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Department of Process Engineering

Defense report
In view of obtaining the diploma
of a professional license in:
Formulation Genius
Theme:

Manufacturing process of sodium hypochlorite and the

product characterization

Produced by:
DJEDDH Halima

Framed by:
Mme Good M.A.A
Company tutor:
OUSSAR Faycel ADWAN Chemicals Algeria

Academic Year: 2017/2018

Summary
Introduction
Chapter I: Company Overview............................................................................................ 2
I.1 History
I.2 The activities of the establishment .................................................................................... 2
I.2.1 Sand Factory .......................................................................................................... 2
I.2.2 Chlorine and derivatives plant……………………………………………………………………………….......4
I.3. Quality Control Laboratory............................................................................................ 5

Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

II.1 Introduction
II.2 History
II.3 Chemical products used in the manufacture of sodium hypochlorite............................ 8
Chlorine:
II.3.2 Caustic soda...................................................................................................... 9
II.4. Fabrication of bleach........................................................................................................... 9
II.4.1 History..................................................................................................................... 9
II.5. Manufacturing process of sodium hypochlorite.......................................................................... 10
II.5.1 Stages of sodium hypochlorite production....................................................... 10
II.5.1.1 Saturation
II.5.1.2 Chemical Treatment 12
II.5.1.3 Physical treatment ..................................................................................................... 12
II.5.1.4 Electrolysis
II.5.1.5 Production of sodium hypochlorite........................................................................... 15
II.6 Obtaining dichlorine and sodium hydroxide.................................................... 16
II.6.1 Electrolysis at
membrane………………………………………………………………………………………..Error! Bookmark not defined
defined.
II.6.2 Obtaining bleach ....................................................................................... 18
II.6.3 Definitions of bleach concentration.................................................. 19
II.6.3.1 Chlorometric degree (°chl.)
II.6.3.2 Percentage of active chlorine .......................................................................................... 19
II.7 Properties of sodium hypochlorite.................................................................................... 20
II.8 Disinfecting action of bleach...................................................................................... 21
II.9 Security for Man............................................................................................................. 21
II.10 Security for the environment
II.11 Advantages and qualities of Bleach..................................................................................... 23
II.12 Conservation and precaution of use........................................................................................ 23

Chapter III: experimental part…………………………………………………………………….24

III.1 Introduction
III.2 Analyses carried out at the laboratory........................................................................... 24
III.2.1 Determination of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate in the product
sodium hypochlorite (NaClO):.......................................................................................... 24
III.2.1.1 Reagents...................................................................................................................... 24
III.2.1.2 Apparatus.............................................................................................................. 24
III.2.1.3 Procedure................................................................................................................... 24
III.2.1.4 Réactions................................................................................................................... 25
III.2.1.5 Calculation and expression of results.............................................................................. 25
III .2.1 Determination of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and active chlorine contained in the
sodium hypochlorite product
III .2.1.1 Reagents...................................................................................................................... 26
III .2.1.2 Equipment.............................................................................................................. 26
III .2.1.3 Reactions................................................................................................................... 26
III.2.1.4 Procedure
III.2.1.5 Calculation and expression of results........................................................... 26
III.2.3: Determination of iron content in sodium hypochlorite...................................... 28
III.2.4 Determination of sodium chlorate in sodium hypochlorite…………………28
III.2.4.1 Reagents...................................................................................................................... 28
III.2.4.2 Equipment
III.2.4.3 Procedure................................................................................................................... 28
III.2.5 Determination of total chloride in sodium hypochlorite.................................... 30
III.2.5.1 Reagents...................................................................................................................... 30
III.2.5.2 Equipment.............................................................................................................. 30
III.2.5.3 Procedure................................................................................................................... 31
III.2.5.4 Calculation........................................................................................................................................ 31
III.2.6 Determination of density ........................................................................................... 31
 III.2.6.1 Definition................................................................................................................... 31
III.2.6.2 Principle...................................................................................................................... 31
III.2.6.3 Equipment.............................................................................................................. 32
III.2.6.4 Operating procedure ....................................................................................................... 32
III.2.6.5 Density calculation.................................................................................................... 32
Chapter IV:........................................................................................................................................... 32
Results and discussion............................................................................................................................ 32
Chapter IV: results and discussion

IV.1 Iron content in sodium hypochlorite....................................................................... 33

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 34
 Dedication
I dedicate this modest work to my dear parents who support me.
favor all means to succeed and surround myself with love
My dear brothers: Nadir, Lyes and Oussama
My dear sister: Amel
My best friends: Amel, Sofiane, and Basma
To all the staff of the institute
 Thank you
First of all, we give thanks to God, the Almighty, who has helped us to finish.
this final study thesis.

At the end of this work, I would like to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to my internship supervisor [Link] Souhila for the quality of her monitoring
during my entire internship period as well as for helping me finish my report.

I thank the president and the members of the jury for agreeing to judge this work.

I also want to thank all the laboratory staff of ADWAN company; for
his explanations and his advice.

A big thank you to my parents for supporting me so much throughout my entire education.
school and university, and of their very deep love.

Finally, my thanks go to my friends for encouraging me immensely in the

internship period and to my class without forgetting all the teachers of the technology institute
from Bouira.
List of figures
Figure I.1: ADWAN Chemicals Algeria
Figure I.2: Sand factory ......................................................................................................................... 3
Figure I.3: Sand washing
Figure I. 4: Sand drying ................................................................................................................... 3
Figure I.5: Silica floure .................................................................................................................... 4
Figure I.6: Sodium silicate unitm ..................................................................................................... 4
Figure I.7: Chlorine factory...................................................................................................................... 4
Figure I.8: chlorine and derivatives analysis laboratory...................................................... 6
Figure I.9: sand analysis laboratory ............................................................................................... 6
Figure I.10: Geographical presentation of the areas by domain............................................................ 7
Figure II.1: Raw salt.............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure II. 2: carpet11
Figure II.3: Saturator........................................................11
Figure II. 4: Chemical products...................................................................................................... 12
Figure II. 5: Reactor T 102.................................................................................................................. 12
Figure II. 6 : Decanter (T108)............................................................................................................. 13
Figure II. 7: Filtration............................................................................................................................ 13
Figure II.8: V115 A, B, C....................................................................................................................... 14
Figure II. 9: membrane electrolysise15
Figure [Link]: neutralization column.................................................................................................. 15
Figure II.11: the hypo-reactor15
Figure II.12: the storage tanks T-192 A;B;C................................................................................... 16
Figure II.13: membrane electrolysis.................................................................................................... 18
Figure II.14: structure of sodium hypochlorite…………….....................................................................20

Figure III.1: determination of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate ................................... 25

Figure III.2.: determination of active chlorine ........................................................................................... 27
Figure III. 3: a-S10 autosampler plasma generator c:optical optima ............................................. 28
Figure III.4: determination of sodium chlorate ................................................................................ 30
Figure III.5: determination of total chloride
Figure III.6: Standardized hydrometer according to ISO 650.................................................................. 32
Figure IV.1: the iron content in sodium hypochlorite..................................................................... 33
List of tables
Table II.1. correspondence between chlorometric degree and percentage of active chlorine Error! Bookmark
undefined.
Table IV.1: Results of chemical analyses of sodium hypochlorite........................... 34
Introduction
 Introduction

Introduction

The chlorine industry plays a major role in industrial development and

global economy. Today, more than 50% of revenue, more than 30% of
investments and about 25% of jobs in the global chemical industry depend on the
chlorine, soda and derivatives activities

Sodium and chlorine gives us sodium hypochlorite NaOCl; it is a solution

light yellow and has a characteristic smell and a compound that can be used
effectively in the context of water purification. It is used for many
applications such as surface purification, bleaching, and odor removal.

Bleach is a solution that is both fungicidal, virucidal, bactericidal, and biocidal.

thus have the capacity to eliminate all microbial agents found on a surface or on
a material. In the world of medicine, it remains particularly valued because it
also contains disinfectant and antiseptic properties. Bleach remains one of the
the essential products for effectively cleaning the floor, the bins,
sanitary facilities or even toilets. When it is combined with other cleaning solutions, it
has deodorizing, whitening, and stain-removing properties. All these properties make
this essential product and its production continues to rise due to demand
growing.

In this context, we have chosen to expose the manufacturing process of this product.
very useful, as well as the analyses and tests carried out in the laboratory to ensure its compliance.

Indeed, this internship report is divided into four chapters: one on the presentation of
l’entreprise, le deuxième concerne des généralités sur l’hypochlorite de sodium et son procédé
of manufacturing. The third presents the methods and materials used to carry out this work.
and the last summarizes the results obtained during this internship.

1
 Chapter I:
Company presentation
 Chapter I: Presentation of the company

Chapter I: Presentation of the Company

I.1 History
Adwan Chemicals Algeria was established on May 19, 2004 as part of the expansion of
The activity of the parent company, located in Saudi Arabia, is a company with Saudi capital.
of Algerian law. It is based in the West of Algeria in the municipality of Fornaka, Wilaya
from Mostaganem. Its area extends to 70,000 m2It offers 200 job positions; It is
specialized in the production and marketing of inorganic chemical products and the
transformation of industrial minerals; Mr. Oussim Kouidri and Allaa are respectively
General Director and Deputy General Director of the company.
The existence of a company of such magnitude actively contributes to
economic development of the region. The main purpose of the company is to ensure
to local and foreign customers a range of high-quality products.

Figure I.1: ADWAN Chemicals Algeria

I.2 The activities of the establishment

The company Adwan has two investments made: a sand production plant and
derivatives and a production plant for chlorine and its derivatives.

I.2.1 Sand factory

The industrial sand production and derivatives plant was put into operation in February.
2008. Since then, it has produced 300,000 tons/year of processed sand, 45,000 tons/year of silica flour and

45,000 tons/year of sodium silicate.

2
 Chapter I: Presentation of the company

Figure I.2: Sand Factory

The processing of sand is done in three stages:

Washing: the main function of this unit is the washing and sorting of raw sand.
2. Drying: In this unit, the wet sand is dried in a rotary kiln.
3. Sieving: so that it can be separated into fractions of different sizes according to the
desired granulometry by customers.
As for silica flour, Adwan offers high purity, fine silica flour with
particle sizes ranging from 8 to 100 microns are packaged in different containers.
Sodium silicate is made from the silica of sand washed under a given pressure.
Then, a concentrated caustic soda solution is added.

Figure I.3: Sand washing

Figure I. 4: Sand drying

3
 Chapter I: Company Presentation

Figure I.5: Silica flour Figure I.6: Sodium silicate unit

Sand and its derivatives are used in the production of glass, GRP PIPE, and
ceramics as well as foundry, water treatment, chemical construction, the field
diesel, the production of abrasive fibers, the field of detergents and the production of
ceramics.

I.2.2 Chlorine and derivatives plant

Figure I.7: Chlorine plant

This factory was commissioned a little later than the first one in December 2012.
it produces liquid chlorine, caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, acid
hydrochloric acid and ferric chloride.
The production capacity of hydrochloric acid is 22,300 tons/year.
Hydrogen chloride is produced by direct synthesis between dichlorine and dihydrogen.
synthesis is carried out by the combustion of dichlorine with dihydrogen, the temperature reached,
5000°C

4
 Chapter I: Presentation of the Company

Cl2+ H2 2 HCl
The reaction takes place in the presence of an excess of dihydrogen to ensure that all the
dichlorine reacted [3]
As for caustic soda, the production capacity reaches 24,000 tons per year;
Sodium hydroxide NaOH is produced by electrolysis of a chloride solution.
sodium NaCl.
Furthermore, a quantity of 42000T of sodium hypochlorite is produced each
year by the same factory: sodium hypochlorite solutions are manufactured by
chlorine bubbling (in gaseous state) into diluted caustic soda. The chlorine and the soda
are obtained by electrolysis of brine (NaCl).
There is also a production of liquid chlorine of 35,600 tons per day: liquid chlorine
is made by the addition of chlorine gas (97%) which is produced by the electrolysis of the
sour on sulfuric acid H2SO4to absorb chlorine water, then it is compressed
by a compressor and cooled using a heat exchanger.
Not to forget finally the ferric chloride which is obtained from a reaction of iron.
with chlorine in the presence of water:
Fe + Cl2 H2O + FeCl2
FeCl2+ cl2 iron(III) chloride3
Products manufactured in this sector are used in water treatment, production
detergents and in the diesel sector.

I.3. Quality Control Laboratory

The ADWAN Algeria laboratory covers an area of 174 m2a laboratory of
well-equipped quality control, led by a qualified, skilled, and experienced staff; Thanks
the formulation studies conducted and the physicochemical analyses carried out, it constitutes the
quality guarantor for clients.
The laboratory plays a crucial role at all stages of implementation.
of the product. It intervenes at the level of the selection of raw materials, such as sand.
brute, the flaked caustic soda (the main ingredients that go into the production of
its products) and the salt, and monitors the evolution of quality during the process of
fabrication. The laboratory staff acts as a technical interlocutor with clients.
and participates in the approval of new product lines.

5
 Chapter I: Presentation of the Company

Each raw material received and each finished product manufactured in the company
are systematically sampled and analyzed in the laboratory to confirm their
compliance with standards and customer requirements.
Quality controls are carried out during manufacturing to ensure
the uniformity and stability of product quality. Finally, certificates of analysis are
delivered to accompany the goods shipped to the customer.

Figure I.8: chlorine analysis laboratory

and derivatives

Figure I.9: sand analysis laboratory

6
 Chapter I: Presentation of the company

Figure I.10: Geographic presentation of zones by domain

7
 Chapter II:
General information about

sodium hypochlorite
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

Chapter II: Generalities on sodium hypochlorite

II.1 Introduction
This chapter is devoted to general information about sodium hypochlorite; its
properties, its manufacture and its utility as well as the risks that may arise as a result of
its use.

II.2 History
Claude Louis Berthollet (1748-1822) discovered the bleaching properties in 1785.
aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride. It is in a
factory of a small village in Ile-de-France, Javel, where Berthollet develops the production
industrial solution that then becomes famous under the name of bleach.
days, it is obtained industrially mainly by the direct reaction of dichlorine with
soda, themselves produced by electrolysis of sodium chloride. Global production
is estimated at more than 600,000 tons/year expressed in contained dichlorine (amount of dichlorine that

could release bleach by the action of hydrochloric acid). French production is

around 40,000 tons/year of contained dichlorine, which corresponds to the use of about 1
million concentrated bleach bottles per working day. The bleach is used
mainly for its disinfectant action and its whitening power.

Bleach is a solution of sodium hypochlorite (Na+, ClO-) and chloride.

sodium. It is obtained by dissolving dichlorine in a solution of hydroxide of
sodium. (Chlorine dismutates in basic medium)

II.3 Chemicals used in the manufacturing of

sodium hypochlorite

II.3.1 Chlorine:
Chlorine (symbol Cl, atomic number 17) is a chemical element of the family
thehalogens.AtmoleculeCl2(dichlorine) is a greenish gas heavier than air. Irritating and
suffocating, it was used as a chemical weapon during the FirstWarglobal. Too
Reactive to exist in its free state, chlorine is very common in nature, in saltwater.
and the deposits ofsaltnotably, in the form of halides. It is also an important component
from living matter: blood serum contains about 7 grams of chloride
ofsodiumper liter; The chlorine, whose table presents the main physical properties,

8
 Chapter II: Generalities on sodium hypochlorite

is located in the seventh column of Mendeleev's table. Having seven electrons

devices; Its vapor pressure at 20 °C being 6.5 bar, chlorine is easily
liquefiable, either by cooling below -35 °C, or by compression under 7 to
10 bars.

II.3.2 Caustic soda

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, easily soluble in water; During the
dechlorination production, we automatically obtain the by-products: the hydroxide of
sodium and hydrogen. Sodium hydroxide or lye has, just like the
chlorine, a wide range of applications.

It is involved in the production of paper pulp, soap, and textile fibers.

It is used for the neutralization of acidic waters in treatment plants, for cleaning.
bottles for beverages and tanks, for the elimination of dyes during recycling
paper, in the washing of flue gases from thermal power plants, in the manufacturing of
aluminum
it provides the sodium ion, necessary for the synthesis of sodium derivatives requiring a
basic medium (silicates, perborates, phosphates, ...);
it provides a very reactive environment, necessary in the substitution mechanisms and
condensation, which allows the production of pure intermediate chemical agents
soluble.

II.4.1 Manufacture of bleach

II.4.2 History
It was in the 1770s that the Swedish chemist Scheele discovered a greenish gas by action.
hydrochloric acid on manganese dioxide. Forty years later, the work of
Gay-Lussac in France and Davy in England show that it is a new
molecule: dichlorine (from the Greek chloros: green). The observation by Berthollet in the years
1790 the bleaching properties of this gas lead him to recommend its use in solution
(that is to say in the form of chlorine water) for bleaching textiles as a replacement for
the spreading in the meadow, too long and too dependent on weather conditions. But the water of
chlorine that easily releases toxic dichloride is delicate to use and its concentration in
chlorine is limited by the reduced solubility of dichlorine in water (2.2 liters of dichlorine per liter
of solution at 25°C, under 1 bar, or 101.3 kPa). To remedy these disadvantages, dichlorine

9
 Chapter II: Generalities on sodium hypochlorite

was first dissolved in an alkaline solution of potassium hydroxide. This solution of

"bleaching chloride", containing hypochlorite ions, received the name bleach.
chemical reaction - sodium hydroxide, cheaper, replacing hydroxide of
potassium - is at the base of the industrial production of extracts and bleach water. A
Electrochemical processes can be adopted for specific local uses.

II.5.1 Sodium hypochlorite manufacturing process

The production of sodium hypochlorite is carried out according to the reaction:

Cl2+ 2(Na+OH-) → Na+ClO- ++Cl- + H2O

At the beginning of the 20th century, the chlorine and soda industry that developed
quickly modified traditional processes. Sodium hypochlorite is produced by
the absorption of chlorine in a soda solution of more than 18%. Chlorine and soda are
produced by the electrolysis of brine. Chlorine is then added in gaseous form to the
sodium hypochlorite at 13% using the standard manufacturing process.
active chlorine (50° chl.), the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) is kept as it is.
In the case of producing sodium hypochlorite with 24% active chlorine (100° chl.)
a large part of the salt is removed by precipitation and filtration. An excess of soda is
maintained in sodium hypochlorite solutions to stabilize the pH at least 12 and
to limit the rate of decomposition.

II.5.2 Steps in the production of sodium hypochlorite

the treatment the treatment

saturation chemical physical

production
hypochlorite electrolysis
of sodium

10
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

II.5.2.1 Saturation
. Salt (NaCl) is the raw material for the production of brine that is brought in
from the city of Oued.

Figure II.1: Raw salt

. It is transported with two carpets in two bins (saturators) A(T101) and B(T101) where
it will be dissolved and converted to liquid solution by adding water to obtain a
brine; The obtained brine must have a concentration of 300 to 310 g/L in NaCl and
a temperature exceeding 45°C.

Figure II.3: Saturator Figure II. 2: rug

11
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

II.5.2.2 Chemical treatment

. by transferring the obtained brine to 3 reactors T102; T104; T106 for
eliminate impurities in the form of precipitates; which are calcium (Ca) the
magnesium (Mg) and sulfate (SO)4by using chemical products
(Na2CO3;NaOH ; BaCl2) according to the reactions following:
CaCl2+Na2CO3 2NaCl + CaCO3

Barium Chloride2 +Na2SO

BaSO
4 3+2NaCl

Magnesium Chloride2 +2NaCl + Mg+2(OH)

2 NaOH

. Then we inject the flocculant to discourage the agglomeration or flocculation of the

impurities by their gatherings which increases their weight to settle at the
bottom of the reactor.

Figure II. 4: The chemical products

Figure II. 5: Reactor T 102

II.5.2.3 Physical treatment

. After the brine has passed to the T108, it is a large concave clarifier where the sludge
which settles by centrifugation; During the decantation, the accumulated precipitates
(mainly Mg(OH)2and CaCO3are accumulated at the bottom of the settler in the form
of mud to be rejected.

12
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

Figure II. 6: Decanter (T108)

. Then it is sent to a storage tank T110; using two pumps.

P110A and P110B are transferred to two filters F111A and F111B for filtration.
the aid of pre-coat according to the following figure:

1- Pre-coat formation 2- Formation de gâteau de filtration 3- Enlèvement de gâteau de filtre

Figure II. 7: Filtration

. After, it is sent to T115, which is a storage tank where it is sent in pairs.

pumps P115A and P115B to a heat exchanger to increase the temperature of
40°C to 60°C.
. She is sent to columns V115 A, B, and C for filtration by a
cation exchange resin to eliminate impurities in the form of cations (Ca,
Mg, Fe, ...) To maintain the high performance of membrane electrolysis, it is

13
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

It is essential to feed the electrolysis cell with high purity brine;

concentration of this brine in Mg²+ and Ca²+ must not exceed 20 ppb (parts per
billion); these columns work continuously and after some time one of the three
columns between regeneration with NaOH and HCl and rinsing
with water so that the resin no longer contains traces of regenerant.

Figure II.8: V115 A, B, C

II.5.2.4 Electrolysis
. Then it is transmitted to the T120 storage tank; afterwards it is sent by two
P120A and P120B pumps at the electrolyzer where the electrolysis of brine takes place.
The electrolyzer used consists of a determined number of cells. Each
The cell consists of a titanium anode, nickel cathode, and a membrane.
porous. These cells are assembled and connected to the terminals of the cathode and
the anode of the rectifier that provides the supply of direct current to these cells
for the electrolysis reactions to occur.
. Only sodium ions (Na+will migrate from the anode to the cathode through the
membrane to combine with hydroxide ions (OH)-) to form soda
caustic (NaOH) at 31% to 32% according to the reaction:

2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + Cl2+ H2

. The caustic soda produced will be collected in a storage tank.

sodium will be diluted to a concentration of around 20% in order to use it in the
production of sodium hypochlorite; The chlorine gas collected at the anode
will be channeled to the reactor for the production of sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
Javel) or for the production of other products such as

14
 Chapter II: Generalities on sodium hypochlorite

Hydrochloric acid HCl; ferric chloride FeCl3and liquid chlorine Cl2);

The hydrogen formed during the reduction of water at the cathode will be dissipated.
in the atmosphere (open air).

Figure II. 9: membrane electrolysis

II.5.2.5 Production of sodium hypochlorite

. The soda and chlorine that come from the electrolysis are sent to the hypo-reactor; where
soda enters in the form of a shower on chlorine gas with hypochlorite of
sodium which is produced in a neutralization column (T190) by the caustic soda and the
Chlorine; the sodium hypochlorite produced is sent to 2 tanks (T191A) and
This quantity must be cooled through a heat exchanger to (19°C) and recycled.
until reaching the required level.

The hypo-reactor

T191 B
T191 A

Figure II.11: the hypo-reactor

Figure [Link]: neutralization column

15
 Chapter II: General information on sodium hypochlorite
. When this level is reached, sodium hypochlorite is automatically sent.
to the storage bins; in order to offer the final product for sale, it will be
conditioned in several storage bins (T192 A; B and C) hermetically sealed;
of capacity 150m3These bins are placed in a dry and cool place, sheltered from the
direct sunlight and heat can affect the product during a
week.

Brute salt

Figure II.12: the storage tanks T-192 A;B;C

II.6 Obtaining dichlorine and sodium hydroxide

Chlorine and sodium hydroxide are currently primarily produced.
by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solutions. At the anode, chlorine gas is produced.
produced according to the following oxidation half-reaction:

2 Cl- Cl2+ 2e- (1)

At the cathode, water is reduced with the production of hydroxide ions:

2 H2O + 2e- 2 OH- + H2 (2)

The production of dichlorine and soda requires the separation of the two products as soon as their
formation because otherwise, there would be, as a solution, the formation of hypochlorite ions, hence water of

Javel, according to the reaction:

Cl2 (g)+ 2 OH- ClO- + Cl- + H2O ΔrH°298-103 KJ/mole (3)

Furthermore, in the gaseous state, the mixture of the two gases, Cl2and H2is explosive. So by
safety measure, each electrolysis unit is equipped with a system capable of transforming the
highly concentrated chlorine into a low concentration hypochlorite.

16
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

The electrolysis of sodium chloride, in solution, is used on a large scale for

produce chlorine and soda using membranes or separating diaphragms
the anode and cathode compartments or mercury cathode cells that prevent,
Initially, the reduction of water and thus the formation of hydroxides.

There are three different electrolysis techniques:

the mercury amalgamation process, also known as mercury electrolysis.

diaphragm electrolysis.
membrane electrolysis.

Vue leurs impacts très négatif sur l’environnement, les deux premiers procédé nesont
more used (or less and less used); In the case of the Adwan factory, is used, the
membrane electrolysis process that is much more respectful for
the environment.

II.6.1 Membrane electrolysis

This technique developed in the 1970s, it resembles electrolysis.
diaphragm. The cell is divided into two compartments by a very porous membrane
high quality. It all works like an ion exchanger: the membrane consists of a
perfluorinated polymer skeleton on both sides. The two groups are grafted onto this.
cation exchangers: sulfonic at the anode, carboxylic at the cathode. The
The anode compartment is supplied with purified brine saturated with sodium chloride.
Chlorine is released at the anode, hydrogen at the cathode. Sodium ions move towards
means of the membrane to the cathodic compartment and react in the presence of water
to prepare the soda lye. By evaporation, the final concentration is increased and
from 32% to 50%

The advantage of the membrane process is twofold:

a low energy consumption close to that of diaphragm cells;

the production of very pure caustic soda.

This process is used for the production of 33% of chlorine in Europe.

17
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

Figure II.13: membrane electrolysis

II.6.2 Obtaining bleach

Industrial bleach is primarily obtained by dissolving, according to the
reaction (3), of gaseous chlorine coming from an electrolysis (see above), in a
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide resulting from this same electrolysis. Chemically,
this reaction is a disproportionation of chlorine into chloride ion (oxidation number -I) and into ion
hypochlorite (oxidation number + I). Bleach is therefore aqueous solutions
containing the following ions: ClO-, Na+ and Cl-, as well as excess OH- ions (see the
paragraph 3.1.1.)

Two constraints impose themselves on industrial installations:

The dissolution reaction of dichlorine in the caustic soda solution is strongly

exothermic and the unstable hypochlorite ions to heat (see the paragraph
3.1.2.), the environment must be cooled and maintained at a temperature not exceeding 30-
40°C
Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive and, above all, they decompose into
presence of low quantities of metal ions (see paragraph 3.1.4.): the tanks
The pipes are made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the pumps are made of titanium.

18
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

II.6.3 Definitions of the concentration of bleach water

II.6.3.1 Chlorometric degree (°chl.)
It gives the oxidizing power of one liter of bleach, at 20°C, expressed in
litres of gaseous chlorine under 1 bar (101.3 kPa) and at 0°C. It corresponds to gaseous chlorine.
used to make bleach. This definition is primarily used in countries
Francophones. One liter of common dilution bleach, 12°chl, can, in an acidic environment,
release twelve liters of gaseous chlorine or, in a basic medium, has substantially the same
bleaching action with twelve liters of dichlorine. This value should be compared with solubility.
limited dichlorine in water (paragraph 3.1.).

II.6.3.2 Active chlorine percentage

At the European level, this Anglo-Saxon definition of the title was adopted.
of bleach. It accounts for, like the chlorometric degree, the total quantity of
dichlorine used during its manufacturing. However, the percentage of active chlorine, for a
the same quality of bleach depends on its density, which varies with the method
Preparation. Indeed, the solution prepared by diluting bleach with 25% active chlorine.
is less dense (a portion of the Na ions+ and Cl– was removed) than a prepared bleach water
directly. Furthermore, the term active chlorine refers to the chlorine in hypochlorite,
oxidation number +I, which is actually active, but also chlorine, of number
oxidation –I, inactive as an oxidant, present in the form of Cl ions– (see reaction 3).

The concentrations obtained industrially are generally from 12.5 to

13% active chlorine and these solutions are called extracts. The term extract is reserved for
solutions with at least 10.7% active chlorine, solutions with a lower title being called
bleach. The concentration of the extracts can reach 25% active chlorine: in this case the
sodium chloride is partially contained as a precipitate and is removed from the solution. The hypochlorite of

sodium always appears in the form of a solution, although the hydrated salt has been isolated.
but it is an unstable solid that cannot be marketed in this form.

Table 1 shows the correspondences between a bleach and an extract.

definitions.

19
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite
Table II.1. correspondence between chlorometric degree and percentage of active chlorine

Bleach extract Bleach

Chlorometric degree 48 12

Active chlorine percentage 12.51 to 12.97 3.61 to 3.65

Active chlorine 152.16g/l 38.04g/l

Average density 1.216 to 1.173 1.054 to 1.043

PH 12.5 11.5

II.7 Properties of sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as 'bleach'
is a light yellow liquid; with a characteristic odor, it can slowly decompose with the
Temperature. The condition and the rate of decomposition are linked to important parameters.
following: hypochlorite concentration, temperature, light and metallic impurities.

Bleach comes in the form ofliquid(in bottles or inberlingots)

or solid (in tablets).

Oxidizing properties: bleach is more oxidizing as its pH is low;

its bleaching and disinfecting action is partly due to its ability to oxidize many
organic compounds.

Disinfectant properties: they are due to the bactericidal power of the acid.
hypochlorous that diffuses through the walls of bacterial cells by destroying
membrane proteins.

Detergent properties: they are provided by an appropriate compatible detergent.

with bleach (presence in its composition of a cationic detergent, for example.
the AMINE OXIDE which is particularly stable in a strongly oxidative environment), and
possibly a fragrance to leave a pleasant smell on the treated surface.

20
Figure II.14: structure of sodium hypochlorite
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

II.8 Disinfectant action of bleach

The disinfecting action of bleach in an aqueous environment is primarily related to
the action of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). This less ionized form of chlorine in water
easily penetrates through the walls and cellular membranes of entities
microscopic: viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, parasites. In certain situations, the
Chlorine gas (Cl2) can even exist when pH levels below 4 are present.
locally; it penetrates the cell membranes very easily.

Le chlore actif libre présent dans la solution agira de 2 façons : par un caractère
general oxidant and by the immediate and specific action of chlorination of amine functions
of proteins. It can be recalled that one cm3of solution at 0.1 g of active chlorine /m3contains a
just under 1 million trillion molecules of chlorine or hypochlorous acid.

In an environment containing nitrogenous substances (ammonium or amines), the

Active chlorine will be consumed with the formation of monochloramines. The concentration of
disinfectant will not therefore be the initial concentration of chlorine in the medium, but the chlorine

residual. Monochloramines are themselves slightly disinfecting. Following the

concentration of hypochlorous acid and the contact times with microorganisms,
The action may be predominantly inhibitory or destructive, or a combination of the two.
The most obvious form of the destructive effectiveness of this product is the bursting of
bacteria (bacterial lysis). Some HOCl molecules can indeed penetrate up to the
cytoplasm of the bacterium and act on the proteins directing the vital functions of the bacterium.
On the other hand, in front of prions, viruses, or membranes of gram+ and gram- bacteria,
the action of hypochlorous acid on amine functions will inhibit the action of these prions,
virus or bacteria. For other microorganisms: fungi, parasites, and spores, a
the combination of these different modes of action will take place. For each of the microorganisms,
we can determine the combination of a residual chlorine concentration and a time of
specific contact with a view to inhibiting or destroying it more or less completely.

II.9 Security for Man

The weight concentration of free soda, present to ensure stability, is
always below 1%.

Direct contact with the eyes or skin, if followed by immediate rinsing, does not
does not cause permanent damage.

21
 Chapter II: General Information on Sodium Hypochlorite

When bleach is mixed with acidic products, a

release of gaseous chlorine, very irritating, which immediately alerts the user. The risk of
prolonged contact is thus avoided and reported incidents are, with very few exceptions,
always benign and limited in time.

When bleach is mixed with urine, there is a release of NCl3.

(trichloride of nitrogen outrichloramine) which is irritating to the respiratory tract.

When bleach is used in a professional or industrial setting, it is

It is mandatory to obtain the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) from the manufacturer.

II.10 Security for the Environment

Sodium hypochlorite is a highly reactive product and transforms quickly.
during and after its use.

The main reaction during its use is an oxidation that leads to

it decomposes (to about 99%) into sodium chloride (table salt), oxygen, and water.
Other substances are formed, in small quantities, by reaction with organic substances.
and nitrogen in the environment; but from an environmental perspective, they must be taken into account

bill.
These by-products are chloroform, AOX (adsorbable organic halogens)
belonging to the class of organohalogen compounds and chloroacetic acids.

Many studies have been conducted that, taken together, provide a serious basis.
to assess the risks concerning the hypochlorite itself as well as the substances
AOX formed during the household use of bleach. Qualified scientists
independents have drawn the following conclusion:

the amount of AOX formed during or following household use is extremely

low and most of these by-products are easily degradable, have a toxicity
weak and are not bioaccumulative.
dioxins are not present in sodium hypochlorite products and
do not form in the terms of use.

22
 Chapter II: Generalities on sodium hypochlorite

II.11 Advantages and qualities of bleach

In conclusion, bleach, thanks to its unique properties, has long been the
essential hygiene product that is still used today for maintenance of the
house

She bleaches the laundry;

It is an excellent stain remover and helps eliminate bad odors.
(by destruction of microorganisms and oxidation of odorous compounds)
it is a disinfectant with broad-spectrum activity. Its use is not limited to
the maintenance of the house;
It is also used in hospitals, schools, and catering.
collective and in the agri-food industry to prevent the proliferation of
bacterial and viral infections.

In drinking water treatment: bleach or chlorine in solution

will give, at the pH of water, a mixture of HClO and ClO-This treatment, by formation of
Organochlorine compounds give water an unpleasant taste.

II.12 Conservation and precautions for use

Bleach is stored away from heat, light, and sunlight, refer to

the expiration date indicated on the packaging.
Bleach bottles must be kept closed and stored upright.
vertical.
Bleach should not be stored near oxidizing products (tablets
and "solid chlorine") or acidic products.
It is necessary to refer to the recommendations and guidelines on the label.
the bleach that you bought.
Bleach should be kept out of the reach of children.
Bleach solutions should not be prepared in the presence of young children.
One should not transfer into a container usually used for materials
food products, in order to avoid any risk of confusion with a drink.
Bleach can damage clothing.
In case of professional handling of large quantities, wearing gloves and
Proper glasses are recommended, always refer to the manufacturer's prescriptions.

23
 Chapter III:

Experimental part
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

Chapter III: experimental part

III.1 Introduction
In order to ensure the finished product complies with standard requirements
worldwide, and in order to ensure its uniformity and quality stability, it is necessary
to conduct a series of analyses and redo them at the laboratory every hour. In the
In the case of receiving a non-compliance notice, it is imperative to conduct further tests.

III.2 Analyses carried out at the laboratory

III.2.1 Determination of sodium hydroxide and carbonate
sodium in the product sodium hypochlorite (NaClO):
III.2.1.1 Reagents
Neutral distilled water
Hydrogen peroxide (bleach) H2O2neutral (6%)
Hydrochloric acid HCl 0.1N
Phenolphthalein colored indicator
methyl orange colored indicator

III.2.1.2 Equipment
250ml Erlenmeyer
5ml pipette
25 ml burette

III.2.1.3 Procedure
 Take 25 ml of neutral distilled water that does not contain carbon dioxide in
a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
 Pipette 5ml of the NaClO sample into the Erlenmeyer.
 Add hydrogen peroxide H2O2neutral (at 6%) drip by drip in
the Erlenmeyer until the cessation of oxygen release.
 Add 4 to 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with hydrochloric acid.
HCl at 0.1N until the first endpoint (disappearance of the pink color)
 Note the volume S1= vHClat 0.1N (in ml) consumed to reach the first point of
turn.
 Adjust the burette of 0.1N HCl solution to 0 (zero).

24
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

 Add 4 to 5 drops of methyl orange indicator solution and titrate with 0.1N HCl.
until the second bend (appearance of the yellow-brown color)
 Note the volume S2 = vHydrochloric acidin ml) at 0.1N consumed to reach the second inflection.

III.2.1.4 Reactions
The reactions that occur are:

Na+ OCl- + H2O2H2O + O2 + Na+Cl-

HO- + H3O+ → 2H2O

-2
CO3+ H3O+ → HCO3+ H- 2O

HCO3+- H3O+ → CO2(aqueous) + 2 H2O

III.2.1.5 Calculation and expression of results

NaOH (%m/v) = 40 * 0.1 * F * (S1-S2) * 100/(1000 * V)

= 0.4 * F * (S1-S2)/V

No2CO3(%m/v) = 53 * 0.1 * F * 2S2* 100/(1000 * V)

= 1.06 * F * S2/V

= 0.212 * S2

Pink color transparent color

Orange color brownish yellow

Figure III.1: determination of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate

25
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

III .2.1 Determination of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and active chlorine

content in sodium hypochlorite product
The principle of the oxidation of potassium iodide in acetic medium and titration of the released iodine

by a 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate solution:

III .2.1.1 Reagents

Potassium iodide (10%)
distilled water
acetic acid (80%)
starch indicator
solution Na2S2O3

III .2.1.2 Equipment

balance technique
250 ml Erlenmeyer.
Burette

III .2.1.3 Reactions

Na+ClO- + 2 (K+I-) + 2 (CH3COO-H+I2+ Na+Cl-+ 2 (CH3COO– K+) + H+ + OH

2- 2-
I2+ 2 S2O3thiosulfate4O6(tetrathionate) + 2

III.2.1.4 Procedure
 Withdraw 25ml of distilled water into a 250ml Erlenmeyer.
 weigh precisely (0.3-0.6)+- 0.1mg(T g)NaClO in the Erlenmeyer.
 Add 10ml of potassium iodide (10%) + 10ml of acetic acid (80%) and stir.
a few seconds gently.
 Titrate the iodine released with 0.1N Na solution2S2The3until the mixture becomes
straw yellow.
 Add 1ml of starch indicator solution and continue the titration until the
dark blue color of the iodine starch complex disappears (S=ml of Na)2S2O3(0.1N)
consumed.

III.2.1.5 Calculation and expression of results

NaClO (% m/v) = 37.23 * 0.1 * F * S * 100 * d / (1000 * T)

= 0.3723 * F * S * d/T

T.c.a (% m/v) = 35.46 * 0.1 * F * S * 100 * d/(1000 * T)

26
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

= 0.3546 * F * S * d/T

NaOCl + acid

Acetic

+AI

Brick red color Straw yellow

Dark blue color transparent color

Figure III.2.: determination of active chlorine

III.2.3: Determination of iron content in sodium hypochlorite

The iron content is determined with an ICP device which is made up of: (Optical optima
800; plasma generator; S10 autosampler) connected to a computer; this analysis is done once
once a week

 place the samples to be analyzed in the S10 autosampler

 they are transferred later to; plasma generator
 after a few seconds read the result directly in the form of a spectrum using
of a software (WinLab 32 software)

27
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

a b c

Figure III. 3:a-S10 autosampler b:plasma generator c:optical optima

III.2.4 Determination of sodium chlorate in

sodium hypochlorite
III.2.4.1 Reagents
20% NaOH solution
KBr
HCl solution 37%
1% KI solution
Solution Na2S2O3(0.1N)
Starch indicator solution
Potassium iodide (10%)
Acetic acid (80%)
Distilled water

III.2.4.2 Equipment
A 500 ml Erlenmeyer
A 150 ml beaker

III.2.4.3 Procedure
III.2.4.3.a Determination of (NaClO + NaClO3)
Take 20 ml of distilled water and 20 ml of 20% NaOH solution in an Erlenmeyer flask.
500ml.
Weigh precisely 0.3 to 0.5g (T1) of the NaOCl sample and close the cap.
from the vial and shake gently for a few minutes.
Add 1 g of KBr and dissolve it by stirring the Erlenmeyer.
Deposit 200 ml of a 37% HCl solution in the Erlenmeyer and close the cap.

28
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

Take 100 ml of 1% KI solution in a 150 ml beaker.

Add 50ml of the 1% KI solution to the Erlenmeyer.
Place the Erlenmeyer in a dark place and wait for 15-20 minutes.
Take the Erlenmeyer and gently open the stopper and add 50 ml of KI solution.
1% again
Titrate the liberated iodine with Na solution.2S2O3(0.1N) until the mixture is yellow
colored straw.
Add 1ml of starch indicator solution and continue the titration until the
dark blue color of the iodine-starch complex disappears (S1 (ml) of 0.1 N Na) 2S2O3
consumes).

Test blanc

Repeat the experiment using 50 ml of distilled water instead of the sample (S2=ml of 0.1N
No2S2O3broth for the white.

III.2.4.3.b Determination of NaClO

 Take 25ml of distilled water in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask.
 Weigh precisely (0.3-0.5)g (T2) NaClO in the Erlenmeyer flask
 Add 10ml of potassium iodide (10%) + 10ml of acetic acid (80%) and shake.
a few seconds gently.
 Titrate the released iodine with starch indicator solution and continue the titration until
the blue color of the iodine-starch complex disappears (S3 in ml of 0.1 N)
Na2S2O3consommé
III.2.4.3.c Calculation and expression of results
X1 = NaClO (% w/v)
(0.3723 * F * S3 * D)/T2
x2 = (+NaClO3Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite3(en % m/v)
(0.1774 * F * (S2-S1) * d/T1) where of What is the density of NaClO?
Sodium hypochlorite3(%m/v)= x2 - (17.74 * x1/37.23)

29
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

Brick red color transparent color

. White test

Transparent color transparent color

Figure III.4: determination of sodium chlorate

III.2.5 Determination of total chloride in sodium hypochlorite

III.2.5.1 Reagents
H2O2neutral (6%)
Distilled water
Solution of H2SO44N
Sodium solution2CO31N
Solution of K2CrO4(10%)
0.05 N AgNO3 solution

III.2.5.2 Equipment
Erlenmeyer 250ml
a 250 ml volumetric flask
5ml pipette
Burette

30
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

III.2.5.3 Procedure
Pipette 10ml of the NaClO sample into a 250ml flask.
Add H2O2neutral (6%) drop by drop in the Erlenmeyer until the stop of the
release of oxygen.
Transfer this solution into a 250 ml graduated flask and dilute the solution to
250ml with distilled water, mix well.
-Pipette 5ml (v=0.2ml of the original NaOCl sample) solution of the volumetric flask in
another Erlenmeyer flask add 50ml of distilled water well mixed.
Check the pH of the solution:
 If the pH of the solution is acidic, adjust the pH to 6-7 with Na.2CO31N
 If the pH of the solution is basic, adjust the pH to 6-7 with H.2SO44N
Add 8-10 drops of solution K 2CrO4(10%) and titrate the mixture with AgNO3 0.05
N until the color becomes yellowish-brown (S=0.05N AgNO3 solution
consumed.

III.2.5.4 Calculation
-
Total chloride (cl )(%m/v) = 35.46 * 0.05 * F * S * 100 / (1000 * v)

= 0.1773 * F * S/v

Yellow color brownish yellow

Figure III.5: determination of total chloride

III.2.6 Determination of density

III.2.6.1 Definition
Density is the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of water or bleach concentrate at 20 °C and
the mass of the same volume of distilled water at 20 °C. This value is expressed without a unit.

III.2.6.2 Principle
The recommended method is the method using a hydrometer commonly known as a "densimeter."

31
 Chapter III: Experimental Part

III.2.6.3 Equipment
Hydrometers (known as 'densimeters') standardized according to ISO 650:
250 ml test tube.
Graduated thermometer in half degree.

Figure III.6: Standardized hydrometer according to ISO 650

III.2.6.4 Operating Procedure

Clean and dry all equipment before use.
Bring the Water or the Bleach Concentrate to a temperature of 20 °C ± 0.5 °C.
Pour the water or the bleach concentrate into the tilted test tube to avoid the
formation of air bubbles.
Place the vertical test tube, gently lower the hydrometer or 'densimeter' into it now.
in the axis of the test tube and holding it back in its descent. When it has taken a position
of balance, to press it down slightly, then let it return to a position of balance, without it
touch the test tube or the thermometer.
Note the reading on the scale corresponding to the intersection plan of the liquid surface.
horizontal with a ruler. To take the reading, look at the scale through the liquid, adjusting.
the line of sight to be in the plane of the surface of the liquid.
Record the obtained value (density: ρ).

III.2.6.5 Calculation of density

Density is expressed as follows:

= ,20°
0

ρ = density of water or bleach concentrate in Kg/m3

ρ0 Density of water in Kg/m³ at 20°C = 998

3

32
 Chapter IV:
Result and discussion
 Results and discussions

Chapter IV: results and discussion

IV.1 Iron content in sodium hypochlorite

The results concerning the analysis of the iron content in sodium hypochlorite are presented.
in figure 1.

Figure IV.1: the iron content in sodium hypochlorite

The results obtained from the other chemical analyses are summarized in the
Table 1. From this table, we can see that all the results obtained from the tests conducted are
in the required standards.

Table IV.1: Results of the chemical analyses of sodium hypochlorite product

Settings The method The results The standards

of analysis
Chlorine content Titrimetry 16.23 16.68 From 15-16
active 16.66 15.78
Degree Titrimetry 51.19 52.61 From 47.3 to 50.5

chlorometric 52.58 49.77

NaOH % Titrimetry 0.59 0.84 From 0.7-1.1
0.76 1.06
Na2CO3% Titrimetry 0.21 0.25 0.4
0.19 0.19
Density at (20°C) Densimeter 1.223 1.227 From 1200-1215
Kg/m3 (1200-1300) 1.225 1.227
Iron (Fe) (ppm) colorimetric 0.005 0.007 Of Small

33
 Results and discussions

mg/L quantities of iron

Aspect Visual Yellow

Discussion

Compliance with regulatory requirements and customer specifications is

primordial in the production of sodium hypochlorite. In this study we have
carried out some common chemical analyses to verify the compliance of the product
sodium hypochlorite manufactured by the company ADWAN. According to the results obtained, the
The product is in compliance with the required standards.

34
 Bibliographic references

Bibliographic references

F. Delmas. Production of chlorine and soda by the membrane exchange process

of ions. Journal of Physics IV Conference, 1994.

[2][Link]
[Link]#ixzz5GhBejLL2

[3] : ([Link]
Chemical of France.
[4] : [Link] .
The white paper on chlorine ((source: WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record, October 2000

[6] : https:// [Link]/encyclopedie/chlore/ww

ABDELHAK N, KELLOU M A: Design of an automated counting system.

the FCI factory: Automation part by API S7-1200 final study report, Kasdi University
Merbah Ouargla 2016

[8] :[Link]

J.N Joffin, B Chevalier: HYPOCHLORITES AND BLEACHING POWDERS units of

concentration, preparation of disinfectant solutions version March 2015.

National Trade Association of Bleach NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE; May edition

2010

[11] [Link]

36
 ‫ﺹﻣﻠﺦ‬

ًٌ‫ﻑ ﯨﺒﺖ ﻩﻁًﺍﻥ ﺯٌٍﺍﻉً ﻩﻥ ﺧﺞًُﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻝﺙﺥﺍﻱ ٍﻱﻕﺧﺤﻖﺍﻥﻭ ﯨﻮٌ ﯨﺪﺹﺍﻥ ﺝٌ ﯨﺮ ﻩ ﯨﻚﺏٍﻩ ﻉٍُﺹﺡﺕٍ ﻩًﻉﺑﻌﺖﺧﺎًﻥ ﻡًﺍﻧﻊ ﻫﺬﺍﺹﺹﺥ‬
‫ﺍﺙٌﺍﻭًٍﻫﻚﻥ ٌﺍﻋﺬﻭ ﺷﺰﻛﺖ‬. ‫ ﯨﻞﺹﻑ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺖ ﺍ ﻩٌﺫﻥ‬، ‫ﺯﻛﺖﻫﺶﻥ ﺍﺯﺽﻉ ًﻋﻂٌﻝﻭﺍﻷ‬. ‫ﻯﻋﻪﺍﺙٍﯨﻲًﻉ ﻩﻥﺹﺹﻳﺦ ًَﺍﺍﻧﺚﻭ‬
‫ ﻩﺏﺕﺹﺍﺍﻧﺦ ﻉٍُﺧﺺﺍﻥﺕٍ ﻩًﻭﻉ ﯨﻮٌ ﯨﺪﺹﺍﻥ ﺝٌ ﯨﺮ ﻩ ﯨﻚﺏٍﻩ‬. ٌ‫ﺙﻻٍﺧﺤﻪﺍﻥ ﺯﺍﺀﺝﻹﻳﺖﺫﺥﺥﺱًﺍﻥﻕﺍﻧﻄﺰﻭ ﺓﺟﻬﺶﻷﺍﺏﺙﻥﺍﺍﻧﺚ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻕ ﻩﻉﺥ‬
‫ﺯﻛﺖﺵﺍﻥ ﻩﻉُﺹﺡﻱﺍﻧﺬ ﺧﺞًُﺍﻥﺕﻕﺏﺍﻳﻂ ٍﻱﻕﻫﺨﺤﻖﻥﻳﺖﺱﺍﻥﻻ‬. ٌ‫ﺕﻕﺏﺍﻳﻂ ﺡ ﺣﯨﺾ ًﺥﺍﻥﻭ ﺍ ﻩٍﻋﻪ ﯨﻞﺣﺺﺍﻥ ﻯﺡ ًﺥﺍﻥ ﺝﺉﺧﺎُﺍﻥ ﺯٍﺥﺍﻷﺽﻋﺰ‬
‫ﺝﺥًُﺍﻥ‬

Resume

This work is dedicated to the monitoring of the sodium hypochlorite manufacturing process.
and to the verification of the conformity of this product within the company ADWAN
CHEMICALS. He comprises four chapters, the first provides an introduction to
the company. The second is dedicated to generalities about sodium hypochlorite and its
manufacturing process. The third focuses on the equipment and methods used to carry out
the analyses necessary for verifying the conformity of the product manufactured by the company.
The last one presents the results obtained which show the compliance of the product.