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Chapter 6

PARTITION PLAN

PARTITION OF BENGAL
The Viceroy Lord Curzon proposed to partition Bengal in 1903 but it
was implemented in 1905.
✓ Three areas Dhaka, Chittagong, and Myemnsingh were separated and
merged with Assam to create a new province called East Bengal, which
was Muslims majority area
✓ Due to this partition Hindus and Muslims were divided along communal
lines.

Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905? (7)

R1; Geographical + Administrative Reasons

First reason which encouraged British to partition the Bengal was its huge
size and population. It had 189000sq miles areas with population around
80million. Muslims majority was in eastern part whereas Hindu majority was in
western part. Only one Lieutenant-Governor was responsible for its
administration. He had to travel across province for running the affairs. The
lack of communication, travelling facilities and longer distances made the

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travelling extremely difficult as well as administration. No other province
had such a problem. Furthermore, the outlying areas of Bengal had been
ignored. So as soon as Lord Curzon became Viceroy, he partitioned the
Bengal to relief the administrative burden. However, his decision was
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criticized and invited much opposition from Bengali Hindus/Hindus.

R2; Political motives behind partition/ Views of Hindus

Views of Hindus reflect the other angle of partition of Bengal. Hindus
blamed British that they did not partition Bengal on administrative grounds
but they followed their old and traditional policy of Divide and Rule. It was
easier for British to rule an occupied country with no opposition if its
population had been divided on the religious, cultural, language and
traditional basis. Hindus also highlighted that the British did this because
they wanted to suppress the opposition of a well-educated and politically
aware Hindus under the banner of Indian National Congress. Hindus also
indicated that the British wanted to break the unity among Hindus and to
support Muslims by this partition. So, the step of partitioning of Bengal was
taken.

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R3 [Economic Reasons/Views of Muslims]

The third reason for partitioning of Bengal was presented by Muslims who
believed that this partition was done to bring the Muslims of east Bengal
equal to the status of Hindus living in west. The Muslims of east Bengal was
backward educationally, politically and economically. Despite the fact
that the east Bengal was a main producer of Jute. The port of Chittagong
was under developed too. Therefore, British partitioned the Bengal to
improve the condition of Muslims of east Bengal.

WHY PARTITION WAS DONE? (7)

BENGAL WAS MOST DENSELY POPULATED PROVINCE
✓ It was done because Bengal was considered as the most densely
populated province in the British India & about 85 million people were living
in that part.
✓ There were many administrative problems for the British government and it
was difficult to control as well.
✓ Bengal was of the size of France and it was difficult for the British rulers to
control such a huge land.
✓ British fear that they would lose their control over India.

TO GIVE RELAXATION TO MUSLIMS

✓ They wanted to give more relaxations & power to the Muslims due to the
role played by the reformers like Sir Syed to remove misunderstandings
between the Muslims & the British.
✓ They had realized that Muslims were victimized after war of 1857 so they
should be given advance in this new province.

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✓ The Hindus were in majority in West Bengal i.e. 42 million while the Muslims
were only 12 million.
✓ The Muslims were in majority in East Bengal i.e. 18 million while the Hindus
were only 12 million.
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✓ British thought that Muslims were in majority in new province so it would be
able for Muslims to prosper and dominate in different sectors which will help
to improve relations between Muslims and British.

TO BREAK THE POWER OF CONGRESS

✓ They wanted to break the power of the Hindus in many parts of India &
Bengal was its perfect example that they followed the policy of divide &
rule in those areas.
✓ In United Bengal, Hindus dominated and exploited Muslims and kept them
as a deprived section of a society.
✓ The area of Bengal could easily be controlled by the Hindu extremists, so
British had a fear of losing control on such a vast province.

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TO DEVELOP EAST BENGAL

✓ According to British, partition will result in equal development throughout
Bengal.
✓ There were great differences between east and west Bengal.
✓ The east being the more neglected.
✓ The west being developed and was using the resources of east Bengal to
develop itself.
✓ It was therefore decided to partition Bengal to allow for development in
education and employment to be generated throughout the Bengal which
would improve Bengal economically for future.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
✓ As Bengal was densely populated province so different communities were
living there, belonging to different races, speaking different languages &
practicing different religions.
✓ This multicultural environment created problems for the government so
British divided the Bengal.

DIVIDE AND RULE POLICY

✓ The Hindus believed that the partition would come about as part of the
British ‘divide and rule’ policy which would weaken Hindu unity and its
influence in the new East Bengal.

Q: HOW BRITISH REACTED TO HINDU-LED PROTESTS? (7)

✓ Newspapers and public meetings had restrictions placed upon them.
Editors of newspapers and journalists who made reports against British were
either prosecuted or imprisoned.
✓ The Press Act of 1908 placed further restrictions on newspapers and gave

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the government greater control over them which means main control of
press was in hands of British.
✓ One organizer of Hindu-led demonstrations, Tilak of Poona was sentenced
to 6 years imprisonment. Others were deported or left the country of their
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own accord rather than face imprisonment.
✓ Another approach intended to win support of the more moderate Hindus
by making reforms. Lord Minto the Viceroy worked with John Morley, the
Secretary of State for India, on reforms that became the Morley Minto
reforms in 1909.

Who was Sir Agha Khan? [4]

Born in 1877, real name Sultan Muhammad Shah. 48th Imam of Shai Ismaili
Muslims. Assumed the title of Agha Khan III. He was one of the founders and
the first president of the All-India Muslim League led the Simla Delegation to
meet viceroy lord Minto in 1906, died 1957.

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Q: What was Simla Delegation?

Prominent Muslims leaders gathered to meet Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla in
1906. 36 Muslim members included from all provinces and class of the
Muslim community, It put forwarded the 4 demands of Muslims before British
e.g. separate electorate, weightage, a larger share in government service
and the status of a university for Aligarh College. It was successful because
Lord Minto showed sympathy on the demands of Muslims and even
separate electorate demand was included in Minto-Morley Reforms of
1909.

Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? (7)

R1: Demands of Congress
The important reason which forced Muslims to form their own political party
was the advancements of Hindu interests by Indian National Congress. It
was made to serve as a national party but soon it turned out to be Hindu
dominated party because it demanded to treat India as cultural and
political whole. It also supported Hindi language as to be an official
language of India. This convinced Muslims to have their own political party
to convey their own interests and they could no longer rely on Congress. So,
the Muslims of India established Muslim League in 1906.

R2: Disunity of Muslims and Congress political influence

Another reason which convinced Muslims to establish their own political
party was the disunity and disorganization of Muslims in India. The Hindus
were organized and had political influence on British, but Muslims did not
have such advantage. The disunity and disorganization of Muslims was

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allowing Hindus to enjoy all political privileges. Muslim leaders decided to
organize and unite Muslims as political force which could protect Muslim
interests in India. Hence the Muslim League was established.

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R3: Extremist Hindu Nationalist Movement
The important reason which made Muslims realize to have their own
political party, was the extremist Hindu activities in India. Some
hawkish/extremist Hindu elements made few organizations which were
forcibly converting Muslims into Hinduism. These organizations also raised
the issue of protecting cow from slaughtering. One such organization or
movement was "the Arya Smaj Movement". So, the gravity of the situation
was conceived by the Muslims leaders who decided to form political party
to protect the religious rights of Muslims.

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IMPORTANCE OF SIMLA DELEGATION

DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELECTORATE WAS ACCEPTED
✓ The Muslims demands for separate representation, election by only Muslims
voters and weightage in all elected bodies were accepted by the British.
✓ It was the main demand of the British for a long time but when the group of
the Muslims met with the Viceroy Lord Minto accepted their main demand.

IMPROVE RELATIONS BETWEEN MUSLIMS AND BRITISH

✓ This resulted in a sudden upturn in Muslims-British relations and helped to
remove the previous bad feelings between the 2 sides.
✓ Muslims got true recognition for the first time after 1857 by getting better
relation with British.
✓ The credit goes to the efforts of Sir Syed who removed the
misunderstandings between the Muslims and the British.

PROVIDED MUSLIMS CONFIDENCE

✓ It also guaranteed Muslims an independent role in the political process and
as a result led to the formation of the All-Indian Muslims League later in the
year.
✓ So they launched a political party to protect the rights of the Indian
Muslims.
✓ It was the first real political step towards a separate homeland.

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ALL INDIA MUSLIMS LEAGUE

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
✓ To save the interests of Muslims of sub-continent and no convey their
demands to the government
✓ To create feelings of good will and respect for the government amongst
the Muslims
✓ To remove misunderstandings about any action of the government
✓ To bring all nations of India closer together to achieve the targets

MORLEY MINTO REFORMS

✓ In 1905 Lord Minto as Viceroy replaced Lord Curzon and in 1906 John
Morley was appointed as secretary of state for India.
✓ They both agreed that the demand of the Indians to have more shares in
the govt. was according to justice.
✓ These reforms were passed by the British Parliament as the Indian Councils
Act (1909).
✓ The main provisions of these reforms were:
✓ Enlarging of the Imperial Council to 60 members by adding more non-
officials.
✓ Enlarging of the Central Executive Council by adding 60 new members.
✓ Enlarging of Provincial Councils to 50 members in (large provinces) & 30 in
(small provinces).
✓ Members of Central Council were allowed to discuss budget,
administration, official matters & so on.
✓ The right of separate electorate and separate constituencies for the
Muslims.
✓ Women were not allowed to vote.
✓ Indian Legislature could just express their opinions, could not change or

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influence decisions.
✓ Members of executive council were permitted to discuss budget,
administration, official policies and matters of general importance.
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WHY CONGRESS OPPOSE MORLEY MINTO REFORMS?
NO SELF RULE WAS GRANTED
✓ The British intended that the Indians could voice their opinions in the
Councils but Congress wanted more responsibility, which the government
were not prepared to give.
✓ This annoyed many who were looking towards self-rule.
✓ The Hindus wanted self-rule but they ignored them and gave more power
to the Muslims.

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DEMAND OF SEPARATE ELCTORATES BY MUSLIMS ACCEPTED

BY BRITISH
✓ The British accepted the right of Muslims to have separate electorates,
which also annoyed some Hindus who saw it as a concession too far.
✓ The Hindus wanted the right of joint electorate for all the areas of India
because they were in majority and could easily win elections in many areas
but the British granted the right of Separate electorate to the Muslims.

INDIANS WERE ADVISORS ONLY

✓ Indian legislature had no control over the executive legislature.
✓ They could only pass recommendations only which could be disallowed by
the Viceroy.
✓ Also, the legislature could not pass any resolution on matters concerning
army and foreign relations which Hindus wanted.

MUSLIMS GAIN CONTROL ON HIGH POSTS

✓ The Hindus were aware of the power of the Muslims after winning the seats
in the future elections so some Hindus also resented the relative high
position of Muslims in the Councils despite their much smaller numbers.
✓ The Hindus did not wish that the Muslims should control even few high posts.

TO REVERSE THE PARTITION OF BENGAL

✓ Hindus thought that if they would oppose these reforms so there will be
a chance of reversal.
✓ As partition of Bengal was a negative point for Hindus so they tried
every possible way to reverse that partition.
✓ They found it a very good chance to create a pressure on British by

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opposing it which will pressurize British to reverse the partition

Q; Why was partition of Bengal reversed in 1911? (7)

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R1; Swadeshi Movement,
The mass and severe opposition of Hindus against the partition of Bengal
forced British to reconsider their decision. Hindus started Swadeshi
movement on August 7, 1905 to strengthen their movement against the
partition of Bengal. It had two purposes to serve. On the one handit was
aimed at patronizing the Hindu industry and, on the other hand, to boycott
goods manufactured in Britain whereby pressuring the British government to
reverse its decision. As a result of Swadeshi movement, immense political
and economic pressure developed that forced British to take their decision
back.

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R2; [Hindu-Muslim Rioting/Communal Tension]

The most serious result of Hindu agitation was a steep rise in Hindu-Muslim
riots which forced British to reconsider their decision. Swadeshi movement
led to the boycott campaign, and this, in its turn, resulted in communal
clashes. Muslims dealers in foreign cloth refused to shut their business in
support of the Hindu boycott. Physically trained Hindu youth, picketed
Muslim shops whose owners refused to join hand with Swadeshi movement.
Therefore, the worse law and order situation and growing Hindu-Muslim
rioting forced British government to reverse this partition.

R3; Growth of Terrorism

Another factor which forced British to reverse the partition of Bengal was
the conversion of anti-partition campaign into terrorism acts. The extremist
Hindus began to feel that the Swadeshi movement, boycott,
demonstrations or strikes failed to achieve their purpose. A number of
young Hindus turned to revolutionary activities to reverse the partition. To
reverse the partition, an organization named" Anusilan Samitti" was set up.
Its members worked underground, threw bombs on government buildings
and shot dead a number of officers. A terrorist made an unsuccessful
attempt to kill Bampflyde Fuller, the Lieutenant Governor of Eastern Bengal.
In another attempt, the train in which Andrew Fraser, the Lieutenant
Governor of Bengal, was travelling was derailed by a bomb. A bomb
exploded in the district Magistrate in Bengal killed two English ladies. They
even made an unsuccessful assassination attempt on a later viceroy, Lord
Minto. Thus, these extreme actions by Hindu extremist made British to rethink
the partition of Bengal.

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Q: Why was Lucknow Pact of 1916 signed? (7)
R1: Realization about the importance of Mutual struggle
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The first reason for signing this agreement was to make a mutual scheme of
constitutional reforms acceptable to Hindus and Muslims for future reforms.
Both communities realized the importance of mutual struggle to pressurize
British during World War I. Furthermore, Hindu and Muslim leaders wanted to
counter the British Government highly repressive and arbitrary attitude
towards Indians during war time. Therefore, both communities signed
Lucknow Pact.

R2: Role of Mr. Jinnah

Secondly, Mr Jinnah was the member of Muslims League and Congress at
the same time from 1913 to [Link] enjoyed respect from both parties. He
was pro Hindu- Muslim Unity during that time. He convinced both Muslim
and Hindu leaders to do collective effort for the achievement of their rights.
There were few moderate Congress/Hindu leaders who were also main
proponent of Hindu Muslim unity to achieve common goals. As a result, the

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efforts of Mr. Jinnah played vital role in bringing Muslim League and India
National Congress at one platform in the shape of Lucknow agreement

R3: Change in Muslims League aims/goals

Third reason for signing the Lucknow Pact was the change in the Muslim
League objectives. In 1913 Muslim League Leaders decided to change
their objectives on account of British internal and external policies which
created distance between British and Muslims. Annulment of Partition of
Bengal and demolition of Mosque in Kanpor city were the internal factors
which made Muslim league to change its stance of loyalty to British. Italy
was at war with Libya and Turkey - Known as Balkan War also made Muslim
League to distance from British. This distance brought Muslim League and
Congress closer. Hence the change in objectives of Muslim League also
helped in bringing two communities closer and Lucknow pact was signed.

Q; Why did British introduce Rowlatt Act?

R1: Growth of Revolutionary Activities in India.
The most important reason for introducing Rowlatt Act was the growth of
revolutionary activities in India. Some Indians were impressed by the
ideology of communist revolution in Russia and wanted to throw British rule
from India with armed struggle. British wanted to maintain their rule over
India as an important part of British Empire. Thus, British introduced Rowlatt
Act.

R2: Political unrest in India

Another reason which forced British to introduce Rowlatt Act was the
political turmoil in India. The Indian had supported British in WW1 and had
good expectations of having self-rule at the end of war. But they were

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disillusioned soon after the war ended because no real effort was made to
satisfy the prime demand of local. This gave rise to agitation and political
unrest in India. Therefore, British imposed Rowlatt Act to control political
unrest in India.
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R3: British firm intentions to control India at all cost
The last reason for introducing Rowlatt Act was the firm intention and
determination of British to rule over India at all costs. Their determination
and confidence was bolstered up by the victory in WW1. They were
determined to deal any kind of opposition to their rule with severity in order
to show their strength and power. Thus, they introduced some very
undemocratic and strict clauses under Rowlatt Act.

Q: Who was General Dyer? [4]

Ans. He was a British commander, in charge of the police in Amritsar. He
quickly mobilized his troops against a huge number of Indians who had
gathered in a public park, Jallianwala Bagh. He thought the aim of these
people was to protest against the Rowlett Act. On 13th April 1919 he
ordered a direct shoot out on the peaceful gathering where hundreds of

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people were killed and several more injured. Dyer was trialed for his cruel
action and removed from his post.

Q: Describe the Amritsar Massacre? [4]

As part of protest against the Rowlatt Act, there was unrest in Amritsar and
five Europeans were killed. An angry mob of 20,000 gathered in a public
park, Jallianwala Bagh. Though all were peaceful protesters, General Dyer,
the local British Commander had banned all public meetings. He sealed
the only exit of the park and ordered a shootout without warning. Over
1600 rounds were fired and about 400 people were killed while another
1200 were wounded. Dyer was trialed under the Hunter Committee and
was removed from his service without any further punishment.

Q:"The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were more important

than any other political developments between 1909 and
1919.' Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your
answer. [4]
The Montague-Chelmsford reforms were jointly drafted by John Montague,
Secretary of State of India, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy. They became
operative in 1919. They enlarged the size of the legislative councils,
increased the number of voters to 5.5 million and granted the right of
separate electorate to Sikhs, too.
In the Centre, a bicameral set up was introduced with an upper house, the
Council of State and a lower house the legislative assembly. The Council of
State had 60 seats, 33 of whom were elected. The Legislative Assembly had

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145 members, with 103 being elected for a period of 3 years. These 103
included 32 Muslims A Council of Princes was setup with 108 members
where Princes could debate important topics. At provincial level, Diarchy
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was introduced. In this, subjects were divided between the governor
(reserved subjects) and ministers (transferred subjects).
The enlargement of the councils, increased number of voters and
protection of minorities were welcomed. The real powers were, however,
still with the British, as the Viceroy could pass any
law he liked in the Centre. Governors of the provinces, likewise, could veto
any law they disliked. The Council of Princes, too, didn't have powers and
eventually it became a kind of a 'talking shop'. To make things worse, the
Rowlatt Act was enforced. It gave powers to the police to arrest anyone
without warrant and detain him without the right of bail. The Act led to the
tragic Amritsar massacre.
However, some other political developments also took place during the
same time period. Before the 1919 Act, the British had introduced the Indian
Councils Act 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto reforms (M.M. Reforms).

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Under this act, size of the provincial and central legislative councils was
increased: for larger provinces 50 and for smaller provinces 30 members.
The Imperial Council was enlarged to 60 members by adding more non
official members. Also, the Central Executive Council was expanded by
adding 60 new members, including many Indians. Muslims were given the
right of separate electorates. The councils, however, had little powers. The
members could ask questions and express their opinion and advise the
government on some issues. INC was not satisfied with these provisions and
it sharply criticized the provision of separate electorates for Muslims. For INC,
it was an undemocratic concession, but for Muslim League, it was
recognition of their political importance.
The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an agreement between INC and Muslim
League. Due to the efforts of Jinnah, ML and INC held their joint session at
Qaiser Bagh Baradari, Lucknow. INC was led by Ambeka Charan Mahajan
and ML was represented by Mr. Jinnah. Both parties agreed on a charter of
common demands, called the Lucknow Pact. The Pact asked the British for
provincial autonomy and enlargement of the councils by including more
Indians. A very important clause was the acceptance of separate Muslim
electorates by the INC. It also agreed to give Muslims one-third seats in the
Centre.
The Lucknow Pack marked a great occasion of Hindu-Muslim unity. It also
showed the desire of self-rule among Indians, as there were two more
Home Rule Leagues during one by Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak and the other by
Mrs. Annie Besant It, however, also reflected that Hindus would be ready to
accept any degree of partition of India along communal lines in future.
With objective analysis, it seems that the Mont-ford reforms were the most
important political development, because the introduction of Diarchy and
bicameral set up showed the British willingness to grant Indians more rights,

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though rather slowly.

LUCKNOW PACT
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✓ Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement between INC and AIML.
✓ In 1916 again both the parties had their annual session in Lucknow & Jinnah
succeeded to bring both the parties closer to each Other.
✓ Muslims League in this Agreement was represented by Jinnah while
Ambeka Charan Mahajan led Congress.
✓ The most important features were:
✓ Self-Government should be established in India.
✓ The Congress accepted the right of separate electorate and the seats for
the Muslims
✓ The Muslims were also given one-third seats in Central Legislative Council.
✓ Both the parties agreed that they would not agree on an act affecting any
community unless three-quarter of the community accepted it.
✓ Number of elected seats on the councils should be increased & minorities
should be protected.
✓ Both the parties agreed on the demand that more seats to be given by the
elections as well as provincial autonomy (Power).

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✓ Seats shall be reserved for the Muslims in those provinces in which they are
in minority and protection shall be given to Hindus living in majority
provinces.

IMPORTANCE OF LUCKNOW PACT

FIRST TIME BOTH PARTIES WORKED TOGETHER
✓ It was the first time that the Hindus & the Muslims had made a joint demand
for political reforms.
✓ It marked the first acceptance by the Hindus that the degree of partition
would be necessary in any self-governing India.
✓ The Muslims had realized that they need to work with all other parties on the
other hand the Hindus had realize that the Hindu-Muslims problems were
the same & they should work together to drive the British away from India.

HINDU-MUSLIMS RELATIONS GOT BETTER

✓ It marked the high-water mark of the Hindu-Muslims unity.
✓ It was the greatest success of Jinnah to bring both the parties closer
because he always tried his best to bring the Hindus and the Muslims closer
to each other.

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MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS

✓ In 1919 Viceroy of India Lord Chelmsford and secretary state for India Lord
Montague took a tour for India and discussed the constitutional work with
Indian people.
✓ They sent constitutional reforms to British govt for ratification.
✓ These were ratified by the British govt and were implanted in India with
name of Mont-Ford reforms.
✓ Its main recommendations were as follows
✓ Bicameral Legislature was first time established in the center and it was
approved that the time period of the elected members of the upper
house(Council of state) was to be 5 years and the Lower House(Legislative
Assembly) to be 3 years. Upper house had total 60 members, 33 were
elected and 27 were nominated. Lower house had 145 members, 104 were
elected and 41 were nominated.
✓ System of “Diarchy” was introduced in the provinces which gave authority
to the central govt. to interfere in the provincial matters.
✓ Reserved subjects (Justice, Police, Revenue, and Power & Press) were to be
controlled by the Governor while Transferred subjects (Local govt.
Education, Health, Public Works & Forests) were controlled by Ministers.
✓ Separate electorates were also accepted first time for the both the Muslims
and the Sikhs.
✓ Out of 103 seats in the Imperial Legislative Council 32 seats would be
reserved for the Muslims.
✓ The Council of State was consisted of 60 members
✓ A Council of Princess was also setup with 108 members
✓ The Legislative Council should now be called as the Legislative Assembly
✓ The British govt. also claimed that they were extending voting rights for
locals.
✓ The Viceroy was given full power to pass any bill & appoint the provincial

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Governors
✓ The British govt. promised to introduce more constitutional reforms after 10
years.
Pakistan Studies
Q; WHY INDIANS OPPOSED MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD
REFORMS? (7)
INDIANS WERE EXPECTING MUCH MORE

✓ The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms disappointed the Muslims and Hindus as

✓ they had hoped for greater concessions.
✓ Central government reserved sweeping powers for itself with only minor
concessions for the locals.
✓ As the Indians had supported the British during WWI they felt that the British
government should reward this by giving them more responsibility in running
their own affairs.

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DIARCHY WAS IMPOSED ON PROVINCES

✓ Diarchy gave the right to governors (mainly British) to intervene in the
provincial matters.
✓ This means that main powers and all authorities were in the hands of British.
✓ Indians realized that they were not provided with any power.

POWERS OF GOVERNOR GENERAL

✓ These reforms gave too many powers in hands of Governor General.
✓ He could appoint Provincial governors and ministers, could pass any law,
could suspend the constitution.

ONLY 2% PEOPLE CAN VOTE

✓ Only 2% people can vote which means out of 250 million only 5 million
people could vote.
✓ Voting is the right and which was taken from the Indians.

WHY INDIA WAS NOT GRANTED SELF RULE BY BRITAIN IN

1919? (7)
✓ Britain was severely weakened after WW1, especially economically. All
colonial nations were facing demands from their colonies for
independence in one form or another, and Britain viewed India as the
jewel of the Empire.
✓ Britain’s standing as a world power would be weakened if it gave in to
Indian demands.
✓ Strategically, India was important for the British navy and British influence in
the region. Therefore, the British were reluctant to give in to Indian demands
✓ There were many thousands of British people living in India who could not
be abandoned. The British government did not want to lose these

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businessmen, missionaries and civil servants.

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Chapter # 7
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

Q: What was the Khilafat Movement? [4]

Ans. It was started in 1919 by the Muslim religious leaders of India to save
the respect of Turkey and the institute of Khilafat. The Ali brothers and Abul
Kalam Azad were its major leaders. Gandhi merged his non-cooperation
campaign with it. Three Khilafat Conferences were held in 1920-21. A
delegation was sent to the British PM Lloyd George in February 1920 to
persuade him for a fair treatment of Turkey. The Hijrat Movement was a part
of it. The Movement, finally, ended in failure, in 1924.

Q: What was the Moplah uprising? [4]

Ans. It was a violent uprising by the Moplahs, Muslim peasants in South India
during the Khilafat
Movement. Their anger was against the Hindu landowners and the British. In
August 1921, nearly 10,000 Moplahs at Tirur destroyed the police station and
also damaged the Hindu property including temples. The British troops,
acting quickly killed more than 4,000 Moplahs while losing only 100 troops.

Q: What was the Hijrat Movement? [4]

It was started by the Muslim leaders of the Khilafat Movement in August
1920. The leaders urged Muslims to leave Dar ul Harb, India, and migrate to
the neighboring Dar ul Islam, Afghanistan. Around 18000-20000 Muslims
migrated, selling their houses and leaving their jobs. They were promised a
better future, but the Afghan government refused to accommodate them.

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Many died on their way back to India.

Q: What was the Chauri-Chaura incident? [4]

Pakistan Studies
Ans. Chaura-Chauri is a village in Gorakhpur district, UP. In February 1922,
an angry mob participating in the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi,
and the Khilafat Movement attacked the local police station. The police
opened fire, and in retaliation the mob set fire to the police station. This
resulted in burning alive of 22 policemen and killing of 3 civilians. Gandhi,
who had conditioned his support for non-
cooperation movement with Ahimsa / Ahinsa or non-violence, withdrew
from the movement.

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Q; Why was the Khilafat Movement founded? [7]

R1 [Fear of dismembering of Khilafat and desecration of
Holy Places]

The first reason for forming the Khilafat Movement was the respect and the
religious affiliation with the institution of Khilafat. Muslim had extra territorial
attachment based on Islam with Ottoman Empire
because the Holy places like Macca, Medina and Damascus were under it.
They used to consider
institution of Khilafat as the continuity of original Khilafat and the Caliph as
the spiritual head. The Muslims of India were in minority and their interest in
the khilafat was largely due to the fact that it was the one Centre of
authority to which they could look for protection. Therefore, Muslims of India
formed Khilafat Movement to protect Holy places from desecration,
institution of Khilafat from dismembering and to save Caliph from disrespect
in case of Turkey's defeat.

R2 [Treatment of Allies to occupied Countries]

The second reason which forced Muslims to set up Khilafat Movement was
the fear of Muslims of bad treatment with Turkey as it was done with
Germany, Austria and Persia. The Muslims of India could not forget the
treatment given to Iran/Persia by Russians and British. They humiliated the
local population and denied the local population from basic rights.
Similarly, after the defeat of Germany and Austria in First World War, the
occupied nations were forced to accept humiliating terms under the treaty
of Versailles in which Germany was forced to pay the war expenses to Allies

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and its territory was also
divided. Such experiences put fears in the minds of Muslims when Turkey
sided with Germany in the First World War, So Muslims established Khilafat
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Movement to save Turkey/Ottoman Empire.

R3 [Reminding the Promises to British] (Indian Sacrifices)

Lastly, the Muslims of India wanted to remind the British their promises which
were made during war with the Muslims of India. The British Indian Army had
large number of Muslims soldiers who
participated in the 1st World War, but there was a prevalent reluctance
among Muslims soldiers to fight against fellow Muslim Soldiers. By looking
this, British government started to assure Muslims of India
that the fight was only against Turks and not was against the Caliph of
Islam. But reports came from Europe that the British and France wanted to
punish Turkey for its support to Germany. This was the reason why the
Muslims of India formed Khilafat Movement

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Q: Was the migration to Afghanistan the most important

reason why the khilafat movement failed? Explained your
answer [14]
R1: Migration to Afghanistan/Hijrat Movement

An important reason for the failure of Khilafat movement was the

unsuccessful migration of the Muslims of India towards Afghanistan.
Thousands of the Muslims belonging to rural areas of NWFP and Sindh,
sold their properties, business and left jobs to migrate Afghanistan on the
decree issued by Abul Kalam Azad and Maulana Abdl Bari that the India
had become a "Dar-ul-Harab/Enemy territory". In the
beginning, they were warmly received by Afghans but as their number
grew. They were forcefully sent back to India. On the way back, many of
them perished during their journey and those who reached successfully to
their native places found them in an economic misery since they were
deprived of shelter, livelihood, jobs and businesses. This situation made them
dispirited. The Muslim support of Muslim to
Khilafat Movement drastically fell out as a result it weakened and ultimately
it failed.

R2: Disapproval of Hijrat/Migration Movement from Muslim

League leaders (disunity/ (loss of support)

The prominent leaders of Muslim League disapproved the initiation of

Hijrat/Migration movement towards Afghanistan. They were of the view that
the Muslims of India should stay at home and to fight for their rights. Mr.

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Jinnah was not in favour of Hijrat movement either. A sense of disunity and
ineffectiveness created by the disapproval of Muslims league, a major
political part of India with
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widespread influence on Muslims, led towards the weakening of Khilafat
movement as a result it failed. However, there were other reasons which
also led to the failure of Khilafat Movement..........

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R3 [Chauri Chaura incident/Cancellation of non-

cooperation Movement] (loss of support)
Another reason for the failure of Khilafat Movement was the Chura Churi
incident in 1922. It was a small village where angry mob set fire to a police
station in which 21 policemen were burnt alive. This was a major incident
under the non-cooperation / Swaraj movement. The start of the non-
cooperation
movement was stipulated with the non-violence ideology of Gandhi. But,
this violent incident compelled Gandhi to withdraw non-cooperation
movement with an immediate effect without the consultation of other
leaders of Khilafat movement. This individual decision of Gandhi deprived
Khilafat movement of
the mutual pressure of Hindus and Muslims on British government. As a
[Link] weakened and ultimately it failed.

4: [Absence of Leadership and No common aim]

Poor leadership and difference in objectives were another reason for the
failure of Khilafat movement. Despite the presence of important leaders of
subcontinent namely Gandhi, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana
Shaukat Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, there remained a gap of
leadership, because most the leaders were imprisoned for organizing
widespread protests and strike. Furthermore, Muslims
leaders were seeking to save the seat of Khilafat whereas Gandhi wanted
to use the platform of Khilafat to achieve self-rule and to drive British out of
India. It would be true to say that the main objective of
Khilafat movement was not pursued and own political agenda was sought.

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Therefore, Khilafat movement could not achieve its original aim of the
restoration of Ottoman Empire.

R5: [Abolishing the Khilafat Movement by Kamal Ataturk]

Pakistan Studies
The most potent reason for the failure of Khilafat movement was the
abolishment of Khilafat by Kamal Ataturk in 1924. He emerged as a great
military leader to political leader who laid the foundation of a modern
Turkey. He founded the National Assembly in April 23, 1920 after defeating
the Caliph's army. He presented the bill of abolishing the institution of
Khilafat in the Grand Assembly of Turkey which
accepted the bill with huge majority. Thus, there was no rational remained
for the Muslims of India to continue their struggle to uphold Khilafat and
finally the movement collapsed.

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R6: [Moplah Uprising] (affect on Hinu-Muslim unity)

Last reason which weakened the Khilafat movement was the Moplah
uprising of 1921 in the Malabar
District in Madras. These Muslims were exploited and victimized by Hindu
feudal lords. This exploitation and victimization caused Moplah’s uprising in
the area which turned into communal violence. Moplas and Hindus were
majority supporter of Khilafat movement but this revolt badly affected the
Hindu- Muslim unity which was the essential foundation of this movement.
Thus, the movement failed.

[Conclusion]
SELECT ANY-ONE REASON AND BRIEFLY JUSTIFY

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Chapter # 8

Q: What was the Simon Commission Report?[4]

The Conservative government of British sent a constitutional commission of
seven members headed by Sir John Simon in 1927. The Simon Commission
prepared a report amidst opposition by the major Indian political parties. It
recommended a federal form of government for India, abolition of diarchy
and separate electorates for Muslims but no one third Muslim seats in the
Central Legislative Assembly. It also opposed making Sindh and the NWF as
provinces.

Q. Why was Simon Commission opposed / rejected?[7]

R1: No Indian in Simon Commission
Firstly, all Indians opposed the Simon Commission because it had no Indian
in it. All the six members were British. The Indians believed that the induction
of local was necessary in the commission for figuring out real problems of
India and for knowing actual demands of Indians. This could not be judged
by the British members as they did not know the true feeling of Indians.
Therefore, this commission was rejected.

R2: No Weightage for Muslims in Provinces

Though, Simon Commission granted the separate electorate system to
Muslims, the weightage right/system was not given to Muslims in provinces.
The weightage was as an important demand of Muslims to maintain their
majority and to deal with Congress in equal footings. As a matter of fact,
Hindus were in majority and they had numerical advantage in the politics
of India. The Muslims could only safeguard their political position by gaining

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Separate electorate and weightage systems. So, Muslims opposed this
commission because it excluded the demand of weightage.

Pakistan Studies
R3: No change in the status of Sindh and NWFP provinces

The last reason which invited the opposition of Muslims on Simon

Commission was the unchanged status of Muslim majority provinces e.g.
NWFP and Sindh. The Muslims had been raising their voice in favour of full
provincial status for NWFP and they wanted to separate Sindh province
from Bombay
because they wanted to enjoy the numerical strength of these provinces,
but unchanged status of these provinces forced Muslims to reject this
commission.

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DELHI PROPOSALS
✓ Mohammed Ali Jinnah called a conference of all Muslims leaders in Delhi in
1927 to discuss the future of constitutional reforms.
✓ Muslims league wanted to secure the position of Muslims in upcoming
constitutional reforms.
✓ The main demands were known as the Delhi Proposals:
✓ Separation of Sindh from Bormbay.
✓ Full power & provincial status for the Frontier Province and Baluchistan.
✓ Muslims should be given more seats in Punjab and Bengal according to
their population.
✓ If the Muslims would be given one-third of the seats in the Central
Legislature then the Muslims League would give up demand of separate
electorate.

Q: What were the Delhi Proposals? [4]

Ans. Jinnah organized an All-Muslim Party Conference, on March 20, 1927,
in Delhi. It was aimed at safeguarding the political rights of the Muslims
while attempting to improve relations with the Congress. The proposals
included: making Sindh an independent province, political reforms in the
NWF and Baluchistan to grant them provincial status and one third seats for
Muslims in the Central Legislative Assembly. The ML promised to drop its
demand for separate Muslim electorates on the acceptance of these
proposals.

Q: Why were Delhi Muslim proposals introduced in 1927?[7]

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R1: To discuss future of separate electorate system.
The important reason for producing Delhi Muslim proposals was to find
alternative options for the Separate electorate system. The Hindu-Muslim
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unity weakened with the failure of Khilafat Movement and their relations
further deteriorated by the ensuing Hindu-Muslim rioting in India. This
affected the significance of Separate electorate system. Therefore,
prominent Muslim leaders were called to discuss alternative options in the
case of withdrawing Separate electorate system by M. Jinnah in Delhi.

R2: Hindu Extremist Movement (Shuddi/ shunghthan)

Another reason which compelled Muslim leaders to hold meeting at Delhi,
was the growth of Hindu- Extremist Movements e.g. Shuddhi or Sunghthan.
These movements were organized to convert Muslims forcefully into
Hinduism. The Hindus had been trained for Hindu-Muslim rioting under these
movements. Thus, Muslim leaders gathered at Delhi to discuss the state of
Muslims in India and came up with few proposals for the protection of
Muslims in India.

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R3: To Save Muslims Rights

Another reason for producing series of proposals by Muslim leaders was to

save Muslims rights in changing political scene of India. The Congress party
was now hesitant over Muslim League demands that any future British
reforms must guarantee full provincial autonomy. This was the reason why
Muslim leaders met at Delhi and proposed the separation of Sindh from
Bombay and full provincial status for NWER etc.

R4: Future Constitutional Reforms

One of the important reasons for producing Delhi proposals was the
possibility of introducing new constitutional reforms in India by British. Mr.
Jinnah called a conference of all Muslim leaders in Delhi to discuss the
future constitutional reforms. Hence, Muslims leaders produced series of
demands for upcoming reform package for Indians from British.

What was the Nehru Report? [4]

It was drafted by the Nehru Committee, headed by Mr. Motilal Nehru and
approved in September 1928. It asked for Dominion status for India, a
federal form of government with a bicameral parliament and
Hindi as the official language of India. It also rejected the separate
electorates for minorities though it recommended a system of reserved
seats in the Central Legislative Assembly. Gandhi gave a deadline of one
year to the British to accept it.

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Q; Why was Nehru Report rejected by Muslim League? [7]
R1: Rejection on provincial autonomy
Pakistan Studies
The first reason which forced Muslims to reject Nehru report was no addition
of provincial autonomy in this report, Muslims had been asking for more
provincial autonomy to Muslim majority provinces. They wanted the
separation of Sindh Province from Bombay and wanted to ensure full
provincial status for NWFP and Baluchistan with equal reform package for
these two provinces. Nehru report ignored these demands of Muslims who
had fear that they would not fully govern these provinces and they would
not be able to protect Muslim rights. Therefore, they rejected Nehru report.

R2: Rejection on Separate Electorate system

The second reason for rejecting Nehru report was the rejection of separate
electorate system by Nehru report. Separate Electorate System was a key
demand of Muslims for the political survival in India in all elections. It could
ensure the presences of Muslims in all constitutional levels which would be

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formulated through election process. This was the reason why Muslims
rejected Nehru report because they did not want to be dominated by
Hindu majority.

R3: Hindi as an official language

Thirdly, Nehru report demanded to make Hindi as an official language of
India. As a matter of fact, the Muslims were not able to write this language.
To make Hindi as an official language was the deliberate action of Hindus
to make Muslims unfit for official jobs. There was a possibility that the
economic and social status of Muslims could deteriorate further due to this.
Hence Muslim rejected Nehru report to save their economic and social
rights.

R4: Rejection of Mr. Jinnah’s amendments

Lastly, Mr. Jinnah proposed four amendments in Nehru report to make it

acceptable for Muslims of India, but these amendments were rejected by
the Hindu leaders. Mr. Jinnah wanted to secure Muslim rights and wanted
to carry Hindu-Muslim unity forward. The rejection of these demands did not
leave any
choice for Muslim of India because they did not want to be dominated by
Hindus forever. Thus, Muslims rejected Nehru Report.

Q1. Why did Mr. Jinnah give his fourteen points in 1929? (7)

R1: To counter Nehru report and its effect

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One of the most important reasons was the Nehru report which persuaded
Mr. Jinnah to produce his fourteen points. Since, Nehru report rejected all
Pakistan Studies
important demands of Muslims e.g. separate electorate, extra weightage
and 1/3rd seats in central legislature. All these demands were for the
political survival of Muslims in India where an imbalance and diversity was
present in the demographic structure e.g. Hindus were in majority whereas
Muslims and other communities were in minority. It was necessary for
minorities like Muslims to have some political guarantees from government
and majority community. Therefore, Mr. Jinnah produced his 14 points in
order to save political rights of the Muslims of India.

R2: To set demands for future negotiations

Another reason for producing 14 points was to draw up a series of demands
for any kind of future
negotiations with either British or Hindus. Mr. Jinnah wanted to show British
and Hindus that Muslims would not allow any community to overrun their
political rights in India. Mr. Jinnah wanted to have set of demands which
would be considered as guidelines in all talks and discussions made for

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future of Muslims in India. This was the reason why Mr. Jinnah produced his
14 points.

R3: To present basic principles for the future constitutional

reform
Mr. Jinnah also wanted to have a set of basic principles which could
protect Muslim rights in face of political challenges posed by British and
Hindus/Congress. He Therefore, he produced 14 points to convey British and
Hindus that no scheme for future constitution of the government of India
would be acceptable to Muslims unless and until the basic principle of 14
points were incorporated in it

R4: To support Two-Nation Theory

An important reason for producing 14 points was to highlight the

independent and distinctive identity of Muslims of India from Hindus. The
Indian National Congress always attempted to undermine the separate
and independent identity of Muslims of India e.g. promotion of Hindi
language and rejecting
the demand of provincial autonomy. This was the reason why Mr. Jinnah
produced 14 points to strengthen "Two-Nation Theory" because Muslims of
India were pondering over to rule Muslims majority provinces in case, British
government would transfer power to Indians in future.

14 POINTS
✓ In 1929 Quaid-e-Azam decided to give its own formula for the constitutional

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reforms.
✓ He convinced the meeting of AIML in Delhi and gave his famous 14 Points
formula.

Federal SystemPakistan Studies

The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary
powers rested in the provinces.

Provincial Autonomy
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

Representation of Minorities
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted
on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of
minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to
a minority or even equality.

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Number of Muslims Representative

In the central legislative, Muslims representative shall be not less than one-
third.

Separate Electorates
A representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of
separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any
community, at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint
electorate.

Muslims Majority Provinces

Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in
any way, affect the Muslims majority in Punjab, Bengal, and N.W.F.P.

Religious Liberty
Full religious Liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance, association
and education shall be guaranteed to all the communication.

Three-Fourth Representation
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected
body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular
body oppose such a bill.

Separation of Sindh
Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and

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Balochistan on the same footing as in other provinces.

Government Services
Pakistan Studies
Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the
services of State.

Protection of Muslims's culture and Language

The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of
Muslims culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslims education,
language, religion and personal laws and Muslims charitable institutions
and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the State and by local
self- governing bodies.

One-Third Muslims Ministers

No cabinet, either central or provincial be formed without being a
proportion of at least one-third Muslims Ministers.

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Constitution
No change shall be made in the constitution of the state except with the
concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation.

IMPORTANCE
✓ A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points
shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had really
widened.
✓ The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points
were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930.
✓ Those points made it clear to Hindus and British Government that Muslims
wanted their own identity without influence by Hindus.
✓ Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for Muslims of India.
✓ These points made it clear to Hindus and British Government that Muslims of
India will not bear any influence from Hindus or British Government.
✓ Fourteen Points not only revived Muslims League but also directed them on
a new way.
✓ These points prepared the Muslims of India for a bold step to struggle for
freedom.
✓ These points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced
the Muslims thinking for the next two decades till the establishment of
Pakistan in 1947.

Describe Allahabad Address (4)

✓ Muslims League held its annual session at Allahabad in 1930 which was
presided by Dr Muhammad Allama Iqbal.
✓ He delivered a speech which is commonly known as Allahabad address of

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Allama Iqbal.
✓ Here he presented the idea of separate homeland for Muslims which was
ultimately realized in the form of Pakistan.
Pakistan Studies
✓ Allama Iqbal explained the historical background of Hindus and Muslims.
He explained that India was a continent of humans who belonged to
different races, languages and religions.
✓ He also pointed out, there would not be peace in the country unless there is
proper place for Muslims as a separate nation since Muslims have totally
different culture.
✓ He proposed separate homeland for Muslims. While defining te area. He
stated Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Baluchistan should be in Muslims state with
or without British rule.

WHY ALLAMA IQBAL WAS ASKED TO CHAIR THE ADDRESS?

✓ He was a well-respected, authoritative figure and had the confidence of
Muslims and the first important Muslims leader to advocate the partition of
India and the creation of a separate Muslims state.

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✓ He was opposed to British control of India – as the concept of conquest

went against Muslims beliefs. This strengthened his view of the creation of a
separate homeland, independent of the British.
✓ He persuaded many Muslims that the Muslims League had to build an
effective mass political party to challenge the domination of the Congress.
He had inspired and spoke for many in the Muslims League.
✓ He was suitable, educated and was the best leader as Jinnah was not yet
ready to accept the Two Nation Theory.
✓ His poetry awakened a sense of nationhood among Muslims and he urged
them to be active in making progress, so he was respected.

ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES (1930-32)

Simon Commission report that was finally published in May 1930. Congress
announced complete boycott and started civil disobedience movement
under Gandhi’s command. Demonstrations and
violence spread throughout the country. Gandhi and Nehru were arrested.
The political situation had become tensed in the country. British
Government realized that without the cooperation of Indians it was not
possible to introduced constitutional reforms in London. There were three
sessions of Round Table Conference held at London during 1930 to 1932.

First Round Table Conference (12 Nov. 1930-19 Jan 1931)

In this conference all the parties were represented except Congress.

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Congress refused to attend unless there was a guarantee that anything
agreed at the Conference would be implemented. British Government
gave no such guarantee. Congress declared that Swaraj, self-rule. The
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Muslims decided to attend the Congress in spite of Congress boycott.
Muslim delegation included Sir Aga Khan, M.A Johar, Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq
and M.A Jinnah. Important issues decided at the conference were:
• The princely States agreed to extend their cooperation in forming an
All-India Federation.
• The British agreed that representative government should be introduced
at provincial Level.
• Separation of Sindh from Bombay.
• To introduce Federal System of government in India.

No agreement was reached as to the question of Muslims weightage in

future constitution. Since congress was India’s largest party and absent from
1st Round Table Conference, it was difficult to take final decision.

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Gandhi-Irwin Pact (17-19Feb. 1931)

The civil disobedience movement had failed and the Congress wanted to
opt out of this situation while the government too was serious of Congress
participation in the Second Round Table Conference because the
government had realized that without Congress any solution for
Constitutional reforms would be difficult. Lord Irwin extended invitation to
Gandhi for talks and an agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed
with the following salient proposals:
1) The Congress will end its civil disobedience movement.
2) The Congress will attend the second Round Table Conference.
3) The government will withdraw all ordinances against Congress.
4) The government would withdraw all notification/ enactments relating
to offences not involving violence.
5) The government should release all persons detained during Civil
disobedience movement.

Second Round Table Conference (7 Sept- 1st Dec 1931)

Gandhi adopted a stubborn and unreasonable attitude on all matters and
refused to accept any rights of minorities. After adopting the stiff attitude
Gandhi sat back quietly observe the proceedings. He did his best to prove
India as one nation and nationality so that he could claim to represent the
Indian people alone. But the Quaid-e-Azam replied that Indian Muslims
were also a separate nation of India which had its own interests. Non
settlement of minorities issue could be reached and the second

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Conference ended without reaching at any conclusion mainly because of
rigid attitude of Gandhi.

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Third Round Table Conference (17 Nov – 24 Dec 1932)
Before the 3rd session of the Round Table Conference, British announced
their own solution for the communal and constitutional problem of India
known as ‘Communal Award’. British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald
announced it on 16th August 1932. The Congress once again abstained
from the conference because Gandhi had started his civil disobedience
movement. Quaid-e-Azam did not take part in this conference and Sir Aga
Khan led the Muslim delegation. The Conference could not solve the
problems of Hindu Muslims and proved a formality. Gandhi and Nehru were
in jail. The Conference ended after few meetings without achieving
anything.

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Q: What was the Communal Award? [4]

It was announced on 16th August 1932 by the British PM Ramsay
MacDonald after the failure of the second RTC. It gave the right of
separate electorates to all the minorities and the principle of weightage
was also applied. Though, Muslim majority in Bengal and Punjab was
reduced, the ML accepted it. The INC rejected it and Gandhi began a
strike of fasting to death as protest over declaring the Sudras as a minority.

Q: What was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact? [4]

Ans. The Viceroy Lord Irwin wanted Gandhi's participation in the 2nd RTC.
So, he met Gandhi in February 1931 and urged him to call off his non-
cooperation movement. Finally, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on 5th
March 1931. Irwin promised to release most political prisoners and return the
property seized by the government during the protests of the non-
cooperation movement. Gandhi also gave up his demand for full
independence, and attended the 2nd RTC.

Q; How successful were the Round table conferences o

1930-1932? Explain your answer. [14]
Success 1 of RTC1: Approval of Federal System of
Government
First round table conference achieved the mutual consent on Federal
system for India and it was also approved that a representative
government should be introduced at provincial level. Since, the Congress
and Muslim League had incorporated this demand in Nehru Report and 14
points respectively. The findings of Simon commission also X endorsed the
federal type of government for Indians. Therefore, the approval of federal
type of government was a success because none of participant opposed
it.
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Success 2 of RTC1: Separation of Sindh from Bombay
Pakistan Studies
Another success in first round table conference was to separate Sindh
province from Bombay. The Sindh province was merged with Bombay
presidency in 1847. This decision was not welcomed by the local
population. Since it had Muslim majority, Muslim league had close
association with it. In fact, the importance of this demand increased by
adding it in Nehru report and 14 points. Therefore, it was success of first
round table conference as it was not opposed by any community.

Success 3 of RTC2: Participation of Congress

The participation of Indian Congress in round table conference two was a

success because the congress party was one of the largest political parties
of India. It had large following among Indians especially among Hindus. The
presence of Congress made discussion meaningful and now there was
some hope of achieving substantive outcome. So, the presence of
Congress in second round table conference was a success.

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Success 4 of RTC2: Minorities entered into an agreement on

their demands
Another success of second round table conference was that the minorities
entered into an agreement on their demands. When minorities group
observed that there was seemingly no agreement between
Hindu and Muslim delegates. Minority groups i.e. the Muslims, Anglo-Indians,
Indian Christians and
depressed classes came to an agreement. among themselves on their
demands e.g. principle of separate electorates. Despite differences
between Hindus and Muslims, an agreement among minority groups was a
success of second round table conference

However, there were failures of round table conferences as

well....
Failure 1 of RTC1: Absence of Congress party

The first failure of the round table conference one was the absence of
Congress. The Congress leaders were in jail because they had started the
Civil disobedience. The absence of the Congress made first round table
conference meaningless because it was the biggest political party of India
and it represented the majority community i.e. Hindus. The political
guarantees and concessions to minorities were dependent upon Hindus
who were in majority community of sub-continent. In fact, in a country
where different communities live the majority community surrenders s some
rights to minorities. Therefore, the absence of Congress was a failure of first
round table conference.

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Failure 2 of RTC1: Deadlock on the Principles of Federal
System

Pakistan Studies
The second failure in first round table conference was that the participants
could not solve the principles and conditions required for the functioning of
federal system for India. There was no agreement on the division of powers
between the center and provinces if a federal system of government was
introduced
in India. Thus, it was a failure of second round table conference.

Failure 3 of RTC1: No decision taken by minorities sub-

committee

The third failure of first round table conference was the inability of minorities'
subs committee to reach a conclusion. Various committees and
subcommittees were formed regarding provincial constitution,

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minorities issues and reforms in the NWFP etc. Despite lengthy deliberations
of the minorities' sub- committee, it could not produce a result which would
be acceptable to all. Ultimately, the Muslim delegation declared that they
would not accept any future constitution which would ignore Muslim
safeguards. With this declaration of Muslims, the first-round table
conference became unimportant so it failed.

In the final analysis, it may be concluded that the three RTC's were on the
whole successful because they provided a neutral venue to all the Indian
leaders to discuss the future constitution of India. Also, based on the
proceedings of the RTC's, the government of India Act 1935 was
implemented which was a very comprehensive document as both Pakistan
and India made their constitutions to a great extent on the basis of the
same.

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT-1935

✓ When the British govt. could not reach on a common agreement between
both the major parties of India with the help of RTC’s & Simon Commission, it
tried to solve the common problems of India.
✓ The main conclusions of RTC’s were published in 1933 in the form of a white
paper.
✓ It was discussed & passed by the British Parliament in 1934.
✓ In August 1935 "Government of India Act, 1935" became a law.
✓ It was the last major legislation of the govt. before independence.
✓ Its important Reforms were:
✓ From provinces Diarchy was replaced with a system of Provincial
autonomy.
✓ “Diarchy” was abolished in the provinces but implemented in the center.
✓ The provinces of Sindh & Orissa were created & NWFP was given a
provincial status.
✓ Federal list, Provincial list and concurrent list of subjects were introduced.
✓ Provincial Legislatures were awarded legislation power on provincial and
concurrent subjects.
✓ The representatives of the people were made provincial executive.
✓ There were 11 provinces in the country.
✓ A council of ministers for every province.
✓ Governors were awarded power for various rights. India was to be
federation consisted of British provinces & the princely states.
✓ Two houses of Parliament were formed the upper House (Council of State)
& Lower House (Assembly).
✓ The members of provinces would be elected while nominated from princely
states.

RESULTS

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✓ This could not get the approval of both the major parties of India because it
could not meet their desired demands.
✓ The system of govt. introduced could not fulfil the requirements of various
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sections of the society.
✓ It gave main powers under the British govt. because the Governor General
could use special power in reserved subjects.
✓ Appointed Governors were having much power, that they could dismiss the
ministers & the whole administration during Emergency.
✓ Quaid-e-Azam called it as a “Defective document".
✓ Raj Gopal Charia called “Worse than Diarchy".
✓ Nehru called it "Charter of slavery”.

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Why was GOVT of INDIA ACT 1935 So important to the

future of Sub continent? (7)

R1: Autonomy to Provinces

The important aspect of government of India Act 1935 in determining the
future of sub- continent was a certain amount of provincial autonomy
granted to provinces which could make their own policies and could
implement them. The foremost impact of this autonomy was that the British
control weakened over the provinces in following years and it also paved
the way for independence of sub-continent.
Besides, Muslim League was delighted because the same clause was
presented by Mr. Jinnah in his 14 points and Muslims could be able to
control their majority provinces. Therefore, it can be said that it was an
important and comprehensive document in the history of India which
shaped the Indian politics.

R2: Increased Voting Rights

The second important factor of Government of India Act was that it
granted more voting rights to Indians through direct election system. The
voting right was increased from 7 million to 35 million, 5 times more than
previous "Mont-Ford Reforms". Although, this concession was not equal to
the total population, yet it enabled Indians to enjoy a certain degree of
participation in government affairs and Indians could convey their
approval or disapproval on some issues to British by accepting or rejecting
the manifestos of political parties/leaders through the right of voting. This

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not only gave awareness to locals but also enabled them to express their
feelings. This is the reason way the government of India act 1935 is
considered as an important constitutional document in the history of India
because it enabled Indians to obtain their political rights.
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PRINCELY STATES COULD PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS

✓ Provisions for a federal government were also established at the center for
the first time, which meant that princely states could decide, participate
politically in affairs, which concerned the sub-continent.
✓ It was also important in the sense that before that they did not give such
option Princely states.
✓ However, the British retained key decisions relating to external relations and
defense, which was a drawback.

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WHY GOVT OF INDIA ACT WAS OPPOSSED?

MAIN POWERS IN HANDS OF BRITISH

✓ The Viceroy and Governor General was head of the Federation and could
exert specials powers if he wanted to.
✓ Provincial governors also had special powers, having the right to dismiss
ministers or the whole administration.
✓ It means that all the Indians were having no power and they were totally
dependent on the British.

DEMANDS OF NEHRU REPORT WERE NOT ACCEPTED

✓ Congress as the leading party rejected this reform because demands of
Nehru report were not accepted.
✓ In Nehru report they demanded Hindi as official language, Main powers in
hands of congress but these demands were not fulfilled in Government of
India Act 1935.
✓ Muslims demands such as Separation of Sindh, more powers to Muslims
provinces, provincial autonomy was granted which was against congress.
MUSLIMS LEAGUE WANTED SEPARATE HOMELAND
✓ Although number of Muslims demands were accepted.
✓ Muslims ideology over the years was changed.
✓ Allahabad address 1930 and Now & Never by Chaudhry Rahmat Ali
molded Muslims ideology and now they wanted separate independent
state that’s why rejected it.
FEW INDIANS COULD VOTE
✓ Only 25% of India’s population could vote because of the property

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qualification for voting.
✓ Therefore, few could vote.
✓ So, it was announced that only those people of India would vote who will
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be having property qualification it means that very few people would vote
in the elections.
DIARCHY WAS NOT COMPLETELY ABOLISHED
✓ Diarchy was not completely abolished and it was just shifted from the
provinces to center so it could be misused again by the govt.
✓ All sides in India opposed it. Princes, Congress & Muslims League, so there
was little progress in gaining support.
✓ They were sure that after this new law they would not get anything new so it
was better to reject it.

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ELECTIONS OF 1937
✓ In 1936-37 decisions to the provincial legislative were held under the Govt.
Act of India 1935.
✓ The results were in favor of the Congress while Muslims League could not
win seats even in Muslims majority areas.
✓ Congress won sweeping victory in 5 provinces while they formed coalition
govt in other 3 provinces (Bengal, Bombay & N.W.F.P).
✓ Muslims League could not win seats because of the lack of public support
because the major party was Congress.
✓ The congress was more organized and older party than the Muslims League
and it was having the problem of major leaders than the Congress Leaders.
✓ The Muslims party was split because many Muslims were still working in
Congress.
✓ The League had an “Image Problem” because many of their leaders were
wealthy while the common Muslims were poor & illiterate at that time so
they voted for congress.
✓ In 8 provinces Congress made its ministries.
✓ After reforming the ministries Congress wanted to take revenge from the
Muslims League that’s why they took a very rude behavior in their majority
areas.
✓ They also wanted to share power in some areas with Muslims on very bad
conditions, which were rejected by the Muslims League.
✓
Q. Why did Muslim League not perform well in elections 1937?
(7)

R1: Limited Election Experience and poor structural

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organization of Muslim League
The Muslim league did not perform well in 1937 elections because of its
limited experience of such a large-scale election as a mass political party
Pakistan Studies
and it also was recovering from the early 1930s rift in its ranks. It did not have
much experience of launching election campaigns and of placing suitable
candidates who could attract voters due to its poor organizational
structure. By these reasons, it was not able to fare well in elections of 1937.

R2: Image of Muslim League

The second reason which affected the election results was the image of
Muslim League among common Muslims. Since it was formed by landlords,
nawabs or princes, it was considered as the party of aristocrats. The majority
of common Muslims considered that it was incapable of realizing their
problems because of its most of the leadership belonged to high class. This
factor lessened the Muslims support to Muslim League. So, lack of support
reduced the number of voters

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R3: Muslims of Majority Muslim Areas

Lastly, the Muslim living in Muslim majority areas did not have any fear of
being dominated by Hindu majority so they extended their support to
regional or nationalist parties in this election instead of Muslim League,
Besides, the Muslim league wrongly concentrated in winning the support of
Muslims living in minority areas and ignored the Muslim majority areas. This
was the reason why the Muslim league remained deprived of the support of
a large Muslim population of majority areas. Therefore, it showed a poor
performance in elections

IMPORTANCE OF 1937 ELECTIONS FOR CONGRESS

✓ Won majority in 5 provinces and largest single party in 4 others.
✓ Saw themselves as the sole party representing Indians.
✓ Led to formation of cabinets in 8 provinces.
✓ Opportunity for them to take revenge for Muslims league.

IMPORTANCE OF 1937 ELECTIONS FOR MUSLIMS LEAGUE

✓ First major elections fought.
✓ Helped to unify the Muslims.
✓ Led to improvements in organization and planning.
✓ Learnt that their support lay in areas where Muslims in minority rather than in
majority.
✓ Recognition of an image problem.

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CONGRESS RULE 1937-39

✓ After taking the offices the congress started cruelties on the Muslims, the
main target was Islam & the Muslims.
✓ The congress rule was no less than a reign of terror for Muslims.
✓ Congress rule lasted for two and a half years from July 1937 to October
1939. These two and a half years were nightmare for Muslims who had to
face utmost tyranny, oppression and injustice from Hindus.

WHY CONGRESS RULE WAS HATED?

RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS
✓ They introduced various controversial reforms to harm the Muslims.
✓ The slaughter of cow was prohibited, prayers were disturbed, during Azaan
religious ulemas were beaten, processions were organized during the
prayer time & slaughtered pigs were thrown inside the mosques during
prayers.
✓ Hindi was introduced as the official language in the areas under their rule.

BANDE MATARAM/VANDE MATARAM

✓ “I bow to thee, Mother” is poem written in 1882.
✓ It is a song of praise to Goddess Durga.
✓ This song contained degrading remarks against the Muslims & Islam was
introduced.
✓ A Bengali novelist Bankim Chatterjee wrote it.
✓ They urged the people to begin the day with this song and it was also used
as the National Anthem.
✓ Muslims were furious upon this congress action.

WIDDIA MANDER SCHEME

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✓ It was an attack on the Muslims & non-Hindus.
✓ It was introduced in the educational centers & the students were asked to
behave in a manner of Hindu worship.
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✓ This scheme was introduced by congress member “Dr Zakir Hussain”
✓ The students were forced to worship Gandhi’s picture in a manner to give
him respect & finally to bow their head in front of his picture and sing Hymns
in the praise.
✓ It was introduced to distract the young generation from Islam.

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WARDHA SCHEME
✓ A basic education scheme, introduced by Gandhi.
✓ Spinning cotton by hands was introduced & teachings were in hindi in
schools.
✓ They told the young students about their heroes but the heroes of Hindus
were the enemy of the Muslims.
✓ They pressurize the Muslims young generation to adopt their ideology &
culture.
✓ They tried to give much importance to Hindu religion & Hindi language
than Islam & Urdu.

HOSTING OF THREE COLORED FLAG

✓ In the areas under their rule announced to host three colored flag along
with British to show that after the British, the Congress was the only power in
India.

HINDU-MUSLIMS RIOTS
✓ Hindu Muslims riots were common in the areas dominated by Hindus they
created many problems for the Muslims.
✓ They could not practice Islam freely; their houses were burnt.
✓ They also abducted the Muslims women & disgraced them at public
places.
✓ The properties, honor& life of the Muslims were not safe under their rule.

DAY OF DELIVERANCE
✓ When the Congress resigned from their ministers, the Muslims were very
happy because they had got rid of the most painful cruelties & injustices of
the Congress.

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✓ Now their region, education & political career were out of danger.
✓ On the advice of the Jinnah the people observed the “Day of Deliverance”
on 22nd December 1939.
✓ They thanked God Almighty, who saved them from the cruelties of the
Congress. Pakistan Studies
✓ The Muslims celebrated this day with great excitement & meetings were
also held to view those days.
✓ Thank offering prayers were also performed.

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Chapter # 9

Q; How did the Lahore/Pakistan Resolution contribute in the

Pakistan Movement? (7)
R1: Clear objective of Muslim League to achieve separate
Homeland
• Muslim league established clear and final objective for its future
course
• Adoption of this objective united the entire Muslim Population of
India under the leadership of the Muslim League
• Muslim league support increased manifold as a result the
Muslim League performed exceptionally well in the elections
of 1945
• Therefore, Lahore resolution provided a strong rallying point to
Muslims around Muslim league and made Muslim league strong
enough to fight for the separate homeland.
R2: Support of Two Nation Theory by [Link]
• Mr. Jinnah was greatest proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity but passing
of Lahore resolution proved that he had accepted the idea of Two
Nation Theory
• LR provided the unconditional support of Muslims to Mr. Jinnah
• After passing LR, Mr. Jinnah firmly stood for obtaining separate

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homeland for Muslims of India in all the negotiations held after 1940
with either British or Congress
• Therefore, LR was the reflection of Mr. Jinnah’s honesty and
P cause
seriousness with the a k i softMuslims
a n Sof tIndia.
udies

R3: Development of Muslim Nationalism

• LR provided the base of Pakistan and a base of Muslim nationalism
• LR was a sign that the Muslim nationalism got maturity with the
passage of time
• Now Muslims wanted to have their own homeland in which they could
protect their interests
• Therefore, the LR contributed immensely in the creation of Pakistan.

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Q. What was Cripps Mission? (4)

• Came in India in 1942
• British government sent
• Sir Stafford Cripps was the head of this mission
• He was a cabinet minister
• Purpose: To win the support of Indians for British war effort
• Set up of Indian Union with Dominion status
• Provinces could opt out of the Union
• Formation of Constituent Assembly
• Making of new constitution by this Constituent Assembly
• Holding of elections for new constituent assembly after war
• Muslim League and Congress, both rejected it.

Why did the Cripps Mission fail in 1942? (7)

R1: Congress opposition;
• Congress rejected it
• Congress was furious on the right given to provinces of opting out
from Indian Union in future
• Provinces would become Independent and Congress was not in
favour of dividing India
• Congress unwilling to accept the division of India and it had aim to
keep Indian United
• This clause of Cripps Mission was totally against the prime aim of
Congress, so the rejection of Congress led its failure.

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R2: Muslim League opposition;
1. Muslim League opposed Cripps Mission be there was no reference
about the separate P aMuslim
k i s tState
a nor SPakistan
t u d iwas
e spresent in Cripps
Mission
2. Quaid-e-Azam called the proposals of CM as unsatisfactory
3. Muslim League had demanded the separate homeland in Lahore
resolution in 1940
4. ML did not want to accept any proposal skipping Pakistan. The
rejection from ML made Cripps Mission unimportant b/c both major
political parties rejected it so it failed.

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R3: Demand of Immediate Transfer of Power from Congress;

• Congress wanted immediate transfer of power
• But Cripps mission did not mention anything of giving immediate
power to Congress
• Therefore, objection of congress on this issue created a political
deadlock which led to the failure of this mission.

Q; What was the Quit India Movement/Resolution? (4)

In May 1942, Gandhi sharply criticized the lack of compliance shown by the
British during the negotiations of the Cripps Mission Plan. He urged the INC
to start a non- violent protest against the British. On 8th August 1942, the
Quit India Resolution was passed, calling for the immediate withdrawal of
the British from India. This led to widespread riots in several parts of India,
and the British retaliated with full force.

Q; Why did the Congress/INC start the Quit India

Movement? [7]

Gandhi had rejected the Cripps Mission Plan. While addressing an INC
meeting in Allahabad in May 1942, he expressed his resentment of the Plan.
In his address, he talked of how, "British behavior towards India has filled me
with great pain." There were rumours of a possible Japanese attack on
India as the Japanese forces had captured Singapore recently. Gandhi

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argued that in case of British departure from India, there was no danger of
any such attack by Japan.

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Even if India was attacked, Indians would persuade Japan by non-violent
protest, under his Satiya Graha philosophy of peaceful opposition. He also
knew that regardless of the result of the WW2, the British would be forced to
leave India due to the huge losses they had incurred in the early phase of
the War. On 8th August 1942, the All-India Congress Committee asked its
Quit India Resolution asking the British to leave India quickly. To support the
campaign, Gandhi urged 'a mass struggle on non-violent lines possible
scale'.

Two days later on Gandhi, Nehru and several other senior leaders were
arrested and the INC was banned. This led to large scale violence and
Gandhi was arrested. British had to use the strongest measures including the
use of machine guns and aerial bombing. The pressure on the British,

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however, kept mounting despite all their attempts to keep India under their
control. The ML did not support the INC.

Q; What were the Gandhi Jinnah Talks in 1944? [4]

After his release in May 1944, Gandhi convinced Jinnah to hold talks for the
future of India. On Jinnah's consent, several rounds of talks were held in
September 1944. After some success the talks ended in failure as Gandhi
rejected the two-nation theory and suggested a joint struggle against the
British till their departure from India. Jinnah wanted the Provincial
Governments to have control over defence and foreign policy that Gandhi
rejected.

Q: Why did the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks fail? [7]

Gandhi and Jinnah disagreed on key issues. After his release from jail in May
1944, Gandhi proposed to Jinnah that the two meet to consider the future
of India after the British departure. Accordingly, several rounds of talks were
held at Jinnah House Bombay in September 1944. Gandhi insisted on being
treated as an Indian representing all Indian communities. Jinnah could not
treat him in any capacity other than an INC spokesman as Gandhi had
been the most popular leader of the INC.

Moreover, Gandhi rejected the two-nation theory by saying that Muslims

were only local converts in India and they could not be considered a
nation only by changing their religion. He said he could not find any
example in the world history in support of Muslim nation hood in India.

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Jinnah countered his argument by highlighting the historic, civilizational and
cultural differences between Hindus and Muslims.

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Jinnah demanded the key areas such as defence and foreign policy
should be given to the provincial governments while Gandhi wanted them
to be with the Centre. Gandhi was willing to consider the partition of India if
the ML launched a joint struggle with the INC to drive the British out of India.
Jinnah had no reason to trust Ghandi because the condition of the joint
struggle seemed dubious to him. Thus, the talks ended in failure.

Describe the Simla Conference/Wavell Plan.[4]

The Simla Conference was held in June 1945 to discuss the Wavell Plan. All
political parties attended it. The Plan proposed an Executive Council
comprising equal number of Hindu and Muslim ministers, with control over
all affairs except for the Viceroy and a British member controlling the

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defence. The Conference, attended by all major Indian political parties,

ended in failure on 14 July 1945 due to a deadlock between Gandhi and
Jinnah.

The 1945 Elections

• Winston Churchil's Conservative Govt. was replaced by the Labour
Party P.M. Clement Attlee; effort to give sefl-rule to India
• Elections for central and provincial assemblies to set up an Executive
Council of major parties
• INC campaigned for an independent, undivided India;
• ML; for a separate Muslim state.
• Results, Dec 1945: INC; 91% of non-Muslim vote; majority in 8 provinces
including the KPK, 19/36 seats against ML; 17/36.
• ML; 87% of total Muslim vote; 100% seats in the centre; 446/495 seats
in provincial assemblies; Govt.s in Bengal and Sindh; largest party in
Punjab.
Q: Why did ML perform better in the 1945 Elections? [7]
Many factors helped Muslim League (ML) perform better. It was now more
organized and popular than in 1937. Jinnah had played key role in unifying
its various factions. In the Lucknow meeting of the ML in October 1937, he
persuaded the party to build up support from the grass roots. Due to his
efforts the chief ministers of Assam, Bengal and Punjab joined the party by
1938 and the vote bank of the ML was enlarged significantly. It was able to
win most of the by - elections between 1940 and 1945.
Moreover, It had learned a lot from the 1937 elections. So, it launched a
more effective campaign in 1945. It made successful efforts to overcome

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the image problem. For many years the ML was seen as a party of elite
Muslim class because the circumstances of its foundation were marked by
the presence of rich landowners/nawabs A mass contact campaign was
launched by Jinnah to approach all segments of the Muslim community in
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various provinces.

Lastly, the INC rule 1937-39 had shocked Muslims into unity. They realized
that in an INC- dominated India their political and cultural identity would be
seriously threatened. Therefore, only three months after the celebration of
the Day of Deliverance, Muslims got united on the ML platform to make a
demand for Pakistan. This demand changed the political landscape of
India, and by 1945 the Muslims had a clear objective and goal to achieve.
Therefore, a great majority of Muslims voted for the ML in the 1945 elections.

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CABINET MISSION PLAN

✓ In March 1946 Lord Attlee British Prime Minister sent a delegation to India to
discuss various issues including the future constitution of India, to solve the
differences in India & to discuss the transfer of power to Indians.
✓ Three Cabinet Ministers including Lord Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps
and A.V Alexander reached India.
✓ Jinnah wanted that the mission should consider the demand of a separate
state on the basis of Muslims majority areas to be called independent
Pakistan.
✓ The meetings were held at Simla with political leaders of India.
✓ The congress had good relations with Sir Stafford Cripps so he gave full
support to Congress on various issues.
✓ Congress was represented by Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Abdul
Ghaffar Khan and Vallabhai Patel & the Muslims League led by Jinnah, with
Liaquat Ali Khan, Nawab Ismail and Abdul Rab Nishtar in their delegation.
✓ Muslims League was demanding Pakistan with 6 provinces while Congress
was against any type of partition in India.
✓ The British govt. wave it’s on scheme, which was consisted of two plans.

SHORT TERM PLAN

✓ A caretaker (interim central govt.) would be set up & in the meantime the
British govt. would manage the withdrawal.
✓ The govt. would form an All-Indian Commission with the help of members of
Provincial & Central Legislatures.
✓ The Commission would decide the formation of one or two states.
✓ Both the Congress & Muslims League rejected this plan because it neither
considered immediate transfer to power nor a Muslims State but the
commission continued its work & gave its final plan.

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LONG TERM PLAN
✓ It did not approve the idea of Pakistan. It agreed that a union of India
should be formed including both British states and Indian states & all the
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main departments such as foreign affairs, defence and communication
would be given to it.
✓ Three groups of provinces such as Hindu majority provinces, Muslims
majority provinces & provinces of Bengal and Assam would be formed.
✓ All these provinces and states would be considered as the basic units and
power of constitution making would be given to the provinces.
✓ Muslims League agreed to nominate its member for this interim govt.
Gandhi was not pleased with the proposals of the govt.
✓ And Nehru said that after the withdrawal of the British he would not bound
to this plan.
✓ He termed it as “An appeal and advice”.
✓ Muslims League was disappointed to know the remarks of Congress, so it
dropped the plan.

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DIRECT ACTION DAY

✓ Cabinet mission plan was rejected by Congress and AIML planned general
strike to assert its demand for a separate Muslims home land.
✓ Jinnah asked the people to show their strength to the British by observing
“Direct Action Day” on 16th of August 1946.
✓ In this the Muslims League showed their power to the govt. & also
announced their withdrawal from both the plans.
✓ In many places thousands demonstrated peacefully to show Muslims
solidarity. However, in Calcutta demonstrations turned into violence.
✓ There was a lot of violence due to this in Calcutta & in “Great Calcutta
Killing” 4000 people died.

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3rd JUNE PLAN

✓ The British govt. chose Lord Mountbatten as the last Viceroy of India.
✓ The British Prime Minister, Lord Attlee wanted to transfer the power as soon
as possible to the Indians.
✓ Till June 1948.
✓ Atlee chose short time due to the reason that in case of long time there
would be more disagreements.
✓ Mountbatten had very limited time & for a long time in spite of the govt.
efforts they could not get an acceptable solution for the Muslims League &
the Congress.
✓ The Viceroy worked very hard to meet his target and finally he was able to
form a partition plan.
✓ The Congress accepted it.
✓ After the approval from the British Govt., it was announced on 3rd June.
✓ The main characteristics of the plan were:
✓ There would be two states namely Pakistan & India.
✓ The division of the both the provinces of Punjab & Bengal would be
decided by the Legislatures.
✓ The people would be given the authority to form the constitution of India &
it would be introduced in the areas, which would accept it.
✓ Government of India Act 1935 would be used as an interim constitution.
✓ The people of NWFP could be given a choice through referendum.
✓ The people of Baluchistan would be given a chance to decide their future.
✓ Each State would have a Dominion Status & have an Executive responsible
to a Constituent Assembly.
✓ Princely States would be given complete liberty to join either Pak or India.
✓ A Boundary Commission would be formed after partition, which would
decide the boundaries of both the countries.
✓ Both the countries would nominate their Governor-Generals as the

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executive heads of the countries.
✓ After the partition the military assets would be divided between the two
countries.
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RADCLIFFE AWARD OR BOUNDARY COMMISSION

✓ Bengal and Punjab were given to decide the division through their
legislatures & they gave positive answers for the partition.
✓ Two separate boundary commissions are formed one for Punjab and other
for Bengal.
✓ Sir Cyril Radcliffe a lawyer of London was made the head of these
commissions with 4 assistants 2 from League & 2 from Congress.
✓ On 16th August 1947 it was announced, which was totally against Pakistan
because it deliberately gave away many Muslims majority areas from the
Punjab and Bengal to India.
✓ In the province of Bengal the most important city, Calcutta major part and
the most developed industrial, commerce and educational hub was given
to India.
✓ Calcutta was developed with the help of East Bengal & it was surrounded
with the Muslims majority areas so it had to be included in Pakistan.
✓ In Punjab many Muslims majority areas were taken away from Pakistan &
awarded to India.
✓ In Gurdaspur district two Muslims majority areas, Tehsil of Gurdaspur and
Batala with Pathankot were deliberately awarded to India because it
provided a link to India such as in Amritsar the area of Ajnala, in Jallander
the area of Zera.
✓ The main area of Ferozpur & Madhopur, where all the canal’s headwork’s
located, which were controlling the water coming towards Pakistan, were
given to India.
✓ Jinnah agreed the award but declared that Muslims had been treated
unjustly but they all must abide by it and faced it with courage and hope.

INDEPENDENCE ACT
✓ It was approved on 15th July 1947 by the govt. & it was decided that there

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would be two dominion states India & Pakistan.
✓ The first govt. of Pakistan accepted the power on 14th August.
✓ The govt. also approved that till the formation of a new constitution the
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Govt. of India Act 1935 would be used as the temporary constitution for
both the countries.
✓ Princely states would be free to join with any country according to their
choice.

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 PAGE 48

ALLAMA IQBAL
✓ He was born in Sialkot on 9th November 1873.
✓ He was the great poet & philosopher of the country who first envisaged the
dream of Pakistan in words.
✓ After receiving his early education at home, he joined government college
Lahore in 1895 and completed his B.A and M.A from this prestigious
institution.
✓ For some time he worked as a lecturer of Philosophy at Government
College and then went to England for further studies.
✓ In England he studied law, after completing it he did Phd.
✓ After returning from England he worked as a barrister in Lahore.
✓ He was also an educationist. Once he was invited by King of Afghanistan
for advises regarding educational reforms.
✓ He was invited to give lectures in many colleges and universities.
✓ In May 1908, when Muslims League was formed in London Iqbal was
elected as a member of the committee. He drafted constitution for this
league. He came back to India in August 1908. There was already a
Muslims League in India.
✓ During 1913 to 1923 he was not very active in politics. This was the time
when Iqbal was busy developing his philosophy and writing his epoch-
making poems.
✓ He supported the Khilafat movement but did not indulge practicality as he
believed that Muslims in different countries of the world should unite but
concentrate on national movements. He had fate on his own culture and
tradition.
✓ IN 1928 [Link] was elected secretary of the Shafi branch of the Muslims
league.
✓ In the same year he was appeared before the Simon Commission as a
witness.

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✓ In 1929 he attended the Muslims Conference held in Delhi.
✓ He was elected as the president of All India Muslims League in 1930.
✓ In the same year he presided the annual session of the All India Muslims
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League held at Allahabad. He delivered a presidential speech, which was
known as Allahabad address.
✓ Iqbal did not attend the first Round Table Conference because he was not
invited to attend this conference. Iqbal attended the second& third Round
Table Conferences.
✓ Till the end he gave advices to [Link] Jinnah in political matters through his
letters. Later Jinnah adopted a resolution for Pakistan movement in Lahore
session of the Muslims League in 1940. After the Lahore resolution was
passed in Lahore session on 24th March 1940, Quaid-i-Azam said: “Iqbal is
no more amongst us, but had he been alive he would have been happy to
know that we did exactly what he wanted us to do.”
✓ Iqbal died in 1938, but he was successfully converted Jinnah, from
ambassador of Hindu-Muslims unity to a communal Muslims leader.

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 PAGE 49

CHAUDRY RAHMAT ALI

✓ He was born in 1897 in Balachaur (Hoshiyarpur).
✓ After his early studies he went to Cambridge for higher studies.
✓ He attended the conferences in London to discuss the position of Hindus &
Muslims in India.
✓ He was disappointed to know about the idea of a loose federation
(DOMINION STATUS) in India from Muslims League because he was in favour
of a separate homeland for the Muslims.
✓ In 1930’s Jinnah was not agreed with his idea.
✓ In 1933 he wrote a pamphlet “NOW OR NEVER” in which he mentioned that
the Muslims should have their homeland & he also coined the name
Pakistan. (P=Punjab, A=Afghanistan, K=Kashmir, I=Iran, S=Sindh,
Tan=Baluchistan) means “Land of Pak People”.
✓ Rehmat Ali’s ideas at this stage were slightly different to those expressed by
Iqbal, as Iqbal had initially wanted the Muslims State to have autonomy
within a loose federation. Rehmat Ali was convinced of the need for a
separate federation of the Muslims states with independence.
✓ Rehmat Ali continued with his utmost sole mission of advocating the
establishment of “Pakistan” a separate Muslims homeland. In 1933, Rehmat
Ali formed a Pakistan National Movement to fight for the idea of Pakistan.
He collected all of his articles and interviews and published a book entitled
“Pakistan the Fatherland of the Pak Nation”. He was rewarded for his efforts
in 1940.
✓ It is unfortunate that Rehmat Ali and Jinnah never agreed on political
tactics and that Rehmat Ali’s later Plan for the seven Muslims state’s
Common wealth which was not adopted by the Muslims league. However,
Rehmat Ali has distinction of coining the name of a large Muslims country. It
was tragic that someone who longed so much for the creation of the
Muslims state and then lived to see it established, did not agree with the

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final map of Pakistan and that his contribution was never officially
appreciated during his lifetime.
✓ He died in England (Cambridge) on 3rd February 1951 & buried there.
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 PAGE 50

MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

✓ Muhammad Ali Jinnah also known as Quaid-e-Azam was born on 25th
December 1876 in Karachi.
✓ His early education centers were Karachi and Bombay.
✓ He did his matriculation from Mission High School.
✓ After completing his early education, he went to England in Lincoln’s Inn for
studying law.
✓ In 1896, he was called to bar.
✓ When he returned to Karachi, he decided to become a lawyer and worked
day and night to establish himself.
✓ Jinnah’s first important contact with the political affair was in 1906 as a
member of Imperial Legislative Council.
✓ In 1906, he also became the member of Indian National Congress.
✓ In 1913, Jinnah joined the Muslims League, formed to protect Muslims
interests against the Hindu majority.
✓ At the time he hoped for accord between the two groups that’s why
working in both the parties & on his advice AIML added the demand of self-
rule.
✓ Due to his efforts in 1916 Lucknow Pact was signed between the Hindus &
the Muslims. He was respected & admired by both Hindus & Muslims. He
was called “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslims Unity”
✓ In 1919 he resigned from Imperial Legislative Council due to Rowlett Act.
✓ Due to Gandhi’s influence & anti-Muslims demands he resigned from
Congress in 1920.
✓ In 1927 AIML under the leadership of Jinnah rejected Simon Commission.
✓ Jinnah wrote a reply to the Nehru Report in 1928 at Delhi and gave three
amendments which were rejected.
✓ In 1929 in response of Nehru Report he gave his famous 14 points formula.
His 14 points were the foundation of Pakistan movement and very

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important for Muslims.
✓ He also represented the Muslims in the 1st& 2nd round table conferences
(1930-1932).
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✓ Then he led a self-exiled life in London & left the politics.
✓ After numerous requests of Allama Iqbal and Liaquat Ali Khan he returned
to India.
✓ He became the lifetime President of AIML in 1934 on the request of Liaquat
Ali Khan.
✓ He returned to India in the beginning of 1935.
✓ Provincial elections under Act of 1935 were held in 1937 and proved to be
turning point in the relations of two organizations.
✓ After elections he started campaigning and due to which Muslims league
membership rose from ten thousand to hundred thousand.
✓ By 1939, the Quaid-e-Azam had emerged as undisputed leader of the
Muslims who embarked upon a new line of action.
✓ On 22nd December 1939 soon after the resignation of the congress
ministries, the Quaid-e-Azam gave a call to the Muslims to observe the day
of deliverance.

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 PAGE 51

✓ On 23rd March 1940 the Muslims League in its annual meeting at Lahore
passed the famous Lahore Resolution for separate homeland for the Indian
Muslims.
✓ In 1944 Gandhi-Jinnah talks were held which improved the position of
Jinnah and the Muslims.
✓ He also attended Simla Conference in 1945 to defend the Muslims rights.
✓ In 1946 due to Cabinet Mission he announced Direct Action Day on 16th
August 1946.
✓ In elections of 1946 AIML performed well under the leadership of Quaid.
✓ The Muslims League under the dramatic leadership of Jinnah strove very
hard to accomplish Pakistan on 14th August 1947 and he became the 1st
Governor General of Pakistan.

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