Year of the Bicentennial of Peru: 200 years of Independence

PUBLIC TECHNOLOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTE

SWITZERLAND

SPECIALTY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

THEME:
SELECTION AND CHOICE OF THE DIFFERENT
VARIETIES OF AMAZONIAN FISH.
TEACHER Carmen Flores Venegas

COURSE Fish farming

STUDENTS MALPARTIDA ESCUDERO NOELIA TIFANY

LEÓN RAMOS THALIA ROSALY
LUGO LOPEZ JHOVAN JHONER

CYCLE III

TURN TOMORROW

Pucallpa - Peru
2022

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 INDEX
Page.

Cover
1
Index
2
Introduction
3
I. WHAT FISH TO CULTIVATE?.................................................. 4

1.1. CULTIVATION SYSTEMS:…………………………………………………… 5

1.2. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING FISH TO CULTIVATE:……………. 6
1.3. CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY:…………………………...……………… 6
II. CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE SELECTION OF A FISH TO CULTIVATE:...
2.1. USE:…………………………………………………………………… 8
2.2. PACO:…………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.3. BOQUICHICO:……………………………………………………………….. 9
2.4. PAICHE: ............................................................. 11

III. OTHER FISH OF INTEREST::………….................................................... 12

3.1. REDTAIL CATFISH:……………………………………………………. 12
3.2. PALETTE:……………………………………………………….……….. 12
CONCLUSIONS:....................................................... 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY:…………………………………………………………………….. 15
ANNEX:………………………………………………………………………...……. 16

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 INTRODUCTION

A pond is a closed body of water, without currents, of such a size

that can be used for controlled fish farming. The fish
produced in ponds are a source of protein and can provide
profits for farmers. Fish such as tilapia and carp are
they are easily grown and good yields are obtained if a plan is followed
proper management. This work refers to simple and practical guides
for fish farming.

The advancements made in the cultivation and production of fry, as well as in

processing technology for Amazonian fish and mollusks oriented to
achieving products with high added value allows for envisioning possibilities
interesting for the purposes of supplying the domestic and external markets,
contributing to diversify the productive activities of the inhabitants of the
region.

Aquaculture is therefore an alternative fish production method.

able to alleviate demand and reduce pressure on resources
natural, especially of the higher value fish such as gamitana, paiche,
paco, which show signs of overexploitation, particularly near the
largest cities

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Selection and choice of different fish varieties
AMAZONIC.
I. WHAT FISH TO CULTIVATE?:
The person who is going to venture into fish farming must have
the knowledge of the fish he wants to cultivate, especially their habit
food.
It is the breeding of living beings (fish, mollusks, crustaceans, turtles, etc.)
in controlled natural or artificial aquatic environments, in order to obtain
a more abundant production for local consumption or for purposes
commercials.
Fish farming is called aquaculture, and it consists of exploitation
controlled and economically viable management of ICT resources, with the
purpose of producing food for human consumption and in some way
prevent the overexploitation of fish in the natural environment.

Eating Habits in Fish

Fish, like any living being, require to take from the environment in which they
they develop the nutrients to grow and fulfill their
vital functions.
Depending on what they eat exclusively or preferentially, fish
they classify into the following eating habits:
Planktivores / Filter feeders. Those who feed on plankton, or
is made up of small plant or animal organisms that
they are found suspended in the water.

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 Iliófagos (detritivores). They are fish that live on the bottom, they
they feed on decomposing organic matter y
microorganisms contained in it; e.g. Boquichico, carachaza,
shiru y other

Herbivores. They are fish that feed on grasses and others.

vegetables, e.g. Lisa.

Omnivores. These fish eat different types of food.

Both of animal and plant origin, they are potentially better.
for upbringing, as they will accept the diet that is provided to them, they

which allows working with cheap inputs. E.g. Gamitana, paco,

pompano, sabalo, acarahuazu and others.

Carnivores eat food of animal origin, insects, others.

fish, turtles, churros, eggs from other animals, etc. E.g. Paiche.
Maiden, corvina, fasaco, piranha, tucunare and others.

I.1. CULTIVATION SYSTEMS:

There are various fish farming systems; this will depend on
factors such as: the size of the investment you are willing to make
piscicultor, productividad esperada, nivel de uso del alimento natural,

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 number of fish stocked per square meter, water exchange,
type of production, level of management and applied technology, aquaculture
It is divided into: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive.

I.2. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING FISH TO CULTIVATE:

A frequently asked question by people who are starting in the
aquaculture is, what fish will I cultivate; since aquaculture is about
an economic activity, it must tend towards its profitability. For
address this concern and allow the fish farmer to make a decision
In this regard, the following criteria are mentioned.
May they have market acceptance. No one will come up with it.
cultivate fish that will not be consumed by people or that
have low price, as profitability is a condition
desirable.
May they grow quickly. It is advisable that the fish
reach an appropriate size in the shortest time, for this reason you
they discard the small-sized species, which on the other hand
they will always have a lower price and have little acceptance, fish
fast-growing are: gamitana, paco, doncella, paiche, etc.
That support high planting densities. This condition
allows for better water use and generally occurs
in gregarious species like paco, gamitana, and others.
Whether it's rustic or resistant to handling and transportation.
which is associated with the conditions of docility of the fish,
on the contrary, the spiny fish are prone to
trauma and vulnerable to diseases.
That they accept diverse foods. Being the growth of the
fish related to food, it is advisable that this input
have a constant supply and preferably at a price
low.

I.3. CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY:

Current and potential aquaculturists, located in the area of
influence of the largest cities in the region, must have

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services, particularly in energy, communication, and transportation in the
development of this activity, as it will supply fish to the
markets.

The ponds
At this level, ponds are required to allow for adequate
control of the water input and output. A
constant water supply source that allows filling the
ponds at any time of the year, as well as making the replacements
of water and the recovery of the levels that are lost due to evaporation and
leakage.

It is estimated that, for the climatic conditions of the region, a flow

the 10 liters/minute source is sufficient to compensate the
water losses from one hectare of pond (Reyes, 1998).

The recommended type of pond is one that diverts from the courses of
water or from reservoirs. The sources of rain runoff,
springs or water sources do not guarantee security in supply that
allow to manage the water, to compensate for the recorded losses
previously.

Sowing
The considered stocking density is 1 to 1.2 fish/m2. The weight
The initial weight of the juveniles for fattening can be between 30 to 50 g.
This implies a fry rearing period of 45 to 60 days, after
to be acquired at the production center, from which it exits with
approximately three grams. This starting weight ensures greater
survival of the fry

Food

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 The foods used at this level (commercial) are balanced,
in strict adherence to a quality protocol. The diets
prepared vary in protein content and energy, depending on the stage of
cultivation and the species; for example, for juvenile pacu, Gutiérrez et
Al (1996) used a diet with 29% total protein (Table 15); same
tenor is considered for the fattening of the species.

II. CHARACTERISTICS FOR SELECTING A FISH TO CULTIVATE:

[Link]:
This fish is also known as cachama, black cachama.
the tambaqui. It is of medium size and in the natural environment can reach
up to 1.2 m and 30 kg in weight. Lives in the lateral environments of the river,
whether they are called lagoons, lakes, or cochas, upon reaching adulthood, they migrate to

the river forming the breeding mijanos.

The gamitana is an omnivorous fish; that is to say, it feeds on different

productos, tales como frutos, semillas, hierbas, insectos y plancton,
presenting teeth adapted to crush fruits and seeds that
he evidently prefers; also being found in the content
stomach zooplankton and aquatic insects.

The body is very compressed, with a blackish coloration on the back.

and yellowish green on the ventral part; this coloration pattern may
vary depending on the type of water in which it is found.

In cultivation, it accepts different artificial foods and has good rates of

growth and feed conversion. The fry, however, have
a different coloration: the body is silver speckled with dots
dark, highlighting a black spot in the central part of the sides
of the fish, which facilitates its differentiation from other fry.

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[Link]:
Also known as pacu, white cachama, pirapitinga, or morocoto,
it is slightly smaller than the gamitana. It also lives in the environments
lateral aquatic to the great rivers, upon reaching adulthood it performs
reproduction migrations reaching the major rivers. It reproduces
in the rivers because their eggs and larvae require water
current. The fry initially grow in rivers and then in the
lagoons.

It has a similar shape to the gamitana, from which it differs in its pattern.
of coloration, presenting a dark gray color on the back and
whitish on the sides, with the lower part of the head, region of
the throat and front part of the belly are orange. This pattern
the coloration is maintained in the fry, juveniles, and adults, in the
this color is muted depending on the type of water it lives in.

It is a species that withstands handling in cultivation operations.

It has the same reproductive behavior as the gamitana, it
reproduce at the beginning of the river's rise, between the months of October
to December, possibly extending until March. It also requires the
administration of hormonal extracts to induce spawning in
controlled environments. Each female produces 100,000 eggs per
kilogram of weight.

[Link]:
This species has a wide distribution in the Amazon basin,
inhabiting the entire longitudinal gradient, from the delta to courses of

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Andean foothills. It inhabits various types of water, but the largest
captures are made in the main channel of the rivers during the
concentrated migration, 'mijano'.

It is a fusiform, hydrodynamic fish. It reaches up to 40 centimeters.

length and can weigh up to two kilograms.

It has a silver color that can be modified towards a shade.

darker in aquatic environments of black waters. In this pattern
general presents faint bands of pale blackish color that
they are accentuated in the tail.

The mouth is terminal with sucker-type lips, adapted for sucking and
scrape the surfaces of the bottom and the submerged vegetation, favored by
the presence of numerous small labial teeth. It has a regime
detritivorous type, which efficiently utilizes the detritus of the
background.

It is one of the main components of fishery capture.

Amazonian, representing around 20% of the landings
annual. Forms large schools to migrate in search of its
food during low water periods and at the beginning of high water period
the rising of the rivers to reproduce.

Easily adapts to cultivation. Reaches sexual maturity in a year, and

reproduce at the beginning of the increase. In controlled environments it reaches

mature but does not spawn, so induction based on is required

to the administration of hormonal extracts.

The tradition of its consumption in the region and its adaptability to captivity
it turns it into an excellent fish for farming as a companion for
another main species, allowing for more efficient use of the column of
water, which means an additional income for the fish farmer.

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II.4. PAICHE:
The paiche (Arapaima gigas) is the largest scaled fish of the
basins of the Amazonas, the Orinoco, in Venezuela, and the Essequibo, in
Guyana. In its natural environment, it can reach up to three meters of
length and 250 kg of weight. Despite its large size, it can be
cultivate with good results in various environments and with different
food.

The paiche (Arapaima gigas) is an important species for the local population.
Amazonian, as it constitutes a source of food and contributes
with the generation of income through the marketing of its
products. For this reason, the species has been subjected to intense
fishing pressure that has decreased their populations, to the extent that
Today it is considered a threatened species and is mostly
confined in protected natural areas, such as the National Reserve
Pacaya-Samiria.

For now, the conservation of the paiche mainly depends on its

reproduction in natural environments but, in general, the number of
the offspring per reproductive event is relatively small and is subject to
various causes of mortality in the Amazon complex ecosystem. To
During the breeding season, the adult specimens form pairs that
they isolate, establish, and actively defend their territory, where
they build their nest on the shallow shores, from the bodies of
water

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III. OTHER FISH OF INTEREST:

III.1. REDTAIL CATFISH:

Robust body, reaching a length of 60 centimeters. It presents
a silvery coloration, with a darker dorsal region, and reddish in the
top of the head. Anal fin with 26 to 28 branched rays and
pectoral fins with a spine and 13-14 rays.

They are omnivorous fish, primarily feeding on fruits and seeds.

During the growing season, they can also consume arthropods.
They inhabit flood lagoons and river mouths.
breaks. Reproduction is annual and occurs at the beginning of the season of
rains, for which they migrate between the months of November to
March

It can be considered of economic importance for the Loreto region,

In Ucayali its importance is minimal. In Madre de Dios despite the
reduced capture volumes can be considered important
moderate inside of that region.

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III.2. POMFRET:
Rhomboidal body to discoidal. Height of the body variable with the
growth. Small head. Premaxilla with the external series formed
by three wide teeth separated from the internal series. Dentary with
four teeth, the two posterior ones very small. A tooth
unicuspid in the symphysis. Dorsal fin with two spines and 24-26 rays.
Anal fin with 2-3 spines and 39-43 rays. Males exhibit the
bilobed and falcate anal fin in females. Total saws 41-46.
They are herbivorous fish, and they primarily feed on plant remains.
(leaves, seeds, and fruits) that fall into the water. They commonly inhabit in

clear water rivers, but they were also recorded in rivers of waters
black, it is common in pools and creeks. It carries out local migrations
and medians (100-500 km). It exhibits sexual dimorphism: the males
they have red spots on the operculum, trunk, and at the base of the fin
anal during the reproductive period.

The females show a slightly reddish coloration in the area.

opercular and inferior of the anal fin. The reddish coloration is continuous.
for a black spot on the posterior margin of the anal fin. The beak
Spawning occurs at the beginning of the rising water.

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 CONCLUSIONS

The advancements achieved in the cultivation and production of fry,

allow interesting possibilities to be foreseen for the purpose of

supply of the domestic and foreign market, contributing to
diversify the productive activities of the people in the region.
Aquaculture is an alternative form of production.
fish capable of easing demand and reducing pressure
about natural resources.
The person who is going to venture into aquaculture is fundamental.
that has knowledge of the fish they want to cultivate,
especially their eating habits.
There are various fish farming systems; this will depend on
factors such as the size of the investment that you are willing to
to carry out the fish farming, fish farming is divided into: extensive,
semi-intensive and intensive.
In the cultivation of the gamitana, it accepts different artificial foods and

it has good growth rates and feed conversion.

The paco reproduces in the rivers because its eggs and
larvae require running water. The fry grow
initially in the rivers and then in the ponds.
The boquichico has a wide distribution in the basin of
Amazon, inhabits the different types of waters, but the largest

14
 captures are made in the main course of the rivers during the
concentrated migration, 'mijano'.
The paiche is an important species for the Amazonian population.
since it constitutes a source of power and contributes to the
generation of income through the marketing of your
products.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

oAgudelo, E.; Salinas, Y.; Sánchez, C.L.; Muñoz, D.L.; Alonso,

J.C.; Arteaga, M.E.; Rodríguez, O.J.; Anzola, N.R.; Acosta,
L.E.; Nuñez, M.; Valdés, H. 2000. Bagres de la Amazonía
Peruvian: A resource without borders. Amazonian Institute of
Scientific Research. SINCHI

oAraujo – Lima, C.A.; Rufino. M. L. 2003. Migratory fishes of the

Brazilian Amazon. In.: Carolsfeld, J.; Harvey, B.; Ross, C.;
Baer, A. (Eds.). Migratory fishes of South America: biology,
fisheries and conservation status. Victoria, Canada, Alaris
Design. p. 233–301.
López-Casas, S.; Jiménez-Segura, L. 2007. Reproduction and
habits nutritional del sure Pimelodus blochii
(Valenciennes, 1840) (Pisces: Pimelodidae), in the swamp of
Cachimbero, Magdalena River, Colombia. News
Biological, 29 (87): 193-201

Ruíz, J.D. 2004. Inventory of the ichthyofauna in the Lower Basin

from the Pucacuro River, Loreto, Peru. Thesis for obtaining the degree of

15
 Biologist. National University of the Peruvian Amazon.
Iquitos, Peru. 82pp

oOrtega, H.; Hidalgo, M.; Correa, E.; Espino, J.; Chocano, L.;
Trevejo, G.; Meza, V.; Cortijo, A.M.; Quispe, R. 2011. List
Annotated list of the Freshwater Fish of Peru. Status
Current knowledge, distribution, uses, and aspects of
conservation. University Mayor San Marcos of
Lima Ministry of the Environment & Museum of Natural History. 48
pp

ANNEX

Pompano RED TAIL SABLE

PAICHE BOQUICHICO

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