Introduction to MATLAB

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 Topics..
2

 What is MATLAB ??
 Basic Matrix Operations
 Script Files and M-files
 Some more Operations and Functions

APPLICATIONS:
 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming
 Topics..
3

 What is MATLAB ??
 Basic Matrix Operations
 Script Files and M-files
 Some more Operations and Functions

APPLICATIONS:
 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming
 MATLAB
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 MATLAB is a program for doing numerical

computation. It was originally designed for solving
linear algebra type problems using matrices. It’s
name is derived from MATrix LABoratory.

MATLAB has since been expanded and now has

built-in functions for solving problems requiring data
analysis, signal processing, optimization, and several
other types of scientific computations. It also
contains functions for 2-D and 3-D graphics and
animation.
 MATLAB
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Everything in MATLAB is a matrix !

 MATLAB
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 The MATLAB environment is command oriented

somewhat like UNIX. A prompt appears on the screen and
a MATLAB statement can be entered. When the <ENTER>
key is pressed, the statement is executed, and another
prompt appears.

 If a statement is terminated with a semicolon ( ; ), no

results will be displayed. Otherwise results will appear
before the next prompt.
The MATLAB User Interface
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 MATLAB
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To get started, type one of these commands: helpwin,

helpdesk, or demo

» a=5;
» b=a/2

b=

2.5000

»
 MATLAB Variable Names
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 Variable names ARE case sensitive

 Variable names can contain up to 63 characters (as of

MATLAB 6.5 and newer)

 Variable names must start with a letter followed by letters,

digits, and underscores.
 MATLAB Special Variables
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ans Default variable name for results

pi Value of 
eps Smallest incremental number
inf Infinity
NaN Not a number e.g. 0/0
i and j i = j = square root of -1
realmin The smallest usable positive real number
realmax The largest usable positive real number
 Topics..
11

 What is MATLAB ??
 Basic Matrix Operations
 Script Files and M-files
 Some more Operations and Functions

APPLICATIONS:
 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming
 Math & Assignment Operators
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Power ^ or .^ a^b or a.^b

Multiplication * or .* a*b or a.*b
Division / or ./ a/b or a./b
or \ or .\ b\a or b.\a
NOTE: 56/8 = 8\56

- (unary) + (unary)
Addition + a+b
Subtraction - a-b
Assignment = a=b (assign b to a)
 Other MATLAB symbols
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>> prompt
... continue statement on next line
, separate statements and data
% start comment which ends at end of line
; (1) suppress output
(2) used as a row separator in a matrix
: specify range
 MATLAB Relational Operators
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 MATLAB supports six relational operators.

Less Than <

Less Than or Equal <=
Greater Than >
Greater Than or Equal >=
Equal To ==
Not Equal To ~=
 MATLAB Logical Operators
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 MATLAB supports three logical operators.

not ~ % highest precedence

and & % equal precedence with or
or | % equal precedence with and
 MATLAB Matrices
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 MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes

a matrix can be thought of as an array, in fact, that is how
it is stored.

 Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one

row OR one column.

 Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column
 MATLAB Matrices
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 A matrix with only one row AND one column is a scalar. A

scalar can be created in MATLAB as follows:

» a_value=23

a_value =

23
 MATLAB Matrices
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 A matrix with only one row is called a row vector. A row

vector can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the
commas):

» rowvec = [12 , 14 , 63]

rowvec =

12 14 63
 MATLAB Matrices
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 A matrix with only one column is called a column vector.

A column vector can be created in MATLAB as follows
(note the semicolons):

» colvec = [13 ; 45 ; -2]

colvec =

13
45
-2
 MATLAB Matrices
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 A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the

commas AND semicolons):

» matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]

matrix =

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
 Extracting a Sub-Matrix
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 A portion of a matrix can be extracted and stored in a

smaller matrix by specifying the names of both matrices
and the rows and columns to extract. The syntax is:

sub_matrix = matrix ( r1 : r2 , c1 : c2 ) ;

where r1 and r2 specify the beginning and ending rows

and c1 and c2 specify the beginning and ending columns
to be extracted to make the new matrix.
 MATLAB Matrices
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 A column vector can be  Here we extract column 2

extracted from a matrix. of the matrix and make a
As an example we create a column vector:
matrix below:

» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] » col_two=matrix( : , 2)

matrix = col_two =
1 2 3
4 5 6 2
7 8 9 5
8
 MATLAB Matrices
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 A row vector can be  Here we extract row 2 of

extracted from a matrix. the matrix and make a
As an example we create row vector. Note that
a matrix below: the 2:2 specifies the
second row and the 1:3
» matrix=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] specifies which columns
of the row.

matrix =
» rowvec=matrix(2 : 2 , 1 :
3)
1 2 3
4 5 6 rowvec =
7 8 9
4 5 6
 Topics..
24

 What is MATLAB ??
 Basic Matrix Operations
 Script Files and M-files
 Some more Operations and Functions

APPLICATIONS:
 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming
 Use of M-File
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 There are two kinds of M-files:

Scripts, which do not accept input
arguments or return output arguments. They
operate on data in the workspace.
Functions, which can accept input
arguments and return output arguments.
Internal variables are local to the function.

Click to create
a new M-File
 M-File as script file
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Save file as filename.m

Type what you want to

do, eg. Create matrices

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately

Run the file by typing the filename in the command window

 Reading Data from files
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 MATLAB supports reading an entire file and creating a

matrix of the data with one statement.
>> load [Link]; % loads file into matrix.
% The matrix may be a scalar, a vector, or a
% matrix with multiple rows and columns. The
% matrix will be named mydata.
>> size (mydata) % size will return the number
% of rows and number of
% columns in the matrix
>> length (myvector) % length will return the total
% no. of elements in
myvector
 Topics..
28

 What is MATLAB ??
 Basic Matrix Operations
 Script Files and M-files
 Some more Operations and Functions

APPLICATIONS:
 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming
 Some Useful MATLAB commands
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 who List known variables

 whos List known variables plus their size
 help >> help sqrt Help on using sqrt
 lookfor >> lookfor sqrt Search for
keyword sqrt in m-files
 what >> what a: List MATLAB files in a:
 clear Clear all variables from work space
 clear x y Clear variables x and y from work space
 clc Clear the command window
 Some Useful MATLAB commands
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 what List all m-files in current directory

 dir List all files in current directory
 ls Same as dir
 cd a: Change directory to a:
 chdir a: Same as cd
 pwd Show current directory
 MATLAB Logical Functions
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 MATLAB also supports some logical functions.

xor (exclusive or) Ex: xor (a, b)
Where a and b are logical expressions. The xor
operator evaluates to true if and only if one
expression is true and the other is false. True is
returned as 1, false as 0.
any (x) returns 1 if any element of x is nonzero
all (x) returns 1 if all elements of x are nonzero
isnan (x) returns 1 at each NaN in x
isinf (x) returns 1 at each infinity in x
isfinite (x) returns 1 at each finite value in x
 Matlab Selection Structures
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 An if - elseif - else structure in MATLAB.

Note that elseif is one word.

if expression1 % is true
% execute these commands
elseif expression2 % is true
% execute these commands
else % the default
% execute these commands
end
 MATLAB Repetition Structures
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A for loop in MATLAB for x = array

for ind = 1:100
b(ind)=sin(ind/10)
end
while loop in MATLAB while expression
while x <= 10
% execute these commands
end

x=0.1:0.1:10; b=sin(x); - Most of the loops can be

avoided!!!
 Scalar - Matrix Addition
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» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c= b+a % Add a to each element of b
c=
4 5 6
7 8 9
 Scalar - Matrix Subtraction
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» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3;4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = b - a %Subtract a from each element of b
c=
-2 -1 0
1 2 3
 Scalar - Matrix Multiplication
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» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = a * b % Multiply each element of b by a
c=
3 6 9
12 15 18
 Scalar - Matrix Division
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» a=3;
» b=[1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6]
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
» c = b / a % Divide each element of b by a
c=
0.3333 0.6667 1.0000
1.3333 1.6667 2.0000
 The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
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Given A:

Divide each element of Multiply each Square each

A by 2 element of A by 3 element of A
 MATLAB Toolboxes
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 MATLAB has a number of add-on software modules, called

toolbox , that perform more specialized computations.

 Signal Processing
 Image Processing
 Communications
 System Identification
 Wavelet Filter Design
 Control System
 Fuzzy Logic
 Robust Control
 µ-Analysis and Synthesis
 LMI Control
 Model Predictive Control
 …
 MATLAB Demo
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 Demonstrations are invaluable since they give an indication

of the MATLAB capabilities.

 A comprehensive set are available by typing the command

>>demo in MATLAB prompt.
 Topics..
41

 What is MATLAB ??
 Basic Matrix Operations
 Script Files and M-files
 Some more Operations and Functions

APPLICATIONS:
 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming
 Plot

Example
PLOT Linear plot.
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
 PLOT(X,Y) plots vector Y y1 = (x.^2) -1;
versus vector X
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
 PLOT(Y) plots the columns of
Y versus their index
 PLOT(X,Y,S) with plot
symbols and colors
 See also SEMILOGX,
SEMILOGY, TITLE,
XLABEL, YLABEL, AXIS,
AXES, HOLD, COLORDEF,
LEGEND, SUBPLOT...

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 Plot Properties
Example

XLABEL X-axis label. ...

xlabel('x values');
 XLABEL('text') adds text ylabel('y values');
beside the X-axis on the
current axis.

YLABEL Y-axis label.

 YLABEL('text') adds text
beside the Y-axis on the
current axis.

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 Hold

Example
HOLD Hold current graph. ...
hold on;
 HOLD ON holds the current
y2 = x + 2;
plot and all axis properties so
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
that subsequent graphing
commands add to the existing
graph.
 HOLD OFF returns to the
default mode
 HOLD, by itself, toggles the
hold state.

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 Subplot

SUBPLOT Create axes in tiled

positions.
 SUBPLOT(m,n,p), or
SUBPLOT(mnp), breaks the Figure
window into an m-by-n matrix of
small axes
Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 on the top
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 on the bottom
subplot(2,1,2);
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');

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 Figure

FIGURE Create figure window.

 FIGURE, by itself, creates a
new figure window, and
returns its handle.

Example
x = [-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3];
y1 = (x.^2) -1;
% Plot y1 in the 1st Figure
plot(x, y1,'bo-.');
xlabel('x values');
ylabel('y values');
% Plot y2 in the 2nd Figure
figure
y2 = x + 2;
plot(x, y2, 'g+:');
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 String

 str = ["Mercury","Gemini","Apollo";"Skylab","Skylab B","ISS"];

Access second element of second row
 chr = str{2,2}
Access first three characters if second elementt of second row
 str{2,2}(1:3)

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 Concatenates Strings

 name = "Rahul";
 course = "MATLAB";

 greeting = "Hello " + name + ", welcome to " + course;

 disp(greeting);

%The + operator concatenates strings.%

Output
Hello Rahul, welcome to MATLAB

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 Matrix Row & Column Manipulations
using Multiplication Matrices

1. Construct a row permutation matrix to swap row 2 and row 3,

and compute the result.

 A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
 P = [1 0 0; 0 0 1; 0 1 0];
 B=P*A

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 Matrix Row & Column Manipulations
using Multiplication Matrices

2. Construct a column permutation matrix to swap column 2 and

column 3, and compute the result.

 Q = [1 0 0; 0 0 1; 0 1 0];
 C=A*Q

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 Matrix Row & Column Manipulations
using Multiplication Matrices

3. Multiply row 2 by 3 using a row-scaling matrix.

 P = [1 0 0; 0 3 0; 0 0 1];
 D=P*A

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 Matrix Row & Column Manipulations
using Multiplication Matrices

4. Multiply column 1 by -2 using a column-scaling matrix.

 Q = [-2 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1];
 E=A*Q

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 Matrix Row & Column Manipulations
using Multiplication Matrices

5. Perform the operation R3→R3+R1 using a row operation

matrix.

 P = [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 1 0 1];
 F=P*A

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 Matrix Row & Column Manipulations
using Multiplication Matrices

6. Perform the operation C1→C1+C2 using a column operation

matrix.

 Q = [1 1 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1];
 G=A*Q

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