APUSH

Final Exam Study Guide, Semester 1

General info: The test will be composed of approximately 75 stimulus-based questions. All units will be presented in sub-
test sections clearly marked. Information through Ch. 16 will be tested.

Below are a list of questions or concepts to review. Page numbers for this info can be found on pages xxvii-xxx of your
textbook. Make sure you review Quizlet, have read the chapters, and use previous study materials. If you have the
Princeton Review book (or any APUSH study book), they serve as an excellent study guide as well.

Period 1 (1491-1607)

1. Before the Europeans, how and why did settlers migrate to North America? What respective cultures emerged?
2. Columbian Exchange: what demographic, social, religious, political, and economic changes developed?
3. Slavery: When did it develop? Why did it develop?
4. What was the relationship between Europeans and American Indians in the early colonization periods, and how
did the interactions change both European and Native American perspectives?
5. How did Natives and Africans strive to maintain political and cultural autonomy?

Content Terms: Vocabulary:

Maize Subjugation
Atlantic seaboard Autonomy
Columbian Exchange Diversification
Demographic
Encomienda system
Gold, gold, and glory
Feudalism
Capitalism
Caste system
Great Basin
Great Plains
Mississippi River Valley
Joint-stock company

Period 2 (1607-1754)

1. French, English, Spanish, and Dutch colonization patterns, goals, and locations (we did a chart on this)
2. How did the British colonies differ regionally?
3. The British-American system of slavery: why, when, and where did it develop?
4. How did climate, geography, and resource availability influence the British colonies?
5. Why did competition over resources lead to conflict between Native Americans and the Europeans? How did
social and economic values change both cultures?
6. The Atlantic World: how did this reshape labor systems, expand social networks, and spur economic growth?
7. Great Britain: why (and in what ways) did its imperial control increase, and how and why did colonists resist?
 Content Terms: Vocabulary:
Colonization Folkways
Rigid racial hierarchy Perpetuity
Indentured servants Overt
New England Covert
Puritans Homogeneous
Mixed economy Flourish
Commerce/commercial Commodities
Chesapeake colonies Diverge
Chattel Accommodation
Southern colonies Philosophical
West Indies Stereotype
Staple crops Gradations
Pueblo Revolt Imperial
Atlantic World Coherent
Anglicization Scant
Protestant evangelism Ideology
Enlightenment Diverged
Mercantilism Autonomy
Self-government Kinship
Great Awakening Migration
King-Philip’s War- Metacom’s War Hierarchy
Perpetuity

Period 3 (1754-1800)

1. How did Native American alliances shift throughout this period? Why?
2. What were the perceived injustices that the colonists used to justify revolution? How did the colonists become
more united in their common goal?
3. What ideas shaped the development of the American governmental systems?
4. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? How did the Constitution differ?
5. What American foundational ideas were spread throughout the world?
6. What was the earliest foreign policy of the new United States?
7. How did early migration westward from the original colonies create competition, influence politics, and create a
both a national unity and sectionalist tension?
8. What policies were developed to address migration to the western parts of the United States, both before and
after the Revolutionary War?
9. Who were the significant Founding Fathers and early political leaders, and what major issues were debated
during this era?
10. In what ways did a new, distinctly American culture emerge?
Content terms: Vocabulary:
Republic Culminating
Migration/immigration Encroachment
Seven Years War Perceive
Grassroots movement Artisan
Subjects Resilient
American Revolution Domestic
Loyalist/patriot Initiative
Declaration of Independence Partisan
Haiti Fervor
French Revolution Evangelical
Neutrality Popular
George Washington Centralized
Benjamin Franklin Interstate
Continental Army Ratify
Thomas Jefferson Reverberate
John Adams Abolition
James Madison Institutions
Alexander Hamilton Resonated
Federalists/Anti-Federalists Embodying
Constitutional Convention Heredity privilege
Slave trade abolished (1808)
Federalist Papers
Democratic-Republican Party
Ratification Process
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Great Compromise
Federalist Party
Farewell Address
Democracy
Thomas Paine
Articles of Confederation
Central Power (government)
Property qualification
Constitution
Federalism
Separation of powers
Bill of Rights
Political parties
Missions
Appalachian Mountains
Northwest Ordinance
Public education
Mississippi River
National identity
Regional identity
Republican Motherhood
Frontier culture
Cultural blending
Period 4 (1800-1848)

1. How did the American system of democracy become more participatory? What debates ensued about the
federal government and states, the responsibilities among the branches of government, and the rights of
individual citizens?
2. Who were the early political leaders, and what were the major issues were debated during this era?
3. How did the first Industrial Revolution lead to a more global market? What technological goods were created
that led to growth in agriculture and manufacturing?
4. How did cotton shape settlement patterns, economies, and culture of the South?
5. What were the major family, political, and gender patterns that were caused by the market revolution during
this era?
6. In what ways did the United States assert its global presence and seek to dominate North America in efforts to
promote its foreign trade?
7. Why was the United States able to expand westward? What were the resulting debates from this growth?

Content terms: Vocabulary:

Mass democracy Coalesce
Constituencies Primary
Interest group Concurrent
Federalists/Democratic Republicans Secular
Democrats/Whigs Emancipation
Second Great Awakening Precipitate
Liberal Profound
Romantic beliefs Innovation
Abolitionism Livelihood
Old vs. New World Trump (not the president)
Textile Diplomatic
Steam engine Assert
Interchangeable parts Arable
Canal/roads Broad (scale)
Semi-subsistent agriculture Temperance
Specialization Antebellum
American System Tariffs
Midwest Isolationism
Market Revolution Telegraph
National bank Innovations
Louisiana Purchase Xenophobia
1820 Missouri Compromise
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
Seneca Falls
Utopian Movements
Monroe Doctrine
Antebellum reform movements
Slave rebellions
Indian Removal
Period 5 (1844-1877)

1. How did claims of racial and cultural superiority fuel economic and national security interests as the nation
gained more territory?
2. What conflicts emerged as territorial expansion continued to develop during this time?
3. How did westward expansion and the slavery issue shape the dialogue that occurred? What cultural and
citizenship debates transpired?
4. What were the rationales behind slavery, and why did it eventually expand? What are the counterarguments to
this topic?
5. In what ways did leaders try to compromise on the issue of slavery? During the 1840s and 1850s, what events
took place that resulted in the secession of southern states?
6. What were the advantages of the North during the Civil War? Why did the South eventually lose the war?
7. How did the Civil War and Reconstruction change relationships among regions and governments? What
questions were addressed/answered? What issues remained significant after this period?
8. How did the Reconstruction amendments influence the dialogue over citizenship, particularly for African
Americans, women, and other minorities?
Content terms: Vocabulary:
Expansionism Infrastructure
Migration/immigration Amendment
Manifest Destiny Embolden
Mexican-American War Ideological
Ethnic communities Nullification
Nativism Segregation
Civil War
Sectionalism
Free labor manufacturing
Abolitionists
States’ rights
Secession
Election of 1860
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Dred Scott decision
Republican Party
Abraham Lincoln
Mexican Cession
Radical Republicans
Gettysburg Address
Free soil platform
Reconstruction
Emancipation Proclamation
13th Amendment
Sharecropping system
Radical vs. Moderate Republicans
14th and 15th Amendments
Women’s movement
Period 6 (1865-1898)
1. How did large-scale production, new technologies, and government policies create a new economic system that
emphasized competition, marketing, and business consolidation practices?
2. How did big business leaders create an industrialized nation? What challenges did workers face, and what were
the results of the labor movement during this era?
3. What demographic, occupational, and social patterns emerged in the West during this period? What challenges
did Native Americans face with this expansion?

Content terms: Vocabulary:

Gilded Age Consolidation
Urbanization Subsidies
Monopolies Contend
Social Darwinism Tandem
Conspicuous consumption Engender
Unions Buttressed
New South Inevitable
Tenant farming Socioeconomic
Conservation Industrialization
Populist Party Activism
Political machines Americanize
Settlement houses Agrarian
Transcontinental railroad Philanthropic
Reservation system International migration
Assimilation Internal migration
Laissez-faire Bison
Plessy v. Ferguson Mechanization
Socialists
Jane Addams
Gospel of Wealth
Capitalism
Educational institutions
Political machines
Holding companies
Trusts
Corporations
Social Gospel
Utopianism
Pacific Rim