DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS

FIELD: SMP
TRACK: MECHANICS AND ENERGY
FINAL PROJECT REPORT

TITLE :
Thermal transfer: The physical interpretation,
mathematical formulation and application

Presented by:
AYOUB BOUSSIF
OMAR RAISS
YOUNES ER-RA'YS
Presented on 04/06/2022 before the jury members:

Pr. Mustapha ATRAOUI FSA AIT MELLOUL Examiner

Pr. Soufiane ELKHAIAR FSA AIT MELLOUL Supervisor

A.U. 2021-2022
 Acknowledgments

First of all, we would like to thank Professor LAABOUBI, our teacher and coordinator of
the field of 'Physical Matter Sciences' for its support, assistance, and presence. Without
forget to thank the administrative, educational, and technical staff of the faculty of sciences
applied Ait Melloul.

Our thanks go to our supervisor Mr. ELKHAIAR SOUFIAN for having accepted to
to guide us, for his directions, his wise advice, and his availability throughout the
period of our project.

Finally, we sincerely thank all the people who contributed directly or indirectly to the
smooth progress of this project.

Dedications

We dedicate this work to:

. Our dear families "ER_RAYS, BOUSSIF, and RAISS" for all their sacrifices.
. Every teacher who taught us and helped us.

2
 SUMMARY
General Introduction....................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER I: Generalities and research on thermal transfer

I.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................7

I.2. The different modes of thermal transfer........................................................................8

I.2.a. Conduction...............................................................................................................8

I.2.b. Convection...............................................................................................................9

I.2.c. Radiation..........................................................................................................10

[Link] Balance.......................................................................................................................11

I.4.a. Production of thermal energy...............................................................................11

I.4.b. Thermal exchanges.................................................................................................12

I.4.c. Thermal energy storage...................................................................................12

I.4.d. Relationship between production, exchanges, and storage....................................................12

I.5. The law of Fourier.....................................................................................................................12

I.5.a. Definitions....................................................................................................................13

I.5.b. Statement of Fourier's Law.........................................................................................13

I.6. Newton's law

I.7. The law of STEFAN-BOLTZMANN...............................................................14

I.8. Thermal resistance.............................................................................................................15

I.9. Conclusion

CHAPTER II: The Mathematical Expression

II.1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................17

II.2. Governing equations.......................................................................................................17

3
 II.2.1. Continuity equation..............................................................................................17

II.2.2. Energy equation....................................................................................................18

II.3. Thermal propagation equation...................................................................................20

II.4. Boundary conditions..........................................................................................................21

II.5. Conclusion

CHAPTER III: Application on the heat exchanger

III.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................23

III.2. The type of the heat exchanger...................................................................................24

III.3. Calculations on the exchangers .................................................................................................25

III.3.1. The overall exchange coefficient U

III.3.2. Calculation of the performance of a simple co-current exchanger..........................27

III.4. Industrial heat exchangers, Dimensioning method ∆TLM.....................................28

III.4.1. Calculation of dimensionless numbers according to............................................................28

III.4.2. Read reading of F on the tables........................................................29

III.5. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................29

General conclusion ......................................................................................................................30

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………31

4
 General Introduction
Energy corresponds to a transfer or exchange through interaction of a system with its environment.

environment. This system then undergoes a transformation. Two are usually distinguished
types of energy:

The work noted W, which can take various forms depending on the physical origin of
transfer in game (electric, magnetic, mechanical, ...).
The heat denoted Q. Classical (or phenomenological) thermodynamics does not
generally only focuses on equilibrium states and the variations between these states,
thanks to the use of state functions, which on a mathematical level are
exact total differentials. Moreover, it could more logically be called this
thermostatic discipline. The formality generally used thus requires
only the knowledge of the initial and final states without examining in
details the process of energy transfer, nor the modes of interaction. In the context of
In this work, we will modestly limit ourselves among the energy transfers.
in the study of heat transfers or thermal transfers, from a certain point of view
macroscopic. Heat transfer is one of the most well-known modes
energy exchange. When there is a temperature difference between two
points of a system at different temperatures are brought into contact, it is observed
a trend towards the equalization of temperatures. It is said that there is heat transfer.

Heat transfer follows the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, but the laws
Thermodynamics alone is not enough to explain how the transfer occurs.
of heat or to predict the speed of this transfer. The transfer of heat is therefore governed by
other laws, very important in different branches of industry. For example, we mention
for chemical engineering: the design and operation of evaporators, condensers,
heat and cold fluid exchangers, distillation columns, reactors, etc...

The resolution of these problems is often complex because heat transfer can result from
three propagation mechanisms obeying very different laws and sometimes involved
simultaneously.

5
Conduction.

Convection.

Radiation.

However, the development of any of these mechanisms requires the existence of a

temperature difference that acts as a potential difference for heat exchange.

In the first chapter, we will address the different types of heat transfer and the law.
applicable to the different types of heat transfer. The second chapter is dedicated to
mathematical applications used in heat transfer, and the third chapter to a
example of heat transfer: the heat exchanger.

6
 Chapter I: Generalities and Search for Transfer
thermal

I. Introduction:

Thermodynamics allows predicting the total amount of energy that a system must exchange.
with the outside to move from one state of equilibrium to another. Thermal (or thermokinetics)
proposes to describe quantitatively (in space and in time) the evolution of magnitudes
characteristics of the system, particularly the temperature, between the initial equilibrium state and the state
final balance

Heat transfer, which should be referred to as thermal transfer, is defined as energy

thermal in transit due to a temperature difference. Two bodies having the same
temperatures are said to be in 'thermal equilibrium'. If their temperatures differ, the body
the hotter object transfers thermal energy to the colder body: it is said that there is thermal transfer.

One can observe heat transfer phenomena both in situations

industrial (furnaces, heat exchangers, cold rooms, ...) than in our daily life
(heating, home insulation, cooking food, winter clothing ...).
Thermal transfers.

7
 I.1 The different modes of heat transfer:

A heat transfer or thermal transfer between two bodies is an energy interaction.

which results from a temperature difference between the two bodies. It is usually distinguished
three modes of heat transfer:

Thermal conduction or thermal diffusion

Convection
Thermal radiation

I.1.a Thermal conduction

It is known that temperature is a growing function of molecular agitation in a body.

whether it is solid, liquid, or gaseous. For the moment, let's consider a solid body within which the
temperature varies. The high molecular agitation of the hot zone will transfer energy
kinetics to cooler areas by a phenomenon called heat conduction. The
Conduction is the transfer of heat in which energy is transmitted through direct contact.
molecules without displacement of matter, under the influence of a temperature gradient. We
distinguishes two mechanisms of heat transfer by conduction within a
body: a transmission through the vibrations of atoms or molecules, and a transmission through the
free electrons. [1]

EXEMPLES :

Thermal conduction occurs between a bare foot and a very cold tile.
"Heat transfer will take place from the tiles to the feet."
Metal spoon with one end submerged in boiling water.

8
 I.1.b Convection

This mode of heat exchange remains the most important in the energy transfer that exists in
in fluid environments or when a fluid circulates around a solid, a phenomenon occurs between two
phases where one is generally at rest and the other in motion in the presence of a gradient
of temperature. Due to the existence of heat transfer from one phase to another, there is
in the mobile phase of fluid fractions (or aggregates) having different temperatures. The
fluid movement can result from the difference in density caused by differences in
temperatures (this is referred to as free or natural convection) or purely means
mechanics (this refers to forced convection).

In contrast to thermal conduction, 'diffusive' convection corresponds to transport.

supported by macroscopic movements of matter. For example, in a fluid (gas
(or liquid), the temperature differences within the medium cause movements.
convectifs. L’air chaud au voisinage d’un radiateur d’une pièce d’habitation est plus léger tend
thus to be replaced by cooler air, causing convection that tends to
to uniform the room temperature. For gases, convection is much more effective than the
conduction in the same stationary gas.

EXAMPLES:

The most common and easily explainable example of thermal convection is the movement of
the water in a pot of water that we are heating. The hot water, which is less dense, rises by the
center. When it touches the surface, in contact with the cold air above, it loses in
temperature and becomes denser. It then descends along the sides.

The different types of thermal convection

Natural convection:

La convection naturelle, appelée aussi convection libre, est un mécanisme, ou type de transport
of mass and heat, in which the movement of the fluid is generated solely by
density differences in the fluid. [4]

Forced convection:

9
Unlike natural convection, forced convection is induced by an external agent.
outside like a turbine or a pump driving an industrial mixer for example. The
the circulation of the fluid is then artificial. An example can be given of an electric heating
with a blower or the air is heated by passing through an electric resistance. It is
also the case of hairdryers or convection ovens in our kitchens we will emphasize here that the
forced convection is used in many industrial fields.

Water heating

I.2.c. The radiation

A heated material point emits electromagnetic radiation in all directions.

located on the same side of the tangent plane at the material point. When this radiation strikes a
any body, one part can be reflected, another transmitted through the body (said
diathermic if everything is transmitted), and the rest is quantitatively absorbed in the form of heat.
If we place two bodies capable of emitting thermal radiation in an enclosure, there exists
between these two bodies at different temperatures, a heat exchange occurs due to absorption and
the emission of thermal radiation. This heat exchange is commonly referred to
under the name of radiation. Transfers by radiation continue even when
thermal equilibrium is reached, but the net heat flow exchanged is zero. This type of transfer
heat is analogous to the propagation of light, and it does not require any material support,
unlike flows. Gases, liquids, and solids are capable of emitting and
to absorb thermal radiation.

In general, every material body emits and absorbs energy in the form of radiation.
electromagnetic. The transfer of heat by radiation between two bodies separated by a vacuum

10
or a semi-transparent medium occurs through electromagnetic waves, therefore
without hardware support. [5]

The sunlight projector on the earth

[Link] balance

The "thermal balance" of a system is the equation that conserves its energy.
of thermal agitation.

I.4.a. Production of thermal energy

In classical physics and according to the first principle of thermodynamics, the total energy of a
system is a conservative quantity, so we cannot create it or make it disappear. It is in
possible reversal of transforming a given energy form into another, for example,
Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy. We express it with the phrase
next :

P=th ∭ qdV
WithPtha positive or negative algebraic measure, and it is a volumetric production
3
of energy (W/).
m

I.4.b. Thermal exchanges

To calculate thermal exchanges Ethwhich condition the temperature field of a

physical system, one must first identify the mode or modes of transfer (conduction,
convection and radiation) we then perform the algebraic sum of the corresponding fluxes to
these various contributions, and we express through the following relation:

11
 E=−
th ∬φ⃗ . ⃗ dS
N

I.4.c. Thermal energy storage

The thermal energy stored per unit of time by a homogeneous system of mass m whose
the temperature varies is given by the following relation:

∂T
S=
th ∭ ρC ∂ t dV

−1−1
This is called specific heat capacity (J. kg K ) andρ it is a density.

I.4.d. Relationship between production, exchanges, and storage

In general, temperature being a function of 'space and time, this balance takes the form
of a differential equation whose solution obviously depends on the initial state of this system and
boundary conditions that are imposed on it.

We express the thermal balance with the following equation:

Production + Exchanges = Storage

I.5. The law of Fourier

Let us remember that conduction is the only mode of heat transfer possible in a solid (except
for some transparent solids like glass that allow radiation to pass through
electromagnetic). It is a mode of transfer without the transport of matter. And if the variations of
temperatures are not too important, we are locally reporting phenomena of
heat conduction by Fourier's law.

I.5.a. Definitions
• Temperature T: it is defined at each point of a liquid, solid, or gas body. It is
a scalar function of space and time when the problem depends on it (problem
The unit of temperature is the Kelvin degree [K] or the Celsius degree [°C].

Heat flux: it is the amount of heat that passes through a surface S per unit of
dQ
temps :ϕ=
dt

12
 ⃗
φ
Flux density: it represents the power that crosses a unit area. For a
ϕ
surface perpendicular to the heat flux: φ=
S
Thermal conductivity is the amount of heat transferred per unit of time.
through a unit of area and a unit of thickness, when the two faces
opposite different from a unit of temperature.

I.5.b. Statement of Fourier's law

Fourier discovered that the heat flow that crosses a material from one face A to another face
B is always proportional to the temperature difference between the two sides: if the material has a
homogeneous temperature (no temperature difference), there is no heat flow.

In 1811, Fourier proposed a local formulation of this law, thus valid at every point:

φ⃗ =−λ. grad(T)

φ⃗ The flux density in W.m−2.

The thermal conductivity of the material in W. m−1.K−1

local temperature gradient.

graduate(T)

The negative sign of Fourier's law results from a convention that makes a heat flow positive.
flowing from hot to cold, thus in the direction of a negative gradient.

I.6. Newton's law:

The convective phenomenon is difficult to model because this thermal transport is closely related to the
type of flow. The rigorous treatment requires three balances (mass, momentum
and heat) and leads to coupled partial differential equations that are generally very
complexes. One often prefers to resort to phenomenological laws such as Newton's law.

EXPRESSION OF FLOW BY CONVECTION:

The fundamental law of convection or Newton's law, translated by the experimental relationship of
heat flow exchanged by convection between a fluid and a solid wall.

Q = h.s.(T1-T2)

13
Q: thermal flux by convection in watts.

h : convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2°C.

S: surface of the element considered in m2.

T1−T2difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures in °C.

NOTE:

The thermal transfer coefficient h depends on:

The flow rate of the fluid.

The nature of the fluid.
The temperature difference ∆T.

In the case of a building wall; there are two thermal transmission coefficients for
convection (internal and external) hiand he.

I.7. The law of STEFAN-BOLTZMANN:

The Stefan-Boltzmann law applies to the ideal case of a black body. For real bodies, it ...
is no longer perfectly accurate: the constant of proportionality changes slightly, but the very
strong dependence on temperature persists.
When the distance between two bodies is nanometric, thermal radiation occurs through a
tunneling effect mechanism of photons: this "near-field radiation" depends
much more strongly by distance and less strongly by temperature than in the
"distant radiant regime" described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law.

EXPRESSING FLUX DENSITY BY RADIATION:

φ⃗ = εσ 4 4
(T1-T 2). ⃗N

φ⃗ : The flux density in W.m−2.

ε : emissivity: is the ability of a body or surface to absorb and emit energy

radiated.
−8
σ : Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ =5,67.10
In w/m2.k4

14
(T14-T24Difference in temperatures between the interior and exterior surfaces in K°.
I.7. Thermal resistance:
Thermal resistance is one of the characteristics used to evaluate the effectiveness of an insulator.
Insulation is an essential element regardless of the type of housing. For a better
thermal comfort and a reduced energy factor, it is essential not to overlook this
thermal resistance when choosing insulating materials. [2]

The role of thermal resistance:

Thermal resistance is also referred to as R. It is correlated with

the thermal conductivity but also with the thickness of an insulating material.

Thermal resistance is the ability of the material to withstand variations in heat, it is

to say warm as cold. It is indicated in m². K/W (square meters-kelvins per watt).

The greater the R value, the better the quality of the insulation will be.

Conversely, the weaker R is, the poorer the insulating material will be.

The role of this resistance is to indicate the quality of the materials in order to help clients make
their choice. This is a factor not to be overlooked as it allows for better performance
energies for your home.

This indicator expresses the material's ability to withstand variations in temperature.

whether they are low or on the contrary high.

I.9. Conclusion:
In this chapter, we presented the different modes of heat transfer and addressed the
thermal balance to obtain the heat equation. In the end, I dealt with the different laws for
let's calculate the flux density:

Fourier's law for conduction.

Newton's law of convection.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law for radiation.

15
 CHAPTER II: FORMULATION
MATHEMATICS

II.1. Introduction

In this chapter, we will present the mathematical formulations for heat transfer.
The partial differential equations, based on the principles of mass conservation and
the energy.

Finally, describing the physical phenomenon with the appropriate boundary conditions.

II.2. Governing equations

The system of equations governing thermal transfer is based on the equations of the balance of the
mass, momentum, and energy. The mathematical expression of the equations
governing equations for thermal transfer, is written as follows:

II.2.1. Continuity equation

The continuity equation is translated by the law of conservation of mass; we can write on in.
small step of time ∆ t who goes there1one2the change in mass is equal to the difference in flows
entrant and sortant:

m(t 2 )−m(t 1)
=∅ out−∅ ¿ (R.1)
t 2−t 1

This equation means that the incoming flow is greater than the outgoing flow.

16
On a m=r h o . v with v=Delta x. Delta y. Delta [Link] the density ρ=θ . ρ 0 , ρ0 the mass
the volumetric density of water is equal to 1, so the mass density is equal to the density ρ=θ

So:

m=θ . ∆ x . ∆ y . ∆ z(R.2)

The flux density is expressed by the following relationship:

∅
φ=
S

With the surface S=∆ y.∆ z

So:

∅ =φ . ∆ y. ∆ z (R.3)

Starting from (R.1), (R.2), and (R.3):

θ2 .∆x .∆y .∆z −θ1. ∆ x . ∆ y . ∆ z

=φout.∆ y .∆ z−φ¿ . ∆y.∆ z
t 2−t 1

∆θ
⇒ (∆ x.∆ y.∆ z) =−([Link])∆ φ
∆t

∆ θ −∆ φ
⇒ = delta x
∆t

If we want to generalize, we can write this equation in differential form and in three
∂θ ⃗ ⃗
dimensions : =−∇.φ
∂t

∂θ ∂ φ x∂ φ y∂ φ z
So:=−( + + )
∂t ∂x∂ y∂z

This equation is called the continuity equation.

II.2.3. Energy equation

The energy equation is obtained by applying thermal balance, it is written in the form
next:

17
 Q¿ −Qout=dQ

With dQ the amount of heat is equal to the thermal power or the flux times the variance of
time, we write:

δQ=∅.dt

We know that: δQ=mCpdT

So:

∅ ¿ . d t −∅ out. d t =mC pdT

We have Fourier's law for power. ∅out :

∅¿ and

{
∂T
∅ ¿ =−λ . S .
∂x1
∂T
∅ out=− λ . S .
∂x2

∂T ∂T m C pdT
So: −λ . S . + Sλ. ¿
∂x1 ∂x2 dt

For: m=ρ.DX . DY . DZ andS= ΔY . ΔZ

∂T ∂T dT
⇒: −λ . S . + Sλ. = ρ.[Link] .C p
∂x1 ∂x2 dt

∂T ∂TdT
⇒: −λ . + λ. = ρD
.X .C p
∂x1 ∂x2 dt

∂T ∂T
( − ) dT
⇒: ∂x2∂x1 = ρ.C p
λ. dt
∆x

∂∂T dT
⇒:λ . ( )¿ r. C p
∂x∂x dt

∂2T ρ . C p dT
⇒: =
∂x2 λ dt

∂2 T1dT
Donc: =
∂x 2 α dt

18
 λ
With α =
[Link]

This equation is called the energy equation.

II.2.4. Thermal propagation equation

To obtain this equation, we will use the thermal balance equation, Fourier's law, and the
Ostrogorski theorem:

We have the thermal balance equation:

∂T
∭ qdV− ∬ ⃗∭⃗ ρC
∂t
dV

According to Fourier's law:

φ⃗ =−λ . g r a d (T )

That is to say:

∬φ⃗ . d S = −∬l a m b d a . g r a d (T). d S

The thermal balance equation becomes like this:

∂T
∭ qdV+∬
lambda g r a d⃗ i e n ∭
t (T ).ρC
d S = dV
∂t

For the Ostrogorski theorem:

∬ ⃗[Link]= ∭ ¿ ⃗[Link]
) (

So:

∬ λ . g r a d( T ) .dS=¿ ¿ ∭ ¿ ( λ . g r a d( T ) ) .dV
So:

∂T
∭ qdV+∭ ¿ (λ . g r a d( T ) ) . d V =∭ ρC ∂ t dV

∂T
⇒ q +¿ (l a m b d a( T. g) ) =ρC
rad
∂t

19
This equation is called the heat propagation equation.

We express this equation in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates:

In Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

∂T ∂T ∂T
∂(λ ) ∂(λ ) ∂(λ )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂T
q+ + + = ρC
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

In cylindrical coordinates (r, , z):φ

∂T ∂T ∂T
∂( λr ) ∂(λ ) ∂( λ )
1 ∂r 1 ∂φ ∂z ∂T
q+ + 2 + =ρC
r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z ∂t

In spherical coordinates (r, θ , φ) :

∂T ∂T ∂T
∂ (λ r 2 ) ∂(λ ) ∂(λsinθ )
1 ∂r 1 ∂φ 1 ∂θ ∂T
q+ + 2 + 2 = ρC
r2 ∂r r (sinθ)2 ∂φ r (sine theta) ∂θ ∂t

II.2.4. Boundary conditions

The boundary conditions are necessary for the exact solution of the system of equations.
previously obtained, requires the incorporation of appropriate boundary conditions of
thermal fields.

These conditions are divided into two parts:

Isothermal boundary conditions, it is considered that the temperature at the boundary is imposed.
can depend on time the simplest case is T =T 0across the whole border.

Boundary conditions at constant flow, it considers that the flux density is imposed on the
−φ0
boundary. This condition given the law of Fourier, then graduate
(T )= λ
.

Example:

We consider the following differential equation:

20
 ∂ ∂T
( )
∂r ∂r
r =0

The solution:

∂T
→r =C1
∂r

∂r
→ ∂ T =C1.
r

→T( )
r =C 1lnr+C2
Boundary conditions:

r =r 0 ⇒T ( r ) =T 0

r =R ⇒ T ( r )=TR

So:

{
T 0=C 1lnr0+C 2
T R=C 1lnR+C2

{
C2 =T 0 −C1lnr0
T R=C 1lnR+T 0 −C1lnr0

TR−T 0
C 1=
R
ln( )
r0

TR−T 0
C 2=T 0− ln(¿ r 0 )¿
R
ln
( )
r0

So:

TR−T 0
T R −T 0
T ( r )= ln(¿ r )+T 0− ln(¿ r 0)¿ ¿
R R
ln
( )
r0
ln
( )
r0

II.3. Conclusion

21
In this chapter, we presented the mathematical modulation in the phenomenon of
heat transfer, with the governing equations governing this phenomenon, and an equation that
Explain heat propagation at each coordinate. And all this with boundary conditions.
appropriate limits that allow us to provide the exact solution to these equations.

Chapter III: Application on the heat exchanger

III.1. Introduction :

The heat exchanger is a tool that allows the transfer of heat, without mixing, from one
Heat flow crosses the exchange surface that separates the fluids.

Figure III.1: principle of a co-current exchanger

This method is used to heat or cool a liquid or gas that is difficult to ...
cooling or heating directly, for example, the water of a primary liquid circuit
cooling of a car.

Heat exchangers are found in many fields, for example, in the field of ...
agri-food, with the aim of:

Pasteurize, sterilize a sensitive product

Stabilize a phase

22
 Crystallize
Clarification
Homogenize

III.2. The types of heat exchangers:

The exchangers of three types are:

Co-current: the two fluids in the same direction.

Counter-current: the two fluids in an opposite direction.
Cross currents: the two fluids in a vertical direction over one another.

Examples of exchange
Tube exchanger :

23
 Plate heat exchanger:

III.3. Calculations on the exchangers:

III.3.1. The overall exchange coefficient U:

24
. For the wall:

1 1 rec e ref 1
= + + + +
U.S.c. S S k . S S h f. S

. For a cylinder

1 1 1 Df ref 1
= + ln + +
U.S. hc ⋅S c2πkL DcS fh f⋅S f

III.3.2. Calculation of the performance of a simple co-current heat exchanger:

25
The flow is: ϕ=U.S.−T
( c f )

ⅆ ϕ=−m˙ cC dT=m
pc C˙ f dTPf

Heat loss from the hot fluid Flux gained by the cold fluid
−dϕ dϕ
dT=
c and dT=
f
m
˙ c Cpc m
˙ f C pf

1 1
dT−dT=d
c fT−T=−
( c f ) ( m
+
˙ f C pf m˙ c C pc)dϕ

d T c −T f 1 1
T c −T f
=−
( +
ṁ cC pcṁ fC pf ) UdS
By integral one finds:

S
1 1
( )
S
[ lnT−T )]
( c S =0 f=− + U ∫ dS
m
˙ c C pc m˙ f Cpf S =0

26
Counterflow heat exchanger case:

. At the entrance of the exchanger (S=0),

On a: T c −T f =T this−T iron

. At the exit of the interchange (S=S),

On a: T c −T f =T cs −T fs

T cs −T fs 1 1
Hence the relationship: ln =−
T this−T fee ( +
ṁ c C PCṁ f C pf )U S
And we know that:

ϕ=m
˙ c C pcT−T
( this cs )

¿m
˙ f CPfT−T
( fs )So:
be

ln
T cs −T fs
T this−T be
=−
T this−T csT fs−T iron
( ϕ
+
ϕ
US= T−T
)
[ ( cs− T−T
fs ) ( this ) ϕ
iron US
]

ϕ=U
( T−T−
cs T−T
fs ) ( this )
iron

T cs−T fs
ln
T this−T fe

So ϕ=U S ∆TLM

T−T− T−T
( cs fs ) ( this iron )
∆TLM=
T −T
ln cs fs
T this−T iron

∆TLM: The logarithmic mean temperature difference

With:

Δ T s−∆ T e
∆TLM=
∆Ts
ln
∆Te

27
III.4. Industrial heat exchangers, ∆TLM sizing method:

We calculated the performance of a simple exchange, we found this equation:

ϕ=U S ∆TLM

By this method, we will improve this equation for the heat exchanger to be a more sophisticated industrial one.

To do this, we will add a Coefficient F 'a corrective factor':

ϕ=[Link]∆TLM

III.4.1. Calculation of dimensionless numbers as follows:

We calculate these numbers P and R using the following relations:

T fs−T iron
P=
T this−T iron

T it−T cs m
˙ c C pc
R= ¿
T fs−T iron ṁ f C pf

III.4.2. Read F's reading on the charts:

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Example: We take R=1 et P=0,5

So: F=8.1
And the power is:
ϕ=8 . 1 . U . S . D e l t a

III.5. Conclusion:
In this chapter, we discussed an application of the heat exchanger, and provided some
examples. We studied the sizing of heat exchangers using the ∆TML method.

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 General conclusion:
In general, when two systems are at different temperatures, the hotter system...
heat is transferred from the hotter to the colder, this is called heat transfer.

A thermal transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from one source to another, it
transmits spontaneously from the one with the highest temperature to the one with the lowest temperature
lower. It is an irreversible transfer of energy. It is a fundamental concept of the
thermodynamics. Unlike work, heat is a transfer of microscopic energy.
disorganized.

The objective of this work is to understand the physical phenomenon of heat transfer by
conduction, by radiation and by convection, as well as differentiate the applicable laws for the
different modes of thermal transfer to calculate the flux density. With a modeling
mathematics for orbiting the heat propagation equation or the local heat equation, and
Finally, we discussed an example of heat transfer (the heat exchanger).

Bibliography:

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[1] Acouchie Abdenasser, Haddadi [Link]
[2][Link]
[3][Link]
sillages/physics/thermo_2a_pc/res/pheno_transport.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi7mtC98NT3AhXZM-
wKHYH5B7gQFnoECAcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2t5vjpDEZnkg6JKu9c4jB_
[4] [Link]
[5][Link]
[6][Link]
mod/resource/[Link]?id=12792&ved=2ahUKEwjl4_3-
9tT3AhULvaQKHaIGAWYQFnoECAUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1LAHBXFrvPdUZboTAwUW5d
[7] ‘’Ingénierie des eaux et du sol ‘’, ANDRE MERMOUD, MARC SOUTTER2007
[8] ‘’ Heat Transfert Handbook ‘’, ADRIAN BEJAN, ALLAN [Link], 2003
[9][Link]
IDC=8049&IDD=97759
[10] Echangeurs de chaleur: Technologie, calcul et design BENNAJAH Mounir, CHAOUNI
Naoil – 2014.

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