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SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

Once this guide is developed in a theoretical-practical form, you will be able to:
identify and prepare the equipment, tools, and materials to hold a meeting
bevel top on carbon steel pipes with the SMAW process according to the code
API 1104 and the qualified procedure, adhering to safety standards
corresponding. position (6g) descending progression, adhering to the rules of
corresponding security.
Once this guide is developed in a theoretical-practical form, you will be able to:
Identify, measure, mark, oxy-cut, bevel, and dot a butt joint with bevel.
carbon steel pipes according to API 1104 code and the qualified procedure,
following the corresponding safety regulations.
Once this guide is developed in a theoretical-practical form, you will be able to:
apply the passes of: root, hot, filler, and presentation to two carbon steel pipes
with coated electrode according to the API 1104 code and the qualified procedure in
position (6g) descending progression, adhering to safety regulations
corresponding.

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1. INTRODUCTION
The content of this document has been prepared to provide scope and knowledge.
basic regarding the reason for the use of codes, standards, and specifications in
the application of the metalworking industry.
The codes, standards, and specifications are documents that govern and regulate
Industrial activities.
The documents that establish guidelines for activities related to
The welding industry aims to ensure that only goods will be produced.
reliable and trustworthy soldiers, and that the related people
With the welding operations, they will not be exposed to undue hazards nor to
conditions that could be harmful to your health.
All the personnel involved in the production of military goods, whether designers,
manufacturers, suppliers of products and services, assembly personnel, welders or
inspectors need to know, at least,
The specific portions of the regulations that apply to your activities.

1.1. Definitions

Codes, specifications, and other commonly used documents in the industry have
differences in terms of their extent, scope, applicability, and purpose. The following is
they mention the key features of some of these documents.

[Link]

It is a set of requirements and conditions, generally applicable to one or more processes.

that regulate in a comprehensive way the design, materials, manufacturing, construction, assembly,
installation, inspection, testing, repair, operation, and maintenance of facilities
equipment, structures and specific components.
1.1.2. Standards
The term 'standard' as used by AWS, ASTM, ASME, and ANSI,
applies indiscriminately to specifications, codes, methods, practices
recommended, definitions of terms, classifications and graphic symbols that have been
approved by a sponsoring (supervisory) committee of a certain technical society and adopted
for this.

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A specification is a standard that clearly and concisely describes the requirements.

essentials and technical specifications for a material, product, system or service. It also indicates the
procedures, methods, classifications or equipment to be used to determine whether the
specified requirements for the product have been met or not.

1.2. Origin of the Standards

The standards are developed, published, and updated by organizations and entities.
governmental and private with the purpose of applying them to the areas and fields
particulars of their interests.
Some of the main entities that generate the standards related to the industry
the following are the types of welding:
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials – AASHTO
American Association of State Highway Officials and Transportation
American Bureau of Shipping – ABS
American Institute of Steel Construction - AISC
Alloys
American National Standards Institute – ANSI
American Petroleum Institute – API

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers – ASME
Mechanics)
American Water Works Association – AWWA
American Welding Society - AWS
Association of American Railroads – AAR
ASTM, formerly The Society for Testing and Materials (American Society of)
Tests and Materials
International Organization for Standardization – ISO
Normalization
• SAE, formerly The Society of Automotive Engineers
Automotive manufacturers.
The standards reflect the consensus of the parties involved in their field of application,
so each organization that prepares them has committees or working groups
composed of different representatives from the different parts
interested. All members of those committees are specialists in their fields, and
They prepare drafts or preliminary versions of the regulations, which are then reviewed.
by larger groups before the final versions are approved.

1.2. Applicability of the Standards

Compliance with the requirements of the standards is mandatory when such standards are
referred to or specified in government jurisdictions, or when they are
included in contracts or other purchase documents.
Compliance with recommended practices or guidelines is optional. However, if
these are referred to in the applicable codes or specifications or in 3 agreements
contractual, its use becomes mandatory. If the codes or agreements
contractual agreements contain non-mandatory sections or appendices, the use of guides or
recommended practices are at the user's discretion.
1.3.1. Description of Some Welding Standards
[Link]. ANSI / ASME Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels (ASME BPVC).
It has been mistakenly believed for a long time that ASME is a type of welding that
it is stated or defined as:
Welding with SMAW process, using E 7018 electrode, on steel plate and only in
ascending progression, generally used for welding storage tanks.
Unfortunately, a lie told and repeated so many times becomes a
reality for many, and this is what has happened in Ecuador.
In reality, ASME is the acronym used to refer to the codes applied to the
Mechanical Engineering. This grouping of technical information is well recognized at the level
worldwide, presents a series of books known as STANDARDS aimed at
normalization in the manufacturing, inspection, and quality control of certain items.
The applicable code for the construction of tanks and pressure vessels is: 'ASME'
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Reference. This code is divided into 11 sections.
identified with Roman numerals. Of our interest is section IX called 'Welding'
and Brazing Qualification” where the requirements for qualification are described
the welding procedures and welders that will be used in the construction of
tank and containers of
pressure.

[Link]. Section B31.4, 'Liquid Transportation Systems for

Hydrocarbons, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols

This section prescribes requirements for piping that transports liquids such as oil.
crude, condensates, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas
liquid alcohol, anhydrous ammonia liquid and liquid products
of oil, between the contracting facilities of the producers, sets of
tanks, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, plants of
ammonia, terminals (marine, railway, and truck) and other points of
delivery and reception.

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[Link]. ANSI/AWS D1.1 Code for Structural Welding - Steel

This Code covers the applicable requirements for carbon steel and low structures.
alloy. It is intended to be used together with any code or
specification that complements the design and construction of steel structures.
Containers and pressure pipes, base metals are beyond their reach.
thicknesses less than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm), base metals other than carbon steels and
low alloy and steels with a minimum yield strength greater than 100,000 lb/in2
(690 MPa).
The following are the sections that compose it and a summary of the 4 requirements.
what they cover:
1. General Requirements :
Contains the basic information about the scope and limitations of the code.
2. Design of Welded Connections:
Contains requirements for the design of welded connections made up of profiles
tubular and non-tubular.
3. Prequalification:
It meets the requirements to be able to exclude the procedure specifications from
welding of the qualification requirements of the code.
4. Rating:
It contains the qualification requirements for procedure and personnel specifications
(welders, equipment operators for welding and "tack welders") needed for welding
to carry out coding work.
5. Manufacturing:
It covers the requirements for the preparation, assembly, and labor of the structures of
welded steel.
6. Inspection:
Contains the criteria for grading and the responsibilities of inspectors, the
acceptance criteria for production welds and the standard procedures for
carry out visual inspection and non-destructive testing
7. Bolt Welding:
This section contains the requirements applicable to bolt welding to steel.
structural.
8. Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures:
It contains the basic information related to the modification or repair of
existing steel structures.
Anexos - Información Obligatoria, Anexos no Obligatorios y Comentarios sobre el Código
Structural Welding - Steel

[Link]. Code for Bridge Welding ANSI/ASHTO/AWS D1.5

This standard covers the manufacturing requirements by welding applicable to the

road bridges, and must be used together with the Standard Specification
for highway bridges AASHTO or the AASHTO Specification for Bridge Design
LRFD.
The provisions of this code are not applicable to the welding of base metals.
thicknesses less than 3 mm.
The sections that make up this document are listed below:
General Provisions
2. Design of Welded Connections
3. Labor
4. Technique
5. Rating
6. Inspection
7 Bolt Welding
8. Statically Charged Structures (without applications within this code) 5
9. Welded Steel Bridges
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10. Tubular Structures (without applications within this code)
11. Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures (without applications within this)
code)
12. Fracture Control Plan (FCP) for Non-Members
Redundant
Annexes - Mandatory Information
Non-Mandatory Annexes

[Link]. API Standard 1104 for Pipeline and Related Facilities

This standard applies to arc welding and oxygen and fuel gas welding of pipe.
used in the compression, pumping, and transmission of crude oil, products of
oil and combustible gases, and also for distribution systems
when this is applicable.
Presents methods for the production of acceptable welds made by welders.
qualified personnel who use approved welding procedures and equipment and materials.
It also presents methods for the production of
appropriate X-rays, carried out by technicians using procedures and equipment
approved, in order to ensure a proper analysis of the quality of the weld. Also
includes the standards of acceptability and repair for
welding defects.
The following are the sections that are part of this standard:
Section 1 - Generalities
Section 2 - Qualification of Welding Procedures for Metal Welding
Contribution
Section 3 - Qualification of Welders
Section 4 - Design and Preparation of a Joint for Production Welds
Section 5 - Inspection and Testing of Production Welds
Section 6 - Acceptance Standards for Non-Destructive Testing
Section 7 - Repair and Removal of Defects
Section 8 - Procedures for Non-Destructive Testing
Section 9 - Automatic Welding
Section 10 - Automatic Welding without Additional Filler Metal
Appendix – Alternative Acceptance Standards for Welds

[Link]. AWS specifications for consumable welding materials

The American Welding Society publishes -among a large number of standards
(some of which have been described or referred to in this text) about uses and quality of
materials, products, tests, operations and welding processes, the specifications
for rods, electrodes, and welding filler metals.
These specifications cover most of the consumable materials used in
welding and brazing processes, and include mandatory and optional requirements.
The mandatory requirements cover aspects such as chemical composition and
mechanical properties, manufacturing, testing, marking and identification, and packaging of the
products. The optional requirements included in 6 appendices are provided as
source of information on the classification, description, or intended use of metals
covered contributions.
The alphanumeric designation of the AWS for filler metal specifications consists of
a letter 'A' followed by a 5, a point, and one or two additional digits, for example
AWS A5.1, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Arc Welding
Protected Metal.
When ASME adopts these specifications, whether in a complete and faithful manner or with
reviews, it prefixes the letters 'SF' to the AWS designation, thus, the ASME specification
SFA5.1 is similar, if not identical, to AWS A5.1 (from the same edition).

2. WELDING POSITIONS

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The classification of the positions indicated below is applicable
mainly when judging the skill of the welders or operators of the
welding machines and also when it comes to responsibility.
The AWS (American Welding Society) and other specifications distinguish the
positions when it comes to welding sheets or pipes, both in butt and angled.

3. TYPES OF JOINTS

There are five basic styles of joints that are:

The overlapping joint
The meeting is at full capacity

The corner joint

The shoreline board
The meeting in T

3.1. Overlap Joints.

They are essentially formed by two overlapping or superimposed metal pieces that are joined together.
by fusion through spot welding, fillet, plug or elongated hole.
3.2. Full Board.
It is contained between the planes of the surfaces of the two parts. The joints
top can be simple, square, beveled, V-shaped, with single slots
J, single U slot, or double.
Figure 6. Butt joint
3.3. Corner Joints
They are what their name implies: welds made between two parts positioned at an angle.
of 90 degrees. These can be half overlap, corner to corner, or insertion
complete, and they can be prepared to form a single bevel, a single V or single slots
U.

3.4. Flange Gaskets or Edge Gaskets

Resulting from the fusion of the adjacent surface of each part, so that the
welding should remain within the surface planes of both parts. These can be of
a single flange or double flange.

3.5. Joints in T

They are precisely what their name indicates, but they can also be of a single bezel,
double bevel, single J and double J.

4. TYPES OF WELDING.

According to the author Horwitz, there are five basic types of welding:
4.1. The Seam Welds.
It is done in a single pass, with the filler metal without movement back and forth.
This welding is mainly used to rebuild worn surfaces, and in
Very few cases use it for filler metal joints.

4.2. The Wavy Welds.

They are achieved by making a cord with some movement to one side and the other. Among these
There are also several types of welds, such as zigzag, circular, oscillating, among others.
This welding is also mainly used for the reconstruction of surfaces.

4.3. Plug and Elongated Hole Welds.

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They are mainly used as rivets. They are used for fusion joining.
two pieces of metal whose edges, for some reason, cannot be melted.

4.4. Groove Welds.

It is performed in the space that remains between two pieces of metal. These welds are
they are used in many combinations depending on accessibility, economy, of the
design, and the type of welding process that is applied.

4.5. Fillet Welds.

They are similar to those of a slot, but they are made more quickly than these. The joints
fillet soldiers are simple to prepare from the standpoint of preparation and adjustment
should, although sometimes more welding is required than the welded joints of
slot.

5. CONFIGURACIONES DE BISELES

The slots themselves, depending on their final use (normal maintenance and repair;
use under high pressure, with hermetic sealing; and so on) can be prepared
by any of the following methods: flame cutting, grinding, sawing,
milling and shearing. The selection of the openings in the root and the groove angles is
also greatly influenced by the materials to be joined, the location of the joint in the
soldier set and the required performance. The groove joints in J and U can
to be used to minimize the amount of soldered metal required, when the savings
are sufficient to justify the beveling operations, which are more difficult and expensive. These
Joints are particularly useful in welding thick pieces. A
The disadvantage of J-groove and beveled groove joints is that they are difficult to
welding to achieve perfect joints, due to the common problem of slag entrapment
along its straight side.
The most important criterion for the strength of a welded groove joint is the grade.
of joint penetration. Since welded joints are generally designed in the form
such that they have the same resistance as that of the base metal,
the designs of groove welded joints with seams that extend completely to
through the members that are joining, they are the ones that are used most commonly. One
One of the principles of design is the selection of types of joints that provide for
result the desired penetration degree in the joint.
Figure 15. Bezel configuration

6. PARTS OF THE JOINTS

The parts or elements of welded joints or to be welded are relatively numerous,

In order to interpret and describe any joint correctly, it is necessary
identify and locate each of its parts. Figure 2.3 indicates some of these
elements in a joint still unsoldered.
Root opening
2. Face of the root
3. Face of the slot
4. Bevel angle
5. Slot angle
6. Groove weld size indicated on the welding symbol
7. Thickness of the plate

Just as a non-welded joint has its elements, a welded joint presents elements.
which are described in the following chart:

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7. WELDING PROCEDURES AND PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION

INTRODUCTION

Generally speaking, all welding jobs require one or more

welding procedures that define, in sufficient detail, how they should be carried out
the operations involved, and all the regulations regarding equipment, parts of equipment,
pipes and structures in whose manufacture, construction and assembly are involved
welding operations, establish requirements related to the preparation,
qualification and certification of welding procedures, as well as qualification
from the skill of the welders and equipment operators to be used in the
carrying out production welds in the work to be done. The demand for such
requirements are due to the fact that there are many factors that influence the characteristics of the
welded joints. Among these factors, many others can be mentioned,
different welding processes with which a joint can be made, the various
base materials (carbon steels, stainless steels, nickel alloys, magnesium,
titanium, etc.), the variations in thickness of the base metal and the different joint designs. A
so that the produced unions consistently have the properties
specified and the required quality, it is necessary to control, rigorously, all the
variables that intervene in the production of welded joints, and such control is achieved
through the written preparation of the necessary welding procedures, the
rating of them and the rating of the skill of the personnel that will use them.
Es un hecho indiscutible que el éxito de los trabajos de soldadura depende, en gran
measure, of the total compliance with the previous conditions (availability of the
qualified and appropriate welding procedures to meet the requirements of the
planned applications, as well as the qualified personnel to implement them), in addition to a
complete inspection before, during, and after welding, in order to ensure that the
procedimientos establecidos son aplicados de manera correcta por el personal
duly qualified.
ASME Section IX, API 1104, and AWS D1.1, among other standards, establish the requirements for
qualification and/or certification for the staff conducting the exams and tests or
Inspections by the manufacturer or contractor and by second or third parties. The
qualification requirements for this type of personnel are generally set at
training and experience terms, although sometimes it is referred to
more comprehensive qualification and certification schemes, which also include
educational requirements, proficiency tests, and visual acuity tests. Among these schemes
highlights the Society's Welding Inspector Certification Program
Welding Equipment.

7.1. FORMATS USED IN WELDING.

7.1.1. Welding Procedure Specification. WPS (Welding Procedure
Specification).

It is a format that details all the essential and sufficient variables for
perform a welding.
Los datos registrados en un WPS deben permitir al soldador, ajustar todos los parámetros
welding without leaving anything to free interpretation.

7.1.2. Record of the Procedure Qualification.

PQR (Procedure Qualification Record).

It is a format in which the actual data used for manufacturing is clearly detailed.
a welding test piece as well as the results obtained from the tests conducted in
the same test tube.

7.1.3. Qualification of the Welder's Performance.

WPQ (Welding Performance Qualification).

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 Format that specifies the results of the tests carried out on the welded joint,
not to evaluate a procedure but to determine a person's ability
(welder) to make high-quality welds.
ASME Section IX, API 1104, and AWS D1.1, among other standards, show suggested formats.
for example, in the case of AWS D1.1 it has:
COMPLEMENTOS
The following table provides a list of commonly occurring discontinuities.
found in welds deposited with different processes.
Common discontinuities found in welds deposited with different
processes (translation of table 2 from the ANSI/AWS B1.10-86R standard)

Comparison of acceptance criteria of some standards for discontinuities

most common
In order to provide an overview of the acceptance criteria that some standards
establish for the most common discontinuities that can be detected through
visual inspection (or in combination with other non-destructive methods), in the table
The following includes a "comparative table" of the respective acceptance criteria.

Comparison of acceptance criteria of some standards for some

discontinuities

This table has an educational purpose, which is to show the differences of the
acceptance criteria for some of the most commonly used documents in inspection of
welding. During the performance of his activities, the inspector
must refer to the applicable standards to judge the acceptance of the welds that
is examining.
The table above may be useful to clarify some aspects that may cause
confusion or uncertainty that inspection assignments often have under different
standards. Among these aspects, one can mention the fact that
that between one document and another, the acceptance criteria for the same discontinuity
they are different, or what discontinuities in appearance 'harmless', are tolerated by
some rules and by others not.

CONCLUSIONS

API Code 1104 (American Petroleum Institute) Pipeline Weldability

The American Institute of Petroleum publishes documents in all related areas.
with the production, distribution, and storage of oil. These documents include
the welding requirements to take into account for:
Piping and refinery equipment
Safety and fire protection.
The API code 1104 covers arc welding and gas welding for joints, with welding
in groove and fillet for carbon steel and low alloy pipes used in the
compression, pumping and transmission of crude oil, petroleum products, gases
fuels and when applicable, coated welds in distribution systems.
Welding can be performed by the processes:
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Submerged Arc Welding SAW
Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (GTAW)
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
Oxyacetylene welding or butt thermite welding process, or
By a combination of these processes using manual welding technique,
semi-automatic or by a combination of these techniques.
Welding can be performed in a fixed position or rotated position or by a combination.
of the two.

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 It also covers the acceptance criteria to be applied to the welds of
production, tested by destructive tests or inspected by non-destructive tests
destructive. It includes the procedures for radiographic inspection.

Other processes different from those described above will be considered for inclusion in this.
code. Those who wish to have other processes included must provide as
at least the following information, for your consideration before the API committee:
Description of the welding process.
Proposal on the essential variables.
Welding process specifications.
Welding inspection methods.
Types of discontinuities and their proposed acceptance limits.
Repair procedures.
It is intended that all work carried out in accordance with this standard meets or
exceed the requirements established in it.
The American Petroleum Institute (API) publishes three important codes, with which
such is the regulation of the construction of pipelines and storage tanks. They are:
Code
API 1104 Regulations for Pipeline Welding.
API Code 620 Recommended rules for the design and construction of large tanks
storage and low pressure.
API Code 650 Regulations for Welding Steel Tanks for Storage
hydrocarbons.
The American Petroleum Institute publishes codes and specifications in the areas
related to the production, distribution, and storage of oil. These
documents include the welding requirements to consider for the
construction of pipeline and refinery equipment. Welding can be performed with arc
electric (SMAW, SAW, GTAW, GMAW, and FCAW) or by other processes (OAW).
It also covers the acceptance criteria to be applied to welding of
production, tested by destructive tests or inspected by non-destructive tests
destructive.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Link]
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