AMD and Intel Processor

A little history

AMD PROCESSOR

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Second company worldwide

microprocessor manufacturer, main competitor of Intel. Its headquarters
is located in Sunnyvale, California (USA), has about 18 thousand
employees and annual earnings of 5.8 billion dollars (2005).
It also produces video cards and consumer electronics.

It was founded on May 1, 1969, by Jerry Sanders and

seven friends. After five years, it had more than
1,500 employees, marketing more than 200
products. In 1975, AMD released its first RAM chip
called Am9102 and also an AMD processor
compatible with the 8080A.

AMD and Intel have gone to court many times over

fraudulent contracts or improper use of codes,
among other topics. In 1991, Intel paid him one billion dollars for
breach of contract. Since 1995 to date there have been no legal actions
significant among companies.

INTEL PROCESSOR

Intel Pentium is a range of microprocessors from

fifth generation with x86 architecture produced
by Intel Corporation.
The first Pentium was launched on the market on the 22nd of
March 1993, with initial speeds of 60 and 66.
MHz, 3,100,000 transistors, 8 KiB internal cache
for data and 8 KiB for instructions; happening to the
Intel 80486 processor. Intel did not call it 586 because
that it is not possible to register a trademark composed solely of numbers.
Pentium was also known by its codename P54C. It was marketed
at speeds between 60 and 200 MHz, with bus speeds of 50, 60, and 66
MHz. The versions that included MMX instructions not only provided to the
user a better management of multimedia applications, such as the
DVD movie playback but were offered at speeds of up to
233 MHz, including a 200 MHz version and the most basic one.
it provided about 166 MHz of clock.

AMD AND INTEL PROCESSOR

The best-selling AMD processors are

the K5, K6, K6-II or K6-III are very popular,
due to its low cost and good performance. The
rest of buyers, despite acquiring a
Intel processor, you surely know about the
characteristics of these CPUs, and even they have
having reached the point of studying them before deciding on his Pentium. Well,
the time has come to forget any preconceived ideas or knowledge
Assimilated so far: Athlon is simply a world apart. Nothing of
what has been said or experienced with an AMD CPU, can
to apply to this new processor.

AMD started from scratch when designing the first seventh CPU.
generation. Its external appearance is very similar to that of Pentium III, but this
it's nothing more than a concession to motherboard manufacturers, for them to
they can easily adapt the design of their Pentium II/III boards to the new one
Athlon. Inside it hides a completely new architecture, with
exclusive functions that cannot be found in any other micro. A
comparación física; lo primero que llama la atención cuando se observa por
It is the first time an Athlon, it is its cartridge-shaped architecture, which
insert into a slot, perpendicular to the motherboard, exactly
just like the Pentium III. In fact, both slots have 242 pins, but
in a different order. Basically, it's as if one were right side up and the
another backwards. The Intel slot is called Slot 1, while AMD has
baptized with the name of Slot A. The reason they are different is not
more than a security measure, as no one wants a user
A distracted person inserted an Athlon into a Pentium III motherboard, and vice versa.

Even though they look very similar on the outside, inside they have nothing to do with each other.

The first pleasant surprise is the clock speed. The last

CPU comparison conducted in our laboratory was concluded with a
reflection "When AMD can reach a rate of Megahertz
similar to Intel, things will get very interesting." Well then,
Athlon has not only matched it, but has taken the lead. The first
the model, presented in August, operated at 600 MHz, while
the fastest Pentium III ran at 550MHz. Intel has just marketed the
version at 600 MHz, and AMD has done the same with its Athlon at 650 MHz.
One of the keys to the performance of any CPU is the cache memory.
Athlon is equipped with 128 Kbs of L1 cache or level 1, compared to 32
Kbs of the Pentium III. In fact, this additional cache uses the largest
part of the 22 million transistors of the Athlon, compared to the 9.5 million
of the Pentium III. A larger L1 cache helps to manage more efficiently
the data of business programs, such as databases, spreadsheets
calculation, etc. The level 2 cache is identical in both CPUs: 512 Kbs
running at half the clock speed. The difference is that the
The maximum cache of Athlon can take up 8 Megas, compared to the 2 Megas of the
Pentium III. In addition, this cache in the Athlon is capable of operating at multiple
velocidades: 1/3 de la velocidad de reloj, la mitad de la velocidad, la misma
speed. In this way, there will be different versions of the processor at a
lowest or highest price, to cover all needs, just as
it happens with the Celeron and the Pentium.

Another key to the exceptional performance of the Athlon is speed.

of the bus that connects the CPU with the chipset, also called front bus
the FSB. While the Pentium, K6 and lower processors have
a 66MHz FSB bus, the Pentium III uses the GTL+ model, which operates at
100MHz and offers a bandwidth of 800 Megas/sg. Intel plans to
increase this speed to 166MHz before the end of the year. For
to implement this function, Athlon has opted to use the bus of the
industrial Alpha processors from Digital, known by the name EV6.
This beauty uses a technique similar to the AGP bus to transmit data to
beginning and end of a clock cycle. The result, EY6 operates at 200MHz.
Its bandwidth is exactly double that of the Pentium III, that is,
around 1600 Megas/s. It also has another additional advantage: when
multiple CPUs are used simultaneously in professional environments, the CPUs
Intel must share its 800 Mbps bandwidth. If there are two
CPU, each one uses 400 Megas/s. The EV6 bus, thanks to its technology
Point to Point does not have this limitation: each CPU has 1600
Megas/single. It is not, either, a limited bus: it can reach
easily 400 MHz when AMD needs such power, something that
it will not happen in less than five years.

This first approach reflects the advantages of Athlon regarding

its competitors: it has larger warehouses and highways, and the
It travels at a higher speed. However, this is not all, far from it.
Athlon also incorporates a much more elaborate internal circuitry.
As everyone knows, PC compatibles use a system of
coding based on x86 architecture, developed more than 15 years ago.
This architecture employs numerous variable-sized instructions,
based on CISC philosophy. In recent years, it has been demonstrated
the benefits of RISC technology - smaller and fewer instructions
numerous-, to improve performance. Like the new CPUs, very
correctly, they do not want to break compatibility with the programs
created years ago, what they do is convert that CISC code into
small blocks based on RISC philosophy, which can be processed from
parallel form, that is, many blocks at the same time. This is one of
the reasons for their superior performance. The instructions that form the
programs become simple or complex blocks depending on whether
the order is a simple sum or a complicated comparison, for
both Athlon and Pentium III are capable of converting into
small blocks three x86 instructions simultaneously, but while
Intel engineers can only process one complex block.
within a trio, Athlon works with three complex blocks
simultaneously.

The new AMD CPU also manages data better. One of the
keys to processor speed are the speed with which it solves the
conditional orders. These are of the type 'if the user presses this key, '
do this. If you press this other one, 'do this other thing', and they are very abundant. The
the problem with these orders is that they stop the execution of the programs,
well, the CPU has to wait for something to be done. To save time, what
what is done is to activate several of the conditions and pray that
they are the ones chosen by the user. If so, perfect, they are already processed, and
you just have to activate them. Otherwise, what is called a
'exception', which requires discarding the executed conditions, and putting on
marches that have really occurred. Athlon has a table of
2048 inputs to control this technique, four times larger than the
del Pentium III. Otras de las mejoras técnicas bastante aburridas de explicar,
such as the optimization of 'pipelines' or data pipes or the use of 72
buffers intended to improve cache management are used to extract
to the last drop of power in the execution of the programs.

BIOGRAPHY

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FAMILIES OF INTEL, MOTOROLA AND MICROSYSTEM

Depending on the type of processor (its architecture) and its speed
a better or worse performance is obtained. What factors determine the
difference between processors? Why are some faster than others?
others?

The buses of the system are an important part as a determining factor

between the performance of the processors. The new architectures have
a data bus of up to 64 bits, compared to the earliest ones that
they had an 8 bus. From the outset, it can be observed that it is possible to transmit
8 times more amount of information, due to the size of the bus (width of the
but the number of lines.

In other words, the larger the data bus, the more is transmitted.
information at the same time, which increases computing speed. Likewise
The wider the address bus, the more it can address.
memory, significantly increasing the performance of a PC.

The internal architecture of the MPs must be designed to support the

wider buses, as well as to implement execution operations
in limited times. The above refers to the fact that each recent mp,
incorporates some characteristics that make them superior to their
predecessors; most of these are implicit in the internal design:
record size, cache interaction, construction technology,
parallel execution of instructions. Of course, these architectures
They are designed to support increasingly higher clock speeds. If
let's remember a little, the 8088 had a speed of 4.77 MHz, while
that now the Pentium II reaches 350 MHz.

Nowadays there are several brands and types, of which we will give an idea
of its main characteristics. The families (types) of processors
compatible with the IBM PC use x86 processors. This means
there are processors 286, 386, 486, 586, and 686. However, Intel is
it happened that their 586 processor would not be called that but "Pentium", because
marketing reasons.
There are currently three main brands of compatible processors:
AMD, Cyrix and Intel.

Intel has several such as Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro and Pentium
II. AMD has the AMD586, K5, and K6. For its part, Cyrix has the 586 and the 686.
the 686MX and the 686Mxi and the MII.

INTEL PROCESSORS

The following is a comparative table of the processors.

owning Intel, starting from the 80x86 family. Although, as we know,
They have existed since the 4004, which are four-bit processors, and the 8008.
8-bit processors, the important history of the company Intel begins
with the 8086, which led to the most popular family of processors and
sold in the world, as well as the creation of the first IBM PC.

Types of microprocessors in PCs

Comparative table of Intel processors.

The table includes the most relevant features of the

Intel microprocessors. Note the evolution they have undergone, as
like the differences in their architecture. Similarly, a
microprocessor 'compatible' with Intel, has similar characteristics.

INTEL (The 8051 family)

8051 is the first microcontroller of the family introduced by Intel

Corporation. The 8051 family of microcontrollers are 8-bit controllers.
bits capable of addressing up to 64 kbytes of program memory and a
separate 64 kbyte data memory. The 8031 (the version without ROM
internal of the 8051, this being the only difference) has 128 bytes of RAM
internal (the 8032 has 256 bytes of internal RAM and a timer
additional). The 8031 has

two timers/counters, one serial port, four ports of

general-purpose parallel input/output (P0, P1, P2, and P3) and a logic
interrupt control with five interrupt sources. Next to
Internal RAM, the 8031 has several Function Registers
Special Function Registers (SFR) that are for control and
data logs. The SFRs also include the accumulator register, the
register B, and the program status word (Program Status Word) (PSW)
What do the CPU flags contain.

Separate memory blocks of code and data are referred to as the

Harvard Architecture. The 8051 has two separate read signals, the
pins RD(P3.7, pin 17) and PSEN(pin 29).

The first is activated when a byte is to be read from data memory.

external; the other, when a byte is going to be read from program memory
external. Both of these signals are active low signals.
Sempron

Focusing on the features of this processor, it is worth mentioning

that the initial versions were based on the

Thoroughbred/Thorton core of the Athlon XP, with a 256KB cache and a

bus of 333 MHz (FSB 166 MHz).

The evolution of the Sempron processor was the change of core to

Barton type, from the Athlon XP. It looked like this.

increased the cache to 512KB.

These Semprons based on Athlon XP are compatible with motherboards with

Socket A (462 pins) processor socket,

currently replaced by Socket 754.

In summary, this type of microprocessor would be suitable for allocation.

to personal equipment at a reduced price and

that doesn't require too much power. An economical computer for tasks of
office automation and use of the Internet.

Opteron

The AMD microprocessor, Opteron, has among its virtues that it is

capable of running applications both 64

bits like 32 bits without any speed penalty. It was the first
microprocessor with x86 architecture that

used AMD64 instruction set. Its goal was to compete with

processors for servers, in the same

segment that the Intel Xeon.

Among its features is a DDR memory controller.

SDRAM (dynamic random access memory)
simple data rate synchronous), which is usual in construction
of AMD processors, thus avoiding the

need for a north bridge auxiliary circuit.

The second generation of these processors has the capability

to update to Quadruple Cores.

It would be a good option for a server due to its capacity to function.

both in 64 and 32 bits and in which it

it runs a Linux, as they say that Opteron works much better with Linux
better than Xeon. I wouldn't use it for a

low activity personal computer. Those of the third generation have 3

cache memory levels

Turion

The main feature of AMD's Turion processors

its low consumption. It is a version of

AMD Athlon 64 designed for laptops and is the company's response to

Intel Centrino.

This processor is compatible with Socket 754 and has 512 or 1024
Cache KB.

The processor speeds range from 1.6 to 2.4 GHz

Due to its low consumption, it is good for laptops.

Centrino

With 2MB of L2 cache memory, a data bus at 533 MHz, it supports

DDR2 RAM memory at 533 MHz started the

first version named Sonoma to later evolve into Centrino Duo,

based on CPU Core Duo and Core 2 Duo.

This type of processor is also frequently used in laptops due to its

low consumption and is competing in the market with
the AMD Turion. This processor, being designed for laptops, makes it
a very good option, since AMD only

adapt its processors to make them compatible with laptops.

Core2Duo/Quad/i7

These processors are the most recent ones available on the market.
They have several processors inside them which

makes them increase their power.

In the case of the most recent one, the i7, it has a processing speed of between
2.66 and 3.2GHz and about 8MB of memory

cache. As a novelty of this, Intel abandons its idea of the FSB and joins
to the AMD design implementing a

memory controller within the same processor (i7 needs a Socket

new)

Los Core2Duo(Continuación de los Core Duo) (2 a 6MB de caché)tienen

a speed of between 1.6 and 3.33GHz and a

FSB from 667 to 1333Mhz. It consists of two processors. The Quads

are between 2.4 and 3.20 GHz and a FSB of between

1066 and 1600MHz.

In general, these processors are for units with a large quantity.

of processes to carry out, so they have

a lot of utility in servers or in computers for processing

multimedia content.

Athlon 64 X2 / Phenom

These were the first AMD processors with 3 and 4 cores. They are around
between 2.2 and 2.8GHz and it is a good

option for multimedia centers

Xeon

Intel processor that competes with AMD's Opteron. Its main purpose.
they are the processors PC and Mac. Against

the Opteron, this one wins in compression, although in the forums it

there is a lot of discussion about which is better in

benefits.

Celeron

They are the low-cost processor alternative that AMD has under
Sempron. The difference with other processors is

its lower cache memory and some advanced options come

deactivated, so it is not a good option for a

multimedia center or for a user who runs 3D games with high

processing request. The speeds in

the ones that can be found for this processor are between 266MHZ and the
3.6GHz and they have a not very powerful FSB

between 66 and 800MHz

Processor

The term 'processor' can refer to the following items:

Microprocessorcomputer or simply processor, a circuit

integrated that contains all the elements of the CPU.

CPU, the element that interprets the instructions and processes the data of the
computer programs.

Graphics Processing UnitGraphics Processing Unit, is a

dedicated processor for graphics processing or floating point. It is the
main element of every graphics card.
Physics processing unitThe Physical Processing Unit is
amicroprocessordedicated, designed to handle calculationsphysicists.

Digital signal processor(DSP), a digital system generally

dedicated to interpreting analog signals at very high speed.

Front end processorit's a little onecomputerwhat serves as

ahost computeras an interface for a number ofnetworks.

Data Processorit is a system that processes data.

Word processor, a software intended for creation and

text document editing.

Analog audio processor, a device frequently used in the

recording studios and radio stations.

Food processor, a kitchen appliance also called

multiprocessor.

1. Introduction

3. The Processor
4. Types of processors
5. Cache Memory
6. Parts of the Motherboard
7. The Hard Drive
8. The RAM Memory
9. The Graphics Card
10. The Removable Disk Unit or diskette
11. CD-ROM units
12. The Box or Mini Tower
The Keyboard
The Mouse
15. The Monitor
16. The Sound Card
17. MS-DOS.
18. Conclusion
19. Bibliography

1. Introduction

As the years go bycomputationhas advanced with a very speed

significant, as it is a support for people worldwide, and that
this helps us perform very common tasks at home,officeand in the
schools, from this moment we will analyze each component
ofcomputerto give a perspective on what this is and how it
constitutes.

The computer itself is a very important helper and it is composed of

many teams such as:monitor, themouse, thekeyboard, theCPU,
thecards, thememoirs, etc.

We will define each of them to know a little about them and thus
strengthen our knowledge.

We will also address the topic of versions of theMS-DOS, thesystem

operationalmore widely used at the global level, we will also talk about a
little about its creation or historical review.

2. The Motherboard

(To view the missing chart, click on the upper menu 'Download')Work")

Themotherboardit is the main component of a computerpersonal. It is

the component that integrates all the others. Choosing the right one can
it is difficult since there are thousands. These are the elements that must be
consider

3. The Processor
(To see the missing chart, click on the top menu 'Download Work')

This is thebrainof the computer. Depending on the type ofprocessory

onspeeda better or worse performance will be achieved. Nowadays there are
variousbrandsy tipos, de los cuales intentaremos darles una idea de sus
main characteristics.

The families (types) ofprocessorscompatible with the IBM PC use

x86 processors. This means there are 286, 386, 486 processors.
586 and 686. Now, Intel thought that its 586 processor would not be called
like this if not"Pentium"for reasons ofmarketing.

Today, there are three processor brands: AMD, Cyrix, and Intel. Intel
It has several such as Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II.
AMD has the AMD586, K5, and K6. Cyrix has the 586, the 686, the 686MX, and the
686MXi. The 586s are already completely obsolete and should not be considered.
At least. The speed of processors is measured in Megahertz (MHz)
Millions of cycles per second). So a Pentium is 166Mhz or
200MHz, etc. This parameter indicates the number of instruction cycles.
what the processor performs per second, but it is only useful for comparing it with
processors of the same type. For example, a 586 of 133Mhz is not more
faster than a 100MHz Pentium. Now, this topic is quite
complicated and highly controversial since performance does not only depend on
of the processor but of other components and for what it is used
processor. Experts then requireprogramsthat they measure the
performance, but still eachprogramdelivers its own numbers.
I will make a smallsinto help simplify things for you and
I will try to make a rule of thumb for processor speeds.
I do not include some like the Pentium Pro for being a processor.
whosemarketit's not the home one.

It should be noted that Intel processors are more expensive and have a
a more robust floating-point unit (FPU) than AMD and Cyrix. This makes
that Intel has processors that perform better in 3D (Third
dimension)AutoCAD, gamesand all kinds of programs that use this
feature. For office programs likeWord, Wordperfect, etc.
AMD and Cyrix work very well.
4. Types of processors

Pentium-75; 5x86-100 (Cyrix and AMD)

AMD 5x86-133
Pentium-90
AMD K5 P100
Pentium-100
Cyrix 686-100 (PR-120)
Pentium-120
Cyrix 686-120 (PR-133); AMD K5 P133
Pentium-133
Cyrix 686-133 (PR-150) ; AMD K5 P150
Pentium-150
Pentium-166
Cyrix 686-166 (PR-200)
Pentium-200
Cyrix 686MX (PR-200)
Pentium-166 MMX
Pentium-200 MMX
Cyrix 686MX (PR-233)
AMD K6-233
Pentium II-233
Cyrix 686MX (PR-266); AMD K6-266
Pentium II-266
Pentium II-300
Pentium II-333 (Deschutes)
Pentium II-350
Pentium II-400
etc.

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Thecache memoryis part of the motherboard and the processor (There

two types) and is used to access quickly theinformationthat uses
the processor. There are primary cache (L1) and secondary cache (L2). The
primary cache is defined by the processor and we cannot remove it or
put. Inchangethe secondary cache can be added to the motherboard.
The rule of thumb is that if you have 8 Megabytes (Mb) of memory
RAMYou should have 128 Kilobytes (Kb) of cache. If you have 16 Mb, that is 256.
And if you have 32 Mb, that's 512 Kb. It seems that from there on, it is not observed.
much better performance by increasing the cache size. The Pentium II have
the secondary cache included in the processor and this is usually of
512 Kb.

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Scientists from UNAM develop space sensors and processors

Writing | Academy | Date: Nov 29, 2009 | Creation time: 12:31:27

Last modification: 13:44:25

Scientists from UNAM developed sensors and processors to improve

the orientation of space satellites, reported researcher Jorge Prado
Molina, from the Geographic Information Systems Laboratory of the Institute
of Geography (IG) of this educational institution.

In a statement, it explained that it involves several components that

through a complex electronic system they stabilize and position in orbit
small experimental satellites, whose operation may be useful in
the development of space technology.

These attachments, he indicated, represent a step forward because they reduce costs and
mass in satellites, and represent an achievement in the emerging technology
Mexican space.

He announced that through a collaboration agreement, this will be transferred.

university development to the Vietnam National Space Technology Institute, for
support lines of study and promote this field in the Asian country.

The sensors are decisive when a small vessel is

errant in space and requires guidance; these attachments
they start to operate through electronic commands, analyze signals from
the programs installed in its circuits and determine the location.

Once the position is established, it corresponds to other devices called

actuators adjust the deviation; a processor is activated that takes care
to specify the orientation, it compares it with the ship's data, sends the
signals corresponding to the actuators and in this way it is corrected,
the specialist explained.

APPLICATIONS. Although the university students only designed the sensors and
processors for small experimental satellites of up to 20
kilograms of mass, at a cost not exceeding one million dollars, can
used in various applications, such as in telecommunications, or for
realizar experimentos de dispositivos que posteriormente se implementarían
in larger satellites.

With 14 years of research experience in instrumentation

aerospace, Prado Molina has developed several mechanisms, in addition to
a simulation system of orientation control algorithms, which
allows for ground testing of those components.
The 'Atocatl' is a cluster that will parallelize 216 processors identical to the
that command the most sophisticated personal computers and will be
used to learn more about the Universe.

0 0 0

Note

File

"Atocatl" was inaugurated (a word of Nahuatl origin meaning octopus), a

computer equipment made up of more than 200 of the latest microprocessors
high performance in the country. Its design was entrusted to the Institute of
Astronomy of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and
it will be used to unravel the mysteries of the Universe.

Through a press release, the Highest House of Studies detailed

that computational clusters are sets of processors like the
from our personal computers, but that work in a
coordinated, with which they multiply computational capacity.

The so-called clusters divide the problem and get each one to work.
their processors in each of the tasks into which it has been divided, with
which multiply their effectiveness.

Currently, UNAM houses various high-performance teams.

the largest of them Kan Balam, in the General Directorate of Computing and
Information and Communication Technologies (DGTIC), which operates
since 2007 and has one thousand three hundred sixty-eight processors.

The new 'Atocatl' is inspired by the hybrid design with which it was conceived.
and that allowed this great head of many brains to perform tasks
of a very different nature. The cluster will parallelize 216 CPU processors
(Central Processing Unit, in English), the same as those that command
the most sophisticated personal computers.

To communicate with each other, Atocatl has a fiber connection.

latest technology optics that makes it practically instantaneous
synchronization. Another capability is storage and handling
effective of large databases that, in its first phase, will be 40
terabytes (in which we could record about 10 million songs), and
what is expected to quintuple before 2012.

But the most innovative feature of the AI cluster is the use of

GPU type processors (Graphics Processing Unit, in English)
specially designed to process video game graphics and
that are currently considered more powerful than CPUs.

The team has been funded equally by Conacyt and UNAM.

Atocatl will be used to train graduate students in the use of

development of supercomputing projects. The researchers involved
in the project, just like the powerful computer they have created, there
they coordinated harmoniously to inaugurate the project on time.

See more at:

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