Python-Module-3-Important-Topics

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Python-Module-3-Important-Topics
1. Graphics
2. Turtle graphics
Turtle Examples
3. Image Processing
Image formats
The images Module
Examples
Converting an image to black and white
4. Graphical User Interfaces
What are GUIs
Event driven programming
Template for GUI
Example Program - Calculating Square root

Python-Module-3-University-Questions-Part-A
1. List any three image processing Python libraries.
2. List the steps to create a GUI application using Tkinter
Hello world program
3. Illustrate the function of following methods in turtle
setheading
Forward
Left
4. Describe two fundamental differences between terminal-based user interfaces and
GUI
Python-Module-3-University-Questions-Part-B
 1. How to draw a star shape using turtle in Python.
2. Explain basic image processing with inbuilt functions in Python.
3. Write Python GUI program to take the birth date and output the age when a button
is pressed
4. How do you display an image in Python GUI?.
5. What are the attributes of a turtle object
6. Write a GUI-based program that allows the user to convert amount in Indian
Rupees to amount in Euro
7. What are the attributes of a window? How the attributes value can be changed?
8. Comment on event driven programming.
9. Write a Python program to convert a color image to a grayscale image
10. Write Python GUI program to input two strings and output a concatenated string
when a button is pressed.
11. Discuss on the types of window components and their functions.
12. Write a GUI-based program that allows the user to convert temperature values
between degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius.

1. Graphics
The representation and display of geometric shapes in two-and three- dimensional space,
as well as image processing.

2. Turtle graphics

Tip

You can try the turtle code online here [Link]

A Turtle graphics toolkit provides a simple and enjoyable way to draw pictures in a window
and gives you an opportunity to run several methods with an object.

Turtle Examples

Lets draw a square using turtle

 import turtle
t = [Link]()
for i in range(4):
[Link](50)
[Link](90)
[Link]()

First we import turtle module

We need to store the turtle in a variable t
This t will now represent the turtle what we are going to move
The loop does these things 4 times
Move the turtle forward
Rotate the turtle right

At last, we will hide the turtle

Output

Lets draw a hexagon using turtle

Program

import turtle
t = [Link]()
for i in range(6):
[Link](50)
[Link](60)
 Here i have not hidden the turtle, so you can see what it looks like

3. Image Processing
Image formats

Jpeg
Joint Potographic Expert Group
Some of the image information is lost on decompression
Support 16 million colors and mostly used in photographs
GIF
Use looseless compression algorithm
No image information is lost on decompression
Support only 256 colors
Support Animations

The images Module

The images module is an open-source Python tool.

The images module includes a class named Image.
The Image class represents an image as a two-dimensional grid of RGB values (Red,
Green, Blue).

Examples

Converting an image to black and white

Algorithm
 For each pixel, the algorithm computes the average of the red, green,
and blue values.
The algorithm then resets the pixel’s color values to 0 (black) if the
average is closer to 0.
To 255 (white) if the average is closer to 255

Program

from images import Image

def blackAndWhite(image):
blackPixel = (0,0,0)
whitePixel = (255,255,255)
for y in range([Link]()):
for x in range([Link]()):
(r,g,b) = [Link](x,y)
average = (r+g+b)
if average < 128:
[Link](x,y,blackPixel)
else:
[Link](x,y,whitePixel)

def main(filename = "[Link]"):

image = Image(filename)
print("Close the image window to continue.")
[Link]()
blackAndWhite(image)
print("Close the image window to quit")
[Link]()
[Link]("[Link]")

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

4. Graphical User Interfaces

To try the programs

 Install breezypythongui
[Link]
Put the python file in the same location as your file

What are GUIs

Displays text/images
A GUI Program is event driven
Its inactive until user interacts GUI components
Enter inputs in any order

Event driven programming

Type of programming used to create user-generated events, processing them, displaying

results is called event driven programming
GUI based programs are almost always object based

1. Define a new class to represent the main application window

2. Instantiate the classes of window components such as labels, fields and command buttons
3. Position components in the window
4. Register a method with each window component in which an event relevant to application
might occur
5. Define methods to handle the events
6. Define a main function that instantiates the window class and runs

Template for GUI

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

class ApplicationName(EasyFrame):
__init__ method definition

def main():
ApplicationName().mainloop()
 if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Example Program - Calculating Square root

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

import math

class NumberFieldDemo(EasyFrame):
"""
This class creates a simple graphical user interface (GUI) application
that allows users to enter an integer and calculate its square root.
"""

def __init__(self):
"""
This method initializes the GUI elements of the application.
"""
EasyFrame.__init__(self, title="Number Field Demo") # Set window title

# Create a label to instruct the user

[Link](text="An integer", row=0, column=0)

# Create an input field for the user to enter an integer

[Link] = [Link](value=0, row=0, column=1,
width=10)

# Create a label to display "Square root"

[Link](text="Square root", row=1, column=0)

# Create an output field to display the calculated square root

[Link] = [Link](value=0.0, row=1, column=1,
width=8, precision=2)

# Create a button to trigger the square root calculation

[Link](text="Compute", row=2, column=0, columnspan=2,
command=[Link])

def computeSqrt(self):
"""
This method is called when the "Compute" button is clicked.
 It retrieves the entered number, calculates its square root,
and displays the result in the output field.
"""
number = [Link]() # Get the number from the input
field
result = [Link](number) # Calculate the square root of the number
[Link](result) # Display the result in the output
field

# Create an instance of the NumberFieldDemo class and run the GUI

application
NumberFieldDemo().mainloop()

Python-Module-3-University-Questions-
Part-A
1. List any three image processing Python libraries.
OpenCV
Scikit-image
Pillow

2. List the steps to create a GUI application using Tkinter

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

class ApplicationName(EasyFrame):
__init__ method definition

def main():
ApplicationName().mainloop()

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Hello world program

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

class LabelDemo(EasyFrame):
def __init__(self):
EasyFrame.__init__(self)
[Link](text = "Hello World!", row = 0, column = 0)

def main():
LabelDemo().mainloop()

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

3. Illustrate the function of following methods in turtle

i) [Link](0) ii)[Link](50) iii) [Link](90)

setheading

This method sets the orientation of the turtle to the specified angle in degrees.
An angle of 0 degrees means the turtle will face "east" or to the right.
This is useful for resetting the direction of the turtle to a known reference point.

Example

import turtle

# Create a screen and a turtle

screen = [Link]()
t = [Link]()

# Step 1: Set heading to 0 degrees (face right)

[Link](0)
Output

Example
Lets set the heading to 90

[Link](90)

Output

Forward

This method moves the turtle forward by the specified number of units (pixels).
If the turtle is facing right (0 degrees), it will move to the right by the given distance.

[Link](50)

Left

This method turns the turtle to the left by the specified number of degrees.
Turning left by 90 degrees will make the turtle face "north" or up from its current position.

[Link](90)
4. Describe two fundamental differences between terminal-
based user interfaces and GUI
1. Interaction Style and Event Handling:
Terminal-Based: Sequential input prompts; users must follow a strict order and can't
easily change inputs once entered.
GUI: Event-driven; users interact in any order, triggering responses from the program.
2. User Experience and Convenience:
Terminal-Based: Rigid input sequence; requires restarting to change inputs.
GUI: Intuitive, graphical interaction; allows easy modification of inputs without
restarting.

Python-Module-3-University-Questions-
Part-B
1. How to draw a star shape using turtle in Python.

import turtle
star_turtle = [Link]()
for _ in range(5):
star_turtle.forward(100) # Move forward by 100 units
star_turtle.right(144) # Turn right by 144 degrees

2. Explain basic image processing with inbuilt functions in

Python.
3. Write Python GUI program to take the birth date and
output the age when a button is pressed

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

from datetime import date

class AgeCalculator(EasyFrame):
def __init__(self):
EasyFrame.__init__(self, title="Age Calculator")
[Link](text="Enter your birth date (YYYY-MM-DD):", row=0,
column=0)
[Link] = [Link](text="", row=0, column=1, width=10)
[Link](text="Calculate Age", row=1, column=0, columnspan=2,
command=[Link])
[Link] = [Link](text="Age:", row=2, column=0)
[Link] = [Link](text="", row=2, column=1)

def calculateAge(self):
date_text = [Link]()

try:
 birth_date = [Link](date_text)
[Link](birth_date)
except ValueError:
# Handle invalid date format
[Link]("Error:")
[Link]("Invalid date format (YYYY-MM-DD)")

def calculateAgeFromDate(self, birth_date):

today = [Link]()
years = [Link] - birth_date.year

if [Link] < birth_date.month or ([Link] == birth_date.month

and [Link] < birth_date.day):
years -= 1
[Link](str(years))

AgeCalculator().mainloop()

4. How do you display an image in Python GUI?.

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

from tkinter import PhotoImage
from [Link] import Font

class ImageDemo(EasyFrame):
"""Displays an image and a caption"""
def __init__(self):
"""Sets up the window and the widgets"""
EasyFrame.__init__(self,title="Image Demo")
[Link](False)
imageLabel = [Link](text="",row=0,column=0)
textLabel = [Link](text="Cat",row=1,column=0)

# Load the image and associate it with the image label

[Link] = PhotoImage(file="[Link]")
imageLabel["image"] = [Link]
5. What are the attributes of a turtle object

6. Write a GUI-based program that allows the user to convert

amount in Indian Rupees to amount in Euro
The interface should have labeled entry fields for these two values. These components
should be arranged in a grid where the labels occupy the first row and the
corresponding fields occupy the
second row. At start-up, the Rupees field should contain 0.0, and the Euro field should
contain0.0. The third row in the window contains two command buttons, labeled R-
>Eand E->R. When the user presses the first button, the program should use the datain
the Rupee field to compute the amount in Euro, which should then be outputto the Euro
field. The second button should perform the inverse function

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

# Constant exchange rate (replace with your desired rate)
EXCHANGE_RATE = 0.012 # This is roughly 1 INR = 0.012 EUR (adjust as
needed)

class CurrencyConverter(EasyFrame):
def __init__(self):
EasyFrame.__init__(self, title="Currency Converter")

# Labels and Entry fields for Rupees and Euros

[Link](text="Indian Rupees (INR)", row=0, column=0)
self.rupee_field = [Link](value=0.0, row=1, column=0,
width=10, precision=2)
[Link](text="Euros (EUR)", row=0, column=1)
self.euro_field = [Link](value=0.0, row=1, column=1,
width=10, precision=2)

# Conversion buttons
[Link](text="INR to EUR", row=2, column=0,
command=self.inr_to_eur) # ボタン is button in Japanese for better
compatibility with EasyFrame
[Link](text="EUR to INR", row=2, column=1,
command=self.eur_to_inr)

# Convert INR to EUR

def inr_to_eur(self):
inr_amount = self.rupee_field.getNumber()
eur_amount = inr_amount * EXCHANGE_RATE
self.euro_field.setNumber(eur_amount)

# Convert EUR to INR

def eur_to_inr(self):
eur_amount = self.euro_field.getNumber()
inr_amount = eur_amount / EXCHANGE_RATE
self.rupee_field.setNumber(inr_amount)

# Run the program

CurrencyConverter().mainloop()
7. What are the attributes of a window? How the attributes
value can be changed?
A window has several attributes. The most important ones are its
• title (an empty string by default)
• width and height in pixels
• resizability (true by default)
• background color (white by default)

8. Comment on event driven programming.

Event-driven nature of GUIs:

GUIs typically open a window and wait for user interaction.

User actions like mouse clicks generate events.
These events trigger program responses involving input processing and output display.

EDP principles in action:

The program execution flow is dictated by user-generated events.

Event handlers manage specific events, decoupling components.
This design promotes responsiveness to user interactions.

Analysis and Design:

GUI design involves choosing or creating appropriate window components.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is often used for GUI development.
9. Write a Python program to convert a color image to a
grayscale image

from images import Image # Assuming this imports an Image class

representing an image

def grayscale(image):
"""
Converts an image to grayscale.

Args:
image: An Image object representing the image to be converted.

Returns:
None (modifies the image object in-place).
"""

# Iterate over each pixel in the image

for y in range([Link]()):
for x in range([Link]()):
# Get the original red, green, and blue components (assuming 0-255
range)
(r, g, b) = [Link](x, y)

# Apply grayscale conversion formula (weighted sum)

# - 0.299, 0.587, and 0.114 are standard weighting factors for human
perception of luminance
gray_value = int(r * 0.299) + int(g * 0.587) + int(b * 0.114)

# Set all three color components (R, G, B) to the calculated gray

value
# This effectively makes the pixel appear grayscale
[Link](x, y, (gray_value, gray_value, gray_value))

def main(filename="[Link]"):
"""
Loads an image, converts it to grayscale, and displays it.

Args:
filename: The filename of the image to process (default: "[Link]").
"""
 # Load the image from the specified file
image = Image(filename)

# Optionally, draw the original image (depends on your Image class

implementation)
[Link]()

# Convert the image to grayscale

grayscale(image)

# Optionally, draw the grayscale image (depends on your Image class

implementation)
[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

10. Write Python GUI program to input two strings and

output a concatenated string when a button is pressed.

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

class StringConcatenator(EasyFrame):
def __init__(self):
EasyFrame.__init__(self, title="String Concatenator")

# Input labels and fields for strings

[Link](text="String 1:", row=0, column=0)
self.stringField1 = [Link](text="", row=0, column=1,
width=20)
[Link](text="String 2:", row=1, column=0)
self.stringField2 = [Link](text="", row=1, column=1,
width=20)

# Output label and field

[Link](text="Concatenated String:", row=2, column=0)
[Link] = [Link](text="", row=2, column=1, width=40)
 # Button to concatenate strings
[Link](text="Concatenate", row=3, column=0, columnspan=2,
command=[Link])

def concatenateStrings(self):
# Get strings from input fields
string1 = [Link]()
string2 = [Link]()

# Concatenate strings
concatenated_string = string1 + string2

# Set output field text

[Link](concatenated_string)

# Run the program

StringConcatenator().mainloop()

11. Discuss on the types of window components and their

functions.
Here are some common types of window components:

Labels: These show text on the screen, like instructions or titles.

Entry fields: These are boxes where you can type in text.
Text areas: These are bigger boxes where you can type a lot of text.
Buttons: You click these to make something happen in the program.
Drop-down menus: These let you choose an option from a list.
Sliding scales: You can move a slider to choose a value.
Scrolling list boxes: These show a list of things you can scroll through and choose from.
12. Write a GUI-based program that allows the user to
convert temperature values between degrees Fahrenheit and
degrees Celsius.
 The interface should have labeled entry fields for these two values.
These components should be arranged in a grid where the labels occupy the first
row and the corresponding fields occupy the second row.
At start-up, the Fahrenheit field should contain 32.0, and the Celsius field should
contain 0.0.
The third row in the window contains two command buttons, labeled >>>> and <<<<.
When the user presses the first button, the program should use the data in the
Fahrenheit field to compute the Celsius value, which should then be output to the
Celsius field.
The second button should perform the inverse function.

from breezypythongui import EasyFrame

import math

class TemperatureConverter(EasyFrame):
def __init__(self):
EasyFrame.__init__(self, title="Temperature Converter")

# Labels
[Link](text="Fahrenheit:", row=0, column=0)
[Link](text="Celsius:", row=1, column=0)

# Input Fields
self.fahrenheit_field = [Link](
value=32.0, row=0, column=1, width=8, precision=2
)
self.celsius_field = [Link](value=0.0, row=1, column=1,
width=8, precision=2)

# Buttons
self.to_celsius_button = [Link](
text=">>> (F to C)", row=2, column=0,
command=self.convert_to_celsius
)
self.to_fahrenheit_button = [Link](
text="<<< (C to F)", row=2, column=1,
command=self.convert_to_fahrenheit
)
 def convert_to_celsius(self):
fahrenheit = self.fahrenheit_field.getNumber()
celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9
self.celsius_field.setNumber(celsius)

def convert_to_fahrenheit(self):
celsius = self.celsius_field.getNumber()
fahrenheit = (celsius * 9 / 5) + 32
self.fahrenheit_field.setNumber(fahrenheit)

TemperatureConverter().mainloop()