CHAPTER 13
DATA TRANSMISSION
Section 13-1 Data Transmission Media
1. The essential elements of a data transmission system are
The data source ( a sending device )
The receiving device
Transmission medium which connects the two devices ( wire, coaxial cable or wireless ).
2. The simplest connection between a sending and a receiving devices is through a wire of a
conductive trace on a printed circuit board. This type of connection is limited to a very short
distance within the same system of nearby peripherals. The data buses or conductive traces connect
one element to another on a PCB and between PCBs in close proximity
3. Cross talk is a type of distortion seen in data transmission. This is minimized when the twisted pairs
are bundled together. The two wires in each pair are twisted so that they cross each other at nearly
90o and hence cancel any electromagnetic fields generated by the signals in the wires.
4. Instead of using electrical pulses to transmit the information through copper lines, optical fibers
transmit light pulses. The light pulse gets transmitted through such fibers due to total internal
reflection principle
5. In a single mode fiber, the light travels in a straight line as a single ray. Also, the core is much
smaller in diameter than the multimode. The single mode results in an increased bandwidth and
distance for transmission, but is costlier than multimode fibers.
6. Single mode – 8.3/125
Multimode – 50/125, 62.5/125
( the above numerical are in microns )
7. See Figure 13-1.
FIGURE 13-1
8. ST, SC, FC, LC, LX-5, MT and FDDI.
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9. Ground wave
Ionosphere
Line-of sight
Section 13-2 Methods and Modes of Data Transmission
10. Number of bits = (1 × 106 bits/s)(1 × 10−3 s) = 1000 bits
11. 1 byte ie, 8 bits take 2μs to be transmitted
Hence data rate = 8 bits / 2μs = 4Mbps
(3 bits/symbol)(12 symbols) 36 bits
12. Bit rate = = = 72 Mbps
0.5 µs 0.5 µs
72 Mbps
Baud = = 24 Mbaud
(3 bits/symbol)
13. Baud = 50MHz / 5 = 10Mbaud
Data bits 16
14. Efficiency = = = 0.8
data bits 20
15. See Figure 13-2.
FIGURE 13-2
16. See Figure 13-3.
FIGURE 13-3
17. The bit sequence represented by the Manchester code is 001110011.
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• Preamble: A group of bits at the beginning of a frame that is used to alert the receiver that a new
frame has arrived and to synchronize the receiver’s clock with the transmitted clock.
• Address Fields: A group of bits containing the address(s) of the sender and the receiver. One or
both addresses may be present in a given protocol.
• Control Field: This group of bits identifies the type of data being sent, such as handshaking
(establishes a connection), file transfers, and the size of the data.
• Data Field: This sequence is the actual information being sent and can be of a fixed length or a
variable length. If it is a fixed-length field, a group of bits called a pad is used to fill in if the
actual data field is less than the fixed field.
• Frame Check: This field contains an error check such as parity, CRC (cyclic redundancy check),
or checksum, which is a value computed by a simple algorithm of the data bits in the frame.
• End Frame: A group of bits that tells the receiver when the end of the frame occurs.
18. Simplex
The data flows only in one direction ie from sender to the receiver eg: communication from a
computer to a printer
Half duplex
The data flows both ways, but not at the same time in the same channel. Eg: a sender sends
information to the receiver and the receiver responds back after it receives the information
Full-duplex
The data flows both ways simultaneously in the same channel
Section 13-3 Modulation of Analog Signals with Digital Data
19. The binary code represented by the ASK signal is 11010111110001000001.
20.
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21. See Figure 13-5.
FIGURE 13-5
22. See Figure 13-6.
FIGURE 13-6
23. See Figure 13-7.
FIGURE 13-7
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24. Four phases and four amplitudes can be used as shown in Figure 13-8.
FIGURE 11-8
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Section 13-4 Modulation of Digital Signals with Analog Data
25. In pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), the heights or amplitudes of the pulses are varied according
to the modulating analog signal. Each pulse represents a value of the analog signal. PAM is the
simplest, but least used, type of pulse modulation although it is used in the Ethernet
communications standard.
A basic method of producing a PAM representation of an analog signal is to use a constant-
amplitude pulse source to sample the analog wave that has a frequency lower than the pulses for a
sine wave input. Any form of analog signal can be converted to a PAM output. The pulses turn the
switch on (closed) and off (open) to sample the waveform. When there is a pulse, the sample switch
is closed and the amplitude of the sine wave at that point goes to the hold element that maintains
the initial analog value occurring at the beginning of each pulse for the duration of the pulse. The
output goes to zero between pulses.
26. See Figure 13-9.
(a) PAM (b) PWM
FIGURE 13-9
27. The data rate is D/T = 4/2μs = 2Mbps
The number of possible pulse positions in each period is
2D = 22 = 4
28. The bit sequence of the PPM signal is 01100011. See Figure 13-10.
FIGURE 13-10
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29. Code bits = 8 = 23
ie THREE bits represents each sample.
30. The sequence of bits is 0000001101010111. The NRZ code is shown in Figure 13-11.
FIGURE 13-11
Section 13-5 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
31. Multiplexing (MUXING): A method used to transmit the digital data from multiple sources over a
single channel. It is widely used in telecommunication and computer networks. Muxing is used on
the sending end of a data communication system. Two major types are time-division and
frequency-division
Demultiplexing (DEMUXING): A method used to separate the data from a single channel to
multiple channels. Demuxing is used on the receiving end
32. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique in which data from several sources are
interleaved on a time basis and sent on a single communication channel or data link. Consider a
system with three sources of digital data to be transmitted. Certain time slots are allotted for each
channel so that an element of data (bits or bytes) from source 1 is sent during time slot 1, an
element of data from source 2 is sent during time slot 2, and an element of data from source 3 is
sent during time slot 3. This is repeated for time slots that follow until all the data have been sent.
An illustration of the same is as shown below
33. In FDM, band-pass filters are used on the receiving end to separate the transmitted signals.
34. The frequency separation between each source in FDM is called the guard band.
Section 13-6 Bus Basics
35. Width: The number of bits that a bus can transmit at one time. The width of a typical bus may vary
from 1 bit for a serial bus, till 64 bits for a parallel bus
Frequency: the clock frequency at which a bus can operate
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Transfer speed: the number of bytes per clock cycle
Bandwidth: the number of bytes per clock cycle ie the number of clock cycles per second. This is
also called throughput.
36. Serial bus: data bits are transmitted sequentially, one at a time
Parallel bus: data bits are transmitted simultaneously.
37. Using the decimal definition of M (106) in the unit of Mbps, we have
Bandwidth = [32 bits x 100MHz] / 8 bits per byte = 400Mbps
Using the binary definition of M (220) we have
Bandwidth = [(32 bits x 100MHz)/8 bits per byte)106 / 220 ] = 382Mbps
38. Bus protocol is a set of rules that allow two or more devices to communicate through a bus. Buses
provide for data transfer, address selection, and control. Each device connected to a bus has an
address assigned to it for identification and command signals as well as control signals to
implement the protocol. These signals allow the devices to work properly together by identifying
each other and communicating back and forth. One device can send a request to another device and
get an acknowledgement or reply.
39. A differential bus provides much higher data rates and longer transmission distances than dies a
single-ended bus.
Section 13-7 Parallel Buses
40. The PCI (peripheral component interconnect) bus is an internal synchronous bus for
interconnecting chips, expansion boards, and processor/memory subsystems. In general, a PCI bus
has a width of 32/64 bits and a frequency of 33/66MHz
The 32-bit PCI connector has 62 pins and 124 contacts (62 per side). Thirty-two of the contacts are
used for both a 32-address and 32 bits of data, which are multiplexed. The remaining pins are used
for command and control signals, power, ground, etc. A 64-bit PCI connector has an additional 32
pins for a total of 94. It has 64 pins of which 62 are used.
41. The PCI-Express bus does not use a shared bus as PCI and PCI-X do.
42. x2 indicates a two-lane bus.
43. The terms talker and listener area associated with the IEE-488 bus (GPIB).
44.
BSY: Busy MSG: Message
SEL: Select REQ: Request
RST: Reset ACK: Acknowledge a request
C/D: Control Data ATN: Attention
45. Three data bytes are transferred because the NDAC line goes HIGH three times, each time
indicating that a data byte is accepted.
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46. A controller is sending data to two listeners. The first two bytes of data (3F and 41) go to the
listener with address 001A. The second two bytes go to the listener with address 001B. The
handshake signals (DAV, NRFD, and NDAC) indicate that the data transfer is successful. See
Figure 13-12.
FIGURE 13-12
Section 13-8 The Universal Serial Bus (USB)
47. (a) SCSI (b) USB (c) Super speed USB (V 3.0)
48. Four types of USB packets: Token, data, handshake, and start-of-frame.
49. Sync Field: All packets start with a sync (synchronization) field. The sync field consists of 8 bits
for low and full speed or 32 bits for high speed and is used to synchronize the receiver clock with
that of the transmitter.
PID Field: The packet identification field is used to identify the type of packet that is being
transmitted. There are 4 bits in the PID; however, to ensure it is received correctly, the 4 bits are
complemented and repeated, making an 8-bit PID code.
Data Field: Contains up to 1024 bytes of data.
CRC Field: Cyclic Redundancy Checks are performed on the data within the packet using from 5
bits to 16 bits, depending on the type of packet.
EOP Field: This field signals the end of packet.
50. USE 3.0 uses NRZ encoding.
8192 bits
51. Maximum USB data bytes = = 1024 bytes
8 bits per byte
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52. From Table 13-8 in the textbook, the maximum cable length connecting to USB 2.0 devices is 16.4
ft.
Section 13-9 Other Serial Buses
53. RS-232 uses single-ended transmission. RS-422 uses differential transmission.
54. (1) MOSI (master out slave in) is initiated by the master and received by the slave.
(2) MISO (master in slave out) is initiated by the slave and received by the master.
(3) SCLK (serial clock) is generated by the master for synchronizing data transfers.
(4) SS (slave select) is generated by the master to select an individual slave.
55. I 2C is an internal serial bus primarily for connecting ICs on a PC board.
56.
SOF Arbitration field Control field Data field CRC field ACK EOF
(1 bit) Identifier (11 bits) Reserve (2 bits) (0 – 8 bytes) (16 bits) (2 bits) (7 bits)
RTR (1 bit) DLC (4 bits)
57. Other possible units on an automotive CAN system include wiper control unit, parking control unit,
entertainment system unit, tire pressure monitor, seat position unit, heads-up display unit.
58. IEE-1394 S100 data rate = 98.304 MBps: IEEE-1392 S1600 data rate = 1.6 Gbps.
Section 13-10 Bus Interfacing
59. See Figure 13-13.
FIGURE 13-13
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60. See Figure 13-14.
FIGURE 13-14
61. See Figure 13-15.
FIGURE 13-15
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