Analysis - BX28
Tutorial IX
Periodic Functions
Exercise 1. Find all functions f : R → R which are periodic and converge to some
limit as x tends to infinity.
Exercise 2. Let f : R → R be a continuous, periodic function.
(i) Prove that f is bounded.
(ii) Prove that there exists x, y ∈ R such that f (x) = inf f (z) and f (y) = sup f (z).
z∈R z∈R
(iii) (Difficult) Prove that f is uniformly continuous. Hint: Argue by contradiction.
Exercise 3. (Difficult) Let A ⊂ R such that (A, +) is a subgroup of (R, +) i.e. for all
x, y ∈ A, x − y ∈ A. We assume that A ∩ (0, +∞) is not empty and we define
α := inf (A ∩ (0, +∞)) .
(i) Assume that α > 0, prove that (α, 2α) does not contain any element of A.
(ii) Assume that α > 0, prove that α ∈ A.
(iii) Assume that α > 0, prove that α Z ⊂ A.
(iv) Assume that α > 0, prove that A = α Z.
(v) Assume that α = 0, prove that A is dense in R.
(vi) Prove that the set of periods of a periodic function is either dense in R or of the
form α Z for some α ∈ R.
1
Differentiability
Exercise 4. Let I be an (non-empty) open interval and f : I → R a function which is
differentiable at a point x ∈ I.
(i) What can be said about
f (x + h) − f (x + h2 )
lim ?
h→0, h̸=0 h
(ii) What can be said about
f (x + h) − f (x + 2h)
lim ?
h→0, h̸=0 h
(iii) What can be said about
f (x + h) − f (x − h)
lim ?
h→0, h̸=0 h
Exercise 5. Find a function f : R → R which is differentiable at 0 and discontinuous
at any x ̸= 0.
Exercise 6. Let I be a (non-empty) open interval and f : I → R a function which is
differentiable at a point α ∈ I. Assume that f (α) = 0 and f ′ (α) ̸= 0. Prove that there
exist x, y ∈ I such that
f (x) < 0 < f (y).
√
Exercise 7. We consider the function f defined by f (x) := x on (0, +∞).
(i) Prove that is differentiable on (0, +∞) and compute the derivative of f at x > 0.
(ii) Prove that, for any n ∈ N \ {0}, the function f is n-times differentiable on (0, +∞)
and compute f (n) (x), the n-th derivative of f at x > 0.
√
(iii) Prove that the function g(x) := x2 + 1 is differentiable on R and compute the
derivative of g.
√
(iv) (Difficult) Prove that the function g(x) := x2 + 1 is n-times differentiable on R,
for all n ∈ N − {0}, and compute the n-th derivative of g.
2
Exercise 8. Recall that:
sin x
lim = 1,
x
x→0,x̸=0
as we have seen in a previous exercise. We want to show that the derivative of the sine
function is the cosine function and that the derivative of the cosine function is minus
the sine function.
cos x − 1
(i) Prove that lim = 0.
x→0 x
(ii) Prove that the derivative of the sine function is the cosine function.
(iii) Prove that the derivative of the cosine function is the sine function.
Exercise 9. Prove that the derivative of an even differentiable function is an odd func-
tion and also that the derivative of an odd differentiable function is an even function.
Exercise 10. Determine (a, b) ∈ R2 such that the function f : (0, +∞) → R, defined by
( √
x if 0 < x ⩽ 1
f (x) =
ax2 + bx + 1 if x > 1,
is continuous and differentiable on (0, +∞)?
Exercise 11. (Difficult) Assume f and g are two functions which are differentiable on
R. We define h := max(f, g). Find a sufficient condition for h to be differentiable at a
point x0 .
Exercise 12. Consider the function f : R → R defined by
Å ã
x2 sin 1
if x ̸= 0
f (x) := x
0 if x = 0.
A which point is the function f continuous? At which point is the function f differentiable?
At which points is the derivative of this function continuous?
Exercise 13. For all n ∈ N − {0}, show that the following functions are n-times differ-
entiable and compute their n-th derivatives
1
x 7→ , x 7→ x2 sin x,
1−x
1
x 7→ , x 7→ sin2 x,
x2 −1
where they are defined.