Module 3 of 4:

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Developers:
Elizabeth P. Lacaben
Ralyne Earl Adrienne B. Aquino
Jenilyn L. Tariagao

COURSE FACILITATOR: KARYL A. PO-OR

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION
1ST SEMESTER, 2026-2022

INTRODUCTION
In this module, you will learn the profile of the different indigenous peoples in
other countries. The indigenous peoples in Asia and Pacific, Africa, North America,
South America, Australian and Oceania, and Europe will be discussed in the module.
Moreover, you will also discover the issues and challenges confronting indigenous
communities.
Read the discussions and activity instructions before doing the activities.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. comprehensively understand the different indigenous peoples in other
countries;
2. clearly identify the different indigenous communities in other countries; and,
3. comprehensively analyze the issues and challenges confronting indigenous
peoples in other countries.

PRE-TEST: Choose the correct letter of your answer to the following questions. Circle
your answer.

1. These particular indigenous peoples depend on customary collective and

individual rights to communal lands and natural resources.
A. Africa B. Asia and the Pacific C. Australia and Oceania d. Europe
2. These cultures often had a strong spiritual relationship with the local
environment.
A. Aboriginal Australian B. Indians C. Inuits D. Maori
3. This region is made up of thousands of islands throughout the central and south
Pacific Ocean.
[Link] and the Pacific B. Micronesia C. Oceania D. Polynesia
4. It is a type of ownership where the state controls an industry, as opposed to
private companies.
A. Internalization B. Nationalization C. Privatization
5. These smaller groups in Africa are often gathering in neighbourhood to dance
during carnival festivity.
A. Blocos B. Rio Carnival C. Samba
6. In South America, this is a cultural tradition which is a combination of traditional
beliefs from the cultures of Africa.
A. Bantu B. Fon C. Candomble` D. Yoruba
7. This is the most well-known Indigenous culture of South America
[Link] Empire B. Candomble` C. Incan Empire
8. Which of the following groups below prefer to be called Native Alaskans
A. Eskimo B. Kara C. Himba D. Maori
9. This group in Africa inhabits northern, central and southern Kenya.
A. Himba B. Kara C. Maasai D. Yoruba
 [Link] of the following ethnics groups in Africa resides along the east banks of
the Omo?
A. Himba B. Kara C. Maasai D. Yoruba
LESSON 1: Profile of the Indigenous Peoples in Asia and the Pacific

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the different indigenous groups in Asia and the Pacific and the issues
convening them;
2. discuss the culture of indigenous peoples in Asia and the Pacific;
3. create an advertisement promoting the rights of the indigenous people; and,
4. appreciate the practices of indigenous peoples in Asia and the Pacific.

LET’S ENGAGE

Engage. What comes into your mind when you hear the word Asia and the
Pacific? What culture and practices you can think of these people? Are there any
issues and challenges on indigenous people in Asia and the Pacific?

 Explore. The Asia and the Pacific region is home to the largest number of
Indigenous Peoples, more than 260 million people, or 70 percent of the total
indigenous population in the world. 3 Based on ingenious strategies and traditional
knowledge, indigenous food systems are locally and climatically adapted and
resilient to climate threats.

In addition, they are fundamental to broadening the available food base.

Despite their numbers and relevance to food and nutrition security, Indigenous
Peoples are among the most marginalized subgroups in the Asia Pacific region.
The lack of respect to their basic human rights, cultures, spirituality and
traditions, and the encroachment on their traditional lands and natural resources
increase their vulnerability by undermining livelihoods, shelters and identity.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

 Explain.
Let us discuss the different Indigenous Peoples living in Asia and the
[Link] in Asia and the Pacific pursue a variety of livelihoods and rely on food
systems that include shifting cultivation, pastoralism, hunting and gathering, farming,
intercropping, fishing and collection of forest products. These systems constitute an
integral part of their livelihoods as well as their identity, spirituality, culture and way of
life.

Their traditional knowledge and livelihoods depend directly on sustained access

to their land, natural resources and territories. Indigenous Peoples in Asia and the
Pacific depend on customary collective and individual rights to communal lands and
natural resources.

Indigenous peoples in the Asia-Pacific region have long practiced shifting

cultivation. While agronomists and development practitioners have begun to recognize
shifting cultivation as a form of sustainable agro-forestry, most rural development
programmes and policies in the region still seek to replace shifting cultivation.

Shifting cultivation is not simply a farming technique but is a way of life for
Indigenous Peoples, closely interlinked with their culture and lifestyle. This is why the
sanctions and labels that cast shifting cultivation as environmentally unsustainable
and inefficient affect indigenous communities beyond economic intervention. Through
shifting cultivation, indigenous communities have been able to practice agro
biodiversity, which is being acknowledged as key to promoting sustainable food
production and climate change adaptation.

But who are Asia's indigenous peoples? Where do they live?

As the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs documents, indigenous

peoples live in most Asian countries. Burma/Myanmar has over 100 different ethnic
groups, with Burmans making up an estimated 68 percent of the country’s 50 million
people. The other “ethnic nationalities” include the Shan, Karen, Rakhine, Karenni,
Chin, Kachin and Mon. These indigenous groups suffered greatly from the oppressive
policies of the former Burman-dominated military regimes. As the country has begun
moving towards democracy, hundreds of political prisoners have been released, and
the government has engaged in ceasefire talks with ethnic armed groups. However,
many critical issues remained unresolved, most notably the persecution of Muslim
Rohingya in Arakan State.

China proclaims itself a unified country with a multiple ethnic make-up, and all
ethnic groups are considered equal before the law. Besides the Han Chinese majority,
the government recognizes 55 ethnic minority peoples within its borders. The
population of ethnic minorities is 114 million persons, or 8.5 % of the country's total
population. The government has made great efforts to improve the lives of China's
indigenous peoples, in the areas of education and health. They are also allowed to
have two or three children, and are thus exempt from the one-child policy. But certain
groups like Tibetans and the Uighurs still suffer terrible human rights abuses.

In India, 461 ethnic groups are recognized as Scheduled Tribes, "Adivasis", who
are considered to be India’s indigenous peoples. With an estimated population of 84.3
million, they comprise 8.2% of the total population. There are, however, many more
ethnic groups that would qualify for Scheduled Tribe status but which are not officially
recognized. Estimates of the total number of tribal groups are as high as 635. The
largest concentrations of indigenous peoples are found in the seven states of north-
east India, and the so-called “central tribal belt” stretching from Rajasthan to West
Bengal.

Indonesia's population of 250 million includes 50-70 million indigenous

peoples, from 1128 officially-recognised ethnic groups. Perhaps the most egregious
case of human rights abuses in Indonesia is the human tragedy of West Papua. The
people of West Papua have been calling for self-determination for half a century. The
struggle for liberation from an Indonesian military occupation has seen as many as
500,000 Papuans killed. A recent development in this long campaign is the suspicious
death of a commander of the rebel Free Papua Movement, Danny Kogoya, in
December 2013.

Japan has two main indigenous peoples, the Ainu and the Okinawans. The Ainu
mainly live in Japan's northern island of Hokkaido, although large numbers have
migrated to Japan’s urban centers for work and to escape the more prevalent
discrimination on Hokkaido. As of 2006, the Ainu population was 23,782 in Hokkaido
and roughly 5,000 in the greater Kanto region. The Okinawans live in Japan's southern
islands of Okinawa. Socio-economically, Okinawa remains Japan’s poorest prefecture,
with income levels roughly 70% of the national average and unemployment at double
the national average.

Nepal's indigenous peoples comprise 36% of the country's population of 26

million, although indigenous peoples’ organizations claim a larger figure of more than
50%. Throughout the history of Nepal, indigenous peoples have been marginalized in
terms of language, culture, and political and economic opportunities.

The indigenous peoples of Malaysia represent around 12% of the national

population of 29 million. The Orang Asli are the indigenous peoples of Peninsular
Malaysia, representing a mere 0.6% of the population. Indigenous peoples account for
around half of the populations of Sarawak and Sabah.
 The Philippine national population of 92 million includes an indigenous
population of between 10% and 20%. The indigenous groups in the northern
mountains of Luzon (Cordillera) are collectively known as Igorot while the groups on
the southern island of Mindanao are collectively called Lumad. There are smaller
groups collectively known as Mangyan in the central islands. These indigenous
peoples generally live in geographically isolated areas with a lack of access to basic
social services and few opportunities for mainstream economic activities or political
participation.

Vietnam's 53 recognized ethnic groups, beyond the Kinh majority, account for
around 14% of the country’s total population of 90 million. The ethnic minorities live
scattered throughout the country, but concentrated mostly in the Northern Mountains
and Central Highlands in the South.

Most indigenous communities have a basic kinship through their histories, where
customs and traditions are defined by virtue of centuries-old relations with land,
forests, rivers and society. The problems confronting these communities are also
similar in nature. Eviction from ancestral land, disruption of age-old customs and
traditions and the onslaught of development are threatening the very right of these
people to a peaceful existence.
The Urban Rural Mission of the Christian Conference of Asia (CCA-URM) has long
been concerned with the problems of the indigenous people. In response to the need
expressed for indigenous people to come together and share, reflect and learn from
each other's experiences, the CCA-URM sponsored a Dialogue on the theme Solidarity
of Indigenous Minority People's Struggle for Land and Identity. The Dialogue was held
at Baguio City in Philippines from October 20-30th, 1984. The Dialogue brought
together thirty participants representing indigenous communities in Australia,
Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan and Philippines. The participants
of the Dialogue decided together to formalize their support for each other in the form
of a Solidarity Pact.
The Solidarity Pact is a result of ten days of sharing and collective reflection of
the participants, who discovered that indigenous people in most countries in Asia and
the Pacific share similar problems. This sharing included visits made by the
participants to some indigenous communities in the Philippines, cultural events, the
sharing of country reports and the intensive discussions in the workshops on Land
Concepts and Land-related Issues; History and Traditions; Visions, Hopes and
Aspirations.
The participants defined the main problems facing them as follows:
o Land alienation, caused by groups from within their countries as well as
foreigners. Displacement from ancestral land and disruption of traditional
patterns of land use and ownership.
o Extensive deforestation by local governments and multinational
corporations. Mining projects and hydro-electric dams have uprooted
indigenous communities from their lands and destroyed their environments.
o Cultural aggression in the form of imposition of alien values, religions, laws
and practices.
o Militarization and the use of repressive methods to brutally crush any attempt
by the people to resist the process of displacement and disruption.
o Marginalization, and lack of participation in decision-making on issues that
concern the lives and futures of the indigenous peoples.
The above are, in brief, some of the issues that were highlighted in the Dialogue.
The Solidarity Pact was the outcome of this group of indigenous peoples' decision to
continue this sharing and exchange, and is also an expression of the strong unity and
solidarity that was felt by the participants. It is only the beginning of a process which
we hope will result in increased solidarity and will strengthen the indigenous people in
their continuous struggles for a decent human life. These concerns and the Solidarity
Pact will now be discussed in a wider way with indigenous peoples throughout our
region.
 Indigenous Peoples in the Asia-Pacific region have long suffered from
dispossession of their ancestral lands, denial of access to forests and other natural
resources, as well as prohibition of certain livelihood practices. A few countries in Asia
recognize Indigenous Peoples’ customary land rights.

The Supreme Court in countries such as India or Indonesia has ruled in favour of
acknowledging the rights of Indigenous Peoples to their ancestral lands and,
subsequently, there have been policies and plans that take into account these rulings.
At the same time, some countries have created national commissions to oversee
Indigenous Peoples’ rights example is Philippines and India.

 Elaborate.

From the discussion above, answer the questions below:

1. Enumerate the primary livelihood of the IPs in Asia and the Pacific.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Identify the IP’s of the given countries in Asia below.
a. Japan _____________________________________
b. Malaysia _____________________________________________________
c. Philippines ___________________________________________________
d. Myanmar _____________________________________________________
e. India _________________________________________________________
f. China ________________________________________________________
g. Nepal _________________________________________________________
3. Identify five challenges and issue concerning IP’s in Asia and the Pacific.
1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
 Evaluate.
Activity: Campaign Ad Making (Printed)
Situation: You are an IP’s Rights Advocate and you want to make a printed
advertisement on the rights of the IP’s in Asia and the Pacific. Choose one from the
issues discussed above and make an advertisement of this issue. You need to
create your own logo or image to your campaign ad. (Use bond paper for this
activity and attach it to this module lesson).

In spain 2000 people die from

choking every year
 Figure 1. Example of a campaign ad.
Source: [Link]

2 3 4 5 Points
earne
d
Requirements/ Student Student Student Student follows
Directions demonstrates meets some follows all all directions
no of the directions and and exceeds
understanding requirement meets all the
of the s but fails to requirements requirements
requirements; follow many for this for this
fails to follow of the assignment assignment
directions directions
Propaganda None of the One to two Three to four All propaganda
Techniques identified propaganda propaganda techniques are
propaganda techniques techniques are incorporated
techniques are incorporated into the
are used in incorporated into the campaign
the campaign into the campaign
campaign
Explanation of The message The message The message The message is
purpose is merely is explained, is explained explained and
stated with no but no and reasons several
explanation; reasons are are given to specific, valid
no given to support the reasons are
identification support the propaganda given for each
of propaganda propaganda choices of the
used choices propaganda
techniques
used

Spelling/ More than four Three to four One to two No grammar or

Grammar grammar or grammar or grammar or spelling errors
spelling errors spelling spelling errors
that affect errors that that affect
meaning affect meaning
meaning
Score:
[Link]

LESSON 2: The Indigenous Peoples of Africa

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. describe the indigenous peoples of Africa;
2. Identify the contributory factors to the successful grafting of the Kenyan
constitution; and.
3. Reflect on you plans to become a successful indigenous person.

LET’S ENGAGE
 Engage.
Look at the image and think
of some of the
characteristics of African
People.
Do you agree that African
Indigenous Peoples have a
cultural diversity?
What challenges and issues
do you know about the
Indigenous peoples of
Africa?

Source: [Link]

Zulu, South Africa The Kara, Ethiopia Yoruba, Nigeria

 Explore.

The
The Maasai, Kenya, continent
of Himba, Namibia PSan People Africa is
and Tanzania

comprised of 54 countries, more than 1.3 billion people, and more than 3,000 tribes.
In Africa, indigenous people can be classified into two major groups, namely livestock
pastoralists and hunter-gathers. Some communities also exist known as the
blacksmithery and potters.

One thing you will discover during your visit is that tribal influences are a
dominant force in some regions across the continent.
With that in mind, here are some of the most famous tribes in Africa: Zulu, South
Africa is one of the most popular tribes in Africa. One reason why the tribe is so widely
known is because of Shakaland, which is acknowledged worldwide as the birthplace of
the legendary chief Shaka Zulu.

Figure 2. Indigenous Peoples of Africa

With an estimated population of 11 million people, Zulu is known to be the

largest ethnic group in South Africa.

Located in Southern Ethiopia, the Karo or Kara ethnic group resides along the
east banks of the Omo River. The estimated population is about 2,000 people and
what you will find is they are a fascinating culture famous for their body painting. Tribe
members are known to paint their bodies with a combination of white chalk, yellow,
mineral rock, iron ore, and charcoal. In addition, they often practice ritual
scarification, choosing scars as an easy way to identify them. The scarification of the
man’s chest indicates that he has killed enemies from other tribes, and he is highly
respected within his community. The Karo women are considered particularly sensual
and attractive if cuts are made deep into their chests and torsos and ash is rubbed in,
creating a raised effect over time and thereby enhancing sexual beauty.

Another is the Yoruba in Nigeria. With an estimated 35 million people in total,

Yoruba is undeniably the largest ethnic group in Africa. Members occupy the South
Western sides of Nigeria, as well as Southern Benin, but the majority comes from
Nigeria. They have a rich history and cultural heritage tracing back to the old Oyo
Empire.

The Himba, Namibia. The most identifiable feature of the Himba tribe is the
bright red coloring of their skin. Their skin is rubbed with red ochre to achieve this
look. They are a semi-nomadic and pastoral tribe known to breed cattle and goats.
Their population is estimated between 20,000 to 50,000 people. Women tend to
perform more labor-intensive work than men do, such as carrying water to the village,
building homes and milking cows. Men handle political tasks and legal trials.

Furthermore, the PSan People. Members of this tribe are comprised of various
Khoesān-speaking indigenous hunter-gatherer groups that are the first nations of
Southern Africa. Their territories span Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
Lesotho, and South Africa. The San are the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa,
where they have lived in for at least 20,000 years.

The Maasai, Kenya, and Tanzania are Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting
northern, central and southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. It is estimated
that 1 million Maasai people live in Kenya and Tanzania but most Maasai
doubt these numbers because they see the national census as government
meddling and often miscount their numbers to census takers, according to
the Maasai Association. The Maasai tribes are a tribe of warriors who trace
their origins from migration from Sudan to Kenya and Tanzania along the
Great Rift Valley. The tribe is nomadic in nature, choosing to stay in smaller
homesteads. They build their way of life around their cattle which they insist
are a gift from their god Ngai. They use the cattle primarily as a
measurement of wealth as well as a source of food, even going as far as
drinking the blood of the cattle for sustenance.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

 Explain.

Take note students that in Africa indigenous peoples face a lot of challenges
ranging from marginalization and non-recognition by governments and other
ethnic groups, to poverty, AIDS/HIV, and illiteracy. At the same time there have
been remarkable achievements by indigenous people in the last 10 years,
especially in South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania, Morocco, Central Africa, Nigeria, and
other eastern and central Africa communities.

Accordingly, since 1992, the indigenous people of Africa have entered the
international arena to fight for their recognition, land, language, and culture.
Recent years have not been easy for many indigenous activists, who have faced
intimidation, arrests, and even death as they fought for the rights of their
communities. The fight took Africa’s indigenous people to Geneva for the U.N.
Working Group on Indigenous Populations, to New York for the U.N. Permanent
Forum on Indigenous Issues, and to the African Commission of Human and
People’s Rights.
 The past decade has been full of challenges caused by conflict in the political
arena, lack of food security, and globalization—in particular the structural
adjustment programs that are creating a global market economy that is leaving
indigenous communities in a problematic situation.

In the past, it was illegal in Kenya to speak about the rights of indigenous
people. It was also illegal to hold meetings, as they supposedly amounted to
inciting people against the law of the country. These restrictions were a way of
marginalizing the indigenous people by denying them knowledge of their rights.
Meetings educated the people and the government knew that if the indigenous
people knew their rights, they would claim those rights and expose the violations
against them to the international society.

Today in Kenya and many other African states where indigenous people are
found, there exist indigenous organizations registered by the governments and
people are allowed to meet and express themselves to some extent. This change
is a step forward. It is, however, important to know that obtaining the right to
assembly and self-expression is also dependent on gaining political
representation. Indigenous people must therefore continue fighting so that they
can have political representative from the grassroots level.

From the times of the early colonial powers to the present African
governments, indigenous people in Africa have been robbed of their lands and
natural resources. Indigenous peoples’ lands have been used for large-scale
agriculture, livestock farming, and mining. A lot of traditional indigenous land has
also been set aside in Kenya, South Africa, and Tanzania for wildlife game
reserves. These reserves attract millions of tourists annually, but their income
does not benefit the indigenous peoples.

The achievements made so far in obtaining land rights for Africa’s indigenous
are minimal but promising. In Kenya, for example, when the government
threatened to evict the Ogiek from the Mau forest, the Ogiek mounted pressure
and managed to to retain the land. Maasai land-rights lobby led to the
development of the Njoncho Commission on Land.

Now for your information students, the drafting of a new Kenyan constitution
has also demonstrated strides for indigenous rights in Africa. Indigenous people
are among the groups fighting for a new constitution because the old one is not
favorable to indigenous communities. Constitutional review communities have
visited indigenous communities for input during the drafting of the new
constitution. Before, the government would have ignored the indigenous
communities during the drafting process. Some delegations to the drafting
sessions included indigenous peoples, and one of the vice chairpersons of the
constitutional review committee was an indigenous Maasai, Koitamet Ole Kena.
But the fight for recognition in the constitution continues as the Kenya
government delays adopting the new constitution, which was supposed to be
completed June 30 but has still not been released.

Now I want you to understand this, other achievements include increased

access to education and scholarships. Many indigenous youth are now better able
to get an education. Indigenous peoples organizations hold workshops and
seminars for youth, and the Simba Maasai Outreach Organization broadcasts a
Maa-language radio station. Training is also available to empower indigenous
women, who are now fighting at the national level for their rights back in their
communities.

A lot of work remains to be done in training, health, poverty reduction, and

bio-diversity. Other areas that need attention include protecting indigenous
language and culture, which are threatened by urbanization and Western
education influence. Indigenous peoples must have their own education curriculum
to avoid loss of language and cultural practices.

Mind you students, despite the issues the indigenous people are facing, the
indigenous people of Africa have made a lot of achievements in the international
arena. Many indigenous organizations have attended international fora, including
the Working Group on Indigenous Populations and the Permanent Forum on
Indigenous Issues, as well as the drafting sessions for the Declaration on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples. They have also been represented in committees
such as the U.N. Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations.

At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Durban, South

Africa, indigenous people of Africa joined other world indigenous people to push
for the interest of indigenous peoples in the development world. Indigenous
peoples have also met with success in securing some intellectual property rights.
In South Africa, the San won the right to share the benefits from the sale of for a
weight-loss medicine that was developed from traditional San knowledge.

It is remarkable students that Indigenous peoples have also appeared

internationally to make their case for being on the front lines in discussions about
biodiversity issues. The group of indigenous representatives who attended the
2004 World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, challenged renowned
conservationist Richard Leacky on his view that conservation of wild animals can
only be achieved in isolation from humans.

Elaborate.

Complete the table below by giving the required

information.

Tribe and Geographical Location Description of the tribe

Country

Zulu, South
Africa

The Kara,
Ethiopia

Yoruba, Nigeria

The Himba,
Namibia

PSan People
 The Maasai,
Kenya, and
Tanzania

A. Identify three factors contributing to the success of the drafting of a new

Kenyan constitution.

1. ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

 Evaluate.

Activity: The cup of success

Instruction: Draw a cup of success and if you are one of the Indigenous People in
Africa, think of six plans that you could put in your cup of success. You will be
given 3 points for each plan. (18 points)

LESSON 3: The Indigenous Peoples of North America

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. discuss the profile of North American’s Indigenous People;
2. express idea on the fight of indigenous people for land protection;
 3. enumerate the purposes of COICA for the indigenous people of North America;
4. illustrate the challenges faced by the indigenous peoples of North America
through a graphic organizer; and,
5. examine your beliefs about foreign indigenous people.

LET’S ENGAGE

 Engage.
What should I know
about this
Indigenous People?

What characteristics
and rights do this
tribe have?

Source: [Link]

Explore.

It is important to identify the name of the American Indian tribal group before making
an attempt to locate its members. The names of the tribes and groups have changed
over time, and before searching, you should be aware of the possible name changes.
This is particularly true in recent times, when many of the tribes have begun using
their own traditional names rather than the older European designations. For example,
the former Papago Tribe is now called the Tohono O'odam
There are generally two ways in which Native American records are preserved --
by tribal name and by residential location. For example, some records may be
arranged by the "Nez Perce Tribe," while others may be arranged by "Indians of
Idaho." If the name of the tribal group is known, that is likely the best place to start
looking for records of its members. However, if the tribal name is not known, it is often
better to start by studying the history of a locality to determine what tribes historically
resided in that locality.
The history of a locality can be studied to determine the names of tribes living in
that locality at various time periods. The history of a tribe can also be studied to
determine where they were located at various points of history.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

 Explain.

Now students, let us have a glimpse of the indigenous peoples of North

America. The North American Arctic include the Eskimo (Inuit and Yupik/Yupiit)
and Aleut; their traditional languages are in the Eskimo-Aleut family. Many Alaskan
groups prefer to be called Native Alaskans rather than Native Americans; Canada’s
Arctic peoples generally prefer the referent Inuit.

The Arctic peoples of North America relied upon hunting and gathering.
Winters were harsh, but the long hours of summer sunlight supported an explosion
of vegetation that in turn drew large herds of caribou and other animals to the
inland North. On the coasts, sea mammals and fish formed the bulk of the diet.
Small mobile bands were the predominant form of social organization; band
membership was generally based on kinship and marriage (see also Sidebar: The
Difference Between a Tribe and a Band). Dome-shaped houses were common;
they were sometimes made of snow and other times of timber covered with earth.
Fur clothing, dog sleds, and vivid folklore, mythology, and storytelling traditions
were also important aspects of Arctic cultures. The Arctic, or circumpolar, peoples
are the indigenous inhabitants of the northernmost regions of the world. For the
most part, they live beyond the climatic limits of agriculture, drawing a
subsistence from hunting, trapping, and fishing or from pastoralism. Thus climatic
gradients, rather than simple latitude, determine the effective boundaries of the
circumpolar region, and these gradients have their counterparts in the major
environmental transitions. Of these transitions, the most important is the tree line,
which marks the northern margin of the coniferous forest, or taiga. Between this
limit and the coasts of the Arctic Ocean, the land consists of open tundra, though,
in regions of high altitude, pockets of tundra lie enclosed within the forest zone.

The conditions of disadvantage of indigenous peoples undoubtedly are not

mere happenstance. Rather, they stem from the well-documented history of the
taking of vast expanses of indigenous lands with abundant resources, along with
active suppression of indigenous peoples’ culture and political institutions,
entrenched patterns of discrimination against them and outright brutality, all of
which figured in the history of the settlement of the country and the building of its
economy.

Many Indian nations conveyed land to the United States or its colonial
predecessors by treaty, but almost invariably under coercion following warfare or
threat thereof, and in exchange usually for little more than promises of
government assistance and protection that usually proved illusory or worse. In
other cases, lands were simply taken by force or fraud. In many instances treaty
provisions that guaranteed reserved rights to tribes over lands or resources were
broken by the United States, under pressure to acquire land for non-indigenous
interests. It is a testament to the goodwill of Indian nations that they have
uniformly insisted on observance of the treaties, even regarding them as sacred
compacts, rather than challenge their terms as inequitable.

In nearly all cases the loss of land meant the substantial or complete
undermining of indigenous peoples’ own economic foundations and means of
subsistence, as well as cultural loss, given the centrality of land to cultural and
related social patterns. Especially devastating instances of such loss involve the
forced removal of indigenous peoples from their ancestral territories. In many
places, including in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest in particular, indigenous
peoples continue to depend upon hunting and fishing, and the maintenance of
these subsistence activities is essential for both their physical and their cultural
survival, especially in isolated areas. However, indigenous peoples face ever-
greater threats to their subsistence activities due to a growing surge of competing
activities, restrictive state and federal regulatory regimes, and environmental
harm.

With their loss of land, indigenous peoples have lost control over places of
cultural and religious significance. Particular sites and geographic spaces that are
sacred to indigenous peoples can be found throughout the vast expanse of lands
that have passed into government hands.
 The ability of indigenous peoples to use and access their sacred places is
often curtailed by mining, logging, hydroelectric and other development projects,
which are carried out under permits issued by federal or state authorities. In many
cases, the very presence of these activities represents a desecration.

Historically, added to the taking of indigenous lands was the direct assault on
indigenous cultural expression that was carried out or facilitated by the federal
and state governments.

Likely, the programme of this type with the most devastating consequences
are still felt today, was the systematic removal of indigenous children from their
families to place them in government or church-run boarding schools, with the
objective of expunging them of their indigenous identities.

It’s Your Turn

 Elaborate.

1. Who are the indigenous people of North America?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. What are the primary sources of food of the indigenous people in North
America?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the house structure of the IP’s of North America?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

 Evaluate.
 Create a graphic organizer illustrating the challenges of the IP’s of North America.
The activity will be scored base from the rubric below. (Use short bond paper
for this activity.

Table 1: Graphic Organizer Rubric

2 3 4 5
Organization Sequence of Sequence of Sequence of Sequence of
of information is information is information information is
information. difficult to somewhat logical and logical, well
follow. The disorganized . easy to follow. ordered, and
sequence of The sequence The sequence interesting.
the graphic of the graphic of the graphic The sequence
organizer is organizer is organizer of the graphic
unclear. hard to follow makes sense. organizer
at times. makes sense.

Summarizatio The Most Information is Information is

n of [Link] is information is complete, complete,
not complete. complete and explained well explained well
The student explained. and and
has The student translated in translated in
difficulties has some the student’s the student’s
understandin difficulties own words. own words.
g the explaining the The student The student
information information in demonstrates demonstrates
and his/her own a good a full
explaining words. understandin understandin
them in g of g of
her/his own information. information.
words.
Grammar and Work has four Work has Work has one Work has no
spelling or more three spelling or two spelling
spelling errors and/or spelling errors and/or
errors and/or grammatical errors and/or grammatical
grammatical errors. grammatical errors.
errors. errors.
Design of the Design of No more than Graphic Graphic
graphic graphic three or four organizer is organizer is
organizer organizer is graphic attractive, attractive,
sloppy. improvements uniform and uniform and
Major are needed. well designed. well designed.
improvements Consultation No more than The organizer
are needed. with teacher one or two has balance
could have graphic and uses up
been useful. improvements all space
are needed. available. The
fonts used are
easy to read.
Total:

LESSON 4: Indigenous Peoples of South America

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. discuss the historic cultures of South America;
2. identify the political issues concerning indigenous people of South America;
and,
3. comment on the present situation of the IP’s in South America.

LET’S ENGAGE
Do they look familiar? In
what movie have you
watched them?
 From what indigenous
group might they belong?

Source: [Link]

 Explore.

To begin with students, South America is the fourth-largest continent, extends

from the Gulf of Darién in the northwest to the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in the
south. Along with the islands of Tierra del Fuego, the continent includes the Galápagos
Islands (Ecuador), Easter Island (Chile), the Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), and the
Chiloé and Juan Fernández archipelagos (Chile).

South America and North America are named after Italian navigator Amerigo
Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not part of
the East Indies, but an entirely separate
landmass. The portions of the landmass
that lie south of the Isthmus of Panama
became known as South America.

Today, South America is home to the

citizens of Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana,
Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil,
Uruguay, Argentina, the Falkland Islands,
Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and
Paraguay.

South America’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human

geography can be considered separately.

South America’s human landscape is deeply influenced by indigenous populations

and their connection to the physical environment. These deep relationships continue
to flourish on the continent through celebration, religion, and political action.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

 Explain.

Let us first talk about the historical content of South America. The historic
cultures of South America developed in connection with distinct regional landscapes.
The three principal regions of early development were the Pacific coast, suited to
fishing and trading societies; the major rivers of the Amazon basin, with abundant
water, plant, and animal resources; and the Andes, where mountains provided
security.

Do you know that the Incan Empire is the most well known indigenous culture of
South America? The Inca Empire was established in 1438 in the Andean city of Cuzco,
Peru. Over a period of 100 years, the empire expanded to include parts of present-day
Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, and Colombia.

Now in order to communicate throughout this vast region, the Inca built an
expansive network of roads. This network was made up of two main north-south roads,
one running along the Pacific coast and another through the Andes. Many east-west
roads connected the two. The Inca built forts, inns, food storage facilities, and signal
towers along this impressive “foot highway.” These sites, and the highways that
connected them, facilitated the Inca’s domination over most of the western part of the
continent.

The importation of African slaves represented a major shift in the cultural

landscape of South America. Most slaves were brought to Brazil. Their unique cultural
practices were integrated with indigenous Indian beliefs as well as European rituals.

The religious practice of Candomblé, for example, is a uniquely Afro-Brazilian

cultural tradition. Candomblé is a combination of traditional beliefs from the Yoruba,
Fon, and Bantu cultures of Africa. Priests and other followers of these religions
interacted with one another in large Brazilian slave communities. These faiths
are polytheistic, meaning they honor many gods and goddesses. Slave owners and
church leaders put slaves under intense pressure to convert to Catholicism,
a monotheistic, or one-god, religion. Over time, the Candomblé faith incorporated
parts of Christianity, such as saints and the display of crucifixes.

Other historic cultures of South America developed with the physical, as well as
cultural, landscape. A distinct gaucho (or “cowboy”) culture developed in the Pampas,
for instance. In the mid-18th century, gauchos hunted herds of wild horses and cattle
that roamed freely on the extensive grasslands. They then sold their hides and tallow
a waxy fat used in making candles and soap—at a high price to European traders.

Much like the North American cowboy, the gaucho was praised as free-spirited,
strong, and honest. A popular culture of songs, stories, and films developed around
the gaucho image. Gaucho culture still persists, especially in Argentina and Uruguay,
where gaucho dress, song, and food are used to evoke national pride.

South America’s rich history is explored by contemporary cultures. Organizations

are reaching a broader global audience in order to spread social and political
messages, and bring in revenue from tourism and investment.

Indigenous societies continue to have a strong presence in South America. COICA,

the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin, integrates nine
organizations that represent each country of the Amazon region. COICA protects
indigenous practices, focusing on sustainable use of resources. The group has worked
on issues such as environmental legislation, cultural representation, and leadership
training for indigenous peoples.

Religious practices remain the backbone of many South American cultures. While
Catholicism dominates the continent, other spiritual beliefs have influenced both
spiritual and secular activities.

Another important culture of South American is the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil. This is a festival held every year about 40 days before Easter, is an important
example of a religious celebration that has been adopted by secular culture. It is both
an important event in the Catholic calendar and one of the largest revenue generators
in Rio.

The Rio Carnival is the largest carnival event in the world, attracting millions of
Brazilian and foreign tourists. During Carnival season, hotel prices are often four times
higher than average. Some tourists pay hundreds of dollars to participate in the
parade. Most participants, however, are Brazilian. The Rio Carnival incorporates two
important social groups—samba schools and blocos. Samba schools are large social
groups, often with thousands of members, which create elaborate floats and costumes
for the Carnival parade. Blocos are smaller groups that often gather in neighborhoods
to dance during Carnival festivities.

Today, South America’s political geography can be defined by a desire to reduce

foreign influence. The nationalization and privatization of industry, as well as the
influence of indigenous groups, are the primary political issues affecting South
America.

Nationalization is a type of ownership where the state controls an industry, as

opposed to private companies. Some South American nations have nationalized
industries, such as electricity or oil production, in order to encourage economic
development.

For instance, Chile nationalized its copper mines in 1971. Before nationalization,
Chilean copper mines were controlled by large foreign companies. Today, CODELCO,
the National Copper Corporation of Chile, is the largest copper company in the world,
with more than $16 billion worth of sales in 2010.

The current trend of nationalization is largely associated with the late Venezuelan
President Hugo Chávez. Chávez, who died in 2013, enacted a "Hydrocarbons Law"
which took effect in 2002 and nationalized all oil production and distribution activities.
Bolivian President Evo Morales has nationalized the oil and natural gas industry of
Bolivia. Morales also bought water distribution rights in the capital of La Paz from a
private French company. Other leaders, such as Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa,
have threatened to nationalize industries if foreign companies do not respect
the rights of the countries they are doing business in.

Many believe that nationalization has improved the lives of local populations, and
the poor strongly support nationalization efforts. Others argue that nationalization has
worsened the quality of services and given too much control to the government.
Chávez, for instance, remains one of South America's most well-known political
figures, seen as both a popular leader and power-hungry dictator.

Some South American countries have done the opposite of nationalization—they

have privatized industries. In these countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, the
government has sold industries to mostly foreign investors and companies.

Much like nationalization, privatization has had mixed results. Many industries are
now more efficient producers of resources such as steel. Services such as water
and sewage are also more reliable under private ownership. However, privatization
has contributed to higher unemployment rates and increased the costs of goods and
services.

Indigenous populations of South America have aimed to increase their local and
global influence. In 2009, for instance, Bolivia passed an important new constitution. It
guaranteed political representation of indigenous groups, recognizes
their communal forms of property, and grants them the right to use indigenous justice
systems. The Bolivian Education Ministry is expanding its native-language programs.
President Morales, an Aymara Indian and the nation’s first indigenous president, has
been central to the increased representation of Bolivia’s indigenous majority.

In 2006, two indigenous women, Hilaria Supa and María Sumire, became the first
two people to be sworn into the Peruvian Congress using an indigenous language,
Quechua. Their work to support the rights of indigenous people has led to the creation
of many Quechua-language materials and media, including Quechua versions of the
Google search page and the Microsoft Windows software system

Elaborate.

Identification. Identify what is being asked on the questions

below.

_____________________________ 1. It is the most well-known indigenous

culture of South America.
 _____________________________ 2. It is the reason of building an expansive network
of roads.
______________________________3. It is the representation of a major shift in the
cultural landscapes of South America.
______________________________4. It is a uniquely Afro- Brazilian cultural tradition.

______________________________5. It refers to honouring many gods and goddesses.

______________________________6. It is a culture that developed in the Pampas.

______________________________7. It is the backbone of many South American

cultures.

A. Enumeration

1. Enumerate the purposes of COICA for the IP’s of South America.

a. ___________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________

B. Differentiate the two social groups of Brazil.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

C. How did nationalization continuously improve the lives of IP’s in South

America?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

 Evaluate.

You imagine that you saw this protest of South American Indigenous People in
FACEBOOK. Create a comment on this matter.

Comment_____________________________________________________________
LESSON 5: Profile of the Indigenous Peoples in Australia and Oceania

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. determine the strength of IP’s culture of Australia and Oceania;
2. identify the cultural strengths of indigenous peoples in Australia and Oceania;
3. create a brochure describing the IPs of Australia and Oceania; and,
4. Recognize the uniqueness of the culture of indigenous people in Australia and
Oceania.
.
LET’S ENGAGE

 Engage.
You might be wondering or might be interested of knowing the culture and
people of Australia and Oceania. What culture and practices do indigenous people
in this country have? What probably the similarities or differences present in their
culture?
 Explore.

The image
presents the
different
Indigenous People
in Australia and
Oceania. Australia
Papua New Samoa Polynesia (Tahiti)
and Oceania is
Guinea (Huli)
divided into
indigenous groups
such as Papua
New Guinea,
Samoa Island,
Polynesia, Fiji,
Papua Fiji New
New
Papua Zealand
New
Guinea (Huli)
Papua
Australia New New Zealand,
Guinea (Huli)
Guinea (Huli)
Australia
Source: [Link]

Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central

and South Pacific Ocean. It includes Australia, the smallest continent in terms of
total land area. Most of Australia and Oceania is under the Pacific, a vast body of
water that is larger than all the Earth’s continental landmasses and islands
combined. The name “Oceania” justly establishes the Pacific Ocean as the defining
characteristic of the region.

Oceania is dominated by the nation of Australia. The other two major

landmasses are the micro-continent of Zealandia, which includes the country of
New Zealand, and the western half of the island of New Guinea, made up of the
nation of Papua New Guinea. Oceania also includes three island regions:
Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia (including the U.S. state of Hawaii).

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

 Explain.

Let’s discuss further the profile of the IP’s in Australia and Oceania. Melanesia
includes the independent nations of Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Vanuatu, the Solomon
Islands, and the islands of New Caledonia, a “sui generis collectivity” of France.

Micronesia includes the independent nations of Marshall Islands, Federated

States of Micronesia, Palau, Kiribati, and Nauru; the Northern Mariana Islands, a
commonwealth in political union with the United States; and Guam and Wake
Island, two territories of the United States.

Moreover, Polynesia includes the independent nations of Samoa, Tonga, and

Tuvalu; the Cook Islands and Nieu, two self-governing islands in free association
with New Zealand; Tokelau, an island territory of New Zealand; French Polynesia
and Wallis and Futuna, two French overseas collectivities; American Samoa, an
unincorporated territory of the United States; and the Pitcairn Islands, a British
overseas territory.

Australia and Oceania’s physical geography, environment and resources,

and human geography can be considered separately. Indigenous cultures shaped,
and were shaped by, the geography of Australia and Oceania. Polynesian culture,
for example, developed as Southeast Asian sailors explored the South Pacific. This
seafaring culture developed almost entirely from its geography.

Beginning about 1500 BCE, sailors began moving east from the island of New
Guinea. The farther they travelled, the more advanced their navigation became.
Polynesians developed large, double-hulled vessels called outrigger canoes.
Outrigger canoes could sail very quickly across the Pacific, but they could also be
easily manoeuvred and paddled in rough weather. Along with outrigger canoes,
historic Polynesian culture relied on a sophisticated navigation system based on
observations of the stars, ocean swells, and the flight patterns of birds.

Polynesians were able to domesticate plants and animals, and transport them
to islands that lacked native flora and fauna. This allowed Polynesians to establish
stable, permanent communities throughout the islands of the South Pacific. By
1000 CE, these seafarers had colonized the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia, and
Polynesia. In the process, they established a unique, ocean-oriented culture that
persists today.

Indigenous cultures of Australia and Oceania also changed the environments

in which they lived. As they explored the South Pacific, Polynesians
brought agriculture to isolated islands, for example.

Here’s another example, the Maori had a significant impact on New Zealand’s
forests and fauna. Between the 14th and the 19th centuries, Maori reduced New
Zealand’s forest cover by about half, largely through controlled fires used to clear
land for agriculture.

Nearly 40 species of birds became extinct during this brief period of time.
The mass extinction happened because of habitat destruction, hunting, and
competition with introduced species. Dogs and rats, for example, are species that
were introduced to the islands of New Zealand by the Maori.
The environment also affected traditional beliefs and cultural practices of the
indigenous communities in Australia. Although there are hundreds of indigenous
groups native to Australia, these groups use the unified name Aboriginal
Australians, or Aborigines.

Aboriginal Australian cultures often had strong spiritual relationships with the
local environment. They developed myths to explain the landscape. Modern
scientific research has proven that many of these myths are fairly accurate historic
records.
 In the Contemporary Cultures (National Geographic, 2018), Australia and
Oceania’s vast, ocean-focused geography continues to influence contemporary
cultures. Cultural groups and practices focus on uniting peoples and consolidating
power in the face of their isolated locations and small populations. These unifying
movements are seen at both national and regional levels.

Meanwhile, the Papua New Guinea demonstrates this cultural unification at the
national level. The country is one of the most diverse in the world, with more than
700 indigenous groups and 850 indigenous languages. Indigenous groups are
explicitly recognized “as viable units of Papua New Guinean society” within the
nation’s constitution. The constitution also identifies and promotes traditional
practices as part of contemporary culture.

The indigenous groups’ traditional lands are recognized by the

national legislature as customary land title. Customary land title is a recognition
that ownership of traditional, tribal land will remain with the indigenous
community. Almost all of the land in Papua New Guinea is held with customary
land title; less than 3 percent of the land is privately owned.

Indigenous groups regularly work with the government and private

companies to harvest the resources on tribal land. Conflicts over land use and
resource rights continue to occur between indigenous groups, the government,
and corporations.

Cultural practices, especially in sports and the arts, aim to unite Australia and
Oceania’s isolated peoples at a regional level. Rugby is a very popular sport
throughout the continent—more popular than soccer, baseball, or cricket. Rugby
league is the national sport of Papua New Guinea. Rugby union, which has fewer
players and slightly different rules than rugby league, is the national sport of New
Zealand, Samoa, Fiji, and Tonga.

I know students that you have an idea that Australia and New Zealand have
world-famous teams in both rugby league and rugby union. Australia has won the
Rugby League World Cup a record nine times and the Rugby (Union) World Cup
twice. The two countries have often hosted these tournaments, sometimes jointly,
and many countries participate. The tournaments, regional play, and friendly
games that occur between these countries make rugby a truly unifying sport in
Australia and Oceania.

The arts are another unifying cultural practice in Australia and Oceania. The
Festival of Pacific Arts is a festival hosted every four years in a different country.
The festival encourages diverse expressions of Pacific-wide culture, focusing on
traditional song and dance. More than 2,000 participants from 27 countries attend
the festival. Each country is represented by a group of artist-delegates and each
festival is centered on a specific theme. The theme of the last festival, held in
Pago Pago in 2011, American Samoa, was “Threading the Oceania ’Ula.”
The ’ula is a necklace that represents respect, warmth, and excitement for festive
occasions and is used to greet new guests. The ’ula here symbolizes the
hospitality of the Oceanic community. The next Festival of Pacific Arts will be held
in Honiara, Solomon Islands, in 2012.

One more thing, the tourism industry is the unifying economic force in
Australia and Oceania. Tourism is the continent’s largest industry, measured by
the number of jobs it creates and the money it spreads throughout the Pacific
Islands.
 But unfortunately, tourism can also negatively affect the economies
and ecosystems of Australia and Oceania’s island nations. It can lead to
overcrowding and depletion of isolated islands’ scarce resources. Tourism often
focuses on fishing and other recreational water sports. The waters around many
Pacific Islands, as well as parts of Australia, have been overfished. Pollution from
boats and cruise ships can litter the tropical ocean, while runoff from the islands
may also contain pollutants.

Organizations like the Oceania Sustainable Tourism Alliance aim to promote

the sustainable management of natural resources, conserve biodiversity, and
adapt to climate change throughout the continent. Sustainable tourism supports
development of local businesses, as opposed to global corporations such as
international hotel chains, thus strengthening local and regional economies.

Now let us also talk about the contemporary issues that Australia and
Oceanias IPs are facing. Over the last half-decade, Australia and Oceania’s
indigenous groups have fought to extend their political rights and cultural
significance in their home countries. New Zealand’s Maori and Aboriginal
Australians are the main drivers of this movement.

The Maori Party was established in 2004 to represent the rights of the Maori in
New Zealand. The party’s achievements for the Maori people are numerous. The
party founded the Maori Economic Taskforce to increase economic opportunity,
secured a multi-million dollar economic package for environmental initiatives, and
created a yearly fund of $5 million to help Maori health providers develop
culturally sensitive programs.

The Maori Party is also working to incorporate the Treaty of Waitangi with New
Zealand’s constitution. Signed in 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi recognized Maori
land and property ownership, and gave Maori the same rights as the British. The
treaty, however, was never truly enforced, and the Maori suffered from
mistreatment and discrimination. Today, the Maori Party is looking to legitimize
the Treaty of Waitangi in order to claim lands lost during colonization.

The Aboriginal Australians, much like the Maori, can be defined as

a marginalized population, or a group of people who are treated as less significant
than the majority population. Aborigines suffer from disproportionately high rates
of disease, imprisonment, and unemployment. Aborigines’ life expectancy is about
18 to 19 years less than non-indigenous people.

Aborigines have a tense relationship with their home country. In 2007, the
Northern Territory National Emergency Response, a federal program, was created
to address concerns about Aboriginal communities in Australia’s isolated Northern
Territory. The program put sanctions on several Aboriginal communities that were
charged with child abuse. Sanctions included restrictions on the purchase of
alcohol and access to pornography. These sanctions have been condemned
as racist by the United Nations.

The government of Australia is working to resolve these tensions. In 2010, Ken

Wyatt became the first Aboriginal Australian elected to the Australian House of
Representatives. In 2008, former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd issued a public
apology to members of the “Stolen Generations.” The Stolen Generations were
Aboriginal children taken from their families and raised under European
supervision in group homes. This policy began in 1869 and officially ended in
1969.

Elaborate.
What are the strengths of the unifying movement that are seen at both national
and regional levels?
1. _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Write the cultural strength of the following IPs mentioned below.

IP’s of Australia and Oceania Cultural Strength

Polynesians

Maori

Aboriginal Australian
 Identify four contemporary issues and challenges the Australian and Oceania’s IPs
are facing.

1. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

 Evaluate.

From the discussions above, descriptions are made on the IPs of Australia and
Oceania.

Your task now is to create a brochure describing the culture and activities of
the IPs in this place, you must include in your brochure the contemporary issues
and challenges they are facing.

You can create your brochure through Word Publisher. Use long bond paper for
your brochure. Your output will be scored based from the rubric below.

LESSON 6: The Indigenous Peoples of Europe

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. analyze the profile of indigenous peoples of Europe;
2. illustrate the challenges the indigenous peoples in Europe are facing through a
graphic organizer; and,
3. appreciate the uniqueness of Europe’s indigenous people.

LET’S ENGAGE

 Engage.

Figure 1. Castles and Monarch Organization in Europe

Europe is known for castles and

monarchy type of government. Probably,
most of us like to visit Europe to see
those beautiful castles, or experience
European culture. But how far do we
know the culture of these people? How
far do we the Indigenous people in
Europe, their historical background and
their culture for that matter? Who are
Source: [Link]

 Explore.
 The image might be familiar to you.
You are right! This image is taken from
the movie “Frozen 2”. This picture
depicts the indigenous people of Europe,
they are called as the Sámi. The Sámi are
the only indigenous people within the
European Union area. Sápmi, the region
the Sámi inhabit across four countries,
consists of northern parts of Finland,
almost half of Sweden and Norway, as well as parts of the Kola Peninsula in
Russia.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

 Explain.

For your information students, the vast majority of Europe's indigenous people
can be found in the Arctic region.

Out of the ten Sámi languages, nine are still spoken. Three of these are spoken in
Finland: North Sámi, Inari Sámi and Skolt Sámi. The Sámi culture includes their
language, cultural heritage and cultural expressions, Sámi art, traditional knowledge
of the Sámi, traditional livelihoods and the modern ways of practicing them, as well as
other cultural traditions and manifestations practiced by the Sámi as indigenous
people.

For example, the Sámi language, stories, music, as well as the most visible
symbols of the Sámi culture – Sámi outfits and handicrafts – are essentially intertwined
with, among other things, traditional Sámi livelihoods. Together they form an
inseparable holistic whole in which every element of the Sámi culture needs the others
to remain viable in order to develop and transmit to future generations.

If we take a look on the livelihood of the Sami students, their traditional

livelihoods are fishing, gathering, handicrafts, hunting and reindeer herding and the
modern ways of practicing them. Out of the traditional livelihoods, reindeer herding
still functions as one of the cornerstones of the Sámi culture, offering both a language
arena as well as material for, among others, clothing, Sámi handicrafts and food
culture. Ever since the development of reindeer herding, reindeer has been an
important form of transportation.

But mind you students that today, tourists can experience the traditional form of
transportation in the form of reindeer sleigh rides in winter time.

Another IP group of Europe is the Greenland's Inuits. Greenland is a self-

governing territory within the Danish Realm and out of 57,691 of inhabitants, 89.6%
are Greenlandic Inuits, this is according to 2018 estimates cited by the International
Working Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). Hunting has always been central to Inuit
cultures, and until a few decades ago Greenland's indigenous people lived completely
off the land and sea. Today the economy has shifted and also includes commercial
fisheries, tourism and emerging oil and mining industries.

Finally, the Russia's indigenous peoples. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia,
Russia is home to 160 distinct peoples, including 40 that are officially recognized as
indigenous. These are groups of less than 50,000 members, who are able to preserve
some aspects of their traditional ways of life and continue to inhabit their territories,
this is according to IWGIA in its latest report. Among them are the Nenets of the
Siberian Arctic, who are reindeer herders, or the nomadic Enets, which number just a
few hundred individuals.
 According to the NGO Cultural Survival, although Russia’s indigenous peoples
only make up 0.2% of the total population (about 260,000 individuals), they inhabit
about two-thirds of the country's territory.

Take note students, just like the other IPs around the world, Europe’s
Indigenous People are also facing challenges. One challenge they are
experiencing now is the climate change. Remember that Indigenous peoples
in Europe, whose cultures and livelihoods depend so much on their natural
environment, are on the frontlines of climate change.

Scientists estimate that the Arctic is warming up at a rate twice the global
average. As sea ice melts, the hunting, fishing and herding activities that provide the
basis of indigenous communities' livelihoods are at risk. Indigenous peoples across the
world are disproportionally impacted by climate change even though they contribute
least to greenhouse emissions, according to the UN.

Another major challenges is the endangered languages. The survival of their

ancestral languages is also among the key concerns of indigenous peoples across the
world and Europe is no exception. The United Nations has declared 2019 as the
International Year of Indigenous Languages, noting that 40% of the estimated 6,700
languages spoken around the world were in danger of disappearing and that a
majority were indigenous.

"Languages play a crucial role in the daily life of indigenous peoples," said
Omma. "Not only as a tool for communication, education, social integration but also as
a source for each person's unique identity, cultural history, traditions."
"But despite that, indigenous languages continue to disappear at an alarming rate and
that's also true for the Saami languages," she added.
Furthermore, Land and resources is one of the major challenges and issues the
indigenous peoples are fighting for. Resource and extraction industries on their
traditional lands are another vital challenge for indigenous peoples.

"What we see is that economic development often conflicts with already established
traditional Saami business sectors. Mining, oil and gas all have a short living span, but
traditional Saami food industries for instance, such as reindeer herding or fishing,
focus on sustainable use of resources," Omma said.

"From an EU perspective, I find it contradictory that there is more awareness

about how EU investment should be carried out on indigenous land outside the EU, but
less focus on how investments inside the EU affect Saami cultures and way of life," she
added.

There are questions if Europe doing enough to uphold indigenous

peoples' rights. According to Omma, the EU has a really sophisticated set of
rules, code of conducts when it comes to indigenous peoples outside of
Europe but not so much when it comes to its own indigenous peoples.

In this case some actions had made such as the external action. As the largest
provider of development aid in the world, the EU has developed far-reaching policies
when it comes to engagement with indigenous peoples in international cooperation.

On the occasion of the World's International Day of Indigenous Peoples 2019, EU High
Representative for Foreign Policy Federica Mogherini issued a statement reiterating
the bloc's commitment to "promote and fight for indigenous languages and cultures."
It provided examples of the EU's external action in this area, like "in Namibia, where
the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights contributes to the
revitalization of endangered indigenous languages, or in the Chittagong Hills Tracts of
Bangladesh where we helped develop a multilingual mother tongue education
programme in seven different tribal languages."

The statement didn't make specific mention of indigenous languages and cultures
in Europe. Euro news contacted the European Commission to ask what the EU was
doing to support indigenous peoples’ rights inside the bloc. The Commission
spokesperson said that this is an issue that should definitely follow within the EU.
In particular, the EU contributes to respecting the rights of indigenous people from the
angle of non-discrimination and the overall EU policy on non-discrimination.

The Saami activist noted that infrastructure projects financed by the European
Investment Bank included no specific requirements on their impact for indigenous
peoples' rights, besides general mentions of human rights, which wouldn't be possible
for development projects funded through external action. But the head of the EU unit
of the Saami Council also said the EU had "great potential" when it came to
developing indigenous peoples' rights, considering its experience reflecting on and
accepting different cultures and opinions.

It’s Your Turn

 Elaborate.

Read and analyze the questions below. Write TRUE if the statement is correct,
write FALSE if not correct.

__________ 1. According to Omma, there is a need to improve EU regulatory

frameworks so it has the same obligations and codes of conduct
towards indigenous peoples inside the EU and outside the EU.

__________ 2. EU High Representative for Foreign Policy Federica Mogherini issued

a statement reiterating the bloc's commitment to "pass and postpone the
fight for indigenous languages and cultures."

__________ 3. Indigenous peoples in Europe, whose cultures and livelihoods depend so

much on their natural environment, in which it is far from the effect of
climate change.

__________ 4. Languages play an unremarkable role in the daily life of indigenous

peoples. Not only as a tool for communication, education, social
integration but also as a source for each person's unique identity,
cultural history, traditions.

__________ 5. Among the Inuits are the Nenets of the Siberian who are reindeer
herders, or the nomadic Enets, which number just a few hundred
individuals.

__________ 6. In Greenland, out of a total 57,691 of inhabitants 89.6% are Greenlandic

Inuits, according to 2018 estimates cited by the International Working
Group on Indigenous Affairs.

_________ 7. The Sami culture is holistic whole in which every element of the Sámi
culture needs the others to remain viable in order to develop and transmit
to future generations.

_________ 8. The vast majority of Europe's indigenous people can be found in the
Greenland region.

 Evaluate.

Create a graphic organizer illustrating the different IPs of Europe, their culture, and
the challenges these IPs are facing. Use short bond paper for this activity.
POST ASSESSMENT

A. MULTIPLE CHOICES
1. Which of the following groups below prefer to be called Native Alaskans
A. Eskimo B. Himba C. Kara D. Maori

2. This group in Africa inhabits northern, central and southern Kenya.

A. Himba B. Kara C. Maasai D. Yoruba

3. Which of the following ethnics groups in Africa resides along the east banks of
the Omo?
A. Himba B. Kara C. Maasai D. Yoruba

4. It is a type of ownership where the state controls an industry, as opposed to

private companies.
A. Internalization B. Nationalization C. Privatization

5. These particular indigenous peoples depend on customary collective and

individual rights to communal lands and natural resources.
A. Africa
B. Asia and the Pacific
C. Australia and Oceania
D. Europe
6. These cultures often had a strong spiritual relationship with the local
environment.
A. Aboriginal Australian B. Indians C. Inuits D. Maori

7. This region is made up of thousands of islands throughout the central and South
Pacific Ocean.
A. Asia and the Pacific B. Micronesia C. Oceania D. Polynesia

8. This is the most well-known Indigenous culture of South America

A. Amazon Empire B. Candomble` C. Incan Empire

9. The most identifiable feature of this group in Africa is the bright red coloring of
their skin.
A. Himba B. Kara C. Maasai D. Yoruba

[Link] members of these tribe are comprised of various Khoesan-speaking

indigenous and are the first nations of Southern Africa.
[Link] B. Kara C. Maasai D. Yoruba

B. ALTERNATE RESPONSE

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not correct. Write
your answers on the space provided.

_________1. The cultures and livelihoods of indigenous peoples of Europe

depend so much on their natural environment, in which it is far
from the effect of climate change.

_________2. The EU contributes to respecting the rights of indigenous people

from the perspective of non-discrimination.

_________3. Land and resources are only minor challenges and issues the
 indigenous peoples are fighting for.

_________4. Micronesia includes the independent nations of Marshall Islands,

Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Kiribati, and Nauru; except
the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in political union
with the United States; and Guam and Wake Island, two territories
of the United States.

_________5. Some of the land in Papua New Guinea is not held with
customary land title.

_________6. Nenets of Siberian Arctic are the nomadic Enets.

_________7. Sami are indigenous people within the European Union

area.

_________8. The Treaty of Waitangi recognized Inuit’s land and property

ownership.

_________9. The aborigines suffered from disproportionately high rates of

disease, imprisonment and unemployment.

________10. The Oceania Sustainable Tourism Alliance aim to promote the

sustainable management of economic resources and conserve
biodiversity.

REFERENCES

National Geographic. 2012. The Indigenous Peoples of Australia and Oceania.

Retrieved from [Link]
The Sámi, Europe's Only Indigenous People. Retrieved from [Link]
Euro News. 2019. Who are Europe's indigenous peoples and what are their struggles?
Retrieved from [Link]
Indigenous People Fight for Inclusion: Africa Renewal. (2007). Retrieved from
[Link]
Solidarity Pack of Indigenous People of Asia and the Pacific.
Retrieved from [Link]