Building Frame Analysis Methods
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ScribdTranslationsBuilding Frame Analysis Methods
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APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR THE
BUILDING FRAME ANALYSIS
The objectives of the approximate analysis are
following:
Reduce costs of exact analyses
Pre-dimensioning
Check results.
The approximate analysis of structures
statically indeterminate is based on the
concept of being able to do some
assumptions about behavior of the
structure, that leads to a model of
structure that can be analyzed using
only the equilibrium equations.
a) Vertical loads: Gravity Method
Typical beam of a frame:
ω
Each support has 3 unknowns, as there are 2 supports.
A B we have 6 unknowns. The beam has 3 degrees of
indeterminacy. To make the beam statically
L three assumptions are required.
ω
A B If the columns are extremely rigid, there will be no
rotation in A or in B. An exact analysis yields
that the inflection points are at 0.21 L.
0.21 L 0.21 L
A B If the connections in the columns were very flexible
it would act like a simply supported beam, with
L inflection points at x = 0 and x = L.
The columns provide some flexibility in the supports, therefore, it is assumed
that the inflection points occur at an average point, between the 2 cases
extremes:
(0.21 L + 0) / 2 = 0.1 L
So each beam can be modeled this way:
ω
ω ω
0.1 L 0.8 L 0.1 L
L
Assumptions for vertical loads, in the
approximate method of structures of
buildings
The axial force in beams is null.
The analysis of building frames, based on elastic behavior,
demonstrates that under vertical loads, the axial forces in the beams
They are generally very small and therefore are undervalued.
There is a turning point at 0.1 L from the left support.
3. There is a turning point at 0.1 L from the right support.
b) Lateral loads: Portal Method
The Portal Method was created by Albert Smith in 1915, to find the forces and
Approximate moments in multistory structures due to lateral loads.
This method applies to low-height frames and is based on the following
assumptions:
For a low-rise building, the primary shape of the deformed structure resembles closely to
a shear, which is why an assumption is made related to the distribution
of the shear force on any floor.
First Assumption: each panel supports the same amount of shear force. A
The interior column, because it is connected to 2 panels, bears 2 times the force.
cut that holds an exterior column connected to just one panel.
Second Assumption: from the shifted profile of the previous frame, it is observed that points
inflection points occur in each of the columns and beams. The inflection points
They are presented at the center of each beam and at the center of each column.
EXAMPLE:
Analyze the frame shown using the Portal Method.
4 Klb A B C
10 p
8 Klb D E F
10 p
G H I
20 p 20 p
Procedure:
Free body diagram of the upper floor
20 p 20 x = Shear force in each exterior column
4 Klb 2 x = Shear force in each interior column
5p
x=1 2x = 2 x= 1 x + 2x + x = 4 x = 1 Klb
2. Free body diagram of the lower level
4 Klb 4x = 8 + 4 x = 3 Klb
8 Klb
x= 3 2x=6 x=3
3. Free body diagrams of the joints
10' VAB=0.5 0.5 10' 10' VBC=0.5 0.5 10'
4 Klb s
5′ A AAB=3 3 B 5' ABC=1 1 C 5'
1 2s 1
AAD=0.5 ABE=0 ACF=0.5
∑Fx = 0: 4 –1–AAB= 0 ΣFx = 0: 3 - 2 - ABC = 0
AAB=3 Klb ABC= 1 Klb
∑ Ms=0: 10 AAD= 1(5) ∑ Ms=0: 10 VBC + ABC(5) + (0.5)(10) = 3(5)
AAD= 0.5 Klb VBC= 0.5 Klb
Sum of vertical forces equals zero: VAB - AAD equals 0
∑Fy=0: ABE+ 0.5–0.5= 0
VAB= 0.5 Klb ABE= 0
0.5 ABE= 0 0.5
1 2 VEF = 2 1
8 Klb VDE= 2 2
D ADE= 6 6 E AEF= 2 2 2 F
3 6 3
ADG= 2.5 AEH= 0 AFI= 2.5
2.5 0 2.5
3 6 3
5' 5' 5'
G H MI= 15 I
3 MG = 15 K-p 6 MH= 30 K-p 3
2.5 0 2.5
Note: In these free body diagrams, the length of each limb is equal to half the length of the beam.
or the column, and at the inflection points the moment is zero.
Once the shear forces are determined, the moments can be calculated in
the ends of all members and draw the moment diagram.
Moments in the columns: it is supposed that the columns have a point of inflection
at their midpoints, hence the bending moment in their upper and
lower, is equal to the product of the shear force in the column by half of the
height.
5 10 5
5 5 5
20 20
15 30 15
5 2010 20
15 30 15
Moment Diagram of the frame
Moment on the beams: based on the deformation that occurs in a portal or frame of
building subjected to lateral forces, it is observed that at a joint, the moments act.
in opposite directions in the beams and the columns.
Shear forces in the beams:
Note that in each beam the following relationship holds:
M M
A A ∑ M= 0
V V V(L)= 2M V = 2M/L
L
Axial forces in the columns: they are obtained by adding, starting from the highest part of the
Marco, the shear forces transmitted by the beams.
Example: 0.5 C
F
2
AFI= 0.5 + 2 = 2.5 Klb
Axial forces in the beams:
They can be obtained by summing from one end, the forces transmitted by the
columns, including the effects of lateral loads. However, for the
Project the axial forces in the beams are not important.
0.5 0.5
+1 +2 +1
+3 -2 -2
+6 +3