamic
images while computer animation only refers to moving
images.

Modern computer animation usually uses 3D computer

graphics, although 2D computer graphics are still used for
stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time renderings.
Sometimes, the target of the animation is the computer
itself, but sometimes the target is another medium, such as
film.

2. What is animation? Give an example to explain its uses in multimedia

application.
Animation is an important component of multimedia applications, because just as a picture is
a powerful way to illustrate information, an animation clip is a powerful way to illustrate
concepts involving movement.
In a multimedia application for educating children an animation clip can illustrate effectively
the difference between the movement of house during galop and walk. Without animation, it
will be difficult to explain such concept with still image or text only.

3. What is clip art? How does it help in the creation of multimedia applications?
[Apr- 2012]
Electronic illustrations that can be inserted into a document.
Many clip-art packages are available, some general and
others specialized for a particular field. Most clip-art
packages provide the illustrations in several file formats so
that you can insert them into various word-processing
systems.

A user can import directly any image from the library an use it in multimedia application.
This saves lot of time. This is also helpful if a user does not have scanner or some other
means of inputting graphics into computer.

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A clip library provides facilities to add new image object or delete an existing image object
from the library.

4. What is Clipboard?
The clipboard is a section of RAM where your computer stores copied data. This can be a
selection of text, an image, a file, or other type of data. It is placed in the clipboard whenever
you use the "Copy" command, which is located in the Edit menu of most programs.

5. What is a “Hypertext” explain how it help in presentation and use of

information? [Apr- 2011]
Hypertext is text that links to other information. By clicking on a link in a hypertext
document, a user can quickly jump to different content. Though hypertext is usually
associated with Web pages, the technology has been around since the 1960s. Software
programs that include dictionaries and encyclopedias have long used hypertext in their
definitions so that readers can quickly find out more about specific words or topics. Apple
Computer's HyperCard program also used hypertext, which allowed users to create multi-
linked databases. Today, the Web is where hypertext reigns, where nearly every page includes
links to other pages and both text and images can be used as links to more content.

Help:

6. Describe any five basic service provided by Internet. [Apr- 2012, Oct- 2010]
Electric Mail:
Email, short for "electronic mail," is one of the most widely used features of the Internet,
along with the web. It allows you to send and receive messages to and from anyone with an
email address, anywhere in the world.

The internet provide rapid communication for user by e-mail service. As compared to paper
mail, telephone and fax it has advantages following-

It is faster than paper mail.

Unlike fax document, the receiver of an e-mail document can store it a computer and
can edit it easily using eaditing programs.

FTP:

Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. FTP
works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser

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Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies,
FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.

FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a
file to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol):

HTTP is the set of rules for transferring files on the world wide web. As soon as a web user
opens their web browser, the user in indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application
protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols ( the foundation protocols for the
internet).

POP (Post office protocol ):

It enables PC users to excess mail from a mail server.

TELENT:

It provide remot control excess to internet host. By this software tool one can log on to and
use thousands of computers around the world.

7. What is Modem?
Ans: the modulation and demodulation process are perform by a device called modem. The
modem is basically an electronic device that converts the digital signal into analog signals. It
also helps to convert analog signal to digital signal. A modem must present both at the source
and destination for data transmission. This means that a sender computer as well as receiver.
Computer must have a modem for data transmission.

8. What is Wi-Fi?

Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to
provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections. A common misconception is
that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity," however this is not the case. Wi-Fi is
simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x.

9. What is Internet?
The Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries
are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. According to Internet World Stats, as of
December 31, 2011 there was an estimated 2, 267, 233,742 Internet users worldwide. The
number of Internet users represents 32.7 percent of the world's population.

10. What are the use of Internet?

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Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

On-line communication. On-line shopping.

Organization promotion. World wide video conferencing.
Customers suypport service.

11. Write some popular Internet Search Engine.

1 | Google
1 - eBizMBA Rank | 1,100,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 1 - Compete Rank
| 1 - Quantcast Rank | 1 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

2 | Bing
15 - eBizMBA Rank | 350,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 5 - Compete Rank |
19 - Quantcast Rank | 22 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

3 | Yahoo! Search
18 - eBizMBA Rank | 300,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *8* - Compete
Rank | *28* - Quantcast Rank | NA - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

4 | Ask
25 - eBizMBA Rank | 245,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 14 - Compete Rank
| 31 - Quantcast Rank | 31 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

5 | Aol Search
245 - eBizMBA Rank | 125,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *250* - Compete
Rank | *240* - Quantcast Rank | NA - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

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Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

6 | Wow
271 - eBizMBA Rank | 100,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 20 - Compete
Rank | *26* - Quantcast Rank | 767 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

7 | WebCrawler
511 - eBizMBA Rank | 65,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 100 - Compete
Rank | 759 - Quantcast Rank | 674 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

8 | MyWebSearch
545 - eBizMBA Rank | 60,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *105* - Compete
Rank | 1,124 - Quantcast Rank | 405 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

9 | Infospace
892 - eBizMBA Rank | 24,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *66* - Compete
Rank | *500* - Quantcast Rank | 2,110 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

10 | Info
1,064 - eBizMBA Rank | 13,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 378 - Compete
Rank | 877 - Quantcast Rank | 1,938 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

11 | DuckDuckGo
2,153 - eBizMBA Rank | 13,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 2,323 - Compete
Rank | 3,479 - Quantcast Rank | 658 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

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Gias Uddin
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Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

12 | Blekko
2,280 - eBizMBA Rank | 12,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 862 - Compete
Rank | 1,461 - Quantcast Rank | 4,518 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

13 | Contenko
2,402 - eBizMBA Rank | 11,000,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | *200* - Compete
Rank | *2,500* - Quantcast Rank | 4,505 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

14 | Dogpile
2,421 - eBizMBA Rank | 10,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 2,734 - Compete
Rank | 1,446 - Quantcast Rank | 3,084 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

15 | Alhea
4,300 - eBizMBA Rank | 7,500,000 - Estimated Unique Monthly Visitors | 451 - Compete
Rank | *1,225* - Quantcast Rank | 11,225 - Alexa Rank | December 1, 2014.
The Most Popular Search Engines | eBizMBA

12. What is web browser? Give the name of web browser briefly explain the terms:
 Hub  Gateway
 Bridge  Firewall
Web browser:
Short for Web browser, a browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display
content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files. As a
client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server
and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web browser
which displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that supports a
browser.
Hub:
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect
segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is
copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
Gateway:

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Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

A node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the

gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a workstation to the outside network that
is serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the ISPthat connects the user to the
internet.

In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is
also associated with both a router, which use headers and forwarding tables to determine
where packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out
of the gateway.

Bridge:
In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects a local area network
(LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or
token ring).

Firewall:
A firewall is a network security system, either hardware or software based, that controls
incoming and outgoing network traffic based on a set of rules.

13. What is Ethernet?

Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local

area networks (LANs). Ethernet was invented by engineer
Robert Metcalfe.

When first widely deployed in the 1980s, Ethernet supported a

maximum theoretical data rate of 10 megabits per second
(Mbps). Later, so-called "Fast Ethernet" standards increased
this maximum data rate to 100 Mbps. Gigabit Ethernet
technology further extends peak performance up to 1000
Mbps, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet technology also.

14. What is Multimedia?

The combination of text, graphics sound and video for presentation to the consumer is known
as multimedia.

Modern computer system commonly used for following media

Text Video
Graphics Animation
Auto sound

15. What is Images

Images are picture and photograph, which are composed of collection of pixels. Each pixel is
composed of three components- Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B).

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Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

16. What are the different types of computer network?

Networking is required to make accessible communication between computers possible by a
network connection. Networking allows for many possibilities, such as accessing the internet,
file sharing, file transferring, networks attacks and system communication. Let’s look at the
different types of networking ways in detail.

Types of Networks:

LAN(Local Area Networking)

WLAN(Wireless Local Area Networks)
WAN(Wide Area Networks)
MAN(Metropolitan Area Networks)
CAN(Campus Area Networks)
SAN(Storage or Sytem Area Network)
PAN(Personal Area Network)
Dan(Desk Area Network)

Let’s talk about these types of networking in detail:

LAN(Local Area Networking):

Local Area Networking is used primarily in small

areas such as schools, hospitals and office buildings.
Local Area Networking, is one of the older types of
networks. TCP/IP is used as the method of
communication between computers in Local Area
Networking. Due to its small size, it is possible for
one person to administrate a Local Area Network.
Local Area Networks are viable to quick change,
using a bus network topology that allows for easy
access to the Local Area Network.

WLAN(Wireless Local Area Networks):

Wireless Local Area Networks are much like LAN

networks, except they do not require network
cables to connect each other. Radio and infrared

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A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

signals are used to communicate between machines whilst using a wireless local area
network. Wireless Local Area Networks allow for small amounts of mobility whilst
being connected to the internet. Wireless Local Area Networks work according to the
IEEE 802.11 standards. Wireless Area Networks are commonly seen being used by a
WiFi internet connection. Wireless LAN connections offer a surprising amount of
mobility for users with laptops and smart phones while being able to stay connected to
the internet by different networking topology.

WAN(Wide Area Networks):

Wide Area Networks are used to connect server machines

and computers across continents are countries for constant
information updates. Wide Area Networks, are used across
the globe, many networks connect with one another across
continents to create one giant Wide Area Network. Wide
Area Networks use optic fibre as their communication
medium. The largest example of a Wide Area Network is
the internet itself, which connects all users to the
information and data that is available on the the internet.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Networks):

Metropolitan Area Networks are not commonly used

these days, they are used to create communication
between systems in an entire city. Hence a Metropolitan
Area Network area falls between the sizes Local Area
Networks, and Wide Area Networks. Metropolitan Area
Networks are used by city specific businesses such as
the New York Times in the state of New York.

CAN(Campus Area Networks):

Campus Area Networks are usually a connection of many

small LAN networks which are often used on university
campuses and office buildings. Campus Area Networks
allow for easy file sharing between different departments
as all the files are usually shared on the server machines of
each LAN network. This type of network offers a lot of
simplicity in the transfer and downloading of files.

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Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

SAN(Storage Area Network):

Storage Area Networks are primarily used as information

databases. They are not usually used by large
organizations or similar entities. They are specifically
used for the storage of information, and easy retrieval of
specific pieces of data whenever required. Storage Area
Networks are usually used by websites which offer
downloading services.

SAN (System Area Network):

System Area Networks are speed oriented networks which

provide high speed internet connections to a cluster of
computers. These are primarily used for server purposes,
and allow other computers to connect to these System
Area Networks. Permission to different access points are
given according to what status a system is on the System
Area Network, such as administrators or simple users.

17. Internet Explorer?

A Web browser that made its debut in 1995 as Microsoft's response to Netscape, one of the
first graphical-based Web browsers and, at the time, the dominant browser in use with control
of over 90 percent of the market.

Initially called Microsoft Internet Explorer (MSIE), Internet Explorer (IE) has long held the
title of most popular browser in use, despite strong competition from the likes of Mozilla
Firefox, Apple's Safari, Opera and Google Chrome.

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A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

18. What is Internet address?

An Internet address uniquely identifies a node on the Internet. Internet address may also refer
to the name or IP of a Web site (URL). The term Internet address can also represent
someone's e-mail address.

19. What is URL?

Abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator (URL) it is the global address of documents and
other resources on the World Wide Web.

The first part of the URL is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use,
and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain
name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are
separated by a colon and two forward slashes.

For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domain
[Link]. The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP
protocol; the second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol:

20. What is Dynamic URL?

A URL that results from the search of a database-driven Web site or the URL of a Web site
that runs a script. In contrast to static URLs, in which the contents of the Web page do not
change unless the changes are coded into the HTML, dynamic URLs are generated from
specific queries to a site's database. The page is merely a template to display the results of the
query. Most of the content comes from the database that is associated with the site. Instead of
changing information in the HTML code, the data is changed in the database.

Dynamic URLs often contain the following characters: ?, &, %, +, =, $, cgi-bin, .cgi.

A dynamic URL is the address of a dynamic Web page.

21. What is email services?

Also known as webmail, online email service providers enable users to send, receive and
review e-mail from their Web browsers. Email services offer easy access and storage of e-
mail messages for users who are not connected to the Internet from their usual location.

Top ten email service

Gmail Zoho Mail

[Link] AIM Mail Yahoo! Mail
[Link] iCloud Mail

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Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

[Link] and GMX Mail

22. IP address - Internet Protocol (IP) address?

IP address is short for Internet Protocol (IP) address.

An IP address is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks using

the TCP/IP protocol route messages based on the IP address of the destination.

23. What is My IP Address?

To view your IP address you can use the ipconfig (IPCONFIG) command line tool. Ipconfig
displays all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings.

24. TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(pronounced as separate letters) Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,
TCP/IP is the suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet.
TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the
UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for
transmitting data over networks. Even network operating systems that have their own
protocols, such as Netware, also supportTCP/IP.

25. What types of software are require for create Animation?

3D Animation Software:

Autodesk 3DSMax Blender

Autodesk Maya

Cinema 4D
Autodesk Softimage

2D Animation Software:

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Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

Adobe Flash TVPaint

Adobe After Effects Toon Boom

Photoshop

1. What do you mean by 100 Mbps Ethernet speed? Assume that you have an video
file of size 2 Gigabyte. By assuming no system loss, how much time would it
require to send the video file over the Ethernet.

2. Describe a generic client-server computing environment? [Apr- 2012]

3. What do you mean by 100 Megabit Ethernet speed? If we assume that there is no
system loss, then how many seconds it would require to sent a 50 KB image over
the Ethernet? [Oct- 2012]

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551
Computer “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH” Fundamentals

The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh

Gias Uddin
A.M.I.E (Civil)
Cell: 01918 482551