Summary

Introduction. 2
Socialization Process. 3
Types of socialization. 4
Classificationo .............................................................................................................................................. 4
The Communication. 6
Social interactionl ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Social relationship. 6
Social processes. 7
Agents of socialization. 8
Conclusion. 10
Bibliografia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

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Introduction

The social world is composed of cultural characteristics and social, institutional, or structural frameworks.
no, which underpin and guide the behavior of those who are part of this world. So that
the individual who is born in this environment must understand it, he must learn the prevailing cultural aspects

of this society. This learning process is called socialization.

As we already know, we are not born with cultural traits embedded in our minds. The
socialization, as learning of a culture, happens in the daily interactions of the child, who
is born already inserted in a community that has defined ways of understanding its reality
and to interact with the other members of your society.

This process is responsible for ensuring that the new social subject learns how to navigate in the midst
to the world of meanings that your reality possesses, and will exert great influence over your
behavior.

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Socialization Process

Social processes are the ways in which individuals relate to each other, or
are, the ways of establishing social relations. Social processes are present throughout the
society, for example: when a group of people organizes to clean a house; when
a person assimilates, even if unconsciously, the way of speaking of another; when a country
enters into war with another; etc.

In sociology, the process of socialization is fundamental for the construction of societies in

various social spaces. It is through the process of socialization that individuals interact and
they integrate through communication, while simultaneously building society.
For the sociologist Gilberto Freire, socialization can be defined as follows:

"1It is the condition of the individual (biological) developed within the social organization and culture.
as a person or social man, through the acquisition of status or situation, developed as a member
of a group or of several groups.

Socialization (the effect of becoming social) is related to the assimilation of cultural habits,
as well as the social learning of individuals. This is because it is through it that individuals
they learn and internalize the rules and values of a certain society.
In this regard, it is worth recalling the words of the French sociologist Durkheim, when he states that:
education is a socialization of the young generation by the adult generation.

In this way, the process of socialization is triggered through the complex network ofrelations
socialsestablished between individuals during life.
Thus, since childhood, human beings socialize through norms, values, and habits.
twosocial groupsthat involve them. Note that in this process, all social subjects suffer
behavioral influences.

1Alves-Pinto, C. Sociology of the School. Lisbon: MacGrawHill Editions, (1995).

Branquinho, E. Perceptions of school advisers about supervision and supervisory practice. Porto Editora,
(2004).

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Types of socialization

It is important to note that there are different processes of socialization according to society in
that we are inserted.
Whatever the social class and reality, the processes of socialization are very diverse.
Such events can occur both among people living in a neighborhood and among the bourgeois who inhabit.
in the city center.
Whatever the color, the ethnicity, thesocial class, everyoneHumans have been in constant

socialization process, whether at school, church, college, or work. Some factors

can affect this process, just like a place marked by wars.
The consequences of the socialization processes are generally positive and result in evolution.
of society and individuals. On the other hand, people who do not socialize may exhibit
many psychological problems, determined, for example, by thesocial isolation.
The process of socialization has been changing over time, through the changes of
society. The processes of socialization in antiquity and today are quite distinct, which
It runs through the evolution of communication methods and technological advancement.

2Classification

The processes of socialization are classified into two types:

Primary socialization: as the name suggests, this type of socialization occurs
in childhood and develops in the family environment. Here, the child has contact with language
and begins to understand the primary social relationships and the social beings that compose it. In addition

This is the stage in which norms and values are internalized. The family becomes the
the most fundamental social institution of this moment.
Secondary Socialization: in this case, the individual already primarily socialized will
interacting and acquiring social roles determined by the developed social relationships,
as well as the society in which it is inserted. If by chance the social subject had a socialization

Cadwell, D., Chatman, J., & O’Reilly, C. Building organizational commitment: A multi-firm study. Journal of
Occupational Psychology, 63, 245-261, (1990).

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 affected primary, this may generate several problems in your social life, since the
the first moment of socialization is essential in the construction of the individual's character

Isolation can be understood as the lack of contact or communication between groups or

individuals. Nowadays, there is practically no absolute isolation. But there are
isolated communities, that have little contact with other communities.

The forces behind this isolation are called social order attitudes and attitudes of
individual order. Social order activities manifest through prejudice, whether
racial, religious, ethnic, sexual etc. An individual attitude that causes and reinforces
isolation is shyness. People who have a lot of difficulty in establishing bonds of
coexistence and affection with others are more likely to live alone, isolated, on the margins
of society.
Sociologists indicate five types of isolation: spatial, structural, functional, psychic, and
habitual
Spatial or physical isolation is the absence of contacts due to geophysical factors:
mountains, valleys, forests, deserts, rivers, oceans, etc. These factors and the distance between
communities act as insulators.
Structural isolation is made up of biological differences, such as age, sex, and
race. Society assigns different roles and activities to men and women, to adults and
children and, consequently, creates differences in interests. The isolation of groups
ethnic, religious, and racial conflicts occur in various countries. Age also results in
isolation in societies. The isolation of the elderly, for example, is a problem of
current society.
Functional isolation originates from physical disabilities - blindness, muteness, deafness and
other physical limitations. People with physical disabilities have limited participation
in many of the activities of society.
Psychic isolation occurs due to differences in interests, tastes, and preferences.
among individuals belonging to the same culture. The psychic isolation is what
distance or great intellect of the illiterate, the businessman of the farmer. The existence of
clubs, political parties, and secret societies reinforce psychic isolation.
Finally, the habitual isolation occurs due to differences in habits, customs,
language, religion, etc. There is habitual isolation among people who do not speak the same

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 language. Religious fanaticism also leads to a lack of communication among members of
different religions.

3The Communication

Communication is essential for the survival and development of humanity.

fundamental also for culture.

Communication can occur through non-verbal means, such as expressions and facial features,
sons inarticulados, baseados em emoções, e por palavras e símbolos, ou seja, pela linguagem. O
the main means of communication for human beings is language. It is through it that we can
establish and solidify relationships with other human beings: express ideas, thoughts,
teachings and feelings. If there is no effective communication, there is no development or
progress
In addition to spoken language, humans have developed various forms of communication. One of
but writing is the most important. Another fundamental step for the development of communication.
it was the invention of printing by Gutenberg in the 15th century. In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were

invented or the telegraph, the telephone, the radio, the cinema, television, satellite communication and,
more recently, the Internet.

Social interaction

Social contacts and interaction are essential to humans and human society.
social interaction affects the individuals involved due to the contact and communication established between them.

they. The progress in communication means, mainly from the widespread use of
The internet has resulted in the creation of new forms of social contact. Nowadays, there is interactivity - the

simultaneous exchange of information between people living in different parts of the world.

Social relationship

3Alves-Pinto, C. Sociology of the School. Lisbon: Edições MacGrawHill, (1995).

Branquinho, E. Perceptions of school counselors about supervision and supervisory practice. Porto Editora, (2004).

6
Social relations are the form taken by social interaction in each situation. For example, a
seller and a buyer establish a business relationship; teacher and student establish a
pedagogical relationship. Social relationships can also be familial, religious, cultural,
policies etc.

4Social processes

Cooperation is a type of social process. Social processes are the ways in which people
relate and establish social relationships.

Social processes can be associative and disassociative.

Associative processes establish forms of cooperation and coexistence within a group. The
the main associative social processes are cooperation, accommodation, and assimilation.
Dissociative processes manifest through divergences and even conflicts. The main ones
dissociative social processes are competition and conflict.
Cooperation is the social process
Cooperation is the process in which two or more individuals or groups work together to
to achieve the same goal or purpose.
Cooperation can be temporary: people come together to perform a task for a
temporary period. Examples: group study.
Continuous cooperation occurs between individuals or groups that are established in a certain
locals always need each other's collaboration. Example: the inhabitants of a city
they collaborate, take measures, to reduce pollution.
Cooperation can also be direct: individuals perform activities together.
This type of cooperation is divided into associated work. For example, the production of a film.
which requires the work of different professionals and specialists.
Indirect cooperation is the carrying out of different tasks. Cooperation occurs because the
Individuals are not self-sufficient. An example of indirect cooperation is that which exists between a

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Cadwell, D., Chatman, J., & O’Reilly, C. Building organizational commitment: A multi-firm study. Journal of
Occupational Psychology, 63, (1990).
Caires, S., & Almeida, L. S. The internship as a space for the development of personal and professional skills:
The role of supervision. Proceedings of the Seminar From university to the world of work: Challenges for a dialogue,
(2001).

7
farmer and a doctor: the doctor needs the food planted and harvested by the farmer and
this requires medical care.
There are many interests that lead individuals and groups to cooperate. In summary, the
cooperation is social solidarity in action.
Competition is basically the opposite of cooperation. It is the form of interaction that implies
effort, the struggle, for scarce resources or for goals that cannot be achieved by everyone.
To satisfy their needs and desires, individuals and groups compete with each other.
Competition occurs when there are more candidates than positions: those who intend to achieve
a better situation competes with other competitors. An example of
competition is a presidential election: several people aspire to the position of greatest importance
politics, but in a country there can only be one president. There are several candidates for just one.
position, which is very sought after; therefore, there is competition that often manifests itself in a way
aggressive and hostile.
Litigation is the legal dispute between opposing parties. The contention is the conflict between individuals or

groups (among organized fan clubs, for example). Finally, wars are fights between countries or
national, ethnic, religious groups etc.
In reality, there are conflicts all the time, in every country and in all societies. There are conflicts
between police officers and criminals, between countries that are at war, between dictatorial governments and the

civil population fighting for their civil rights etc.

It is important to emphasize that not every conflict is harmful and undesirable. Social conflict, for
example, is a social process that can bring about positive changes in society. A
example of this: in the 1960s, in the United States, civil rights were obtained by the population
black through social conflict.

5Agents of socialization

In the course of an individual's socialization, he will come into contact with a huge number of
contexts and social groups that will expose you to a large number of meaningful perspectives
(interpretations of contexts) of the social world.

5Alves-Pinto, [Link] da Escola. Lisboa: Edições MacGrawHill, (1995).

Branquinho, E. Perceptions of school mentors about supervision and supervisory practice. Porto Editora,
(2004)

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Anthony Giddens specifies two stages of the socialization process in which different agents of
socialization takes part as the greatest significance:

The first phase of socialization occurs in childhood and is the period of greatest cultural learning.
the life of a human being, who learns their first language and begins to have their behavior shaped
for socializing with your family.

The second period occurs in the most mature phase of the human being, at the end of childhood and at the beginning

of your adult life. At this moment, other agents begin to have a greater impact on the socialization of
subject. The school, the groups of friends coming from different realities, the media and later
in the scope of work, they bring with them a baggage of values, norms, and beliefs that are
added to the social and cultural reality in which the individual is inserted.

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Conclusion

Social processes are a process of learning in which, through the internalization of these norms
and values. Socialization, even occurring throughout life, happens with varying intensities and in
different contexts. There are, then, two types of socialization: primary and secondary.

Thus, during childhood, primary socialization occurs, where the child learns and
internalizes language, the basic rules of society, morality, and behavioral models of
group to which one belongs. Primary socialization has a paramount value for the individual and leaves
very deep marks throughout your life, as this is where the first world is built.
individual and In turn, secondary socialization is any subsequent process that
introduces an already socialized individual into new sectors of the world aimed at their society
school, in friend groups, at work, in the activities of the countries we visit or to where
we emigrated, etc.), there is a learning of the expectations that society or the group
deposited in us regarding our performance, as well as the new roles that we will
assuming in the various groups we belong to and in the various situations we are in
placed.

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Bibliography
Alves-Pinto, C. Sociology of the School. Lisbon: MacGrawHill Editions, (1995).
Branquinho, E. Perceptions of school counselors about supervision and practice
[Link] publisher, (2004).
Cadwell, D., Chatman, J., & O’Reilly, C. Building organizational commitment: A multi-firm
study. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 245-261, (1990).
Caires, S., & Almeida, L. S. The internship as a space for the development of skills
personal and professional: The role of supervision. Proceedings of the Seminar From the university to the

world of work: Challenges for a dialogue (pp. 227-246), (2001)

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