0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

480 + questions

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

TABLE OF CONNTENTS
Preface …………………………………………………………….…….3
1. Static electricity……………………………………………………. 4
2. Current electricity …………………………………………………21
3. MAGNETISM …………………………………………………......43
4. EQUILIBRIUM …………………………………………....…...…57
5. MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE……………………………….....64
6. NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION ………………………...……..75
7. SIMPLE MACHINE ……………………………………………...87
8. TEMPERATURE………………………………..……………….104
9. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY………………………………………110

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 0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

UNDERSANTDING PHYSICS F4 ABOUT THE BOOK AND AUTHOR

The book written by. This book is written by.

SIR PAULO W. MWAMPAMBA Sir PAULO W. MWAMPAMBA.

Contact .0685621967-Whatsap He was born at Iwala village found at Itale ward

(umalila –ileje district)
Email .polmwampamba@[Link]
He has bacheror bachelor of science with education
([Link]) with teaching subject physics and
mathematics from UDSM.
We offer competence physics foundation
examinations, holiday package, per topic UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOK F2 is
examination, hand written notes with designed with competence conceptual question and
almost all solved problems from TIE book calculations with answers basing on current
for each class. NECTA FORMAT is real syllabus curriculum for Tanzanian schools
followed.
Special thanks
I appreciate the contribution of my former staff
Zig Ziglar quote mate from Hamza Azizi Ally memorial secondary
where Iwas been teaching advanced physics up to
“If you don’t see yourself as a winner, 2023 before get transfer to MARGARET SITTA
then you cannot perform as a winner” GIRLS SECONDARY SCHOOL for the
achievements of this book.

FIRST EDITION MAY 2024.

OTHER BOOKS

1. UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS F4
2. UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS SOLVED
PRACTICAL

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

1. STATIC ELCTRICITY
1. A body which gains excess electrons becomes
A. Negatively charged
B. Positively charged (A)
C. Electrified
D. Both A and B are correctly
2. In a process of charging by induction in static electricity;-
A. a conductor is rubbed with an insulator
B. a charge is produced by friction (D)
C. negative and positive charges are separated
D. a positive charge induces a positive charge
E. electrons are sprayed into an object
3. Three capacitors of value 2 µF, 3 µF, and 6 µF are connected in series and then in
parallel. What is the equivalent capacitance in each case?
A. 11 µF and 1 µF
B. 11 µF and 11 µF (C)
C. 1 µF and 11 µF
D. 0.1 µF and 1/11 µF
4. A rod of insulating material is given a positive charge by rubbing it with a piece of
fabric and the fabric is then tested for electric charge .you would expect the fabric to
have
A. A positive charge equal to that on the rod
B. A negative charge equal to that on the rod (B)
C. A positive charge less than that on the rod
D. A negative charge greater than that on the rod
5. Choose the correct alternatives which express the device used to detect small electric
charges.
A. Proof plane; B. Capacitor; C. Electrophorus; D. Gold leaf electroscope (D)
6. The presence of a positive electric charge in a body can be detected by using
A. Voltmeter
B. An electroscope (B)
C. Hydrometer
D. A compass
7. Which of the following is correct about capacitor?
A. Does not need insulator between two plates
B. Has high capacitance when air is between its plates (C)
C. Must have high metal plates to store a charge
𝑉
D. Has capacitance defined by C = 𝑄
E. Has no voltage across it when working in radio receive

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

8. When charging an object by friction ,the particles which are transferred are
A. Electrons B .Protons C. Electrons and protons D. Nuclei (A)
9. Which material become negatively charged when rubbed with cloth
A. Glass B. Wood C. Perspex D. cellulose E. polythene (E)
10. Instrument that is used to store electric charge is called
A. Capacitance
B. Capacitor (B)
C. Resistor
D. Inductor
11. A huge discharge of static of static electric charges between two clouds is called
A. Radar
B. Thunder
C. Lightning (C)
D. Lightning conductor
12. Mr. Mwampamba did an experiment to demonstrate electrostatic attraction between
water and charged comb through rubbing it with hair. The charged comb was brought
to a slow stream of water coming from the tap as seen in figure below. The result of
the experiment found the water particle were attracted to the comb causing the stream
of water to bend. This means that the charge on the comb

A. Is the same with that in water

B. Is less than that in water
C. Is opposite to that in water (C)
D. Is larger than that in water
13. If you are caught outside during a severe thunderstorm ,you should
A. Take a shelter under the nearest tree
B. Stand under power lines
C. Move to higher ground (D)
D. Hide in a ditch
14. A negatively charged metal rod is brought near side P of a neutral metal sphere PS.
Which diagram correctly shows the resulting charge distribution on the metal sphere?
+ - - + ++ - --
+ - - + + + - -
A. B. - + C. + + D. - - (C)
+ - + -
15. The SI unit of capacitance is

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

A. Farad
B. Joules (A)
C. volts
D. coulombs
16. Why an atom is electrically neutral?
A. It consists of equal number of electrons
B. It consists of equal number of protons and electrons (B)
C. It consists of equal number of electrons and neutrons
D. It consists of equal number of protons and neutrons
17.
List List B
A
i. Ebonite rod. A. Is directly proportional to the capacitance of a
capacitor
ii. Neutral body.
B. Its nucleus has many neutrons
iii. Positively charged body. C. Become negatively charged when rubbed with fur
D. Is charged by positive charged body through
iv. Electrophorus.
induction
v. Area of plates. E. Provides unlimited supply of positive charge by
induction
F. Is charged by negative charged body through
induction.
G. Has equal number of electrons and protons.
H. Provides unlimited supply of negative charge by
induction
I. Is inversely proportional to the capacitance of
capacitor

Answers
List A i ii iii iv v
List B C G F E A

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

18. Match the items

List A List B
i. Stores charge A. Repel
ii. C= 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 B. Capacitor
iii. Glass C. Metal cap
iv. Similar charges D. Positive charge
v. Detect charges E. Gold – leaf
F. Insulator
G. Attracts
H. Capacitor in parallel
[Link] in series
J. Negative charge
Answers
List A i ii iii iv v
List B B H F A E
19. Name the materials which when rubbed with a dry cloth become:
i. Negatively charged
ii. Positively charged
Answers
i. Ebonite ,polythene
ii. Glass ,cellulose acetate (Perspex)
20. What is gold leaf?
 Is an instrument used to identify the presence of charges on a body
21. (a) Below is the diagram of gold leaf electroscope. Label the parts represented by
letters A-E and answer asked questions.

D
E

(b) When metal cap is touched with a charged body, charges will travel to the leaves
through brass rod.
(i) At which case the leaves of electroscope spread out?
(ii) At this process in case, do the leaf become charged or discharged?
(iii) When the leaves will collapse?

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

Answer
(a)
A. metal cap
B. insulator
C. metal rod (brass rod)
D. earthed metal case
E. gold leaf
(b)
(i) The leaves of electroscope will spread out as they receive the same type of
charges which make them repel each other.
(ii) The leaf become charged
(iii) The leaf collapse when you touch metal cap (brass cap) with hand since
charges are transferred to the ground or bring wire of opposite charge
close to the cap of gold leaf.
22. How is the electroscope used for testing the types of charges both positive and
negative charges?
Answer
Testing for negative charges
The electroscope must be positively charged. Hence the leaf collapse if the
negatively charged material is brought near the cap of the electroscope
Testing for positive charges
The electroscope must be negatively charged, hence the leaf collapse if
positively charged material is brought near the cap of electroscope.
23. JANET took a positively charged rod and brought near to body A and B. If body
A is at a distance of 1cm and body B is at a distance of 3cm, which of the two
bodies will be attracted more? give reason
 Body A will be attracted more than body B
Reason
This is because electrostatic force decreases as the between charged
bodies increases
24. What is the use of gold leaf electroscope?
 Use of gold leaf electroscope
i. To test the sign of charge on a body
ii. To identify the insulating property of the material
iii. To detect the presence of a charge on a body
iv. To estimate the amount of charge on a material

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

25. The table below show the effects of charges present at leaf of gold leaf
electroscope and charges brought near to the cap. Fill the gaps left in third
column to the right lettered A,B,C
Charge on electroscope Charge brought near Effects on leaf
cap divergence
Positive positive A. …………….
Negative Negative Increases
Positive Negative B……………
Negative Positive Decrease
Positive or negative Uncharged body C. …………
Answer
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Decreases
26. Lightning and lightning conductor are not similar .Justify the statement
 Lightning is a large spark due to electrostatic discharge within a cloud,
between two clouds, or between clouds and the ground while lightning
conductor is a metal rod attached to a building and connected to a thick
copper strip that leads into the ground.
27. Why the lightning conductor is placed at highest point in the buildings?
 So as to protect buildings from being struck/hit Because lightning tends to
hit highest objects within a region or its path
28. Sketch the diagram to indicate the charge distribution in the following
conductors and give comment how charges are distributed.
i. In spherical conductor
ii. Pear shaped conductor
iii. Hollow conductor
Answer
i. In spherical conductor

 The charges are distributed equally through the conductor

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

ii. In pear shaped conductor

 More charges are concentrated at sharp point in pear shaped conductor

iii. In hollow conductor
+ + + + ++
+ + +
 The charge is only distributed outside the cylinder, thus inside the cylinder
there is no charge
29. (a) Determine the effective capacitance of the circuit shown below
(b) How much charge is stored?

Solution
(a) For parallel capacitor
𝐂𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 = 0.3 + 0.6 = 0.9𝝁𝑭
(b) Charge stored
q = CV = 0.9 x × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 × 3.0V = 2.7X 10-6
30. Vehicles carrying inflammables materials usually have long chains that hang
down drag on the ground .Why?
 The chain is for earthing purpose ( to transfer charges to the ground)
31. When you run comb through dry air, it attracts bits of paper. Why? What would
you expect if the hair is wet or if it a rainy day?
 The comb gets charged due to friction thus it attracts bits of paper.
If it is wet or rain day friction is reduced hence comb less charged and
cannot attract bits of paper
32. A sharp needle was brought close to the cap of a charged gold-leaf electroscope.
Explain why the leaf collapsed.

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

The leaf collapsed because the sharp needle has charges opposite to those of the
gold-leaf electroscope
33. What is static electricity?
 Is the study of accumulation/collection of electric charge in a region due to
friction /rubbing between two bodies?
Example; the electric shock we get to iron bed/door knob is due to
collection of static charges.
34. What is charging?
 Charging is the process of either adding or removing electron from the
body OR is the process of electrifying the body.
35. Explain three method of charging
Methods of charging
 Charging by rubbing / friction method
Rubbing causes transfer of charge from one body to another, so one body
gain charge and the other lose. The body that lost become positively
charged and the material that gain become negatively charged. Example
when glass rod is rubbed with silk electrons will be transferred from glass
rod to silk .Therefore glass rod become positively charged and silk become
negatively charged.

 Charging by contact /conduction method

The body get charged by touching together charged and uncharged body.
Charges are transferred from charged body to uncharged body.
Example: Consider positively charged body X and uncharged body Y to
come into contact.

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

a. Before contact
X Y
+

+
+
+
Insulator
Charged
Neutral (uncharged)

b. During contact

X Y

+
+
+
+

During contact some charges are shifted from charged body to uncharged
body until there is balance of charges.

X Y
c. After separation
+ +
+ +

Insulator Insulator
On separation two bodies will have equal amount of charges.
Now neutral body become charged
Note: The aim of putting insulator is to prevent flow of charges to the
ground and is called earthing.
EARTHING – is the flow of charges (electrons) to the ground.
 Induction method of charging
Is the method where charged body is brought close to neutral (uncharged)
body and charged body causes other body to gain opposite charges
OR is transfer of opposite effects from one body to another without
contact.

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

Note: the inducting charge must be of opposite sign in order to gain a

charge of a given sign.
Consider charged body X and uncharged body Y.

-
- + Y
- - +-
X +-

Insulating handle

Y is neutral means number of positive charges is equal to the number of

negative charges.
When plate X is brought close to Y like charges (negative) will repel and
unlike charges attract each other. So negative charge on X will attract
positive charges on Y. also this negative charges on X will push away
negative charges in Y.
Touching with hand body Y or connecting with wire body Y to the ground
(earthing) allow movement of electrons (negative charges) to the ground.

- -
- + Y
- - +-
X +-

Insulating handle

Now uncharged body Y will become positively charged as seen below.

- +
- - + Y
X +

Insulating handle

36. What is electrostatic?

 Is the study of charges at rest
37. What is charge?

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

 Is a particle that can be either positive or negative

38. Name the device used to store electric charges. Give the SI-unit in which this
device is normally calibrated.
Answer
 The device used to store charge is capacitor. It is calibrated in Farads (F)
39. Two capacitors are connected in
i. Series
ii. Parallel
Find their equivalent capacitance in each mode if their capacitances are
respectively 1000𝜇F and 4000 𝜇F
Solution
Given capacitances C1 = 1000 𝜇F and C2 = 4000 𝜇F
i. In series , combined capacitance calculated as follows
1/C = 1/ C1 + 1/ C2
1/C = 1/1000 + 1/4000
Solve get C = 800𝜇F
ii. In parallel combined capacitance C is given by C = C1 + C2
C = 1000 +4000= 5000 𝜇F
40. What is dielectric materials
 These are materials used to make capacitor for the purpose of storing
charges.
OR is an insulating medium between the plates of capacitor.
41. List the types of capacitor you know and their uses
Types of capacitor
i. Paper or plastic capacitor
ii. Mica capacitor
iii. Electrolytic capacitor
iv. Variable capacitor
v. Air filled capacitor
Uses of capacitors
- Used to store electric charge
- To store energy
- To maintain power supply in electronic devices
- Noise reduction in electronic circuits(filter)
- Remote sensing and signal coupling/decoupling
42. Mention the appliances uses capacitor
 Capacitors are used in radio, televisions, microwave ovens, air conditioners,
washing machine.
43. Capacitance is affected by three major factor. List these factors
- The area of the plates
- Nature of insulating property of medium
- The distance between plates
44. Differentiate between capacitor and capacitance
 Capacitor is the device used for storing electric charges while capacitance
is the ability of capacitor to store electric charge.
45. What is potential difference?
 Is the work done per unit charge in moving charge from one point to another
46. Write the mathematical relationship between capacitance, charge and potential
difference.
 Capacitance, C = Q/V

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Where Q = Charge
V = Potential difference
So now capacitance is the ratio of charge to potential difference across the
plate of the conductor.
47. Explain why nylon cloths crackle as you undress.
 This is due to accumulation of excess charges which creates an electric
force between the nylon cloth and the human body.
48. (a) Why does a nylon bag produce a cracking sound when it is touched? OR
(b) Explain why sparks are sometimes seen when a nylon garment rubs against
the body as one undresses. OR
(c) Why do you think cracking sound is heard while taking off nylon clothes?
 Due to friction, nylon develops static charges (electrons) on them.
These charges move in streams between nylon and our body (i.e.
electric discharge takes place). This result in cracking sound and
sparks of lightning.
49. Name the magnetic poles R and T in the given diagram

Answer
R- South
T- South
50. After lesson on electric field sir of physics left an exercise to the student. The drawing of one
student was as shown here under :

Identify the mistake made by student in her drawing

Answer
 The mistake is that field line has intersect since we know that field line never intersect
51. Why are the capacitors widely used in most of electrical devices such as radios?
 This is because capacitors can supply electrical energy to the devices so as it
continue working when the electric power is off.
52. Explain why petrol road tankers usually have a length of metal chain hanging down
touching the ground.
 The chain is for earthing, means used to allow the escape of excess charges
(electrons) to the ground.
53. After walking across a carpeted floor you sometimes get a mild electric shock when
you touch a metal door knob. Explain how this happens.
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

 As you walk across a carpet your feet rub electrons off the carpet, leaving
you with slightly negative static charge. When you reach for a doorknob
you get a shock as electrons jump from you to the knob, which conducts
electricity. OR
 While walking on a carpet, you are sort of insulated hence high electrons
accumulation. On the other hand, the door has excess of the opposite
charges. This results in a mild electric shock.
54. Briefly state the variation of the following of the following over a pear –shaped
conductor.
i. Potential
ii. Charge density
Answer
i. Potential is uniform over pear - shaped conductor
ii. Charger density is higher on the sharper end and low at the other end.
55. Define the capacitance of capacitor of a capacitor and state the factors which affect
capacitance.
 Capacitance of a capacitor – is the ability of a capacitor to store charge.
Factors affecting capacitance of a capacitor
 Area of the plates
- Increase in area of plate cause increase in capacitance of
capacitor i.e. C 𝛼 𝐴
 Distance between plates
- Increase in distance of separation between two plates cause
1
decrease in capacitance of capacitor i.e. C 𝛼 𝑑
 Medium used or dielectric
- Capacitance also depends on the nature insulating medium
between two plates.
56. A capacitor is labelled with the capacitance value of 470𝜇F and is charged to a
potential difference of 10V. Calculate the charge stored by the capacitor.
Solution
q = CV = 470 x 10-6 x 10V = 4.7 X 10-3F.

57. After a long flight a plane may be charged

i. What causes the charge
ii. Why are passengers in the plane not charged, but an attendant who
immediately opens the door from outside after the landing of plane is at
risk?
Answer
(i) The plane may be charged after a long flight due to friction with air
clouds

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(ii) The passengers in the plane are not charged because there is an
insulation in – between the passenger cabin and the metal body of the
plane which gets charged due to friction with air,but an attendant who will
open the door from outside is at risk because he/she touches the body of
the plane she/he will get electrified.
58. What will the effect on electron be as it passes between two plates A and B one of
which carrying a + ve charge and the other carrying a –ve charge?
Answer
 The electron will be deflected towards the positive plate as seen in figure
below.

e-
Deflection
e-
Initial direction

59. Describe briefly the construction and mode of action of a lightning conductor
 Lightning conductor consists of a thick copper strip fixed to an outside
wall, reaching above the highest part of the building and ending in several
[Link] protects buildings and other structure from lightning strikes.
Mode of action:
When a negatively charged clouds passes above the conductor, it induces
positive charge on the spikes
.When lightning occurs the spikes attract the electrons and the conductor
forwards them down to the earth safely without destroy building.

OR

60. A balloon rubbed against your hair could be

attracted to a sheet of small piece of paper, explain how.
 When the balloon is rubbed against the hair it acquires negative charges.
When brought close to pieces of paper, the papers tend to be attracted by
the negatively charged balloon.
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

61. A rod rubbed with a duster is observed to attract tiny pieces of paper.
However, as soon as the papers touch the rod, they are repelled. Explain this
observation.
 Initially, the papers are uncharged and are attracted to the charged rod.
On touching the rod, they acquire a charge similar to that on the rod and
are thus repelled.
62. How is the electroscope used for testing the types of charges?
 Testing for negative charge, the electroscope must be positively charged.
Hence the leaf collapses if the negatively charged material is brought
near the cap of the electroscope. Testing for positive charge, the
electroscope must be negatively charged. Hence the leaf collapses if the
positively charged material is brought near the cap of the electroscope

63. Charging by rubbing create charges on an object but after some time the
charges seems like do not exist, where do they go? Explain.
 Seems like do not exist, since they are being neutralized by the opposite
charges (of different nature i.e. Protons) on the surface.
64. Explain why an uncharged metal rod causes the leaf of an electroscope to
fall whether the electroscope is charged positively or negatively.
 The charges on the metal rod are free to move. On being brought near a
charged electroscope, the charges opposite to those on the electroscope
move near thus neutralizing the charge on the electroscope.
65. When a negatively-charged rod is brought near the cap of a lightly charged
electroscope, it is noted that the leaf starts to collapse but when the rod is
brought much closer, the leaf starts to rise. Explain this observation.
 The electroscope is positively charged. Initially, the negative charge on
the rod repels negative charges to the leaf causing the leaf to collapse.
When brought very close to the cap, more negative charges move to the
leaf causing divergence since the rod has a greater charge.
66. When a candle flame is brought near the cap of a charged electroscope,
the electroscope discharges. Explain this observation.
 The flame ionizes air, producing positive and negative ions. These are
attracted to the cap of the electroscope, thus causing a discharge.
67. Explain how a body becomes positively charged.
 A body becomes positively charged when some of the electrons are
removed or taken from it and the net charge is positive.
68. Explain how a body becomes negatively charged.
 A body becomes negatively charged when some of the electrons are
attached to it and the net charge of the body is negative.
69. Why television screens are dusty after a while? Discuss.
 Because the dust particles are attracted by the charged television screens.
70. A negatively charged object attracts a piece of paper, why?
 A negatively charged object attracts a piece of paper because it repels
electrons away from the surface of the paper.
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71. Explain briefly the effect that would happen if a tall house in areas of many
thunderstorms is not installed with conductor.
 The tall house will be strike by the lightning
72. Explain what would happen if the thick copper strip is replaced with a steel strip
in a lightning conductor.
 The strip would heat and melt because steel has a higher resistance.
73. Explain briefly the effect that would happen if a proof plane is inserted in a
hollow sphere and tested for charge
 No charge will be detected.
74. Explain why a person on the surface of the earth sees a flash of light before he
she hears sound during thunderstorm?
 This is because the speed of light is greater than the speed of sound.
75. Differentiate between radar and thunder
 Radar is a zig -zag path through which electrons from the negative cloud
move across the air to the positive clouds while Thunder is an audible
sound produced due to bombardment of air molecules during lightning
storm.
76. Briefly explain why it is not advised to stand near mountains, tree and tall
houses during lightning?
 This is because lightning tends to struck tall buildings and trees. So
lightning current may leave trees and jump to your body which may lead to
severe damage or death.

77. Explain why it is more dangerous to walk barefooted during lightning storms?
 Walking barefooted during lightning storm will facilitate large amount of
current from lighting strike to pass through your to the ground causing
severe damage on you or some time cause death.
78. Explain why the spikes of a lightning conductor are constructed very sharp at
their peaks?
 To ensure large amount of electrons are concentrated on the sharp spikes
and safely grounded.
79. If a metal rod is given a negative charge and brought near another metal rod
that is neutral, will there be an electric force between them?
(a) If there is a force, will it be attractive or repulsive?
(b) Why?
(c) What would happen if the first rod were given a positive charge instead of a
negative one?
Answer
There will be an electric force between them.
(a) The force will be attractive
(b) Because of the charge distribution on the rod. The negative charges will move
towards one end of the rod while positive charges (in neutral rod) move to the end
near the negatively charged rod. As a result, the force of attraction will be
experienced since unlike charges attract and like charges repel.
(c) Same case will happen. Charge distribution within the rod will be observed.
Attraction of opposite charges will also occur.
80. Two balloons are rubbed with hair.
(a) Will the electric force between one of the balloons and hair be attractive or
repulsive?
(b) Will the electric force between the two balloons be attractive or repulsive?

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

Answers
(a) The electric force between one of the balloon and the hair will be attractive.
Since they acquire different charges .unlike charges attract.
(b) The electric force between the two balloons will be repulsive, since they
acquire same types of charges and like charges repel.
81. State what happen in the following conditions?
(a) Ebonite rod is rubbed with fur
(b) A negatively charged electroscope’s cap is touched by a neutral glass rod.
(c) A proof plane is inserted in a hollow and tested for a charge.
Solution
(a) It acquires negative charges
(b) The divergence of the leaf decrease
(c) No charges inside a hollow object. The proof plane will have no charges.
82. A comb may become more dust. Briefly explain why.
 When a comb is rubbed it gets electrically charged exerting an electric
force on the tiny dust particles and attracts them.
83. by drawing circuit diagrams supported by graphs, compare the charging
and discharging processes of a capacitor given that given that you are
provided with a cell (E) , a voltmeter (V) , a switch (S) , a capacitor (C),
a resistor (R) , a connecting wires and ammeter(A).
Solution
Charging capacitor
Materials – a cell, a voltmeter, a switch, connecting wires, a capacitor.

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2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
84. A continuous path formed by connecting electrical devices along which electrons
can flow is called
A. Electrical circuits
B. Electric current
C. Electric components (A)
D. Series arrangement
85. If one cell in three cells torch is placed in opposite directions;
A. The torch will not give light
B. The torch will give very bright light (C)
C. The torch will give very dim light
D. The torch will give normal light
86. A potential difference of 12V is applied across a resistor of resistance 24ohms
.The current flowing in the circuit is
A. 0.5A B. 0.05A C. 0.005 D. 00005A (A)
87. What is the equivalent resistance of two resistors of 4 Ω and 6 Ω connected in
parallel?
A. 0.66 Ω; B. 10 Ω; C. 2.4 Ω; D. 1.5 Ω ( C )
88. Two coils of a wire of resistance 2ohms and 3ohms respectively
are connected in series with a 10 volt battery. The current passing
through the 2ohms coil in ampere is :
A. 0.5A B . 2A C . 5A D . 20 A (B)
89. Electric current is expressed as
A. Quantity of charge per unit time
B. Voltage per unit time
C. Resistance per unit voltage ( A)
D. Charge per unit voltage
90. Current electricity can be measured in :
A. ohms
B. volt (D)
C. coulomb
D. mill-ampere

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

91. For resistors connected in parallel the following is true

A. Equivalent resistance is greater than any one of the individual resistances
B. Equivalent resistance is the sum of the individual resistances (D)
C. Equivalent resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances
D. Equivalent resistance is always less than either of the resistances
92. Two resistors each having a resistance of 3ohms are connected in
parallel ; The resulting effective resistance is :
A. 1.5 ohms B. 2.0 ohms C. 4.0 ohms D. 2.5 ohms (A)
93. For a device in an electric circuit to work, the current must flow through it. Select
the circuit in which the lamp will light.

(C)

94. The resistance of a lamp operating on a line of m volts and

drawing a current of n amperes is :
𝑛
A. Ohms
𝑚
B. 𝑛 Ohms
C. 𝑚𝑛 Ohms (D)
𝑚
D. Ohms
𝑛
95. When potential difference of 2v is applied across a resistor ,the
current through it is 0.1A .The resistance of a resistor is :
A. 0.2 Ω B. 20 Ω C.2 Ω D. 0.02 Ω (B)
96. A set of Christmas tree lights consists of 20 identical lamps
connected in series to a 240V mains supply .What is the potential
across each lamps?
A. 12V B. 20V C. 240V D. 4800V (A)

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

97. Match the items

List A List B
A. Ammeter (ii) (i) measures p.d
B. V∝ I (v) (ii) Measures current
C. Rheostat ( iv) (iii)Ohms
D. Series connection (viii) (iv) Controls current
E. Charge (vii) (v) Ohms law
(vi) Controls p.d
(vii) Coulombs
(viii) Constant current
(ix) Constant p.d
(x) Galvanometer

98. Match the item

List A List B
(i) Supplies electrical energy A.
(ii) Converts electrical energy to
heat and light B.
(iii)Impedes the flow of current
(iv) Opens and closes a circuit C.
(v) Detects the presence of current
D.

E.

F. G

G. A

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

Answers
i. E
ii. D
iii. B
iv. A
v. F
99. Identify the following electrical symbol
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii. G

viii.
A
Answers
i. Cell
ii. Resistor
iii. Variable resistor
iv. Light bulb
v. Variable resistor
vi. Battery
vii. Galvanometer
100. If current flows, two lamps arranged :

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

(a) Series
(b) Parallel
And the filament of one lamps breaks, what happen to the other lamp?
Explain your answer?
Answer
In parallel circuit, if filament of one lamp breaks, it will have no
effect on the other lamp,
In series circuit, the other lamp will stop glowing, this is
because when one bulb blows off, the circuit is broken and the
power supply to the other bulb is cut off.
101. Which is the better way to connect lights and other electrical appliances in
domestic wiring; series circuits or parallel circuits? Why?
 A parallel arrangement will be a better way to connect lights and other electrical
appliances in domestic wiring
Reasons
 Parallel arrangement has low resistance.
 Also in case of any short circuiting in one appliance , the other electrical
appliance remain unaffected
102. Christmas tree are usually wired in series. What happens if one
lamps breaks?
 In series arrangement, if a lamp blows off, the power supply to
the other lamps is cut off. Hence all the lamps will get
switched off.
103. An electrician, has wired a house in such a way that if a lamp get
fused in one room of the house, all the lamps in other rooms of the
house stop working. What is the defects in the wiring?
 The electrician has wired the house in a series circuit

104. What would be the effect on the resistance of the conductor if

a. Its length was increased

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

b. Its temperature was increased

c. Its cross sectional area was reduced
Answer
a. Resistance will increase
b. Resistance will increase
c. Resistance will increase
105. Draw a circuit diagram showing two electric lamps connected in parallel together
with a cell and a switch that works both lamps. Mark an A on your diagram to
show where an ammeter should be placed to measure the current.
Answer

106. Sir Mwampamba provided her students of Margaret – Sitta girls secondary school
the question of electric current as shown here under using electric circuit diagram.

(a) What is the difference between the arrangements of the bulbs in circuits A and
B?
(b) Name the advantages and disadvantages of using circuit B to connect bulbs?

Answer
(a) The bulbs in circuit A are arranged in series while the bulbs in circuit B are
arranged in parallel.
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

(b) Advantage and disadvantage of arranging bulbs in parallel circuits

Advantage
 Bulbs arranged in parallel are bright than the bulbs arranged in series.
 Each bulb is controlled by independent switch
 When one bulb fuses, there would still be closed circuit with other bulbs in
circuit B. Other bulbs continues to light up.
Disadvantage
 The batteries in B will be used up, ore quickly (batteries have short life
span) because the batteries have to produce more units (voltage) than in
series.
107. Three bulbs 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑩𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝟑 are connected to the mains as shown in the figure.
How will the brightness of the bulb 𝑩𝟏 be affected if 𝑩𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝟑 are disconnected
from the circuits?

Answer
The bulb 𝑩𝟏 become dimmer if one bulb either 𝑩𝟐 or 𝑩𝟑 since the connection will be
in series so the total resistance for series bulb will be high which affect brightness of
bulbs.
Extra explanation for more understanding
Imagine bulb 𝑩𝟑 is disconnected as shown here under and each bulb has resistance R,

R Disconnected

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Bulb 𝐁𝟏 and 𝐁𝟐 become in series. Their total resistance will be 𝑹𝑻 = R + R = 2R, so

the resistance become so high and the bulb 𝑩𝟏 will become dimmer

108. What are the sources of electricity in our daily life?

- Batteries
- Generators
- Hydroelectric energy
- Wind energy
- Solar energy
109. Draw circuits which illustrate resistors of 2ohms and 3ohms
connected in
i. Parallel
ii. Series
Answer
i. Resistor in parallel
2Ω

3Ω

ii. Resistor in series

2Ω 3Ω

110. What is electric circuit? And what are the types of electric circuit?
 Electric circuit- Is the closed path around which electric
current flows
Types of electric circuits
- Open circuit – is the one in which there is no
current flow
- Closed circuit - I is the one in which there is
current flow

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111. Two resistor R1 and R2 are connected in parallel .Derive the

formula for the effective resistance R.

Answer
I1 R1
I I
I2 R2

V
- Potential difference is the same for all branches
- Total current given as
I = I1 + I2…………(i)
𝑉
From ohms, I = 𝑅
𝑇
𝑉
I1 = 𝑅
1
𝑉
I2 = 𝑅
2

Substituting I, I1 and I2 in equation (i)

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
=𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅𝑇 1 2

Divide by V
1 1 1
= 𝑅 + 𝑅 …………the required relation
𝑅𝑇 1 2

112. What is a coulomb?

 Is the quantity of electricity which passes a given point in a
circuit in 1second when a steady current of 1 Ampere flows
113. Convert these currents into amperes;
(i) 500𝜇A Answer = 5 x10 - 4A
(ii) 250 𝜇A Answer = 2.5 x 10 – 4A
114. What happen to the other bulbs in parallel circuit if one bulb blows off?

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

 In parallel combination, even if one of the bulbs blows out,

the other bulbs will continue to glow as electricity still has a
closed circuit to flow.
115. In an electric circuit , the current will flow along any complete path that allows
the current to return to its source .In the circuit below
a. Which bulb will light? Why?
A

+ -

b. Sketch the circuit in (a) and use arrows to show the direction
in which the current flows.
Answer
a. After the circuit is complete all bulb will light because they form closed loop
b. Direction of flow of current is as shown below using arrows
A

+ -

116. What happens if you add another bulb to a series and parallel circuit?
 If you add number of bulbs in series circuit decreases the brightness of the
bulbs since voltage is equally distributed among bulbs but in parallel are
brighter than in series since the voltage is the in each bulbs.
117. What happen to the magnitude of resistance when two resistor of the same
resistance (R) are connected in :
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

a. Series
b. Parallel
Answer
a. Two resistance of magnitude R in series
Total (combined) resistance given by
RT = R1 + R2, for R1 = R2
RT = R+ R =2R
So total resistance is twice (doubled) as much as a resistance
of a single resistor
b. Combined resistance in parallel circuit given by
1 1 1
=𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅𝑇 1 2

For R1 = R2 = R
1 1 1
=𝑅+𝑅
𝑅𝑇
1 2
=𝑅
𝑅𝑇
𝑅
RT = 2
Combined (total) resistance is half of a single resistance
118. You have been provided with the resistors of 5 Ω, 10 Ω, and 20 Ω. What are the
maximum and minimum resistances obtained by connecting those resistors
Solution
- Maximum resistance occurs resistors connected in series
RT = R1 + R2 +R3.
RT = 5 Ω +10 Ω + 20 Ω = 35 Ω
Maximum resistance is 35 Ω
- Minimum resistance occurs when resistors connected in parallel.
1 1 1 1
=𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅𝑇 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
= 5 + 10+ 20
𝑅𝑇

RT = 2.9 Ω
119. Outline the common uses of electricity in our daily life
- Cooking
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

- Lighting
- Communication
- Heating
- Printing activity
120. What are the advantages of parallel circuit?
- Each appliance gets full voltage
- If one appliance is switched on / off , others are not affected
- The parallel circuits divides the current through the
appliances. Each appliance gets proper current depending on
its resistance.
121. Consider the circuit below
a. If bulb A burns out, will bulbs BA and C light up ?explain your answer

+ -

b. Sketch the circuit in (a) and use arrows to show how the current will
flow after bulbs A burns out.
Answer
a. When bulb A dies it act as an open switch which so no
current flow in A. Bulbs B and C will light up since the
connection is parallel. B and C still forms closed switch
b. The direction of flow of current after bulb A burns out is
shown below.
A

32
+ -
0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

122. An ammeter , 5ohms resistor , a key and a battery are connected in series
.The voltmeter is connected across the resistor
i. Put the above information in a circuit diagram
ii. Find the voltmeter reading if the ammeter reading is 0.8A
Answer

i. Battery

A
5Ω

V
ii. V = IR = 0.8 X 5 = 4volts
The voltmeter reading is 4volts
123. In verification of ohms law the following circuit was used during
the experiment.

Q
P
Q
S
T
K

F
(a) P: represents………….
(b) S: represents………….
(c) T: represents………….
(d) F: represents………….
(e) K: represents………….
(f) Q: represents ………….
Answers

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

(a) P- Switch
(b) S - voltmeter
(c) T-Variable resistor
(d) F – Battery
(e) K- Resistor
(f) Ammeter
124. State ohm’s law and two of its limitations.
 The current passing through a conductor at constant
temperature is directly proportional to the potential
difference between its ends.
 Limitations of ohms law
- Does not apply for electrolyte
- Does not apply for conduction in gases
- Does not hold for semiconductor
- It holds only for conductor
125. In the diagram below calculate the value of R.

3V A 0.75A

Solution
R =V/I = 3/(O.75) = 4 ohms
126. A voltmeter connected across an electric bulb reads 3V and an
ammeter in series with a battery of 2cells reads 0.2A .If switch is
closed :
(i) Draw the circuit diagram to represent the information\
(ii) Calculate the resistance of an electric bulb.
solution
(i)

3V A 0.2A

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

(ii) V = IR
3V = 0.2A X R
R = 15 Ohms
127. From the circuit below. The electromotive force of each cell is
200volts .Internal resistance of each cell is 0.5ohms.

10Ω
Y

X
4Ω

i. What is the name of instrument X

ii. name instrument Y
iii. What is the reading of X
iv. What is the reading of Y
ANSWER
i. X is an ammeter
ii. Y is voltmeter
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓 200 ×4
iii. Current = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = =
10+4
800
= 57.14A
14
Total reading of X = 57.14A
iv. The reading of Y is the p.d across 4Ω
p.d (V) = IR
= 57.14 X 4
= 228.56V
The reading of Y = 228.56V

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

128. Three resistors of 2 Ω, 4 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in series to a battery of e.m.f

24 V and have negligible internal resistance.
(a) Draw the circuit diagram including the battery, ammeter, switch and the
three resistors.
Answer

2Ω 4Ω 6Ω
A
Battery Switch

24v
(a) Find the current flowing in the circuit drawn in (a) above.
Answer
The total resistance RT for three resistors connected in series by using the
formula:
RT = R1+R2+R3 =
(2+4+6) Ω = 12 Ω.
Then, Potential
difference =24 V
V 24
Apply Ohm’s law V = IRT, such that I= RT =12
I=2A
Therefore, the current flowing in the circuit is 2 A
(b) Find the potential difference at the ends of each
resistor in (a).
Answer
The potential difference at the ends of each resistance as follows:
(i) p.d across R1 =
IR1 = 2 × 2 = 4 V;
(ii) p.d across R2 =
IR2 = 2 × 4 = 8 V;
(iii) p.d across R3 = IR3 = 2 × 6 = 12 V.
129. A voltmeter connected across an electric appliance reads 3 volts and an
ammeter in series with it reads 0.75 Amperes.
i. Draw the circuit to represent the above information
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

ii. Calculate the resistance of the appliance

Solution

(i)

A
An appliance

V
(ii) V = IR
3 = 0.75 X R
R = 3/0.75
R=4Ω

130. Explain why when the bulbs are installed parallel to each other are brighter
than when they are in series.
 Bulbs connected in parallel are brighter because the total resistance
decrease, but in series the total resistance increase
131. Form two students at Margaret Sitta girls Secondary School were conducting
an experiment to verify Ohm’s Law in the laboratory, were given the following
instructions: Connect in series a resistor R a battery B of two cells, a switch K, an
ammeter and rheostat S. Then connect a voltmeter V across resistor R. Draw a
well labelled circuit representing this experiment.

R
V A
B S
K
Switch on the current .adjust the variable resistor to obtain
widely different values of V and corresponding values of
current I. then plot the graph of V against I through the
origin. The slope from the graph will give the value of fixed
resistor

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

∆𝑉

∆𝐼

I
∆𝑉
Slope = =R
∆𝐼
Then from the experiment we have verified ohms law
132. Say what is wrong with the following electrical circuit and tell us how it can
be corrected. Indicate correct diagram.

V
BATTERY

Solution
 Wrong : Connection of voltmeter and ammeter was not correct
 Correction: a voltmeter should be connected in parallel/across with a
circuit components (resistor) and ammeter always connected in series with
circuit component as shown below

Correct diagram connection

V

38
A
BATTERY
0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

133. A potential difference of 12v is applied across a parallel resistors of 4 ohms

and 6 ohms. Calculate the current in the circuit.
Solution

134. What are the three advantages of connecting electrical device in parallel with
the battery instead of connecting them in series?
 The effective resistance decreases hence adequate current flows through
every appliance.
 If one appliance goes out of order or is switched off ,the other appliance
continues to work
 In parallel circuit ,each appliance receives current at steady voltage and
hence they work effectively
135. Draw an electric circuit showing proper arrangement of ammeter (A), voltmeter
(V), battery of two cells, a fixed resistor (R), and an open switch (S). Show the
direction of flow of current (I)
Answer

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

136. What is the function of rheostat in an electric circuit?

 To vary the amount of current flowing in a circuit by altering the value of
resistance.
137. Careful observe the electric circuit below then use it to calculate
(i) The p.d across the 5𝛀 resistor.
(ii) The current value across the resistor of 3 Ω

Solution
𝑅6 ×𝑅5
(i) Total resistance 𝑅𝑇 = + 𝑅3
𝑅6 +𝑅5
6×5
𝑅𝑇 = +3
6+5
30
𝑅𝑇 = 11 + 3
𝑅𝑇 = 5.73Ω
Then calculate total current
𝑉 30
I = 𝑅 = 5.73
I = 5.24 A
Then calculate p.d across 3Ω
V = IR = 5.24A X 3Ω
V = 15.72V
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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

Since R5 and R6 are parallel, then they have the same potential
Total pd = pd at R5 + pd at R3.
30V = pd at R5 + 15.72V
pd at R5= 30V – 15.72 = 14.28V
𝑉 30
(ii) Current across 𝟑𝛀 is the same as total current I = 𝑅 = 5.73 = 5.24A

138. List four factors that affect the resistance of a conductor.

 Factors affecting resistance of a conductor
- Temperature of a conductor- resistance of a conductor increases
with the increase in temperature
- Length of a conductor- resistance of a conductor increases with the
increase in length of the conductor ,so longer conductor has higher
resistance than shorter conductor
- Cross section area of a conductor- thin conductor has high
resistance than thick conductor
- Resistivity of a conductor (nature of a conductor) – different
material has different resistivity.
139. What is resistance?
 Is the opposition offered by electric circuit to the flow of electric current
OR is the ratio of potential difference to the current flowing through the
conductor.
140. What is resistor?
 Is the device that offers the resistance to the current flow OR Is the device
that opposes the flow of electric current
141. Briefly explain what is wrong with the following electric circuit. Draw correct
connections

R
V
+ -

Answer

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

Connection of ammeter and voltmeter is not correct. Ammeter should be

connected in series with circuit component so as to measure its current and
voltmeter should be connected in parallel with circuit components so as to
measure potential difference (voltage) between two points.
Correct connection:

R
A
+ -

142. State the two conditions which are necessary for the charge to flow in a circuit.
- Sources of moving charges eg battery
- Connecting wires and electrical devices which forms closed path/loop

143. Your brother owns a large electronic shop at Urambo town. He plans to buy
connecting wires from Kahama town next week. Explain the three factors he must
take in consideration to resistance of the connecting wires before placing order?
 He must consider the length of the wire/conductor according to the
demand of the customer .the longer the length of the conductor the
high the resistance of the conductor
 Cross-section area of the wire/conductor .Conductor with large cross
section area has small resistance to the current flow. He must consider
the size of the wire according to the need of the customers
 Temperature resistance increases with increase in temperature. So he
must order the material that is not much affected at high temperature

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

3. MAGNETISM

144. A substance when placed in a magnetic field gets magnetized in a direction opposite
to that of the magnetic field .which of the following substance is it?
A. Ferromagnetic B. Paramagnetic C. Diamagnetic D. all above (C)
145. To test a piece of metal to determine whether it was a magnet or not, one would see if
it
A. attract steel filings B. repel a metal bar C. attract a magnet (D)
D. repel a known magnet E. remain stationary
146. When will you find field lines stronger?
A. When the field lines are not seen
B. When the field lines are crowded B
C. When the lines are together
D. When the lines are far apart
147. A teacher asks students to suggest a method to demagnetize a magnet .Some
responses are :
i. Dropping a magnet on the floor several time
ii. Breaking the magnets into two halves
iii. Heating the magnet
iv. Throwing the magnet in water (C)
v. By hammering it
Which of the following are correct?
A. i ,ii and iv B. iii,iv and v C. i , iii and v D . none – above
148. If a North pole is used in the stroking method of magnetization, the end where the
stroking begins is;
A. South pole [Link] pole [Link] [Link] (B)

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

149. The process of removing magnetism from a body is known as :

A. Magnetic field
B. Magnetization (C)
C. Demagnetization
D. Polarization
150. After learning types of magnetic Sir of physics left a quiz to discus in which type of
material do air belong?
A. Paramagnetic material
B. Diamagnetic Material (A)
C. Ferromagnetic material
D. Antiferromagnetic material
151. The following are applications of magnetism in our daily life except :
A. Banks makes the use of magnetic ink on cheques
B. Flour is passed near a magnet before being packed
C. Magnets are used to separate sands from glass (B)
D. VHS tapes are manufactured as a result of magnetism
152. The force which exists between two close bar magnets with like poles is known as
A. Attractive B. repulsive C. friction D. compressional (B)
153. In which region can the north pole of a magnet be directed?
A. Towards geographic north pole
B. Towards the geographic south pole (A)
C. Along the equatorial
D. Along the coast of Antarctica
154. Unlike magnetic poles as well as unlike electric charges , when brought close to
each other they tend to :
A. Attract each other
B. Repel each other (B)
C. Exist in pairs
D. Separate
155. What can you conclude about the magnitude of magnetism at the centre of bar of
magnet : A. Zero B. Minimum C. Negative D. maximum (A)
156. If a north pole is used in the stroking method of magnetization , the end where the
stroking begins is :
A. South pole B. North pole C. west D. East (B )
157. The best test for a magnetized material is :
A. Attraction B. friction C. heating D. repulsion (D)
158. Suppose you wanted to make strong permanent magnets, which of the following
materials would you select?
A. Cobalt and iron B. Copper and cobalt C. Copper and nickel D. Nickel and
Cobalt (D)

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0685621967 PAULO MWAMPAMBA UNDERSTANDING PHYSICS BOOKS

159. A natural magnet is an ore of which of the following chemical compound?

A. Iron oxide
B. Iron nitrate (A)
C. Copper oxide
D. Iron hydroxide
160. Identify the name of the region surrounding a magnet in which the magnetic force
is exerted. A. magnetic field; B. magnetic shielding; C. magnetic pole; and D.
magnetic domain. (A)
161. The region around a magnet is called
A. Magnetization [Link] [Link] field D. Magnetic domains( C )
162. The magnetic material can be magnetized in three different ways namely
A. Stroking ,burning , and electrical methods
B. Stroking , electrical and induction methods (B)
C. Burning , induction ,and hammering methods
D. Hammering , burning and demagnetizing methods
163. Match the items
List A List B
ii. Magnetic A. Like poles attracts ,unlike poles
materials repels
iii. Law of polarity B. Magnetic field is zero
iv. Magnetic C. Redirects magnetics lines of force
shielding D. Strong magnet
v. Neutral point E. Iron ,nail
vi. Aluminum F. paramagnetic material
G. direct neutral point
H. like poles repels ,unlike poles
attract

Answer
List A i ii iii iv v
List B E H C B F

164. Explain why :

i. The strength of a magnet cannot be increased beyond a certain limit.
 Because when all domains have been oriented in the same direction, no
further magnetization is possible and the material is said to be saturated.
ii. An increase in temperature weakens or destroys the magnetism of a
magnet
 An increase in temperature results in greater atomic vibrations which
consequently prevent the domain from being aligned in the same
direction.
165. Show how the neutral point due to two bar magnets can be formed
 Neutral point if formed when two like pole of bar magnet brought close
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N N

Neutral point

166. Name the magnetic pole R and T

R T

Neutral point
Answer
R= North Pole
T = North Pole
167. Explain, using domain theory of magnetism, how magnetization is achieved
by hammering an iron bar when it is pointing in the N-S direction.
 Hammering causes vibration of atoms and hence domains. If the bar is
facing N-S direction, some of the domains will settle facing N-S due to
earth’s magnetic field. This causes the bar to get lightly magnetized.
168. What is meant by :
i. The angle of declination or angle of deviation
 Is the angle between magnetic meridian and geographic meridian.
ii. The angle of inclination (dip angle)
 Is the angle between the direction of earth’s magnetic flux and the
horizontal of earth’s surface.
iii. A magnetic pole
 Is the point on earth’s surface where the axis of the earth’s magnet passes

169. State the useful application of earth’s magnetism in our daily life.
 Applications of earths magnetism
- Used by map readers to find the locations of the places
- Used to indicate poles of unknown magnets
- Gives useful information for search of minerals

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- Satellites transmits information through earth’s magnetic field to

the earth’s surface.
- Earth’s magnetic field enables the compass needle to operates
- The earth’s external magnetic field (magnetosphere) protect the
earth from the harmful emission from the sun.
170. What is magnetism?
 Is a behavior of magnet to attract magnetic material like metals
171. Briefly explain the origin of magnetism.
 Magnetism was most probably first observed in a form of the mineral
magnetite called lodestone composed of iron oxide which shows ability to
attract piece of iron.
172. What is magnet?
 Is a piece of metal or a substance that attract magnetic materials like
metal.
173. Discuss three types of magnet
 Three types of magnets are
i. Temporary magnet
Is the magnet that loses magnetism when magnetic field is
removed .example magnetism induced in iron or nail is
temporary and is lost when once external magnet is removed

OR

ii. Permanent magnets

Is the type of magnet that retain (hold) magnet for the long
period of time. It is made from hard steel. Example of permanent
magnet is bar magnet

iii. Electromagnets

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Is the type of magnets formed due to flow of dc current in the

coil of wire e.g solenoid with piece of iron is an example. It is
temporary (they lose their magnetism when external field is
removed)

174. Mention three common shapes of magnets

i. Bar magnet
ii. Horse shoe magnet
iii. A disc magnet
175. With vivid example identify the applications of magnets in our daily life
 Applications of magnets in our daily life
- Magnetic recording media .The information stored audio
cassette, vhs tapes, floppy and hard disc on the thin magnetic
coating.
- Magnet used in credit, debit and ATM cards. The cards
contains magnetic strips and magnetic ink that store
information of the user and enables the cards to be
automatically sorted out of the machine.
- Used in common television and computer which employ
an electromagnet in their input to produce an image
- Used in speaker and microphones. The permanent magnet
and current carrying coil are used to convert electrical energy
into sound energy.
- Used in electrical generators. The permanent magnets used
to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
- Used in [Link] have magnetic cores for
transmission of power in electric devices
- Electromagnets in hospital used in dealing with eye
injuries caused by iron or steel
- Moving coil meters uses horseshoe magnet to enable pointer
to deflect in certain direction.
176. Explain, using domain theory of magnetism, how an iron bar can be
magnetized to saturation level by placing it in a Explain, using domain theory
of magnetism, how magnetization is achieved by hammering an iron bar when
it is pointing in the N-S direction.
 Hammering causes vibration of atoms and hence domains. If the bar is
facing N-S direction, some of the domains will settle facing N-S due to

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earth’s magnetic field. This causes the bar to get lightly magnetized.

177. What is Magnetic poles?

 are the ends of a magnet which shows strongest attraction or
repulsion .e.g north pole and south pole
178. Explain, using domain theory of magnetism, how an iron bar can be
magnetized to saturation level by placing it in a magnetic field whose
strength can be varied.
 When the iron bar is placed in the magnetic field, some of the domains
rotate to face the direction of the field. As the intensity of the field is
increased, more and more domains align in the direction of the field,
increasing the magnetization of the bar. At a certain value of intensity, all
the domain becomes oriented in the direction of the field so that further
increase in intensity has no effect on the magnetic strength of the bar.
179. Magnetic shielding – is the restriction/limit the direction of the flow of a
magnetic field between two region by separating them with a barrier made of
conductive ferromagnetic material materials

180. How can you test the polarity of a magnet? Explain briefly why attraction is not a
sure test for polarity?
 Polarity of a magnet is tested by bringing close a standardized
magnet. If repulsion occurs, then the unknown poles, then the
unknown poles is of the same polarity as the known one.
Attraction is not a sure test for polarity because a magnet can attract
any magnetic material, even if it is not a magnet.
181. What is magnetic material?
 Are the materials that can be strongly magnetized or attracted by a
magnet e.g. iron, steel, nickel, cobalt (they are called ferromagnetic
material)
182. What is non- magnetic material?
 These are materials that cannot be magnetized or attracted by a
magnet e.g copper,brass,,tin,zinc,carbon ,wood ,clothes, plastic e.t.c
183. State any four properties of magnets
 Magnets attracts magnetic material especially ferromagnetic

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materials e.g iron , nickel ,cobalt

 Magnets possess north pole and south pole
 The magnetic force of attraction or repulsion is strongest at poles of
magnet
 Like magnetic poles repels and unlike magnetic poles attracts
 The magnetic force is an action at distance force
 If a magnet is suspended freely always points in north –south
direction.
184. State the law of magnetism (law of polarity) and illustrate this law using
large clear diagrams
 Like pole repel ,unlike pole attract
Diagrams

No neutral point. P is neutral point.

185. For each of the following , sketch the resulting magnetic field and mark
the position of the neutral point if any ,when :
i. N-pole and S-poles are brought close to each other but not touching
ii. Two N- pole are brought close to each other but not touching
Answer

No neutral point. P is neutral point.

186. Suppose you are given a bar magnet whose poles not labelled. Explain how you
could determine which end of the bar is the North Pole in the laboratory?
 By bringing together a known north pole of a bar magnet to the
unknown pole of the other bar magnet. If repulsion occurs it will be
identified as the North Pole.

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187. What is neutral point?

 Is the point the net magnetic field is zero
188. What do you understand by the following expressions
i. Magnetic field
 Is a region of space around magnet where magnetic force is
experienced? Magnetic field is represented by field lines.
ii. Magnetic lines of force
 Is a path of magnetic field drawn in the direction from north magnetic
pole to south magnetic pole of bar magnet
189. In which way the earth is a magnet? Discuss.
 Earth is a magnet in the sense that the generation of the magnetic is
linked to the rotation of the earth, which lead to the rotation of the fluid
metallic iron inside the earth.
190. Draw magnetic field around a bar magnet using a magnetic lines of force.

Magnetic field lines

191. Supposed that in figure below the nail becomes magnetized, with the head of
the nail becoming a north magnetic pole. What could happen if the battery was
reversed?

Answer
 The poles will change, the south becomes north and vice versa
192. How can you use the N- pole of a fixed bar magnet to determine the unknown
poles of an unlabeled bar magnet?
 By bringing two poles together and identifying attraction or
repulsion. If repulsion occurs unlabeled pole will be North Pole and if
attraction occurs unlabeled bar will be South Pole.
193. What are the properties of magnetic lines of force?
 Properties of magnetics lines of force
- The field lines never cross

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- They originate (start) from north pole to south pole

- Field lines forms closed loops
- Parallel magnetic field line of force travelling in the same
direction repel each other
- Parallel magnetic field lines of force in opposite direction
attract each other.
- Magnetic lines of force pass through magnetic and non-
magnetic material
- Magnetic lines of force enters or leaves a magnetic material
at right angle 900 to the surface.
194. Differentiate between the forces due to magnetic forces and force due to gravity
on the earth.
 Force due to magnetic force may be attractive or repulsive while
force due to gravity is only attractive.
195. Suppose mount a bar magnet on a set of wheels as shown below

Front Rear
N S

If you placed magnetic car on N-S line with the front of the car pointing
north, would it roll towards the north or the south? Explain your answer.
Answer
To the south because repulsion will take place between N- N
196. What happen if a magnet is in water?
 Since water is non – magnetic, it just doesn’t make any significant
extra magnetic force on the magnets. All you get is the same force as
in air or vacuum.
197. What is magnetic induction?
 is the process of producing magnetism in a non-magnetized
material when it is placed in magnetic field
198. Explain with an illustration how one can locate the position of a north –
pole of a bar magnet. OR How will you determine the ends of a bar magnet
whether is North Pole or South Pole?
 To locate the position of the north pole of a bar magnet, a bar magnet
is freely suspended by a thin string in still air and left to come to rest.
A north pole will appear to point north wards while the
South Pole will point south wards.

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199. Explain the term magnetic dipole

 Are the smallest magnets due to the formations of N and S poles as
the result of circulating electrons in atoms OR are the poles on a
magnet which are equal and opposite to each other
Note
Magnetic dipole also called atomic magnet
200. Explain the term magnetic domains
 Are the smallest unit of magnetism with two poles north and south
that can be aligned in particular direction
Note
In magnetic materials the domains are aligned in one directions and
in non-magnetic materials the domains are aligned in different
directions
201. What is magnetic screening?
 Is the prevention of magnetic field from reaching a certain region or
point by surrounding the subject with a magnetic material e.g iron
ring
202. Magnetic field whose strength can be varied.
 When the iron bar is placed in the magnetic field, some of the domains
rotate to face the direction of the field. As the intensity of the field is
increased, more and more domains align in the direction of the field,
increasing the magnetization of the bar. At a certain value of intensity, all
the domain becomes oriented in the direction of the field so that further
increase in intensity has no effect on the magnetic strength of the bar.
203. Using the domain theory of magnetism, explain how heating a magnet weakens
the magnet.
 Heating causes an increase in vibrations of particles of a solid and hence the
domains. The Domains change their direction of alignment, thus reducing
magnetism.
204. Explain briefly how the domain theory of magnetism is used to differentiate a
magnetic material from a magnet.
 Any magnetic material consists of the magnetic domains which may be in
any direction. But in a magnet domains are oriented in one direction.
205. Briefly explain the three common classes of magnetic material and mention
one to each class
 Ferromagnetic materials .Are the material that can be strongly magnetized
and form permanent magnet. Example cobalt, iron ,nickel
 Paramagnetic material are the material that can weekly magnetized and form
temporary magnet. Example aluminium and chromium
 Diamagnetic materials – are the materials that repels from stronger to weak
field. e.g bismuth , water , gold , silver . In diamagnetic material the

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electrons are oriented so their individual magnetic field cancel each other
out.
206. Basing on magnetic domain theory ,what do you understand by the term
magnetization
 Magnetization is the process of aligning the magnetic domain (dipole)
in one direction so that it can produce net magnetic force of attraction or
repulsion.
S
N

Before aligning After aligning

207. Draw the following diagrams

i. Arrangements of atoms in anon - magnetic iron bar
ii. Arrangements of atoms in a magnetic iron bar.

S
(i) S (ii) N

208. Explain what would happen if you cut a bar magnet into half.
 The atoms are arranged according to poles of the magnet
209. What are the materials in which magnetisation is possible to occur?
 Magnetisation can be done on
- Ferromagnetic materials which can form permanent magnets e.g
steel, cobalt and nickel
- Paramagnetic materials which are weekly magnetised e.g
aluminium and chromium
-
210. What are the method you can use to align the domains in magnetic materials
 Required is the method of magnetisation which are :
- Heating or vibration method. Heating or vibration of an object can
cause atomic dipoles even aligned
- Stroking method (rubbing magnet with unmagnetised material in one
direction)
- Electric method (This is done using electromagnet to produce
electromagnets)
211. Using pins, bar magnets and nail, explain how nail can be magnetised by
stoking method?
 To magnetised metal nail

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-Take nail bring close to small pins. No attraction will occur , so the
nail is not magnetic
-Use bar magnet to stroke the nail using north pole of bar magnet in the
same direction several time (i.e rub bar magnet along nail in one
direction)

-Again bring the nail to small pin. Now the nail is able to attract
small pins, therefore the nail has been magnetised.

Note
If the north pole of the magnet is used for stroking method, then
the rod will be magnetised such that its starting end will act as the
North Pole and the other end act as the South Pole.
212. Explain the term demagnetisation and give the methods used for
demagnetisation
 Demagnetisation – is the process of removing or destroying or reducing
magnetism from a given substance. The method involves destructions of
alignments of magnetics domains.
 Method of demagnetisation
-Heating vibration method of permanent magnet in absence of external
field
-Randomly stroking one magnets with another
-Repeated hammering or dropping down of magnets
-Electrical method. Connecting coil of wire to source of current and
wrapping it around a magnet destroys magnets domain alignment.
213. It is true that magnets become weaker with time. This situation is caused by
many factors .As form two students with knowledge of magnetism, how can you
advice students of form one the best way to store magnet.
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 To store magnet you should do the following

- Store magnets away from ferrous materials
- Store magnets away from heat
- Store magnets in pairs and using magnetic keepers to store them
- Store magnets away from strong electric and magnetic field
- Store away from strong vibration or mechanical impacts which may
brittle it.

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4. FORCE IN EQUILIBRIUM

214. A bus carrying a very heavy load on its top most part can easily overturn because;
A. It cannot run fast
B. Its equilibrium is neutral
C. Its centre of gravity is low (D)
D. Its centre of gravity is high
215. The product of either force of couple with the arm of the couple is called :
A. Resulting couple
B. Resultant couple
C. Moment of the couple (C)
D. Moment of the forces
216. The measurement of mass using beam balance uses the principle of
A. Conservation of matter
B. Conservation of momentum
C. Gravitation pull of the earth
D. Moments
217. Two types of moments of forces are :
A. Forward and backward
B. Neutral and charged (D)
C. Stable and unstable
D. Clockwise and anticlockwise
218. As we have learnt that the moment of force is F X d , so the formula for the weight
in relevance to the moment of force will be
A. Mg x d
B. Mg/d (A)
C. Mg + d
D. Mg - d
219. A lever which has its load between effort and the fulcrum is said to be :
A. First class lever
B. Second class lever (B)
C. Third class lever
D. None of the above

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220. Minimum potential energy of the system will be the position of :

A. Stable equilibrium
B. Unstable equilibrium (A)
C. Neutral equilibrium
D. All of the above
221. A lever which has its effort between the load and the fulcrum is said to be the :
A. The second class lever
B. The third class lever (B)
C. First class
D. Fourth class lever
222. The turning effect of a force on a door is greater when it is applied at :
A. A point near the hinges and perpendicular to the door
B. A point near the hinges and parallel to the door (C)
C. A point far away from the hinges and perpendicular to the door
D. A point far away from the hinges and parallel to the door
223. Fulcrum is a point in the lever at which :
A. The lever is pivoted
B. The load is applied (A)
C. The effort is applied
D. Body is unstable
224. Which of the following is true about when a body is stationary?
A. The force acting on it is not in contact with it
B. The body is in vacuum (D)
C. There is no force actin on it
D. The combination of forces acting on it balance each other
225. If a small displacement of a system from the rest position (after getting some
energy) results in a small bounded motion about the equilibrium position , then the
system is in :
A. Neutral equilibrium
B. Unstable equilibrium (C)
C. Stable equilibrium
D. Natural equilibrium
226. The moment of force causes an object to
A. Move forward
B. Move backward
C. Stop moving
D. Rotate about a specific point
227. Find the perpendicular distance between the point and the line of action of the
force when the moment of a force about a point is 1120 Nm and the magnitude of
the force 5600 N.
A. 5 m; B. 6720 m; C. 0.2 m; and D. 4480 m (C)

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228. Match the items

List A List B
i. The force that causes things to turn round A. Linear motion
ii. The motion that occurs when the line of B. Rotational motion
action passes through the centre of gravity C. Point where whole mass is
iii. Centre of mass concentrated
iv. Centre of gravity must be low D. Moment of force
v. Centre of gravity does not change after E. Point where total where force of
displacement gravity act
F. Stable equilibrium
G. Unstable equilibrium
H. Neutral equilibrium

Answer
LIST A i ii iii iv v
LIST B D A C F H

229. How does the centre of gravity of an extended body differ from the centre
of mass of an object?
Answer
 Centre of gravity is the point where all the weight of a certain body are
concentrated While Centre of mass is the point where all the mass of a
body is concentrated
230. Why a person climbing up a mountain is observed to bend forward?
 In order to keep the body’s centre of gravity low so as the person can be
stable while climbing the mountains
231. A moment of force of 320 Nm is formed when a force of 120 N is applied at right
angle on the end of a spanner. How long is the spanner?
Solution
 Data: Force = 120 N; Moment of force = 320 Nm;
Distance, d=?
M.F =F x d
320 Nm = 120 N X d,
Get d = 2.67 m

Therefore, the length of the spanner is 2.67 m

232. State any two measures taken to increase stability of double decker bus during
construction
 The engine and chassis of the bus are placed as low as possible
 The upper decker and seats are made with light materials
 The bus is constructed with wide base

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233. A uniform metre rule has balanced by a 50g mass hung at its 80 cm mark. If the
pivot is at 60cm mark. What is the mass of the rule?

10cm 20cm 20cm

50cm

M 50g

From
∑ c. m = ∑ a. c. m

50g x 20cm = M X 10cm

Solve get mass of the rule M = 100g

234. A traffic police stopped a bus with many passengers standing in the bus. As a
Physics student explain the possible danger with that bus, why?
Answer
 A bus with many passenger has high centre of gravity which makes the bus to
be [Link] danger with that bus is on small displacement can overturn
235. A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its centre .A 20g mass is placed at the 10cm
mark and 50g mass at the 40cm mark. At what mark must the other 50g mass be
placed for the system to be equilibrium?
Solution

40cm
20g 50g 50g
10cm Xcm

10cm 40cm

a.c.m c.m

Here 50g = 0.05kg = 0.5N

20g = 0.02kg = 0.2N
From principle of moments
Sum of clockwise moment = sum of anticlockwise moments
0.5N × 𝑥 = 0.2N x 0.4m + 0.5N X 0.1m
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Solve for x get x = 0.26m = 26m

Then 50g will be placed at 26cm mark to the right of pivot or at 76cm from
0cm mark
236. Explain why racing cars should have wide wheel tracks?
 Racing cars have wide wheel tracks resulting to a low centre of gravity for
stability (more stable) in going round bends.
237. State why a bus carrying standing passengers has a higher chance of
overturning than one carrying seated passengers.
 With standing passengers, the bus is less stable because the centre of
gravity is higher, hence can easily overturn.
238. Why a loaded test tube floats upright in the fluid?
 A load in a test is at the bottom that lowers centre of gravity of a test tube.
This raises stability of the test tube causing it to float upright. OR
 Because it is balanced by having a heavy base.
239. State why a bus carrying standing passengers has a higher chance of
overturning than one carrying seated passengers.
 With standing passengers, the bus is less stable because the centre of
gravity is higher, hence can easily overturn
240. It is more difficult to balance a nail on its tip than on its base. Explain
 Because the tip area is too small and the base area is large. Thus, large base
area increase stability hence it is more difficult to balance a nail on its tip.
241. (a) Why is it easier to balance a moving bicycle or motorcycle but nearly
impossible to do the same when it is on rest? OR
(b) Why does a bicycle remain balanced when riding, and fall when at a stop?
OR
(c) Why a person in motorcycle is stable when in motion, but unstable when he
is not moving?
Answer
 The moving wheels of the bicycle create a force that leads to stability when
in motion and help keep it upright.
242. Why should a mechanic choose a long spanner to undo a tight nut?
 It is easier to undo a tight nut with longer spanner because, longer
spanner (longer moment arm) produce/provides a great force.
243. State the principle of moments
 “When a body is in equilibrium ,the sum of clockwise moments about any
point is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moment about that point”
244. What are the categories of equilibrium you know?
Categories of equilibrium
- Stable equilibrium
- Neutral equilibrium
- Unstable equilibrium
245. Explain why a feather and a coin released from the same height in an
evacuated tube will reach the bottom of the tube at the same time
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 Both the feather and the coin accelerate towards the ground at the same rate,
which is independent of their masses.

246. Why a cyclist does often drives in zigzag motion when going up a hill?
 So as to use less effort since the angle of incline will be smaller hence it is
easier to go up the hill.
247. Does an object have to be at rest so as to be in a state of equilibrium? Explain
your answer.
 Not necessary, because equilibrium is a state of balance of a body.
248. A candle is lit and placed on a level bench. State and explain the changes
in the stability of the candle as it continues to burn.
 As the candle burns, its height reduces so that its centre of gravity is
lowered. The stability therefore keeps on increasing.
249. The uniform plank of wood in figure below is balanced at its center by the
forces shown. Determine the value of W in kg.

Solution
 2.6N produces an anticlockwise moment. While 2N and W produces
clockwise moment
Sum of clockwise moments = Sum of anticlockwise moments
(2 + W) X0.24 = 2.6 X 0.30
Solve get W = 1.25N = 0.125kg.
250. Why a loaded test tube floats upright in the fluid?
 A load in a test is at the bottom that lowers centre of gravity of a test tube.
This raises stability of the test tube causing it to float upright. OR
 Because it is balanced by having a heavy base.
251. Why do Bunsen burners have a broad and heavy base?
 Have a broad and heavy base so as to make them more stable.

252. A uniform 50cm ruler is freely pivoted at the 15cm mark and it balances
horizontally when a body of mass 40gm is hung from the 2cm mark.
i. Draw the diagram
ii. Calculate the ass of the ruler

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Solution

15cm 35cm

2cm 13cm 10cm 25cm

mg
40gm

Clockwise moments = Anticlockwise moments

Mg x 10cm = 40gm x g x 13cm
M = 52gm

253. Design a simple experiment to determine the mass of meter rule in the
laboratory.
Solution

X Y

Mo
M

By principle of moments ∑ A. C. M = ∑ A. C. M
MX = MOY
MX
MO = Y
where
MO = Mass of the rule
M = Mass of the load

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5. MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE

254. A stone dropped from the top of a building hit the ground 4 seconds later. What
was its velocity when hitting the ground?
A. 400 m/s B.45 m/s C.40 m/s D.4.5 m/s (C)
255. A mass is projected upwards with a velocity of 10m/s, what is the maximum height
reached in metre?
A. 1 B. 5 C. 10 D. 20 E. 100 (B)
256. A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a building at a speed of 12m/s. How
long does it take to fall 45metres vertically? (assume negligible air resistance)
A. 1.0 sec B. 5.0 sec C. 3.0 sec D. 8.0 sec (C)
257. What kind of energy does a body possess when it is in the state complete rest
A. Kinetic energy
B. Potential energy (B)
C. Thermal energy
D. Rest energy
258. The area under a speed against time graph represents
A. Displacement B. velocity C. distance D. acceleration (C)
259. A steel ball-bearing of mass 0.1kg fall s with a steady velocity pf 0.02m/s through
a thick [Link] resultant force on the ball in newton’s while in motion is
A. 0. B. 0.1 C 1.0 D. 1.2 E 2.2 (A)
260. Identify a suitable graph which represents the motion for a body moving in a
straight line with a uniform acceleration. A. Distance against time graph; B.
Acceleration against time graph; C. Velocity against time graph; and Displacement
against time graph (C)
261. Atupele a form two student asked to write the formula for finding acceleration.
Choose the correct option of the formula that was written by the student.
A. V x t B. 1/t C. w/t D. (v-u)/t (D)
262. The velocity –time graph for a car moving in a straight line is shown below, the
total distance covered by the body is:

A. 1000m B. 10m C. 100m D. no correct answer (A)

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263. The speed of 72km/hr is equivalent to :

A. 120m/s B. 1200m/s C. 20m/s D .200m/s (C)
264. What does the indication of the slope in distance time graph gives
A. Momentum
B. Velocity (C )
C. Speed
D. Area under the curve
265. Match the item
List A List B
(i) The motion of a body through A. Displacement
equal distance in equal time B. Resultant velocity
(ii) The rate at which an objects C. Uniform speed
travels D. Speed
(iii)Constant displacement along the E. Velocity
road in equal times F. Uniform velocity
(iv) The gradient of displacement G. Constant velocity
time graph H. Average acceleration
(v) The gradient of velocity – time I. Straight line graph
graph J. Deceleration

List A i ii iii iv v
List B C D F E H

266. (a) Write down the second and third equations of motion in a
straight line.
𝟏
i. 𝑺 = 𝒖 𝒕 +𝟐 𝐚𝐭 𝟐 ii. 𝒗 𝟐 = 𝒖 𝟐 +
𝟐𝒂𝒔
(b) Explain the following terms as they are applied in motion
in a straight line:
(i) Velocity. Is the rate of change of displacement OR is
the ratio between the distance covered per unit time
(ii) Retardation. Is the rate of decrease in velocity of a
moving body in a given time (Sometimes known as
Deceleration )
(c) A stone is thrown vertically upwards with an initial
velocity of 50 m/s.
(i) Calculate the time that the stone will take to return back to
the thrower.
Given
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Initial velocity (u) = 50 m/s, Final velocity (v) = 0

m/s
Time taken (t) =?
From the first newton’s law of motion
𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑎𝑡 but, 𝑎 = −𝑔 (since a stone is thrown up) then
v= 𝑢 − 𝑔 𝑡
u
𝑢 = 𝑔 𝑡 (since v=0m/s) ➔ t = g(to return to the ground
multiply by 2)
u 50
𝑡 = 2 ( g ) ➔ = 2 × 10 = 10 𝑠

∴ the time that stone will take to return back to thrower is 10 s

(ii) What will be the maximum height reached?
From the formula
𝟏
h = 𝑢 𝑡 - 𝟐𝑔 𝑡 2
The time taken to reach the maximum height,
𝐦
𝐮 𝟓𝟎 ( )
𝑡 = 𝐠= 𝐦
𝐬
=5𝑠
𝟏𝟎 ( 𝟐 )
𝐬
𝟏
Then h = 50 × 5 - 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟓𝟐 = 125m
267. A car travels with uniform velocity of 30m/s for 5seconds and then come to rest
after 10seconds with uniform deceleration
(i) Draw velocity time graph of the motion
(ii) Find the total distance travelled
(iii)Find the average velocity

(i) Distance (s)= area of trapezium

Velocity m/s
=
(𝒂+𝒃)𝒉
𝟐

=
(𝟓+𝟏𝟓)×𝟑𝟎
30m/s 𝟐
= 300m
Average velocity = =
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟏𝟓𝒔
Time (s)
0 = 20m/s
5
268. In which case is acceleration said to be uniform?
 Acceleration is said to be uniform when the velocity of the body changes by
equal amounts in equal time intervals or acceleration is said to be uniform if
the rate change of velocity is constant.
269. Edwin run twice round a field ground of length 250m.
(i) What distance does he cover?
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(ii) What is his displacement from the starting point?

Solution
(i) Distance = 2 x length = 2 x 250m = 500m
(ii) Displacement from the starting point is zero (0m)
270. A car accelerates uniformly from 80m/s to 480m/s in [Link] then
decelerates to a stop in 100 seconds. Calculate the acceleration and deceleration of
the car.
Velocity m/s Solution
i. Acceleration =
𝟒𝟖𝟎−𝟖𝟎
𝟓𝟎
=8m/s2.
ii. Deceleration =
𝟎−𝟒𝟖𝟎
480 𝟏𝟎𝟎

= -4.8m/s2.

80

Time (s)
50 150

271. Why car speed is not termed as car velocity?

 Since speed is how fast something moves, may be the same at different
points but the velocity will be different in those points because of different
directions.
272. An object travel 20m to the right in 4second and then 12m to the left in 3second
for its total motion .What is
a) Average speed
b) Average velocity
Solution
Distance = 20m+12m =32m
Displacement = 20m + -12m = 8m
Total time = 4s +3s = 7s
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝟑𝟐𝒎
a) Average speed = 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 𝟕𝒔 = 4.57m/s
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 8𝑚
b) Average velocity = = 7𝑠 = 1.14m/s
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
273. A car starts from rest and accelerated uniformly at rate of 4m/s2 for 5seconds
.It maintain a constant velocity for 20seconds. The brakes are then applied and
car accelerated for 3second .Find
(i) The maximum velocity attained
(ii) The total distance covered
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Solution
𝑣
(i) a = 𝑡
v = at = 4 x 5 = 20m/s
Maximum velocity = 20m/s
(ii) distance covered
Consider velocity time graph
Velocity (m/s)

Time (s)

5 25 28

The distance covered = area under the curve

(𝒂+𝒃)𝒉 (𝟐𝟎+𝟐𝟖) 𝟐𝟎
S= 𝟐 = 𝟐
S = 480m
274. Why car speed is not termed as car velocity?
 Since speed is how fast something moves, may be the same at different
points but the velocity will be different in those points because of different
directions.
275. Why actual speed differ from average speed?
 Actual speed is different from its average speed because every time
person can’t drive with a constant speed.
Note
- Average speed means that the average distance travelled in
total interval of time
- Actual speed is the speed you are at any given moment at
any given point
276. In brief , explain the motion of an object under gravity by taking an
example of a ball thrown up straight in air
 When an object is thrown straight up into the air its velocity is decreased
by gravity to zero at a maximum ,then it will reverse its direction and fall
down under the pull of gravity

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277. A ball is dropped from a height of 20m above the ground. It the ground in
2seconds and bounce back in a height of 12.7m in [Link] is its average
velocity?
Solution

Displacement (s) = -20m + 12.7m = -7.3m

(Negative shows displacement is downward)
Total time = 2s +1.6s= 3.6s
𝒔 −𝟕.𝟑𝒎
Average velocity, v = 𝒕 = 𝟑.𝟔𝒔
= -2.03m/s
Average velocity is 2.03m/s down ward

20m 12.7m

278. A plain drop the sack of maize 40 kg from a height of 30 m to reach a famine-
stricken area of Congo. What is the:
(i) Time taken for the sack to reach the ground?
(ii) Velocity of the sack to reach the ground?
Solution
Data given
m= 40kg
h=s = 30m
(i) Required time taken for sack to reach the ground
S = ut + 1/2at2
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U=0, a=g then 30m= 1/2x20 x t2

Solve get t= 2.45sec
(ii) V2= u2+2as but u=0m/s and a =g
Then v2 =2gs
Solve get v = 24.49m/s
279. A body starts from rest and accelerates at 2m/s2 for 5 seconds. Calculate
(i) Its final velocity
(ii) The distance it moves

Solution
U = 0, a = 2m/s2, t = 5s
(i) Final velocity (V) = u + at = 0 + 2 x5 = 10m/s

(ii) S = ut + 1 ut2 = 0 x 5 + ½ x 2 x 55 = 25m

2
The distance travelled = 25m

280. A rocket car is propelled along a straight track by an engine that can produce an
acceleration of 50m/[Link] car starts from rest, the rocket engine is turned on for 5s
and then turned off. Three seconds a parachute is deployed, which produce an
acceleration of -20m/s2.
(i) What is cars velocity after the first 5s?
(ii) How far does the car travel while the engine is on?
(iii)How far does the car travel between the time the engine is turned off and
the parachute is deployed?
(iv) From the time the parachute is deployed, how long does it take for the car
to stop?
(v) What is the total displacement of the car?
(vi) What is the total time for the entire motion?
(vii) What is average velocity for the entire motion?

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Solution
(i) a = 50m/s2,u = 0
Velocity (m/s) v = at = 50 x 5 = 250m/s
(ii) s = ut + 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐
=0 × 5 + x 50 x 52.
𝟏
𝟐
= 625m
(iii)s = ut + 𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 (a = 0 ,it moves with
constant speed)
s = ut = 250 x 3 = 750m
5 8 Time (s) (iv) v = u +at (a= -20,v = 0)
0 = 250 – 20t
t = 12.5s
(v) total displacement =area of the
trapezium
S= =
(𝒂+𝒃)𝒉 (𝟑+𝟐𝟎.𝟓) 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

= 29375.5m
(vi) total time = 8+12.5 = 20.5seconds

=
𝒔 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟕.𝟓
(vii) average velocity =
𝒕 𝟐𝟎.𝟓

= 143.29m/s

281. A baseball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20m/s. Find the :
(i) Maximum height it reached
(ii) Time taken to reach maximum height
Solution
For maximum height v = 0. Also a = g = 10m/s2, u = 20m/s
(i) V2 = u2 -2gh (value of g is negative for body thrown upward)
02 = 202 -2 x10h
h = 20m
(ii) V = u – gt
0 = 20 – 10t
10t = 20
The time taken to reach maximum height is 2sec

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282. One of the confusing terms in motion are speed and velocity .Give clarification
on each term.
 Speed refers to the distance covered per unit time without specifying direction
(scalar ) but velocity refers to the distance covered in a given direction per unit
time (vector)
283. A car accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 15km/hr in 10seconds.
Find;
(i) Maximum acceleration
(ii) Distance covered during this period in metres.
Solution
U=0m/s, v = 15km/hr = 15000/3600= 4.2m/s
(i) V = u +at
Put data solve get a = 0.42m/s2.
(ii) S=ut + 1/2at2.
S= 0x 5 + ½ x 0.42 x 102.
= 21m
The distance travelled = 21m
284. The maximum retardation with which the brakes of locomotive can reduce its
speed is 1.8m/[Link] the time in which the locomotive can be brought to
rest.
Solution
Let the speed of locomotive be u, final velocity v = 0, a = -1.8m/s2. (Negative
implies retardation)
From
V = u +at
0 = u -1.8t
𝐮
t = 𝟏.𝟖 Sec
285. What do you understand about
(i) Uniform velocity
 Is the velocity when a body moves with the same rate of change of
displacement or is the motion with zero acceleration in a given direction
(ii) Uniform accelerations
 Is the acceleration when the body moves with the same rate change of velocity
286. Speed and velocity tells us about the motion of a body. Where do they agree and
where do they differ?
 Similarities of speed and velocity
- They are measured in the same unit
- For any given scenario , their magnitudes are the same
- They are all physical quantities
 Difference between speed and velocity
- Speed is a scalar while velocity is a vector
- Speed is the rate change of distance while velocity is the rate change
of displacement

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287. An object is constrained to move along the track as shown in figure below

The acceleration of the object on both inclined planes is 6.9m/s2 (down), zero
along the flat section and -6.9m/s2 up the incline planes. If the object is released
from the rest at the top of the left inclined plane, how long will it take to reach the
top of the right inclined plane?
Solution

At down inclined plane At up inclined plane

Let time be t1 and velocity be V1 a = - 6.9m/s2 (deceleration)

Distance, s = 8cm = 0.08m
U = 0m/s Final velocity = v2
Distance (s) = 10cm = 0.1m v2 2 = v1 2 + 2as
1
From S = ut + 2 a𝑡1 2 v1 2 = (1.1747)2 - 2 × 6.9 × 0.08
1 v2 = 0.5254m/s
0.1 = 0 × t1 + 2 × 6.9 × t1 2
Recall
t1 = 0.17025sec
v−u
a=
Velocity v1 t
0.5254−1.1747
v1 2 = u2 +2as -6.9 = t3

v1 2 = (0)2 + 2 × 6.9 × 0.1 t 3 = 0.094sec

v1 = 1.1747m/s Total time, t = t1 + t 2 + t 3
At flat section t = 0.17025 + 0.17025 + 0.094
a = 0m/s2. t = 0.435sec
Let time be t 2
Body moves with speed v1 = 1.1747m/s
From s = vt
0.2 = 1.× t 2

t 2 = 0.17025sec 73
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288. A car with a velocity of 90m/s is uniformly retarded and brought to rest after 10
seconds. Calculate its deceleration
Solution
𝒗−𝒖
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒕
a=
𝟎−𝟗𝟎𝒎/𝒔
𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒆𝒄
a = -9m/s2.
Acceleration = 9m/s2
Negative represent
deceleration

289. Sketch the diagram of a body which starts from rest and accelerates
uniformly for some times to a constant velocity and then maintains this
velocity for a certain period of time before decelerating uniformly to a stop.
Solution

Velocity

Uniform velocity

Deceleration

Time

290. A car with a uniform velocity of 100m/s decelerated at 2.5m/s2 to stop.

Calculate
(i) The time taken for the car to stop
(ii) The distance travelled by the car before it is brought to rest
(iii)
Solution From v2 = u2 +2as
Given initial velocity, u = 100m/s
0 = 1002 + 2(-2.5) s
Final velocity, v = 0m/s
Acceleration, a = -2.5m/s2 (deceleration) 5s = 1002
1002
From S = 5
V = u + at S = 2000m
0 = 100m/s + (-2.5m/s2) t
2.5t = 100
Solve and get
t = 40s

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6. NEWTONS F MLAWS OOTION

291. Action and reaction forces never cancel each other because:
A. They are not equal in magnitude
B. They are in the same direction (C)
C. They act on different objects
D. All of these reasons
292. What force is required to give a mass of 40 kg and acceleration of 0.2 m/s2
A. 200 N; B. 0.005 N; C. 8 N; and D. 20 N. (C)
293. Which of the following is the one most related to inertia?
A. Weight
B. Acceleration (C)
C. Mass
D. Force
294. Newton’s second law and third laws of motion lead to
conservation of
A. Kinetic energy
B. Energy (C)
C. Linear momentum
D. Charge
295. Rockets are unable to accelerates in space because :
A. There is no air in space for the rockets to push off
B. There is no gravity in space
C. There is no air resistance in space (A)
D. They can accelerates in space
296. When a bus starts suddenly, the passengers are pushed
back. This is an example of which of the following?
A. Newton’s first law
B. Newton’s second law (A)
C. Newton’s third law
D. Non above
297. Which of the following has maximum inertia?
A. An atom
B. A molecule (D)
C. A two – hundred coin
D. A cricket ball

298. A 5000kg truck collides head-on with a 500kg car. Which of

the following statements is true?

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A. During the collision ,the force exerted on the car by the

truck is 10 times the force on the truck by the car
B. After collision , the velocity of the car is 10 times the truck’s
velocity (C)
C. During the collision ,the acceleration of the car is 10 times
the truck’s acceleration
D. All of the above statements are true.
299. The SI-Unit of momentum is :
A. Ns B. kgm/s C. kg/ms D. Js (B)
300. A large truck collides head –on with a small compact car
.During the collision :
A. The truck exerts the same amount of force on the car as the
car exerts on the truck
B. Neither exerts force on the other ,the car gets smash simply
because it gets the way of the truck (A)
C. The truck exerts a greater amount of force on the car than
the car exerts on the truck
D. the truck exerts force on the car but the car does not exert
force on the truck
301. Match the items
List A List B
i. Impulse A. Net force
ii. Inertia B. F. ∆𝑡
iii. Occurs in pairs C. Third law of motion
iv. Resultant force D. Momentum
v. Momentum E. Act over short time interval
F. kg.m/s
G. Resist change of
state
H. Action and reaction forces
I. kg.m/s2.
Answers
(i) B
(ii) G
(iii) H
(iv) A
(v) F

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302. Match the items

List A List B
vi. Definition of force A. Newton’s third law
vii. Measure of force B. Impulse
viii. Effect of force C. Newton’s second law
ix. Recoil of gun D. Newton’s first law
x. No external E. Body moving at constant velocity
force F. Body is moving at high speed
G. Mass of the body is
zero
Answer
i. D
ii. C
iii. B
iv. A
v. E
303. Your inertia can kill you! With reference to a moving
vehicle, discuss the physics behind this statement.
 When you are on a moving vehicle your body tends to fall
forward when the vehicle suddenly stops. If you are on a
stationary vehicle and it suddenly moves forward, you
would fall backwards. So your inertia can kill you when you
are thrown out the vehicle.
304. (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.
 “The rate of change of linear momentum of the body is direct
proportional to the applied force and takes place in the
direction of force”
(b) Give two examples of the application of the Newton’s
third law of motion.
 Newton’s third law of motion is applied in the
rocket whereby the burn fuel goes backwards to
push the rocket forward
 Newton’s third law of motion is also applied on
the moving vehicles such as cars whereby the
tyres push the ground backwards and the ground
pushes the cars forwards
 Rocket propulsion. Rocket removes some hot
gases to the ground which exerts a force on the

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ground, the ground then exerts a force equal to

the one from the rocket and thus enables it to be
launched
305. Consider a book placed on the table, what are the forces acting on it?
 Two forces are acting on the book placed on the table
which are
- Normal force
- Force of gravity
306. An athlete standing in a boat throws an object out of the boat and the boat
tends to move the opposite direction to that of object. What is the suitable law of
motion to explain this phenomena?
 Suitable law is newton third law of motion which states
that “to every action of force there is an equal and
opposite reaction force on the body “
307. Explain the term inertia and then explain three types
 Inertia is the ability of a body to resist changes in its sate of
rest or motion
 Types of inertia
- Inertia of rest
Is the resistance of the body to change its state of rest of rest
- Inertia of motion
Is the resistance of the body to change its state of motion
- Inertia of direction
Is the resistance of the body to change its direction of motion.
308. Maua was in stationary boat and has a mass of 55kg
jumps onto a trolley of mass 90kg. If the initial speed of Maua
was 5m/s. At what initial speed will the trolley move?
Solution
By principle of conservation of momentum
Momentum before collision = momentum after collision
Let mass of Maua be m1 and mass of boat be m2.

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Initial speed of boat (stationary) = 0m/s

Initial speed of Maua = u1 = 5m/s.
The initial speed of the trolley will be common velocity, V
m1u1 +m2u2 = (m1 +m2) V
55kg x 5m/s + 90kg x 0m/s = (55kg +90kg) V
275kgm/s = 145kg.V
275𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
V= 145𝑘𝑔
V = 1.897m/s
309. Explain the concept linear momentum then state two condition for a body
to have large momentum
 Linear momentum – is the product of the mass and
velocity of a body.
Condition for large momentum
- Body must have large mass
- Body must be moving at high speed
310. A ball A of mass 100 g moving with a velocity of 5 m/s makes a “head-on”
collision with a ball B of mass 500 g moving with a velocity of 1 m/s in the
opposite direction. If A and B stick together after the collision;
(i) Calculate their common velocity V.
(ii) Identify type of collision
Answer
Data: Mass of A = 100 g (0.1 kg); Velocity of A =
5 m/s;
Mass of B = 500 g (0.5kg); Velocity of
B = - 1 m/s; Common Velocity V =?
Recall, conservation of linear momentum.
Total momentum before collision = Total
momentum after collision so,
𝑚𝐴𝑉𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉 (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵),
(0.1×5)+(0.5×(−1))
V= 0.1+0.5

∴ The common velocity, V is 0 m/s (this means after collision they stop)
(ii) Type of collision………… Inelastic collision
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311. Give two examples where impulse and momentum play an important role.
 Application of impulse and momentum
- Firing rifles
- Kicking a ball
- Launching a rocket
- Landing after jumping from an elevator plane
312. Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collision.
 Elastic collision is a collision in which both momentum and kinetic energy
of colliding bodies are conserved while inelastic collision is a collision in
which momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not conserved.
313. State the principle of conservation of linear momentum
 Principle of conservation of linear momentum
“Provided there in no external force acting on a system of colliding bodies,
the total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after
collision”
314. A 4kg object is moving to the right at 2m/s when it makes a head collision with
a 5kg object moving with a speed of 1m/s in the opposite direction. If both
objects together after collision , calculate their common velocity
Solution
Let the right direction be positive
Momentum before collision = m1u1 +m2u2
= 4kg x 2m/s + 5kg x -1m/s.
= 3kg.m/s
Momentum after collision = (m1 +m2) V
= (4 + 5) X V
= 9V
From conservation of linear momentum
Momentum before collision = momentum after collision
3kg.m/s = 9V
3
V = 9 m/s
Common velocity = 0.33m/s to the right
315. A tennis ball of mass 120g moving at speed of 10m/s was brought to rest by
one player in [Link] the average force applied by the player.
Solution
Mass = 120g = 0.12kg
Initial speed, u = 10m/s
Final speed = 0m/s
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Time = 0.02sec

Ft = m × ∆𝑣
F × 0.002 = 0.12𝑘𝑔 × (0 − 10)m/s
0.02F= -1.2
F = - 60N
Then applied force was 60N in opposite direction to the direction of tennis ball.
316. Suppose you exert an upward force of 10N on a 3kg object. What will be the
objects acceleration?
Solution +10N
Net upward force = 10N – Weight
(Weight act opposite direction.i.e. downward)
Fup = 10kg – 3kg x 10m/s2.
= −20N
From F = ma
𝐹 −20𝑁
a=𝑚 = 3𝑘𝑔
a = - 6.67m/s2. W = mg
Negative indicates deceleration hence the body will fall.
317. A trolley of mass 5.0kg rests on a smooth horizontal. A forward of 4.5N is
applied to the trolley as in figure. Find the acceleration of the trolley.

Trolley

Forward force 4.5N

Smooth horizontal track

///////////////////////////////////

Solution
F = ma
4.5N = 5.0kg x acceleration
𝟒.𝟓𝑵
Acceleration = 𝟓𝒌𝒈
Acceleration = 0.9m/s2.
318. A trolley of mass 20kg loaded with a bag of maize of mass 100kg rest on a
smooth horizontal track. If two opposing forces of magnitude 55N and 90N are
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applied to the trolley as shown in in figure below , find

(a)Acceleration of the trolley
(b) The direction of the resulting motion
(c) The distance travelled by the trolley in 4 seconds.

Loaded Trolley

F2 = 90N
F1 = 55N
Smooth horizontal track

///////////////////////////////////
Solution
a. Total mass, m = 20kg + 100kg = 120kg
Since F2 > F1 and they act in opposite direction.
Then F2 – F1 = ma
90N – 55N = 120a
35
a = 120
a = 0.29m/s2.

b. Towards 90N
c. Given time = 4sec
1
From second equation of motion, s = ut + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 . If u = 0m/s.
1
s = 2 × 0.29 × 42
s = 2.32m
Distance travelled = 2.32m

319. (a) A golfer hits a golf ball at rest, such that the contact between the ball and golf
club is 0.1 s. If the golf ball covers a linear distance of 400 m in 2 s. Calculate the
magnitude of force applied. The mass of golf ball is 50 g.
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝐦
U=0m/s and v = = 2 00m/s
𝟐𝐬
t = 0.1s,
m = 50g =0.05kg
𝐦(𝐯−𝐮) 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝐤𝐠(𝟐𝟎𝟎−𝟎)𝐦/𝐬
From F =ma → F = = = 100N
𝐭 𝟎.𝟏
∴ F= 100N

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(b) Explain each of the following experience based on physics concepts

i. Why a goalkeeper takes a catch of the by moving his hands backward?
 This process increases time of impact and reduce force of impact between
the hand of goal keeper and the ball. i.e. impulse = Ft
ii. When a horse running fast suddenly stops, the rider is thrown forward
over the horse’s head.
 According to the inertia of motion, initially both horse and the horse rider
are in motion, on suddenly stop of the horse the horse rider is thrown
forward over the horses head because the rider was still in motion when
horse stops.
320. Why do passengers in a car surge backward when a car starts moving and
forward when it stops suddenly?
 Because of inertia; the reluctance of a stationary body to start moving or a
moving body to stop moving.
321. A rocket expels gas at a rate of 0.5kg/s. If the force produced by the rocket is
2000N, what is the velocity with which the gas is expelled?
Solution
∆𝑚
Given rate change of mass, 𝑡 = 0.5kg/s, force, F = 2000N
Force = rate change of momentum
∆(𝑚𝑣)
F= 𝑡
∆𝑚
F= 𝑡 × V
Then
2000N = 0.5kg/s × V
2000𝑛
V = 0.5𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Velocity = 4000m/s.

322. Give the difference between elastic collision and inelastic collision
 Difference between elastic collision and inelastic collision

Elastic collision Inelastic collision

Both K.E and momentum are Only momentum is conserved while
conserved K.E is not conserved
Bodies separate after collision Bodies stick together after collision
Bodies moves with individual Bodies movies with common
velocity velocity

323. A 4kg object is moving to the right at 2m/s when it collides elastically head-on
with a stationary 6kg object. After collision, the velocity of the 6kg object is
1.6m/s to the right.
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(a) What is the velocity of the 4kg object after the collision?
(b) What is the total kinetic energy before and after collision?
Solution
(a) Condition of the problem
(i) Before collision (ii) After collision
U1 = 2m/s U2= 0m/s (rest) v1 =?
V2 = 1.6m/s
m1= 4kg m2= 6kg m1= 4kg m2= 6kg

From principle of conservation of linear momentum

Total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision
𝑚1 𝑢1 +𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
But 𝑢2 = 0m/s (since body is stationary)
𝑚1 𝑢1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚 𝑢 −𝑚 𝑣
𝑣1 = 1 1𝑚 2 2
1

4 × 2 − 6 × 1.6
𝑣1 =
4
8−9.6
𝑣1 = 4
−1.6
𝑣1 = = -0.4m/s
4

𝑣1 = -0.4m/s.
Negative sign shows the body will move with a velocity 0.4m/s in opposite
direction.
(b) K.E before collision
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 2 𝑚1 𝑢1 2 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢2 2 but 𝑢2 = 0m/s (stationary body)
1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = × 4 × 22
2
𝐾. 𝐸𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 8J
𝐊. 𝐄 𝐀𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣1 2 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣2 2
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 × 4 × (−0.4)2 + 2 × 6 × (1.6)2
= 0.32J + 7.68J
= 8J
So kinetic energy is conserved since K.E before collision = K.E after
collision
324. Why Newton’s first law called the law of inertia
Answer
 The law explain a body at rest remains at rest unless acted by some external
force to change its state to change this state and the body in motion
continues to be in motion unless acted by some external force to change this
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state. So the definition of inertia and newton first law are the same.
325. why when we beat carpet with a stick the dust particles are [Link]
 the carpet is suddenly set into motion but the dust particle tends to remain at
rest ,due to inertia dust particles get removed from the carpet
326. When a train suddenly starts to move, passengers standing in compartment
tends to fall backward. Explain this phenomena
 The lower part of the body of the passenger which is in contact with the train
comes into motion but the upper part tends to be at rest due to inertia the
passenger tends to fall backwards.
327. It is harder to stop big a big vehicle like a bus than a smaller vehicle like a
motorcycle. What is physics behind this statement?
 The bigger vehicle has larger inertia due to large mass than smaller vehicle
which has less value of inertia. So this makes difficult to stop bigger vehicle.
328. Sand drops vertically on a horizontal conveyor belt moving at a steady
velocity of 5cm/s. If the rate at which the sand drops is 100g/s. What is the force
required to keep the belt moving?

Solution

F = ma
𝒎𝒗
= 𝒕
𝒎
=[ 𝒕 ]v
= 100g/s × 5cm/s
= 0.1kg/s × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒎/𝒔
= 0.005N
329. Apply Newton’s first law of motion to explain why an object pulled along the
ground with a constant velocity has zero net force but force on it is not zero
 If a body is moving with a constant velocity, there is no external force acting
on it, therefore its acceleration is zero.
F = ma
But a = 0m/s2.
Then F = m x 0
F = 0N
330. How seat belt can helps us? Explain this using Newton’s first law of motion
or passenger in car are advised to use seat belts. Explain in terms of newton’s
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first law of motion, how safety belt can reduce injuries.

 In running car, our speed is equal to the speed of the car. When car applies a
brakes, the lower part of our body our body also come to rest while the
upper part still in motion. Hence we fall in forward direction. This may
cause injury seat belt are worn to prevent such accidents.
331. Suppose an object is not moving, can you conclude there are no are no forces
acting on it? Explain your answer.
 No , because there may be some balanced forces acting on object ,hence
object not move
332. What is the measure of the inertia of a body?
 Mass is the measure of the inertia of the body, the greater the mass the
greater the inertia of the body and vice versa.
333. If you jump from a car or a bus that is moving when your feet hit into the
ground, you will fall. Explain
 When feet hit into ground tends to stops and the upper part of your body
didn’t stop (still be in motion) , dto inertia you will fall in direction you were
moving.
334. Can a body change speed or direction due to inertia forces?
 No, only external force can change state of motion of a body but inertia
cannot do.
335. When we shake mango trees, the mangoes fall down. Explain
 Shaking bring the branches of trees in motion while mangoes tend to be at
rest , due to inertia ,mangoes get detached
336. A person standing in a boat moving at a uniform speed throws a heavy stone
in the water, in the direction in which the boat is moving. State the reason why
the boat slows down.
 The reaction to the force of throwing the stone acts against the motion of the
boat, thus decelerating it
337. A trolley moving at a uniform speed on a horizontal bench slows down
when a lump of plasticine dropped vertically sticks to it. Explain why
the trolley slows down.
 Momentum is conserved. The lump of plasticine increases the mass of the
trolley, but has no momentum in the direction of the trolley. The
momentum mv, remains constant, and since mass has increased the velocity
reduces.
338. A trolley moving at a uniform speed on a horizontal bench slows down when a
lump of plasticine dropped vertically sticks to it. Explain why the trolley slows
down.
 Momentum is conserved. The lump of plasticine increases the mass of the
trolley, but has no momentum in the direction of the trolley. The
momentum mv, remains constant, and since mass has increased the
velocity reduces.

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7. SIMPLE MACHINE
339. How can you distinguish a lever from pulley?
A. A lever turns on pivot while pulley turns on an axle
B. A lever changes the direction of applied effort while pulley does not.
(A)
𝑅
C. M.A of a lever is effort arm over load arm while M.A of M.A of a pulley is 𝑟
2𝜋𝑅 𝑅 2
D. V.R of a lever is 𝑃 while that of pulley is ( 𝑟 )
340. Identify the group of simple machines which represent the first class levers.
A. Wheel barrow and bottle openers; B. Fishing rod and sugar tongs; C. Crowbar
and Claw hammer; and D. Nutcracker and pair of scissors. (C)
341. A gearwheel X is used to turn another gear wheel Y. X has 15 teeth and Y has 5
teeth. When Y makes 6revolutions ,X has made ;
A. 6 revolutions
B. 2revolutions
C. 3revolutions (B )
D. 5revolutions
E. 18 revolutions
342. Which of the following is an example of a third class lever?
A. Scissors
B. Fishing pole (B)
C. Pliers
D. Nut crackers
343. The velocity ratio of a system of 3 pulley is :
A. 0.5
B. 3
C. 6 (B)
D. 1
344. Which of the following groups of machines represent first class lever?
A. Wheel barrow and bottle opener
B. Fishing rod and sugar tongs (C)
C. Crowbar and claw harmer
D. Nut crackers and pair of scissors
345. A system has a velocity ratio of 5, and the efficiency of the system is 80%, what is
the mechanical advantage of the pulley system?
A. 5
B. 400 (D)
C. 40
D. 4
346. A machine has a velocity ratio of 15. If an effort of 10N is applied to lift the load

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of 50N ,its efficiency is approximately to :

A. 20%
B. 33% (B)
C. 50%
D. 75%
347. A lever which has its fulcrum between effort and load is said to be of :
A. First class
B. Fourth class (A)
C. Second class
D. Third class
348. In a single rope 4 pulley system ,the mechanical advantage is less than 4 because
A. The effort may vary
B. The load is raised
C. The upper pulleys do not move (D)
D. Friction acts on the pulleys
E. The weight of lower pulleys can be neglected
349. Match the item

List A List B
i. Work output I. Single fixed pulley
ii. Work in put J. Combination
iii. Distance moved by effort pulley
equal to the distance moved K. Work done on the load
by load L. Work done by effort
iv. It doubles the effort applied M. Single movable pulley
to the object by 2 N. Efficiency = 100%
v. Ideal pulleys O. Efficiency less than
vi. The order is presented as
100%
load – effort - fulcrum
P. First class lever
Q. Second class lever
R. Third class
lever
Answers

List A i ii iii iv v vi
List B C D A E F J

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350. Match the items

List A List B
i. The force used to operate machine A. Knife
ii. An example of third class lever B. Lever
iii. Ratio of number of teeth in a C. Inclined plane
driven wheel to the number of D. Friction
teeth in driving gear E. Wheel barrow
iv. The force that cause the efficiency F. Effort
G. Velocity ratio
of the machine to be less than 100
%
v. It is used to lift heavy weights
using small effort.

Answer
List A i ii iii iv v
List B F A G D B

351. What do you understand by the following terms as applied in machines?

(i) Machine
(ii) Load
(iii) Effort
(iv) Mechanical advantage
(v) Velocity ratio
(vi) Efficiency of the machine
(vii) Pitch of the screw
Answer
(i) Machine – is a mechanical device or a system of devices that is
used to make work easier.
(ii) Load (L) - is the force that machine must overcome OR is the
object to be moved by machine from one place to another.
(iii) Effort (E) – is the force that is used to operate machines OR is
the force that is applied to the machines so as to lift an object.
(iv) Mechanical advantage (M.A) – is the ratio of load to the effort
applied
M.A =
(v) Velocity ratio (V.R) – is the ratio of effort velocity to the load
velocity OR is the ratio of the distance moved by effort to the
distance moved by load.
(vi) Efficiency of the machine – is the ratio of work out put to the
work input in the machine.
(vii) Pitch of the screw – is the distance between two successive
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threads of the screw

352. Why the efficiency of the machine is always less than 100%
 Because some work done by effort is used in overcoming friction forces
in the machine.
353. A gear wheel A has 20 teeth. It is used to drive a gear wheel be B with 80 teeth.
B
A

(i) Calculate the velocity ratio

(ii) If wheel A rotates three times every second, how many times does wheel
B rotes in a second.
Solution
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 80
(i) VR = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 20

V.R = 4
(ii) Let
RA = Rotation in A
TA = Number of teeth in A
RB = Number of rotation in B
TB = Number of teeth in B

RA X TA = RB X TB

3 X 20 = RB X 80
60 3
RB = 80 = 4
354. A simple machine was used to raise a load of weight 4000N through a height of
0.8m using an effort of 800N. if the distance moved by an effort was 4.8m ,
calculate :
(i) The mechanical advantage
(ii) Velocity ratio
Solutions
𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑵
(i) M. A= 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑵 = 5
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝟒.𝟖𝒎
(ii) V.R = = =6
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟎.𝟖

355. State two ways that can be used to improve the efficiency of the machine
Answer
Ways to improve the efficiency of the machines
- Oiling /greasing the movable parts of the machines
- Using light weight material for movable parts
- Avoid to overload the machine
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356. A screw jack with a pitch of 0.1cm and a handle of length 21cm is used to lift a
car of weight 528N. If the efficiency of the screw is 20% , calculate the :
(i) Velocity ratio
(ii) Effort required to raise the car
Solution
𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒓
(i) V. R = 𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘
𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝟐× ×𝟐𝟏
𝟕
= = = 1320
𝟎.𝟏 𝟎.𝟏

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅

(ii) Efficiency = 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒑𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑴.𝑨
20% = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽.𝑹
𝑴.𝑨
20% = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
M.A = 264

𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟓𝟐𝟖
But M.A = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕
𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝟓𝟐𝟖
Effort = 𝑴.𝑨 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒 = 2N

357. (a) The figure below shows a cross section of a bicycle wheel. The wheel has a
radius of 35cm while the rear sprocket has a radius of 3.5cm. Assume that the wheel
drives both sprocket and axle.

If the axle has a radius of 1cm, determine

(i) The velocity ratio of the sprocket and axle
(ii) The velocity ratio of the sprocket and axle
(iii) The velocity ratio of wheel of wheel and axle
(b) From (a) above an effort of 200N is applied at the sprocket .If
the efficiency of the entire system is 80%, what is the
maximum load that can be carried by the bicycle?
Solution
(a) Radius of wheel = 35cm
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Radius of rear sprocket = 3.5cm

Radius of axle = 1cm
3.5𝑐𝑚
(i) Velocity ratio of the wheel and sprocket = 1𝑐𝑚 = 3.5
35𝑐𝑚
(ii) Velocity of wheel and sprocket = 3.5𝑐𝑚 = 10

35𝑐𝑚
(iii) Velocity ratio of wheel and axle = = 35
1𝑐𝑚

(b) Effort (E) = 200N

V.R = 3.5 (velocity ratio of sprocket)
Efficiency (e) = 80%
Load (L) =?
From
𝑀.𝐴
e = 𝑉.𝑅 × 100%
𝑀.𝐴
80% = 3.5 X 100%
M.A = 2.8
𝐿
From M.A = 𝐸
L = M.A X E = 2.8 X 200N
L = 560N
The maximum load will be 560N
358. The figure below shows a nut cracker. Mark the position of fulcrum F and the line
of action of load L and effort E.

Answer

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359. A wheelbarrow is to be used to move a stone weighing [Link] wheelbarrow

weighs 100N .The weight of wheelbarrow and its content act at a point on wheelbarrow
as shown in figure below.

60cm 1.2m
Ignoring frictional forces, determine
i. The mechanical advantage of wheelbarrow
ii. The minimum amount of effort needed to just lift the legs of wheel barrow off
the ground
Solution
Pivot is a wheel
Then effort arm = 1.2m + 60cm
= 1.2m + 0.6m
= 1.8m
Load arm = 0.6m
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚 1.8𝑚
Mechanical advantage (M.A) = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚
= 0.6𝑚

M.A =3
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
(ii) From M.A = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (600𝑁+100𝑁)
Effort = 𝑀.𝐴 = 3
Effort = 233.33N

360. A machine having a velocity ratio of 5 requires 600J of work to raise a load of
[Link] the load moves a distance of 0.5m, calculate the mechanical advantage
and efficiency of the machine.
Solution
Work input = 600J
Load = 400N
Load distance = 0.5m
Work output = load x load distance = 400N X 0.5m = 200J
Velocity ratio = 5
Then
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
× 100%

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200𝐽
= 600𝐽 × 100%
= 33.33%
Also
𝑀.𝐴
e = 𝑉.𝑅 × 100%
𝑀.𝐴
33.33% = 5 × 100%
M.A = 1.67

361. Calculate the efficiency of a machine if 8 000 J of work is done on the machine to
lift a mass of 120 kg through a vertical height of 5 m.
Solution
 Work done in lifting the load (output work) = 1 200 × 5
= 6 000J
Work input = 8 000 J
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = × 100%
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

6000𝐽
Efficiency = × 100%
8000𝐽

Efficiency = 75%
362. Explain the term lever as applied in machines ,with examples
state classes of levers
Lever is a rigid bar or rod that moves about fixed point called
fulcrum or pivot. Lever has three parts which are pivot, effort
and load.

 Classes of levers
(i) First class of lever

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- Is the type of lever where the pivot (fulcrum) is

between load and [Link] is applied and
down ward and load moves up. Examples of
first class lever
 Crowbars
 Pliers
 See-saw
 Pair of scissors
(ii) Second class of lever
- Is the type of lever in which load is located
between the pivot and effort. Load moves in
the same direction as applied effort.
 Wheel barrows
 Staplers
 Bottle openers
 Nut crackers
 Doors or gates
 Nail clippers
 Spanners
(iii) Third class of lever
- Is the type of lever in which the effort is
between the pivot and load. Example
 Fishing rod
 Pair of tongs
 Human arm
 Spade (shovel)
 Tweezers
 Forces
 Broom

363. Explain how the inclined plane (a ramp) makes it easier to

move a load from a lower to a higher position.
Answer;
 Inclined plane is a smooth flat rigid surface slanted at a certain angle
to the Horizontal and that makes it easier to move a load from a
lower to a higher position by reducing the effort and increasing the
distance through which the effort is applied. The smaller the angle of
incline, the easier it is to move the load.
364. The diagram below shows a box of weight 150N being pulled at a steady speed up a
ramp by a force of 100N.

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100N

150N

If the height of the plane is 2m above the ground, and the length of the plane is 4m,
calculate.
(a) The mechanical advantage
(b) The velocity ratio
(c) The work done by effort
(d) The work done on the load
(e) The efficiency of the machine
Solution
Effort = 100N
Load = 150N
𝐿 150𝑁
(a) M.A = 𝐸 = 100 = 1.5

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑐 4𝑚
(b) V.R = = 2𝑚 = 2
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑐

(c) Work done by effort = 100N X 4m = 400J

(d) Work done by load = 150N X 2m = 300J

𝑀.𝐴 1.5
(e) Efficiency = 𝑉.𝑅 X100% = X 100% = 75%
2

𝟏
365. Using inclined plane show that M.A = V.R = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Solution

Let the distance moved by effort be d

Distance moved by load be h
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𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 (𝒅) 𝒅

V.R = =
𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 (𝒉) 𝒉
𝒅
V.R = 𝒉
Also for perfectly smooth pulley (no friction),
Work done on the load = work done on effort
LXh=EXd
𝐿 𝑑 𝐿
= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑀. 𝐴 =
𝐸 ℎ 𝐸
𝒅
Then M.A = 𝒉
Also
ℎ
Sin𝜃 = 𝑑
𝟏 𝟏
Conclusion M.A = V.R = 𝒉 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
[ ]
𝒅

366. A wheel and axle of efficiency 75% is used to lift a load of 3600N. If the radius of the
Wheel is 64cm, and that of the axle is 4cm. Calculate the:
(i) Velocity ratio
(ii) Mechanical advantage
(iii) Effort used to overcome the load
Solution
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 (𝑅)
(i) V.R = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑥𝑙𝑒 (𝑟)
64𝑐𝑚
= = 16
4𝑐𝑚
𝑀.𝐴
(ii) Efficiency = × 100%
𝑉.𝑅
𝑀.𝐴
75% = 16 × 100%
M.A = 12
𝐿 3600𝑁
(iii) E = 𝑀.𝐴 = 12 = 300N
367. A load of 500N is raised through 5m by a machine when its effort moves
simultaneously through a distance of 25m. If the efficiency of the machine is 80%,
calculate
(i) Total work done by the machine
(ii) Mechanical advantage
(iii) Value of E.
Solution
(i) Work done by the machine = work output
= load x distance moved by load
= 500N X 5m
= 2500J
𝑴.𝑨
(ii) Efficiency = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑽.𝑹
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𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 25𝑚

But V.R = = =5
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 5𝑚
𝑀.𝐴
Then 80% = 5 × 100%
M.A = 4
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
(iii) M.A = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕
500𝑁
4 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
Effort = 125N
368. A certain first class lever of length 2.5m has a velocity ratio of 12 and an efficiency of
85%
(a) How far from the fulcrum is the effort force applied?
(b) What effort is required to lift the load weighing 75N?
Solution
(a) Let Ea be effort arm
La be load arm
𝐸𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎 = 2.5𝑚………………(i)
Also
E
V.R = La
a

𝐸𝑎
12 = 𝐿𝑎

𝐸𝑎 = 12𝐿𝑎 ………………….(ii)
Substitute (ii) in (i)
12𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑎 = 2.5m
𝐿𝑎 = 0.19 ≈ 0.2𝑚
From
𝐸𝑎 = 12𝐿𝑎
= 12 x 0.2
= 2.4m
Effort was applied at 2.4m from the fulcrum.
𝑀.𝐴
(b) e = 𝑉.𝑅
× 100%
𝑀.𝐴
85% = 12
× 100%

M.A = 10.2
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But
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 75𝑁
Effort = =
𝑀.𝐴 10.2

Effort = 7.4N
369. A block and tackle system consisting of 5 pulleys is used to raise a load of 400N through
a height of 10m. If the work done against friction is 100J, Calculate
(a) The work done by the effort
(b) The efficiency of the system
(c) The effort applied
Solution
(a) Work done to lift the load = Work output (𝑊𝑂 ) = 400N X 10m = 4000J
Work done against friction (𝑊𝑓 ) = 100J
Work done against effort 𝑊𝐸 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑊𝑓 + 𝑊𝑜 = 100J + 4000J = 4100J
𝑤𝑂
(b) Efficiency = × 100%
𝑊𝑖
4000𝐽
Efficiency = 4100𝐽 × 100%

Efficiency = 97.6%
𝐿
(c) M.A = 𝐸 for five pulleys M.A = 5
400𝑁
E= = 80N
5

370. In a screw jack , the length of the handle is 56cm and a pitch is [Link] is used to raise
a load of [Link]
(a) The effort required to raise the load
(b) V.R
(c) Efficiency of the screw, hence explain the significance of your value of efficiency.
Solution
(a) Radius (lever arm), l = 56cm.
Pitch = 2.5 mmm = 0.25cm
Load = 800N
𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟐 ×𝟑.𝟏𝟒 ×𝟓𝟔
M.A = 𝑷
= 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
= 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟐
𝑳 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑵
From E = = = 0.57N
𝑴.𝑨 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔.𝟕𝟐

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𝟐𝝅𝑹 𝟐 ×𝟑.𝟏𝟒 ×𝟓𝟔

(b) M.A = 𝑷
= 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
= 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝟐
𝑴.𝑨 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔.𝟕𝟐
(c) Efficiency = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = ×× 𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 100%
𝑽.𝑹 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟔.𝟕𝟐

Significance value of the efficiency indicates that there were no loss energy.

371. A worker uses a crow bar 2.0 m long to lift a rock weighing 650 N

250N
650N

(a) Calculate the position of the pivot in order to apply an effort of 250 N.
(b) Find the:
(i) Velocity ratio
(ii) Mechanical advantage and
(iii) Efficiency of the lever.
(c) What assumptions have you made?
Solution
(a) Applying the principle of moments
650x = 250(2 – x)
650x = 500 – 250x
900x = 50
x = 0.56 m from the end with 650 N.
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(b) (i) Velocity ratio = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1.44
Velocity ratio = 0.56 = 2.6
650𝑁
(ii) Mechanical advantage = = 2.6
250
𝑀.𝐴 2.6
(iii) Efficiency = × 100% = × 100% = 100%
𝑉.𝑅 2.6

(c) We have assumed that there is no friction and that the crow bar has weight

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372. Draw a diagram of combined pulley system with velocity ratio of 4

ANSWER
////////////////////
///

Effort

Load
373. A farmer draws water from a well using the machine shown in figure below .The weight of
bucket and water was is [Link] force, F exerted by the farmer is [Link] bucket and
its content is raised through a height of 15m.
(a) What is the name given to such machine?
(b) Why is the force, F larger than the weight of the bucket
and water?
(c) What distance does the farmer pull the rope?
(d) How much work is done on the bucket and water?
(e) What kind of energy is gained by the bucket?
(f) How much work is done by the farmer
Answer
(a) Single fixed pulley
(b) Some effort is wasted in overcoming friction between the string and grooves of pulley.
So the effort needed is greater than the load.
Also mechanical advantage is less than 1 which cause to use large force in lifting load
in single fixed pulley.
(c) Since the distance moved by load is equal to distance moved by effort, then a farmer
pulled a rope a distance of 15m.
(d) Work done by load (work output) = load x load distance = 150N X 15M = 2250J
(e) Potential energy
(f) Work done by effort (work input) = effort x effort distance = 160N X 15m = 2400J
374. Draw a diagram of a lever which is always used as a force multiplier .How is the effort
arm related to load arm in such a lever?
Answer
Diagram – class II Effort arm

Load arm Effort (E)

Fulcrum (F)
Load (L)

375. Name machine which is used to multiply speed

 Gears are used to multiply speed

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376. A lever of length 9cm has its load arm 5cm long and the effort arm is 9cm. Draw diagram
of the lever showing the position of fulcrum F and direction of both load L and effort E.
and state the class of the lever.
Answer
Diagram

Load arm Effort (E)

Fulcrum (F)
Load (L)

 The lever is second class lever

377. A boy uses a single ideal fixed pulley to lift a load of 50N to some height .Another boy uses
a single movable pulley to lift the same load to the same height .Compare the effort
applied by them . Give reasons to support your answer.
Solution
Load = 50N
Case 1: single fixed pulley
M.A = 1
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟓𝟎𝑵
Effort = = = 𝟓𝟎𝑵
𝑴.𝑨 𝟏

Case 2: single movable pulley

M.A = 2
𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟓𝟎𝑵
Effort = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕 = = 𝟐𝟓𝑵
𝟐

So, the effort applied by the boy is less in case when he used single movable pulley its M.A
is greater than 1.
378. A screw jack with a pitch of 0.2 cm and a handle of 50cm is used to lift a car of weight
1200N. If the efficiency of the screw is 30%. Calculate :
(i) The velocity ratio
(ii) The mechanical advantage
(iii) The effort used to raise the car
Answer
(i) 1570
(ii) 471
(iii) 2.55N
379. Write down the velocity ratio of for pulley system.
 Velocity ratio we take number of ropes supporting the load OR we count
number of pulleys
380. State the principle on which hydraulic works .Write one use of hydraulic press.
 Hydraulic press works on the principle of Pascal’s law. Hydraulic press can be
used to:
- Extracting juice of sugar cane
- To lift heavy loads
- To give specific shapes of the metal sheets
- Extract of oil from oil seeds
- Used for punching holes in metals
381. What is the purpose of the machine?
 Purpose of the machine
- To multiply force. For example bottle opener multiplies the magnitude of
applied force and much less effort is required to open the cap
- To lift heavy loads with application of less effort. For example when using
hydraulic press
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- To obtain a gain or decrease in speed .For example when riding a bicycle

,force is applied on pedal to increase or decrease the speed
- To change to direction the direction of applied force. Example when flag is
hoisted with the help of a pulley.

382. What is the purpose of jack in lifting a car by it?

 The purpose of jack is to make the effort less than load so that it works as a
force multiplier.
383. A pulley system is made up of 8 pulleys. An effort of 200 N is applied on the pulley
system. If the pulley has an efficiency of 80%, find the Mechanical advantage of
pulley system?
Answer
V.R = Number of pulley,
V.R= 8; Effort (E) = 200 N; Efficiency =
80%
load 400N
And M.A = effort = 400N = 1
1
Efficiency of machine = 2 X 100%
Efficiency = 50%

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8. TEMPERATURE
384. Choose a device used to measure the upper fixed point of a thermometer scale.
A. A. Hydrometer
B. B. Hypsometer
C. C. Thermometer
D. D. Barometer. (B)

385. Why mercury is used in thermometers

A. Its volume is proportional to the square of increase of temperature
B. It shows linear variation in volume with temperature B)
C. Its volume remains constant with temperature
D. Its volume decreases with the increases in temperature
386. The freezing point of ethyl alcohol is 156K, which is equal to
A. 4260C
B. 1170C (B)
C. -4200C
D. -1170F
387. At normal temperature due to a puncture the compressed air inside the tube of a car wheel
suddenly starts coming out. Then the air inside the tube
A. Starts becoming hotter (B)
B. Starts becoming cooler
C. Remains at the same temperature
D. May become hotter or cooler depending on the amount of water vapour present in
air
388. The best way to make mercury thermometer which will measure small change in
temperature accurately is to :
A. Decrease the diameter of the capillary tube
B. Put the scale interval father apart
C. Increase the diameter of capillary tube (A)
D. Put the scale interval close together

389. In thermometry, the ice point and steam point are respectively referred to as :
A. Upper fixed point and lower fixed point
B. Maximum and minimum points
C. Freezing and boiling points (D )
D. Lower and upper fixed points
390. Convert 250C to kelvin
A. 298K
B. 273K (A)
C. 2980C
D. 2730C
391. In which natural region diurnal range of temperature occurs?
A. Equatorial region
B. European region (D)
C. Mediterranean region
D. Hot desert region
392. The absolute zero temperature is taken as
A. 00F
B. 2730C
C. 2370F (D)
D. -2730C
393. A clinical thermometer is used to measure the temperature of human bodies. Mercury is
preferred as thermometric liquid to water or alcohol. Why?
A. It is expensive
B. It is opaque and does not need colouring (B)
C. It is more sensitive to temperature
D. It is the densest
394. Sadam wrapped himself with a few layers of cloth on a cold winter night. This helped
himself to keep warm because
A. Friction between the layers of cloth produce heat
B. Air trapped between the layers of cloth is a bad conductor of heat
C. Cloth is at higher temperature than the temperature surrounding (B)
D. Cloth is a conductor of heat

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395. Match the items

List A List B
i. Mercury A. Freezes at -1150C
ii. Alcohol B. Six’s thermometer
iii. 00C C. 273K
iv. Steam point D. Is good conductor of heat
v. Maximum and minimum thermometer E. 1000C
F. -273K
G. Bad conductor of heat
H. 320F
Answer.
LISTA i ii iii iv v
LIST B D A C E B
396. What is temperature?
 Is the measure / degree of hotness or coldness of the body
397. What is the use of temperature?
- Temperature tells us how much object is hot (warm) or cold
398. What are the three types of temperature scale?
Answer
The three scales used to express temperature are
- Fahrenheit (0F )
- Celsius (0C)
- Kelvin (K)
399. Temperature is the measure / degree of hotness or coldness of the body. How can this
expressed
 Temperature can be expressed in three units which are
- Fahrenheit (0F )
- Celsius (0C)
- Kelvin (K)
400. What is fixed point?
 Is the standard temperature at which physical state of substance alters (occur) e.g
melting/freezing point of water and boiling point of water.
401. Distinguish between lower fixed point (ice point) from upper fixed point (steam point)
Answer
Lower fixed point Upper fixed point
i. The minimum temperature at which pure i. Is the temperature at which pure
ice freezes /melts at normal atmospheric water boils at normal atmospheric
pressure.
pressure.
ii. It is defined to have temperature of
ii. It is defined to have a temperature of 00C 1000C or 2120F
0
or 32 F
402. Give short description about the term fundamental interval.
 Fundamental interval is the span/division of numbers between upper fixed point
and lower fixed point.
OR
Is the difference between upper fixed point and lower fixed point on a
temperature scale.
∴ Fundamental interval = upper fixed point – lower fixed point

In Celsius scale, the interval is from 00C to 1000C so there is 100 span / division
of number between upper fixed point and lower fixed
In Fahrenheit scale the interval is from 320F to 2120F then there is 180 spans of
numbers between upper and lower fixed point.
In Kelvin scale the interval is from 273K to 373K so there is 100 division of
numbers.
403. How would you determine the fixed points on a thermometer?
 The upper fixed point would be determined when the water starts boiling. The
lower fixed point would be at the temperature when the water starts freezing or
turning to ice.

404. Comment about the interval between Celsius and Kelvin scales intervals. Write their ice
point and steam point.
 Celsius and Kelvin scale intervals are equal (10C = 1K) ,
On Celsius scale ice point is 00C and steam point is 1000C.
On Kelvin scale the ice point is 273K and steam point is 373K.
405. What is the reading in Celsius scale if the reading in Kelvin scale is 0K?
 The reading in Celsius will be -2730C.
406. What is the other name of Kelvin scale?
 Thermodynamic scale
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407. What is the reading Kelvin scale if the reading in Celsius is 00C?
 The reading in kelvin will be 273K.
408. Write the formula or mathematical equation which gives relationship between Celsius and
Kelvin scale conversion.
 T = ( 𝜃 + 273) K OR 𝜃 = (T -273)0C.
Where 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 temperature on the Celsius scale and T is is the temperature on the
absolute (kelvin) scale
409. Write the formula or mathematical equation that gives relationship between Celsius scale
and Fahrenheit scale conversion.
 F = (9 /5 𝜃 + 32)0F OR 𝜃 = 5/9 ( F – 32)0C
410. At what temperature do Fahrenheit and Celsius scale gives the same reading?
Solution
From
F = (9 /5 𝜃 + 32)0F
Let the same temperature be x
Then 0F = 0 𝜃 = x
x = 9/5x + 32
5x = 9x+ 160
-4x = 160
X = - 400
411. If temperature X is recorded in Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, what is the value of
temperature X?
Solution
From
F = (9 /5 𝜃 + 32)0F
If F= 𝜃=X
X = 9/5 X+ 32
5X =9X + 160
5X – 9X= 160
-4X = 160
X = - 400
So X = -400F or X = - 400C
412. Two objects, A and B are identical in size and type but possess different temperature of
100C and 500C respectively. If the two objects are placed in contacts are placed with each
other they will come to thermal equilibrium. What do you think their common final
temperature will be?
Solution
Find the average of 100C and 500C get
Common temperature = 300C
413. Two mercury in – glass thermometers are identical except that one is calibrated in Celsius
and the other in [Link] thermometer indicates its temperature to be 250C and the
other indicates that temperature is 770F.
(a) Are the two thermometers recording the same temperature or different? Show this.
(b) If the two thermometers were placed side by side would the level of mercury in one
be the same as that in other? explain
Answer
(a) Yes the thermometers are recording the same temperature since on conversion 250C =
770F
(b) No. because of different scales on the thermometers.
414. What do you understand by the term “absolute zero temperature”?
 It is the lowest temperature theoretically attainable OR is the temperature at which
the molecules of a material have zero kinetic energy.
415. What is thermometer?
 Thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature
416. Briefly explain how thermometer measures temperature
 Thermometer measures temperature through a glass tube sealed with mercury that
expand or contracts as the temperature rises or falls.
417. What are the three scales of thermometer?
 Scales of thermometer are
- Fahrenheit (0F )
- Celsius (0C)
- Kelvin (K)
418. What is calibration of thermometer?
 Is the process of marking the upper and lower fixed points on the thermometer
419. Explain how you can calibrate thermometer?
 Thermometer is calibrated using two method ice water( ice point) and boiling
water (boiling point) methods to ensure the thermometer is accurate in its upper
and lower ranges
Procedures
i. Immersed thermometer in ice water (melting ice )
ii. When thermal equilibrium is reached adjust the thermometer mark so that it
reads 00C or 320F or 273K at the upper meniscus of the liquid depending on
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the type of scale being used.

iii. Also held thermometer in boiling water
iv. When thermal equilibrium is reached put a mark at the meniscus so that
thermometer reads either 1000C or 2120F or 373K
v. Measure the distance between ice point and steam point
vi. To get scale used the distance measured is divided into equal 100 division
for Celsius scale and also for Fahrenheit and Kelvin scale the distance is
divided into 180 sub division so as to get scale being used
Therefore once scale is determined between ice point and steam point, we
say thermometer is calibrated.
420. Suppose that, in calibrating thermometer scale, the distance between ice point and steam
point is 20.0cm.
i. Determine the scale on Celsius thermometer and Fahrenheit thermometer
ii. Each mark represent how many degrees?
iii. Which thermometer will have degree mark closer to each other?
Solution
i. Scales
 On Celsius thermometer
Calibration scale = 20/100
= 0.2cm /0C
 On Fahrenheit scale
Calibration scale = 20/180
= 0.11cm/0F
ii. Each mark represents 10C for Celsius thermometer and 10F for Fahrenheit
thermometer
iii. Fahrenheit thermometer will have many marks and which are closer than Celsius
thermometer
421. Outline different types of thermometer you know
 Types of thermometer
- Mercury in glass thermometer
- Alcohol in glass thermometer
- Maximum and minimum thermometer (Six’s thermometer )
- Thermocouple thermometer
- Thermistor thermometer
422. What is the chemical used in laboratory thermometer?
 Mercury
423. Those thermometer filled with liquid commonly are called liquid in glass
thermometer. Give three examples of these thermometers
 Example of liquid in glass thermometer
- Clinical thermometer
- Six’s thermometer
- Laboratory thermometer
424. Explain the principle on which the liquid in glass thermometer works?
 The liquid in glass thermometer are based on the principle of thermal expansion of
a substance.
Liquid in glass tube expand when heated and rises and also contracts when cooled
and fall
425. What is clinical thermometer?
 Is the type of mercury in glass thermometer used to measure human body
temperature
426. Draw a diagram of clinical thermometer and label it.
Bulb Narrow capillary bore

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 ˚C

Constriction
427. What is the function of constriction in clinical thermometer?
 To prevent mercury falling back and allow accurate measurement of temperature
428. Define the term constriction
 Constriction -is the point close to the bulb of clinical thermometer which allows
accurate measurement of temperature since it prevents mercury fall back onto the
bulb when the temperature is low
429. What is six’s thermometer? Give other name of this thermometer.
 Six’s thermometer – this is the thermometer that is used to measure maximum and
minimum temperature of a place during a day. Other name of six’s thermometer is
called maximum and minimum thermometer.
430. Identify the shape of maximum and minimum thermometer?
 It consist u – shaped parallel capillary tube with two separate temperature reading(
one tube reads maximum temperature and the other reads minimum temperature)
and small piece of steel called index (marker)
431. What thermometric liquid used in six’s thermometer?
 Six’s thermometer uses mercury and alcohol as thermometric liquid
432. When using maximum and minimum thermometer, tell us which thermometer will
use mercury in glass thermometer and which one will use alcohol in glass thermometer.
 Maximum thermometer uses mercury in glass thermometer and minimum
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thermometer uses alcohol in glass thermometer.

433. How the maximum and minimum thermometers do operates with the change in
temperature?
 When the temperature rises ,the alcohol expands and pushes the mercury up the
maximum column also at the same time pushes the mercury down at the minimum
column
 When the temperature falls , the alcohol falls contracts and pulls the mercury up in
the minimum column and fall in mercury level at maximum column
 When the maximum and minimum temperature is reached the steel indexes on the
surface of mercury will be used to read these temperatures.
Note
Maximum and minimum temperature is read from the lower end of each mark
434. Give two (2) similarities and two (2) differences between a maximum thermometer
and minimum thermometer.
 Similarities
- Both perform one way of measurement of temperature
- Both contain steel indices
 Difference
Maximum thermometer Minimum thermometer
i. Records maximum i. Record minimum
temperature reached in a temperature in a certain
certain period of a time period of a time
ii. Is a mercury in glass ii. Is an alcohol in glass
thermometer thermometer
435. With examples what is thermometric liquid?
 Is the liquid used in thermometer e.g. alcohol and mercury
436. Why it is not advisable to sterilize a clinical thermometer in boiling water at normal
atmospheric pressure? OR why should a clinical thermometer not be sterilized in boiling
water?
 Because the glass will crack (burst) due to excessive pressure created by
expansion of mercury
437. Give three limitations of the clinical thermometer?
 They do not necessary reflect the core temperature of the body
 They may spread infection if not properly sterilized
 They are delicate and can break easily
438. Doctor Careen wants to advice the students on the proper use of clinical
thermometer. One part of the lesson was precautions taken when using a clinical
thermometer. Guess best three point on the precautions taken when using a clinical
thermometer that doctor will advise the students?
 Answer
– Don’t drop or subject it to a heavy shock
– Don’t bent or bite the bulb
– Don’t use damaged thermometer as it can cause injury
– Keep away from unsupervised children
– Sterilize it after use to avoid contamination
439. What is laboratory thermometer?
 Is the kind of thermometer designed mainly for scientific experiment which
involves measurement of large temperature changes.
440. Give the difference between clinical thermometer and laboratory thermometer
Clinical thermometer Laboratory thermometer
(i) Measure human body (i) Measure temperature of the gas
temperature and animals and liquid substance
(ii) Used at home, hospitals , and (ii) Used in laboratories
clinics (iii)It is large in size
(iii)It is small in size (iv) Its range is between -100C to
0 0
(iv) Its range is between 35 C to 43 C 1100C
(v) Temperature can be read after (v) The temperature is read while
removing the thermometer from keeping thermometer in a
the body substance.
441. As a form two student, tell us what properties or qualities are considered on the
selection of thermometric liquid?
 The quality of thermometric liquid should consider the following qualities or
properties
- The liquid must be a good thermal (heat) conductor
- The liquid must be easily visible (shiny and opaque)
- The liquid must be sensitive to a small temperature change
- The liquid must not stick on the wall of the container(on the side glass
tube)
- The liquid should measure wide range of temperature
- The liquid should have low specific heat capacity
- It should have uniform rate of expansion (linear expansion)
- It should exert low vapour pressure
- It should be easily available in pure state
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-
442. Give short description about the difference between alcohol thermometer and
mercury thermometer
 Alcohol thermometer is the type of thermometer that uses a bulb filled with
alcohol as the temperature sensor while mercury thermometer is the type of
thermometer that uses bulb filled with mercury as the temperature sensor.
443. What is the advantages of using alcohol as thermometric liquid
- It has low freezing point of -1150C (so it can record very low temperature)
- It expand more than mercury (it is more sensitive)
- It is cheap and available
- It is clear visible in glass tube
- It less toxic and less hazard
444. What are the disadvantages of using alcohol as thermometric liquid?
- Its boiling point is low about 780C
- It has high specific heat capacity
- It wets the wall glass of thermometer
- Less durable because it evaporates (it has high vapour pressure)
- It is difficult to obtain pure alcohol
- It is not a good conductor of heat
445. What are the advantages of using mercury as temperature sensor?
- It has high boiling point 3600C
- It has low melting point (-390C)
- It opaque ,shining and visible
- It does not stick on the side of the glass
- It is good thermal conductor
- It is easily available in pure state
- Its expansion is uniform and regular
- It is very sensitive to temperature change
- It exerts very low vapour (does not evaporate )
446. Give the difference between alcohol and mercury as thermometric liquids
Mercury Alcohol
i. It does not wet glass i. It wets glass
ii. It is not volatile ii. It is very volatile
0
iii. It boils at 360 C iii. It boils at 780C
0
iv. It freezes at -39 C iv. It freezes at -1150C
v. It is opaque easily seen v. It is colourless not seen easily
vi. It is good conductor of heat vi. It is poor conductor of heat
vii. It expand steadily vii. Its expansion is abrupt and rapid
447. Why water is not used as thermometric liquid?
- Its expansion is not linear
- It has high freezing point and low freezing point
- It has high specific heat capacity
- It is transparent (colourless) hence not visible
- It poor conductor of heat (bad conductor of heat )
- It wets glass and sticks to the sides of the glass
- It expansion is very small with rise in temperature
- It evaporates under vacuum condition
448. What is thermometric property?
 Is the property of material to change uniformly with change in temperature
Eg some physical properties that change with temperature are volume of liquid,
resistance of liquid, electrical properties of liquids.
449. Explain why a swimmer coming out from of water on a windy day usually feels cold.
 Heat is removed from the body during evaporation and lowering body temperature
OR water on his /her skin evaporates quickly and cools his /her skin.
450. Why ethanol is used in minimum thermometer and not in maximum thermometer?
 The freezing point of alcohol (ethanol) is less than -[Link] with ethanol we can
measure minimum temperature.
 Also ethanol is not put in maximum thermometer since its boiling point is not high
only about 780C. So cannot measure maximum temperature
451. Why do we feel cold after perspiring freely?
 Evaporation of sweat from the skin has cooling effects due to evaporation

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9. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

452. In their endeavor to harness renewable energy for use, scientists have now invented
‘biodiesel’. This is the production of cheap and reliable diesel from seeds of castor oil
and croton trees. Which of the following likely to frustrate their efforts?
A. lack of market
B. due to climatic patterns , the supply of seeds may be inadequate
C. unscrupulous traders (B)
D. it is expensive to set up the plants
453. Which of the following elements is considered to be the largest source of commercial
energy consumption in the world?
A. Nuclear
B. Natural gas (C)
C. Oil
D. Coal
454. In what form is solar energy is radiated from the sun?
A. Ultraviolet radiation
B. Infrared radiation (C)
C. Electromagnetic waves
D. Conduction
455. Which of these resources of energy is non-renewable
A. Wave energy
B. Biofuels (D)
C. Radiant energy
D. Fossils fuels
456. Which is false?
A. Hydroelectric power stations are easy to set up.
B. Wind mills are noisy (A)
C. Hydroelectric power plants degrade the environment
D. Wind mill cannot be set near the sea bed
457. What is not sustainable energy among the given alternatives which were?
B. Water; B. wind; C. sun; D. Dry cell. (D)
458. Match the items
List A List B
(i) The energy which is A. Wind energy.
associated with the volcanic B. Solar energy.
areas. C. Hydroelectric
(ii) The energy due to energy.
afforestation and deforestation. D. Wood energy
(iii) Natural resources that are E. Tidal energy.
used in the production of F. Geothermal
electricity without damaging the energy
environment. G. Sustainable
(iv) The energy generated by energy sources
means of large propeller on tall
tower.
(v) The energy produced by
the sun.

Answer
List A i ii iii iv v
List B F D G A B

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459. Match the items

List A List B
(i) Geothermal energy A. Energy from the sun
(ii) Solar energy B. Energy from the fire wood
(iii)Wind energy C. Energy from the coal
(iv) Sea wave energy D. Hydroelectric energy
(v) Water energy E. Energy from the nucleus of the atom
F. Energy from hot rocks under the
ground
G. Energy from fossils
H. Energy from charcoal
I. Air current energy
J. Energy from batteries
K. Tidal energy

Answer
List A i ii iii iv v
List B F A I K D

460. With examples explain the term renewable (green energy) energy sources
 Renewable energy sources – is an energy source which can’t be depleted /
exhausted. i.e. they never run out.
Example:
- Sun
- Wind
- Geothermal
- Biomass
- Wind
- Water
- Sea wave
- Tides
461. What is sustainable energy?
 Sustainable – energy these are natural sources of energy which cannot be depleted
and are able to supply continuous source of clean energy. They are renewable
sources of energy and does not destroy our environment.
462. With examples explain the term non-renewable energy
 Non – renewable energy – These are source of energy which can be depleted
because they exist in fixed quantities. So they will run out one day
Examples
- Coal
- Crude oil
- Natural gas
- Uranium
- Nuclear energy
463. What is fossils fuel?
 Fossils fuel – is the one made from dead organic matter in millions years ago .i.e.
Dead Sea organisms, plants and animals settled in ocean floor and in porous rocks.
They are made up of carbon.
Examples
- Coal
- Oil
- Natural gas
464. What is the meaning of the term energy source? Site one example to support your
explanation
 Energy source is a system that produce energy in a certain way
Example
A hydroelectric station use running water (water in motion) from rivers to turn turbines
and hence produce electricity.
465. How many kinds of source of energy you know? give examples
 There are two kinds of source of energy ,which are
(i) Primary source of energy
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- These are source of energy which can be used directly as they occurs in natural
environment.
Example
1. Flowing water
2. Nuclear
3. Sun
4. Wind
5. Geothermal (interior of the earth )
6. Fuels
7. Minerals
8. Thermal energy
9. Biomass (living things and their waste materials )
(ii) Secondary sources of energy
- Are source of energy generated from primary sources.
Example
Electricity is a secondary source because it is generated for example from
solar energy using solar panels or from flowing water using the turbines to
generate electricity.
 Other secondary sources include – petroleum products, manufactured
from solid fuels, gases, heat and biofuels.
466. On your own think on the environmental effects of use of energy sources and
suggest the measures to be taken to ensure safe use of those resources.
 All energy sources have some effects to environment. Some have greater impacts
than the other. The following are of the effects of the use of energy sources to the
environment.
(i) Air and water and water pollution
 Fossils –fuel e.g. petroleum ,diesel, oils are used in industries when
disposed in water cause death of living things in water ,then water
become unsafe for [Link] when carbonmonoxide ,sulphurdioxide
and carbondioxide released in atmosphere lead to air pollution. When
human inhale polluted air can cause respiratory diseases.
Measures
Factories and industries operators are encouraged to use bio-fuels
which are less harmful to the environment.
(ii) Climate change and global warming
 Most energy sources e.g. fossils fuels, coal e.t.c. When used as the
source of energy, produce waste as such as carbon dioxide, sulphur
dioxide, and mercury which are greenhouses gases that lead to global
warming (rise in temperature in atmosphere). These gases also result
to climate change e.g. droughts, floods e.t.c.
Measures
 Reduce the use of device that emit green gases in the
atmosphere and find proper disposal of these waste
 Build natural power plants which are capable to capture carbon
gases and other toxic gases.
(iii) Deforestation
 Using of firewood and charcoal lead to loss of biodiversity and erosion
due to loss of forest cover.
Measures
 Human are encouraged to use green energy that is renewable
and has less effects to the environments.
467. Compare natural gas and geothermal energy sources by considering the following
(i) Environment safety
(ii) Sustainability
Answer
(i) In terms of environment safety
 Natural gas is not environment friend due to emission heat and carbon in the
atmosphere but geothermal energy is environment friend since it does not
produce emission of gases in the atmosphere
(ii) In terms of sustainability

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 Natural gas is not sustainable energy (not renewable energy), they cannot be
turned into use again for the future generation but geothermal energy is
sustainable energy (it is renewable energy), they can be turned into use again.
468. State why solar cars are better than petrol cars.
 Reasons why solar cars are better than petrol cars.
- They produce no emission of carbon gases in the atmosphere but petrol cars
produce emission of carbon gases in atmosphere.
- It easy cheap to run solar cars (electrical cars) than petrol cars since petrol
cars need petrol daily.
469. What is the source of energy in hydroelectric power stations?
 Water
470. Give three disadvantage of hydroelectric power.
 Disadvantages of hydropower plants
- It is expensive to construct (install)
- Large area is required hence can affect ecology of the area
- Much energy produced is wasted in form of heat during transmission.
- They affect the habitat of fish and affect marine animals
471. Why thermal power stations are usually located near a river?
 Thermal power stations need cooling – water, hence they are located near rivers or
canals where it is easy to get water.
472. People are warned by geophysicist not to build houses near geothermal power
plants. Give two reasons why they provide this precautions.
 Reasons
- Geothermal power plants always close to the active volcanoes sometimes it
can release harmful gases such as hydrogen sulphide which are harmful to
human being
- Geothermal energy is accompanied with earth quake. Earthquake can lead
rocks to fall and destroy houses.
473. Suppose your school has a plan to develop a min power plant project from either
water or wind sources, and the school management is seeking for a scientific advice
from you. What will you advice on them on this matter? Use two points?
Answer
 The best advice is to advise them to generate the manpower plant by using water
due to the following
- The water is reliable and flow all the time but wind may vary according to
the weather and not flow all time.
- Running hydroelectric power plant is less cost full than running wind min
power plants
474. Why tidal energy is renewable energy?
 Tidal energy is caused by gravitational pool of the sun and the moon and the earth’s
rotation which will never stop. So this makes tidal energy renewable sources of
energy.
475. List four areas where geothermal energy can be harnessed in east Africa.
 Areas to harness geothermal energy
- Kilimanjaro in Tanzania
- Oldonyo in Tanzania
- Lake Ngozi in Tanzania
- Rift valley in Kenya
476. In solar panel , what is the importance of
a. Coiling the pipes inside the box?
b. Having a shorter outlet pipe?
Answer
1. Coiling the pipes inside the box is for increasing the surface area and
the length over which the radiant energy can act and the length over
which radiant energy can act
2. Shorter pipe prevent excessive cooling of water.
477. Explain how electricity is built from the following
(a) Water
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(b) Wind
(c) The sun
Answer
(a) A dam is built across the river to trap water. Water is then allowed to flow through the
tunnels (penstock) to turbines which drives generators. The generators then assists in
producing electricity from water.

Penstock

(b) Then sun causes un - equal heating in the atmosphere. Some places become cool other
become hot. Warm air rises and cool air blows to replace them and blows as wind. Tall
tower (wind mill) with large propeller on top is built. Propeller rotates causing attached

generators to produce electricity.

(c) The sun’s energy in form of rays falls on solar cells strategically placed on the earth’s
surface. The interior of photovoltaic cells that solar energy can be converted to
electricity.
478. Solar energy can be converted into electricity using two technologies. Identify these
technologies
 Technologies used to produce solar energy into electricity
- Photovoltaics (PV)
- Concentrating solar power (CSP)
479. Solar energy is harnessed by mankind and put to several uses. What are some
applications of it?
 Application of solar energy
- Generating electricity used by electrical appliance such as radio, televisions,
lighting purpose etc.
- Heating purposes e.g. use of heaters and solar cookers
- Used for drying purposes e.g. use of crop driers
- Warming buildings
480. How can we make natural gas more environmentally friend?
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 Natural gas power plant can be retrofitted with carbon capture and storage (CCS)
technology .This enables to capture carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑜2 ) emission and prevent it
from entering the atmosphere.
481. What are the advantage of using solar energy?
 It is renewable and unlimited
 It is non-polluting source of energy
 Easy to install
 Creates job by employing solar panel installer
 Less cost in running solar energy after install
482. State application of wind energy
- Used to move ships, boats, dhow etc.
- used to pump water
- used to grind corn
- used to generate electricity
483. why you can feel bored in using solar energy
 In this question you are supposed to provide disadvantage of using solar energy
So it feels boring in using solar energy due to the following reasons
- Lower production in the winter seasons
- No solar power at night so there is a need for large battery bank. this
become so cost full
- It is cost for the initial purchasing of solar system
- Need a lot of space for more solar panels
484. The table below has data about some power stations O, P, Q, R and S.
Power O P Q R S
stations Coal Combined Nuclear Wind farm Large tidal
Cycle gas Scheme
Power (Mw) 1800 600 1200 20 6000

Efficiency % 35 45 25 - -
(fuel to
electrical
energy )
(i) ‘P’ has an efficiency of 45%. Discuss what this means.
(ii) Which power stations has the highest efficiency? , What are its other
advantages?
Answer
(i) It means that about 45% of the input power (fuel) are changed to
electrical energy (power output)
(ii) Power station P. It sustainable sources of energy.

Prepared and written by Sir. PAULO WILLIAM MWAMPABA.

Contact: 0685621967 / 0767208755
Email: polmwampamba @[Link]

“Nothing will come in your way by itself, take action just do It and create it”

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