Handbook of the Degree Course in Physical Education and Sports

Practical Studies I and II - Athletics

Copyright
This manual is the property of the Catholic University of Mozambique, Distance Learning Center
It contains all rights reserved. Duplication or reproduction of this manual is prohibited.
your whole or in parts, in any forms or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
recording, photocopying or others) without the express permission of the publishing entity (Catholic University of
Mozambique-Distance Learning Center). Non-compliance with this warning may lead to
judicial processes.
Teacher: Dr. Victor Picial and Master Bridgette Simone Bruce
Colaborador e Docente da Univesidade Católica de Moçambique – Centro de Ensino à Distância
Catholic University of Mozambique
Distance Learning Center
82-5018440
23-311718
82-4382930
Mozambique
Fax:
E-mail:eddistsofala@[Link]
Website: www. [Link]
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
ii
Acknowledgments
I thank the collaboration of the following individuals and institutions in the preparation of this manual:
Catholic University of Mozambique
Distance Learning Center.
Due to my involvement in the CED teams
as a Collaborator, in the Design area.
To the Coordination of Physical Education and
Sport.
For the contribution and enrichment to
content
Through facilitation, guidance, and readiness
during the conception of this manual.
To the coordinator: Master Brigette Bruce
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
iii
Overview
5
Welcome to Athletics Teaching 2nd and 3rd Year
Who should study this module................................................................................... 5
How this module is structured.................................................................................. 6
Activity icons.......................................................................................................... 6
Study skills ....................................................................................................... 7
Need support? .............................................................................................................. 7
Tasks (assessment and self-assessment)................................................................................. 7
Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 8
Unit No. 1
9
History of Athletics
Table of contents........................................................................................................................... 18
Exercises 1..................................................................................................................... 19
Unit No. 2
20
The Sports March
Summary........................................................................................................................... 29
Exercise 2 ...................................................................................................................... 29
Unit No. 3
30
Middle-distance and Long-distance Races.................................................................................... 30
Summary.......................................................... 33
Exercise 3 ...................................................................................................................... 34
Unit No. 4
35
Speed ...................................................................................................................... 35
Summary........................................................................................................................... 39
Exercise 4 ...................................................................................................................... 39
Unit No. 5
40
Messengers.......................................................................................................................... 40
Summary................................................................. 45
Exercise 5 ...................................................................................................................... 45
Unit No. 6
46
Corridas de Barreiras ...................................................................................................... 46
Summary................................................................. 50
Exercise 6 ...................................................................................................................... 50
Unit No. 7
51
Jumps............................................................................................................................... 51
Summary........................................................................................................................... 56
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
iv
Exercise 7 ...................................................................................................................... 56
Unit No. 8
57
Triple Jump ..................................................................................................................... 57
Summary........................................................................................................................... 65
Exercício 8 ...................................................................................................................... 65
Unit No. 9
66
High jump ................................................................................................................ 66
Summary........................................................................................................................... 78
Exercise 9 ...................................................................................................................... 78
Unit No. 10
79
Launch and tests ...................................................................................................... 79
Table of Contents......................................................................................................................... 104
Exercise 10 .................................................................................................................. 105
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
5

Overview
The Athletics Chair I and II was introduced for the Graduates, who, in their
majority are already Professors of the EP and/or the ESG. It starts in these In-Person sessions, to
according to its purpose, to develop an innovative way of being and existing,
to know and apply it. In this course we will address the history of
athletics, origin, evolution and its phases, factors of evolution, the races of
middle distance and background, speed, relays, hurdles, obstacles, jump,
triple jump, high jump, pole vault, race walking, and throwing.
Welcome to Education
Athletics 2nd and 3rd Year
We hope that this module will be a contribution so that the
learners acquire a deep knowledge of Athletics
When you finish the Practical Studies 1 and 2 in the course of
Athletics in the 2nd and 3rd Year, the student will be able to:
To have knowledge of the origin and evolution of Athletics;
Know the phases of the evolution of Athletics;
The student must acquire, refine, and master technical execution.
for it to take on a correct image at the level of the demonstration
the techniques of different disciplines;
Objectives
The student must be able to promote and raise awareness among the students for
the practice of the different disciplines of Athletics, as well as being
able to promote the massification of the practice of the modality, and its
importance as a means of youth development.
Study the different phases, ages, and development processes
of the modality in different regions or countries and their practices such as
educational and sports activity.
Who should study this
module
This module was designed for second-year students of the course
Bachelor's Degree in Drawing.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
6
How is this structured?
module
All modules of the courses produced by CED - UCM can be found
structured in the following way:
Introductory pages
A complete index.
A detailed overview of the course/module, summarizing the
key aspects you need to know to complete the study.
We strongly recommend that you read this section carefully before
start your study.
Course / module content
The course is structured into units. Each unit will include a
introdução,objectivosda unidade,conteúdoda unidade incluindo
learning activities, and one or more activities for self-
evaluation.
Other resources
For those interested in learning more, we present a
list of additional resources for you to explore. These resources can
include books, articles or websites on the internet.
Evaluation and/or Self-assessment tasks
Evaluation tasks for this module are at the end of each
unit. Whenever necessary, individual sheets are given for
desenvolver as tarefas, assim como instruções para as completar. Estes
elements are found at the end of the module.
Comments and suggestions
This is your opportunity to give us suggestions and make comments.
about the structure and content of the course/module. Your comments
will be useful to help us evaluate and improve this course/module.
Activity icons
Throughout this manual, you will find a series of icons in the margins.
the leaves. These icons serve to identify different parts of the
learning process. They can indicate a specific portion of
text, a new activity or task, a change of activity, etc.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
7
Study skills
Dear Student, first of all, distance learning requires
it gives you a great responsibility, that is to say, it is necessary that
you have an interest in studying, because your study is 'self-
didactic'. However, there are times when you will find yourself possessing
a long time, while, in fact, it is necessary to know how to manage it for
so that you have the information sheets read in a timely manner and
os exercícios do módulo resolvidos, evitando que os entregues
out of required time.
Do you need support?
There are exercises that the dear student will not be able to solve alone, in this
If you contact the tutor by phone, write a letter informing them.
situation and if you are close to the tutor, contact them personally.
The tutors have the obligation to monitor your learning, hence the
student has the opportunity to interact objectively with the tutor,
using for this purpose the mechanisms presented above.
All tutors have the obligation to facilitate interaction in case of
specific problems he should be the first to be contacted, in a
later phase contact the course coordinator and if the problem is with
general nature, contact the CED management at the number 825018440.
The in-person sessions are a time when you, dear student,
you have the opportunity to interact with the entire CED staff, in this
the period may present doubts, address administrative issues, among
others.
Group study with colleagues is an option to consider.
I sought support from my colleagues, discuss together, support me
mutually, let's reflect on coping strategies, but produce from
independently shapes its own knowledge and develops its
competencies
Tasks (evaluation and self-
evaluation
The student must complete all tasks (exercises, activities and
self-assessment), however not all should be submitted, but it is
important that they are carried out. The tasks must be delivered beforehand.
of the in-person period.
For each task, delivery deadlines will be established, and failure to meet them
compliance with delivery deadlines implies non-classification of the
student.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
8
The work must be submitted to the CED and it must be
directed to the tutors/teachers of the course in question.
Different sources and research materials can be used, however
they must be properly referenced, respecting the
copyrights.
Plagiarism should be avoided. The assessment of the course will be controlled by
following manner
:
Evaluation
The exams are held at the end of the course and the assignments are scheduled.
in each session there is the weight of an assessment, which added the two
it is possible to determine the final grade with which the student concludes the
chair
The grade of 10 (ten) is the minimum passing grade for the course.
In this course, the student must complete: 3 (three) assignments; 2 (two)
tests and 1 (exam).
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
9

Unit No. 1
History of Athletics
Athletics is an integral part of the Practical Studies Block I and II.
as such, it is governed by the regulations, rules, and objectives of this bloc
with a previously established load. According to the
general objectives of the subject, the block of practical studies in Athletics
aims to empower students with basic knowledge and
specific to Athletics, considered essential to
understanding, conception, and operationalization of procedures
pedagogical related to awareness and teaching activities of
different disciplines of Athletics. The aim is to equip the student
the specific techniques of each of the Athletics disciplines.
It is intended that the student becomes aware of the difficulties of both
colleagues like yours and try on one hand, through observation and
on the other hand, to segment, correct and correct itself through its own domain
now as an observer or executor
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Understanding ImportanceHistory
;
Know the content of Athletics.
Objectives
The terminology you will use in this unit is as follows:
United States of America (U.S.A)
International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF)
Amateur Athletes of America (NAAAA)
Amateur Athletic Club (AAC)
Terminology
Amateur Athletic Association (AAA).
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
10
Jesse Owens: four gold medals at the Berlin Olympics (1936)
The history of athletics can be divided into three periods: the first,
from its origins in primitive civilizations to the extinction of the ancients
Olympic games, by the Roman emperor Theodosius, in the year 393
A.D.; the second, from the Middle Ages, the time of discontinuous activity or
even in decline for track and field competitions, to the century
past, when Victorian educators introduced sports in
English schools, defining them, coding them and later disseminating them.
the ones in Europe; and the third, from the renaissance of the Olympic Games, in
1896, with the French baron Pierre de Coubertin, to the athletics of the days
current.
The oldest record of athletics competitions dates back to 776 BC.
but it is certain that organized sports, including track events and
many centuries before, many practices were carried out in the field. Already in the primitive
civilizations, man cultivated the taste for competition, measuring his
strength, speed, and skill. The exercises were intended to enhance
or to maintain the health of the body, arose from the very struggle for
survival, forced to face initially, numerous obstacles
natural and, later, his counterpart, man refined his
instincts to run, jump, throw, etc.
With wars, armies were created. The use of sticks and stones, as
weapons, gave way to launching, darts and swords.
In 2500 BC, the Egyptians were already engaged in wrestling competitions and
fights with sticks. Ten centuries later, the Cretans were dedicated to the
dance, boxing and running, as a form of recreation. Several
archaeological findings confirm that the ancient inhabitants of China,
India and Mesopotamia also knew at the same time, the
races and the shot put.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
11
The cradle of organized sports is, however, in Greece. According to
Philostratus, in 1225 BC, the first pentathlon was contested.
five events: running, long jump, wrestling, discus throw and
dart), by the same athlete. In the XXIII canto of the Iliad, Homer narrates the
funerals of Patroclus, next to the walls of Troy, and the athletic contests
that Achilles made to be celebrated in honor of the dead. Among these proofs,
they were in the race ("... the son of Oileus [i.e., Ajax] took the lead,
about his steps the divine Odysseus embarked on..."), the launch of a
solid iron block and the javelin throw. To honor the gods
to honor the visitors, the Greeks used to organize
sports programs, near Olympia, a tradition that has been maintained
at least until the second half of the 10th century B.C.
It fell to Ifito, king of Elis, by suggestion of the Pythia, the priestess who...
interpreted the oracles of Delphi, reviving the tradition, in 884 BC.
sure that, with this, the gods would intervene in his favor and
would put an end to the plague that was ravaging the Peloponnese. But the games
olympics, recreated by Iphitus, only began to be counted from 776
A.D. onward, when the names of the champions began to be
registered in the public records. The first was Corebo (Greek
Koroibos, in Latin Coroebus, from Elis, winner of the only event of
program; the race of the Greek stadium (stádion, Latin stadium).
the stadium was in the shape of a U, measuring 211 by 23m. The race, or
dromos (Greek drómos, Latin drõmos) was contested on a course of
192.27 m, a distance that the Greeks said was equivalent to 600 feet of
Hercules, the mythological hero whose feats, according to legend, would be
linked to the very origin of the games. The stadium race in 724 BC,
it became contested over two complete laps of the track,
named diaulo (Greek díaulos, Latin diaulos). Four years
then, the first long-distance race, or dolichos (Greek
dólikhos), which consisted of 12 complete laps around the track, or little
less than 4,700m. The Olympic program was only changed after that
in 708 BC, when, in addition to foot races and chariot races, was held the
pentathlon with the same five events described by Philostratus. Its
the first winner was called Lâmpis (Greek Lámpis, Latin Lampis)
and will be born in Laconia. Thanks to public records and narratives
Homeric, post-Homeric, and from other poets and prose writers, they know
if today some of the principles that governed the evidence of that time. In the
races, the athletes positioned themselves at the mouth of a tunnel, located at
to the west of the sacred forest, in a starting line called afesis
(Greek áphesis). A touch of a trumpet or bugle, in the shape of a cone.
(Greek salpinx, Latin sapinx), needed for the moment of departure, which
it could also be announced by the judge, orally.
In jumps, it was allowed for the athlete to propel their body, as long as their
feet do not cross a limit line drawn on the ground. The winner was
o que atingisse a maior distância, na soma de três saltos. O disco
(Greek diskos, Latin discus), originally made of stone, came to be made of bronze, to
time of Ífito. It was thicker in the center, thinner at the edges, measured from
20 to 36cm and weighed 5kg. The Discobolus (Greek diskóbolos, Latin)
discõbulus) was situated on a trampoline or a mound of packed earth, and then
he reproduced the gesture immortalized by Milon or Milan of Croton, athlete
whose album release is, to this day, one of the symbols of the games
Olympic.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
12
The dart (Greek ksystón), approximately 1.80m long
length, had a pointed iron end that
allowed the athlete, with the throw, to stake it into the ground. Its
propulsion was done with the help of a 40cm belt, wrapped around a
a little behind the center of gravity of the dart. This strap, activated
with force at the moment of launch, imposed a movement
spinning to the dart, taking it to great distances.
The program of the Olympic games has remained practically the same.
throughout Antiquity. In the 7th century BC, in Sparta, there was
modifications, so that women could also compete.
It was up to Lycurgus to decide that '...women, like men,'
they must measure strength and speed against each other, for the mission of women
"books are to bear vigorous children." In the games held in Delos,
they participated in foot races, by categories according to age,
completing a distance equivalent to 160m.
The Romans, having assimilated Greek culture, already in the 1st century AD,
they continued with the tradition of the Olympic games, although with
more recreational than competitive spirit, until, in 393, the
Emperor Theodosius - responsible for the massacre of ten thousand Greeks in
Thessalonica - converted to Christianity after recovering from a serious illness.
disease: to gain the forgiveness of Ambrose, bishop of Milan,
agreed to suppress all pagan festivities, including the games
Olympic.
The athletics of the Romans has already shown a phase of decline in
relation to the Greeks, not only less competitive and endless
educational, but also because the athlete in general is a slave or
prisioneiro de guerra, estava muito longe de gozar do prestígio social
of ancient Greek competitors. Like the gladiator, he was trained
for entertainment, at the circus or in the amphitheater. The young Romans of good
they preferred the positions of chariots and quadrigas, or even the
baths in the spas, racing, jumping and throwing that the Greeks
almost cultivated
The centuries that separate Theodosius from the year 1154 - when one goes
find the first record of athletics trials in the Middle Ages -
was a complete abandonment of track and field competitions. Unless
through the games of some pre-Columbian peoples of America and one or
another isolated activity in few countries of the East, almost always
related to foot races, there was no organized athletics during this period
and even afterwards.
The tests that take place in London and other English cities, in
1154 was nothing more than a discreet restart. They were races and jumps.
in distance and height, weight throws and other field games,
practiced without fixed rules. Medieval Europe, then, was interested
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
13
mais pela cavalaria, pelos exercícios militares que aperfeiçoavam o
swordsmanship, spears, bow and arrow, more useful in a time of
almost permanent wars. Some kings, like Edward III, reached
to prohibit the practice of any sport that was not associated with the
training of soldiers, including athletics. Although others
sovereigns have shown more tolerance, like Henry VIII,
who participated in several hammer throw tournaments, the
athletics was not considered a noble sport.
This condition (to which is added the Christian asceticism of the Middle Ages,
according to which care for the body should give way to
purification of the soul) explains its forgetfulness until the 19th century.
It was precisely the English who definitively revived the
classic track and field competitions. The peoples of the British Isles
they have always appreciated sports. Even during the real prohibition,
they the real sports, they practiced them, either clandestinely or
for the favors of benevolent authorities. The taste for recreation in
outdoor play led them to create or adapt a variety of games, many
of which are popular worldwide nowadays. In
the beginning of the last century, with reforms that Victorian educators
they were introduced in public schools, the principles were utilized
defended by Thomas Arnold, at Rugby School.
Thomas Arnold, English educator, was born in East Cowes, Isle of
Wight, on June 13, 1795, and died in Rugby on June 12.
1842. Educated at Winchester and Oxford, he presented himself as
candidate for head of the Rugby school in 1827, and willing to
to transform the public educational system not only in that
institution, but throughout Great Britain. Remembered mainly
for his sermons at the school chapel, Arnold earned the merit of being able to
more than until then the system of mayors in public schools
produced. After her death, most English secondary schools
they took Rugby as a model. Admirer of the Greek civilization,
Arnold revived the principle of a fruitful union between physical effort and
the mental.
According to Arnold, organized sport was of great
importance in the education of the young, disciplining them and improving them
the moral qualities, and above all, leading to the discharge in the fields
of game a potential energy that, otherwise could be
used in reprehensible practices. Among these practices, educators
the English included reformist ideas from the young middle class, in
opposition to Victorian traditionalism. In 1825, foot races were
regularly held in Uxbridge. In 1838, the students of Eton
they were practicing the first hurdles at a distance of 110
yards. Six years later, the first long-distance race, also with
barriers, called steeplechase (from English literally 'search or hunt'
from the tower," a goal that should be achieved by overcoming any obstacles;
the term is documented in English as early as 1805), expanded the program
of athletic competitions.
In the middle of the century, with the adhesion of schools like Winchester,
Charterhouse, Shrewsbury, Westminster, and Harrow, athletics was
officialized in England, from where it passed to Scotland; Ireland and
Wales, finally reaching other parts of Europe. The
Germans and Scandinavians, who were already dedicated to gymnastics and other
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
14
forms of physical education, were the first to adopt athletics
English.
The tests regulated by Victorian educators and that served
the starting point for the modern program of athletic competitions
they understood the four classical modalities of the Greeks (running,
long jump, javelin and discus throws) and many variants
created or adapted by them. The races were held in various
distances, the shortest being 110 yards; the longest from 3 to 4 miles. In addition to
long jump, there was the high jump, the triple (which was inspired by the three
isolated jumps) and the one with a pole, whose origin is found in ancient methods.
Englishes to jump over ditches, streams, and channels, with the help of poles.
In addition to the javelin and discus throws, weight throws were added.
hammer, this of Celtic origin and very popular, had been around for centuries in
Scotland and Ireland. There was also a rudimentary form of relief.
relay races between teams, with baton passing from one runner to another
other) and combined events in the style of pentathlon.
In 1892, at a solemn session held at the Sorbonne in Paris, Pierre
from Fredi, Baron de Coubertin, presented a project for them to be
revived the extinct Olympic games by Theodosius. Its objective was
an international movement, Olympism, that aimed to promote the
narrowing of relations between peoples through sports. The
the position also had pedagogical purposes: '... To form the character of
young people through sports practice, awakening their sense of discipline,
the mastery of oneself, the spirit of teamwork, and the willingness to
to compete
But the idea only materialized in 1894, starting from a congress.
also held at the Sorbonne, this time with the participation of
representatives from 14 countries. The Olympic Committee was created
International, based in Lausanne, Switzerland, and have established themselves
rules for the first games held in 1896, in Greece
The first Olympic athletics program included running events.
100m, 400m, 800m, and 1500m, plus the 110m hurdles, jumps in
distance, height, triple and with pole, weight and discus throws. A
special test for the marathon was organized for long-distance runners,
by suggestions from the French linguist and Hellenist Michel Bréal. Intended to
with her, to recall the feat of Pheidippides, soldier
Athenian who ran from the city of Marathon, near Attica, to
Athens, to announce to the Greeks the victory of Miltiades over the Persians
in 490 BC. The Olympic marathon - which eventually turned into a
the classic events of the modern Olympic games - was run in a
a route of 42Km, approximately the same distance covered by
Fidípedes. Its first winner was the Greek Louís Spýros, modest
manufacturer who lived in Marusi.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
15
The original program of Olympic athletics, open only to
male competitors, was being successively
modified. In 1900, the 400m races were introduced with
hurdles, of 2,500m steeplechase and hammer throw. Of the
classical modalities, the latest to appear in modern games
the Olympics were the javelin throw, only officially contested in
1908, the pentathlon, in 1912. This year also took place, the
first decathlon (ten events by the same athlete) and the relays of
4x100 and 4x400 meters.
Women only began to participate regularly in games.
Olympics in 1928, completing a program of 100, 800 and 4x100
meters, high jump and discus throw. Until 1948, other
Additions and suppressions were made both in the men's program
like in the feminine. From 1948, when the number of events for
the number of women increased considerably, in 1956, the year in which it was contested
first 20km march (the 50km had already been introduced in 1932) the
the official program underwent its final changes.
The Olympic Games helped to popularize athletics,
universalizing it more and more. In the last century, there were already
some bodies dedicated to the regulation and promotion of tournaments
athletes, including the London Athletic Club and the Amateur Athletic
Club, both in England, the Association of Amateur Athletes of
America and the New York Athletic Club, these in the U.S.A., in addition to
clubs, associations and physical education schools in Germany, Sweden,
Finland, Denmark, Norway and France. The exchange between these
countries developed gradually. The English systematized athletics and
they spread him across Europe and the U.S.
The same English, Germans, and North Americans introduced
not all over Latin America. But it was the Olympic Games in the century
XX, which transformed the track and field events into a sport
universal, base of all others.
Origin and initial development
The Egyptian and Asian civilizations are known for having
encouraging athletics many centuries before the Christian era. Perhaps as much.
around 1829 BC, Ireland was the stage for festival games
Lugnasad at Tailteann, involving various forms of athletics.
The Olympic Games of Greece, traditionally dated to 776 BC,
they developed over 11 centuries before ending around the year
393 BC. These ancient Olympic Games were strictly matters
males, a fact that extended to the participants and spectators.
Greek women became famous for having formed their own Heraea.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
16
Games, which, like the Olympic Games, were held every four
years
Athletics practiced today was born and grew to maturity in
England. The first mention of the sport in England was recorded
in 1154, when the practice fields were established by
first time in London. The sport was banned by King Edward III
in 1300, but it revived a century later, by Henry VIII, the fame
of being a hammer thrower accomplished.
Modern development
The development of modern sport, however, only came to
partir do início do século 19 onde foram realizadas na Inglaterra, já
in 1825, but it was from 1860 that athletics had its greatest
increase for this date. In 1861, the Ocidente Rowing Club of
London organized the first meeting open to all amateurs, and
in 1866 the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) was founded and held the
first English championships. The emphasis on all was on these.
in competition for amateur 'gentlemen' who did not receive
financial compensation. In 1880, the AAC gave governing power to
the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA).
The first meeting in North America was held near
Toronto in 1839, but it was the New York Athletic Club, formed in
1860s, which put the sport on a solid foundation in
United States promises. The club held the world's indoor
first meeting and helped promote the formation in 1879 of the
National Association of Amateur Athletes of America (NAAAA)
to hold national championships. Nine years later, the
Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) took over as the national body of
government, amid reports that the NAAAA was negligent in
application of amateurism.
Athletics was well established in many countries by the end of the years.
1800, but not until the revival of the Olympic Games in 1896
that the sport becomes truly international. Although
began modestly, the Olympic Games since the influence and
Inspiration standardization and the spread of interest in athletics worldwide.
In 1912, the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) was
founded, and for the time that the organization celebrated its 75th
Birthday in 1987, it had over 170 national members. Its
rules applied only to men's competition until 1936, when the
IAAF also became the governing body for women's athletics.
Main international competitions before the Second World War
World included the Olympic Games, the British Empire Games, and
of the European Championship, but after the war athletics
experienced its greatest growth period, having roots, in
particular in developing countries. In the 1950s, athletes
world-class nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
They were enjoying great success at an international level meeting.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
17
Athletics in the present day
Currently, observing world athletics, a fact is noted
relevant: black athletes stand out more
significantly compared to white athletes in the vast majority
the track and street tests. Three major contexts are discussed:
historical-socio-cultural, biological and ecological.
Historical-sociocultural approach
Africa has historically been populated by nomadic tribes. These
tribes survive by collecting food from their own environment and,
with that, they use their body directly in contact with nature and
physical activity. For example, the task of driving animals
a pasture to another kilometers away, made on foot,
both for adults and children. Due to the low purchasing power of
majority of the population, often the means of transportation are
left in the background, certain routes being carried out
by foot or running.
Therefore, from a young age, children get used to fulfilling long
trajectories from their villages to the schools. A fact from the history of our
country that marked the Africans and that, in part, proves our thesis is the
colonization of Brazil after the Discovery. The colonizers,
initially, the indigenous people were used as slaves who, due to the
difficulties in control, training, and the ability to endure
loads were replaced by black slave labor, imported from
Africa. Empirically, even back then, the colonizers
evidenced the supremacy of the black race in relation to efforts
superhuman physicals. Furthermore, most of the African talents are
of humble origins, who seeks inspiration from their idols, doing so
may your willpower, sacrifice, and determination be greater
requested.
Athletics is a set of sports consisting of three
modalities: running, throwing, and jumping. In general, the
athletics is practiced in stadiums, with the exception of some races
long distance, practiced on public roads or in the countryside, such as the
marathon.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
18
The race
100 meters sprint: it is the most prestigious event in athletics, rewarding the
winner as the fastest man and woman in the world. In it,
eight competitors run 100 m in a straight line and the winner is whoever arrives first
first.
When a person is walking, they keep one foot on the ground and the
always on air. However, in the race, from time to time,
the athlete's two feet are in the air. The race is, in fact, a
succession of small jumps. When running, the person should lift the
knees at the same time as he moves his arms. In this way,
you will achieve a quick movement of your body.
In the sprint races (50m, 100m, 200m, and 400m) the athletes
they use the output block, in which the feet are supported one in front of
the judge of the test utters the command voices: to your
places and ready. Then it executes a shot at the moment when
the athletes set off to gain acceleration, maintain speed
printed and reach the end of the race distance.
When an athlete jumps the start (makes a movement or even
a sound before the shot) all athletes receive a warning, that is,
the referee shows the athletes a green card. This warning means
that in the next starting line burning (regardless of the athlete who performs it,
whether the athlete has burned for the first time or not) the athlete will be
deleted.
The track
There are two options indicated for the construction of an athletics track:
system in polyurethane or in sheets of natural rubber. Both
are available in the country. This enables Brazilian athletes
they have contact with international quality tracks.
An official athletic track consists of two straights and two
curves, having concentric stripes; has a length of 400
metros on the inner lane (closest to the center). The outer lane is
longer, measuring 449 meters.
In short-distance races, athletes must stay in their lanes.
a partir das quais largaram. Nas corridas de média e longa distância, os
athletes do not need to run on the tracks, and usually head towards
to the innermost lane, avoiding traveling longer distances.
Summary
Athletics is the oldest sport; records of competitions of
athletics dates back to 776 BC, but it is certain that organized sports,
including track and field events were practiced many centuries ago
before
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
19
Exercises 1
1. Define athletics in your own words.
2. Point out two elements that contributed to the development of
athletics.
3. Who are the pioneers of athletics in the world.
4. Indicate four basic characteristics of athletics.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
20

Unit No. 2
The Sports March
The unit begins by situating sports marching and the main ones.
characteristics.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Knowing the technique of race walking
Understanding the methodology of sports marching teaching
Objectives
The sports march is one of the various modalities of athletics.
the main characteristics are: the fact that the athlete has to, at
walk during the entire exam, keep one foot on the ground, and more: when
with each step, the advancing leg must be straight. For this to happen
for progress movement to be possible, it is necessary to run the
quadriceps, what causes a "break" as a consequence.
Generally, the races take place on the streets. The distances of the
walking race events are:
Female - 20 km
Male - 20 km or 50 km
The athlete who practices the sport is called a marcher. The attention,
concentration, rhythm, coordination, good endurance and extensive training
are essential.
The sport marching originates from walking competitions that
from the 17th to the 19th centuries. In 1908, it became the condition of
Olympic sport, but the distances were different (1500 m and 3000 m)
m). Much criticized, it was not contested in the following competitions,
returning to being an Olympic sport in 1928. Only in 1956, the
the test has now had the current distances.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
21
The modality was brought to Mozambique by colonialism.
Portuguese, who watched the march at the Berlin Olympic Games.
During the race, the athletes are monitored by judges, who are
in charge of notifying the athletes when they are marching from
wrong way. To signal this, they use yellow discs, which indicate a
possible infraction. If the athlete persists in the mistake, they are shown a
red card. If three different referees show the red card
to the same athlete, he is disqualified.
The most famous marcher, who achieved the most important victories, was
Robert Korzeniowski. Between 1996 and 2004, the Pole was
four-time Olympic champion and three-time world champion.
Jefferson Pérez (Ecuador) is the current world record holder in the category
20 km, and Denis Nizhegorodov (Russian) is the current record holder in
category 50 km.
To achieve satisfactory results, it is necessary to master
completely the technique of walking. Therefore, one must give the due
importance to the training of technical skills, given that deficiencies
on this matter may later hinder progress in a
well-prepared athlete in other aspects. The pace must be worked on
as soon as possible so that he doesn't get used to mistakes that will be difficult to
correct with time.
Legs: A long and economical step is achieved through
accentuated thrust with the hind leg. It is necessary to pay attention, since
the beginning, the correct thrust. The thrust is obtained with the
unraveling of the foot from the sole to the toes. A moment before the foot
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
22
abandon the ground, the contact of the heel of the other foot must occur with
the ground, the so-called double support.
The foot placement must be smooth and should be checked before the
complete knee extension, which prevents a braking effect that
it would hinder the momentum of progress.
After the front foot contacts the ground, the back leg is smooth and
casually pulled forward, without describing an arc of curve, and
without turning, therefore, the foot or the knee outwards. In order to achieve
a "gliding" step, one should avoid an excessive elevation of the
quadris. The advance on foot, if it is too high or wide, can
to provoke a "skipped" march.
Together, the good walker is characterized by an action of
measured and "low" legs.
It is important to note that the practitioner should increase the length
two steps when the pace increases and not the other way around.
Trunk: The trunk should be slightly inclined forward or if
maintain erect. Excessive inclination causes running, while the
leaning back indicates poor muscle development
abdominals and back muscles and involves the risk of losing necessary contact
with the soil.
Upper Limbs: The arms assist with movements
rhythmic, to maintain the pace of the steps. The faster it is
march, but the arms flex, although it varies according to the
practitioner. The arm movements should enhance the momentum of
advance given to the body by the action of the hind leg. In these
movements, the shoulders that need to be opposing must participate
to the movements of the hips and thus have a beneficial effect on
the length of the step.
The best way to move the arms is a swing,
naturally executed, almost to the middle of the chest. It should be avoided
to shrug your shoulders, as it causes an unfavorable displacement of the
center of gravity and tends to disconnect the athlete from the ground. The hand goes to the
maximum up to shoulder height.
To beginners with short and irregular steps, who tend to "jump"
it is advisable to keep the arms lower and less bent,
given that they may contradict such deficiencies with this.
Quadris: A good flexibility in the hip joints is
decisive for the smoothness and regularity of the march rhythm
sportive. The athlete should try to place one foot in front of the other,
almost in extra time. For that, he needs to learn to march
with a rotational movement of the hip joints.
With every step, when the back leg moves forward, the hip must
execute a movement of deviation to the other side. In addition to the twisting
of the body, there is also a horizontal displacement of the axes in the march
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
23
of the hip and shoulder. One should avoid excessive lateral deviation of the
quadris, then, hinders progress.
Difference between Walking and Race Walking
The sports march always has one foot on the ground and the other in
suspension, while walking can have one or both
on the ground without demands. In sports marching we can
about 2.5 times the speed of normal walking.
It is forbidden to lift both feet off the ground at the same time.
The technique consists of the action of the buttocks.
The support of the foot is always done with the heel. The impulse?
With the tip
The arms should be relaxed to set the rhythm.
Notice! Athletes should be informed when they are, in what it is
refers to the way of walking, making a mistake. But what are the mistakes?
but more common? Let's see:
Move with great oscillations,
Loss of inertia,
A lot of shoulder movement in relation to the hips,
Abdominal fatigue,
Shoulders too raised,
Walk in circular movements with your legs,
Sudden drop of the foot when placing it on the ground,
Flexion of the supporting leg.
The sport march includes the following technical elements:
Leg work;
2. Use of the basin;
3. Work of the shoulder girdle and arms
The work of the legs can be divided into five phases according to
with the cyclical evolution of the movement:
Previous support phase
2. Post-support phase
3. Double support phase
4. Post-balance phase
5. Previous balance phase
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
24
The previous support phase begins with the heel of the leg.
that oscillates forward and ends when the supporting leg meets
under the center of gravity of the body. To avoid an action of
braking, the leg should not be supported straight. As a supporting leg
receives, a little bent at the knee, the weight of the body. The leg
It is stretched at the knee joint to the vertical support.
The posterior support phase begins when the supporting leg is at
the vertical of the body's center of gravity ends with the displacement
from the ground. According to the regulations, the leg, before the
elevação, deve encontrar-se completamente [Link] fase ganha
a special meaning through a strong impulse exercised by the
the hind leg, which fundamentally determines the stride length
and the speed. This happens through a rolling motion of the
from the heel to the tips of the fingers, thus ensuring contact
with the ground for a longer time.
The double support phase lasts a short time, that is, at the moment
in which the balance leg rests on the heel and the back leg
is still in contact with the ground through the tips of
fingers. This phase gives an indication of a correct walking technique
according to the rules.
The posterior balance phase begins when the fingers leave the
just and ends soon after the propulsion leg has reached the height of the
support leg, which is positioned vertically. The task of this phase
consists of recovering and relaxing the leg. It should swing
towards the ground, slightly bent and relaxed.
The previous balancing phase begins from the vertical position of the leg.
impulse to the height of the supporting leg and goes until the heel support. The
the thigh should be raised so that the leg can hang down
to the ground, forward. The leg before the support with the heel does not
completely stretched out (see the previous support phase). This
phase also influences the stride length. The
the pedestrian walkway should not be widened, as one step
excessively large leads to an expensive lowering of the center
of the body's gravity, as there is a braking that, due to its
sometimes, it causes a high energy wear.
The use of the basin
It leads to a movement of rising and falling of the basin, similar to a
wave movement. The basin is in its highest position.
low when the front leg touches the ground with the heel; the position
the highest is achieved in the vertical support. This vertical stretching
together with the driving movement leads to a rotation of the basin,
excepting a movement (see figure 1).
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
25
How the pedestrian supports the legs straight behind one another
another, the basin is additionally displaced as a motion of
balance towards the front leg. The use of the pelvis helps to
bring the leg forward and thus contribute to the stretching of the
past.
The work of the shoulder girdle and arms
This occurs simultaneously with that of the legs and that of the pelvis. When the
the heel touches the ground, at the beginning of the previous support phase, the shoulder
opposite the supported leg is brought well forward as movement
of balance Thus the shoulder girdle shows its strongest twist
in relation to the axis of the basin during the total march movement. The
arms, along with the shoulders, are brought forward,
following the hands this movement upwards until halfway through
chest. The angle formed by the arm and the forearm increases in
balance forward, to an obtuse angle, and decreases with the oscillation
backwards, up to about 90 degrees. The hand should not be taken back
of the trunk.
Technique training
She is the foundation of income and success.
A bad technique hinders further development.
For the beginner, the difficulty lies more in learning.
of technique than in physical condition. He must execute the
movements without contracting.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
26
Learning objectives
Beginners:
•
•
•
Mastery of technical movements without contractions, even to
high speeds.
Find the economic range and the ideal number of
passed by unit of time.
Always maintain contact with the ground according to the
standards.
•
•
Gain greater flexibility through gymnastics.
Strengthening.
Athletes with experience:
•
•
•
Special leg workout.
Special training for the use of the basin.
Special training for shoulder girdle and arm work.
Speed training
Speed must be achieved only through good technique.
combined with physical condition. Maximum speed is trained
through the march over 100 and 200 meters. For rhythmic marches of
400 to 600 meters, the speed must be greater than the average pace.
the competition distances. The danger of speed training
is losing contact with the ground through a
excessively high speed. As soon as a phase is verified
of flight the rhythm must be reduced.
Resistance training
For the longer distances of the pedestrian, the resistance is the
the most important condition for good performance. First
place, the beginner must acquire a general endurance,
while the more experienced athlete primarily chooses the
special resistance training forms. Resistance training leads to:
•
•
•
Increase in aerobic capacity
Improvement of metabolic processes
Adaptation of the musculature to long resistance work
duration
•
•
Increase the resistance capacity of the nervous system to
long-lasting efforts
Formation of an economic stereotype of movement
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
27
Special Preparatory Exercises for Sports Walking
Exercises that strengthen the muscles of the must be executed.
cost, abdomen and lower limbs. The training programs should
also include flexibility exercises for muscles and joints
of the hips, shoulders, and ankles. Of course, the March itself is the
best way to prepare. The coach can also take advantage
from running to training but will have to observe certain principles.
If the runner wants to dedicate himself to race walking, he will have to train.
very eager to automate the movements of the March.
In all preparatory exercises, the greatest attention should be directed
for those who only strengthen the lower and upper limbs,
but that also increase the mobility and scope of these
muscles.
Example:
Walk normally but faster;
Walk in a straight line in a sports court
end of learning to keep feet parallel and move them in the
direction of the march;
Alternate and relaxed change in the same place, of the weight of
body from one foot to another, in order to assimilate the notions of
knee extension and hip rotation;
The same exercise but with big strides.
All types of games that improve relaxation and
flexibility, as well as exercises to improve strength and
flexibility of lower limbs.
Basic Technical Exercises
March
Objective: to learn the fundamental elements of the walking technique
• relaxed steps with an erect body.
Marching to more intense rhythms
Objective: a higher speed requires more arm action
vigorous and corresponding thrust with the back foot - The elbows
they must bend at a right angle, the steps must be longer and the
unwinding of the feet should be more pronounced.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
28
March at a medium and fast pace
Objective: to apply and coordinate all features smoothly
from the walking technique - Continuous contact with the ground and sequence
of movements executed economically.
March with changes of rhythm
Objective: consolidation and improvement of technical skills,
Maintain continuous contact with the ground; when accelerating, avoid shortening the
passo; marchar em descontracção.
Common Errors
1. If the athlete commits violations against competitive rules or against
the economic sequence of movements is indispensable to
correction of such errors. But it only deals with aspects of
style, it will not be necessary to pay them much attention.
2. Ground contact break: The rhythm may not be
agreement with the athlete's skills, who does not master the correct
sequence of movements, Reduce the pace and improve the style.
Excessive backward lean: Fatigue, back muscles and
poorly developed abdominals - Apply exercises for
strengthening for such regions.
4. Body Elevation (jump): Extension of the back leg before
of being concluded the unfolding heel-sole-toes.
The impulse is therefore oriented upwards instead of downwards.
forward. Pay more attention to the correct unfolding
heel-plant-toes. Keep the leg behind as much as possible,
keep the arms down. Improve flexibility of
ankle joints.
5. Legs very widely spaced laterally or feet turned outwards:
natural tendency of the athlete or poor arm movements -
Walking exercises on the straight line marked on the track with
special attention to the parallelism of arm movements.
6. Persistent flexion of the supporting leg's knees: The rhythm
chosen is beyond the athlete's capabilities, the muscles of
legs are poorly developed and therefore fatigue arises -
Pay special attention to the full extension of the knees,
reducing the pace if necessary and strengthening the muscles
general of lower limbs.
7. Hardness in foot positioning, with effects on the heel:
Action of the incorrect unwinding of the back foot. The leg of the
the forehead is extended too early, before contact with the
alone, and thus the athlete "trots in the stride" instead of sliding -
Pay attention to the smoothness of the movements. Settle down
heel of the foot, keep the back leg on the ground as much as
possible and complete the unfolding of the foot.
8. Very short steps: Lack of specific strength for walking,
arm action and fatigue - Gradually lengthen the stride,
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
29
try to take long steps and if necessary, improve them
arm movements.
Summary
Race walking is an athletics event where one executes
a progression of steps in such a way that the athlete always maintains
contact with the ground with, at least, one of the feet. The leg that
advance must be straight (that is, not bent) from the moment of
first contact with the ground until it is in a vertical position.
Exercise 2
1. Define March.
2. What are the main characteristics of the March?
3. Point out the phases of the march.
4. Point out the most common errors in gait.
5. Talk about the difference between Education, Instruction, and Teaching.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
30

Unit no. 3
Middle-distance races
and Fund
In this thematic unit, we will address middle-distance running and
First, we present the technique of middle-distance and long-distance running.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Correctly execute the technique of the half-bottom;
Identify exercises to improve the technique of the midfielder.
Objectives
Middle-distance races are considered those between 800
and the 3000 meters. The long-distance races are the longest.
like the 5000, 10000 and the marathon (42.195m).
In middle-distance and long-distance races, the starts are made standing.
there are only two orders. "to your places" and the respective signal of
departure.
Running - It is a succession of jumps with horizontal progression.
It has a larger or smaller air phase depending on the speed of
progression.
The successive impulses cause any element to
progress horizontally observe your contact with the ground, that is,
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
31
the higher the speed, the lesser the contact of the heel with the ground.
alone.
Starting from a static position, with feet together we can evaluate everything
technical performance of an individual.
As we walk, we notice that first we perform the
displacement of the center of gravity caused by several groups
muscular.
This system causes successive foot supports on the ground.
alternating manner, however at no time does the loss occur of the
contact with him.
The displacement cycle in walking is performed by the heel,
the sole of the foot and the tip of the toes. As the increase in
the speed of this walk also increases the contact cycle
with the soil.
The faster the walk, the sooner the phase will be passed.
from the race. The pronounced position of the heel, in walking, goes through the
slow running has less projection.
When we engage in a slow run, the entire foot makes contact with...
the ground (flat foot). As we increase the speed of this
In running, we gradually lose contact of the heel with the ground.
The airborne phase cycle comes into action, triggered by the series of
impulses generated by the tip of the toe.
In speed trials, for example, the use of the tips of the toes
It is large. The frequency of the steps should be intense.
BODY ANGLE - The angle at which the body is positioned
during the run is a natural characteristic because as the
the runner accelerates the stride, the body begins to lean forward, in
a natural equilibrium point. To find the ideal point of
body incline, it should be kept in a line with the set
line, formed by the one that is behind (back support leg), the trunk
and the head.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
32
ARM MOVEMENT - The arms must move.
laterally in relation to the trunk. Its action consists of
rhythmic balancing, starting from the shoulder articulation and
bending at an angle of about 90º.
The action of the arms is very important, to the point that some
runners to declare, in certain situations (lack of ideal conditions
in the legs), who finished certain races running with the
arms.
During the movement of the arms, the hands must be completely
relaxed and turned down. The arms are the largest
body equilibrators and also responsible for coordination.
FOOT PLACEMENT – The placement of the foot on the ground when performing
The supports in the past depend a lot on the runner's personal style.
In middle-distance races, for example, the foot should rest.
firstly about the metatarsus. (a) Already in the longer tests
first place the front part of the foot and then the lateral part
external (b), with the heel coming closer to the ground at
comparison with speed races, where the heel is more
elevated (the tip of the toe predominates), (c), because the body's inclination is
more pronounced to increase the displacement impulse. In all
In cases, the feet should be placed parallel to each other,
pointed forward.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
33
MOVEMENT OF THE LEGS - When taking a step, the foot
the responsible for the posterior support only leaves the ground after full extension
of the legs. In longer trials, the legs perform a movement
pendular, with not too pronounced elevation of the heel of the leg
back. In the speed tests, the motion is circular, with
a more pronounced flexing of the hind leg that causes a
closer approach of the heel to the back of the thigh and,
consequently, causes the knee to rise further up and
forward, at the moment when this leg moves forward to perform the
next support.
Summary
Middle-distance races are events between 800 to 300 meters;
where they can be characterized by speed, maintenance and
speed: the first for positioning search and the following
control of the opponent and finally escape or attack the goal.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
34
Exercise 3
1. Talk about the general characteristics of the 1500 meter race.
2. Where and how are the middle-distance races held.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
35

Unit No. 4
Speed
This unit focuses, in particular, on sprints
athletics.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Execute the sprinting technique
Understanding the methodology of speed teaching
Objectives
Speed events are characterized by being short events.
distance and aim to cover that distance in the shortest
possible time.
In races up to 400 m inclusive, each athlete must have a lane.
individual, with a width of 1.22 m, bounded by lines of 5 cm
of width.
In all speed tests, races up to 400 meters and the
first race of the 4x200 m and 4x400 m, the starting blocks will have
to be used. When placed on the track, no part of the block
the race may be situated on the starting line or extend to
another individual track.
Specific regulation
Athletes have to run the entire race within the
limits of the track that was assigned to them.
An athlete is disqualified if they cross their lines.
track, gaining some advantage for your race or
harming another athlete.
At the starting position ('to your places') the athletes do not
they can walk on or cross the starting line.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
36
False start situations:
If the athlete, after assuming their complete position and
end of the game, start your starting move before
starting shot or firing of the starting device
approved
If the athlete does not comply with the orders of 'To your places'
or "Ready", after a reasonable period of time;
If the athlete, after the order "To your places,"
disturbing other athletes in competition through sounds or
other methods.
The athlete who makes a false start will be warned; only
one false start per race will be allowed without
disqualification of the athlete or athletes who caused it; the
starting from the warning, all athletes who make false
participants in this exam will be disqualified from it.
Athletes will be classified in the order that
any part of your body, this is the torso, hit it
vertical plan of the finish line.
Velocity, variation of the position of a body per unit of time.
It is a vector, that is, it has magnitude, direction, and sense.
speed, also known as quickness or swiftness, is expressed
as distance per unit of time. Speed is defined as the
speed of covering a distance in a short time or within an interval
of time.
In sprinting, we can distinguish three important phases:
The match;
The development of the race;
Arrival.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
37
In the actual running phase, we can still distinguish three
distinct phases: the acceleration phase, the maintenance of speed phase
maximum and the deceleration phase.
Departure
In a competition situation, the match is indicated by a referee through
the following voice commands:
"To your places" - the athlete must:
Position yourself on the blocks in a five-point stance on the ground.
(hands, feet and knee);
Place your feet on the blocks, usually with the stronger foot.
in the front block;
•Having the knee supported on the ground of the propulsion limb (PL)
that supports the back block;
Having the MS supported on the ground in extension and the hands
slightly wider than shoulder width;
Have the thumb and index fingers apart and supported
immediately behind the starting line;
Place the head in line with the body, with the gaze
fixed at the front of the starting line.
"Ready" - the athlete must:
Get into a four-point position, raising the knee of the
From behind;
Lift the basin and slightly advance the shoulders.
front;
Strongly support your feet on the blocks;
•keep the MS extended and the hands supported on the ground.
"Starting signal" - the athlete must:
Remove your hands from the ground;
•Carry out a quick extension of the MI;
Quickly advance the knee of the hind limb (1st step);
Coordinate the movement of the upper limbs with that of the lower limbs;
•keep your gaze directed forward.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
38
Acceleration phase
Phase during which the aim is to reach maximum speed
in the shortest possible time frame. At this stage it is important:
•Very quick and short first steps, with a
movement of the foot gliding on the ground;
Gradual reduction of the body's forward incline until it reaches the
vertical
Gradual increase of stride length to allow for a
rapid increase in speed.
Maximum run or speed maintenance phase
The period during which the athlete can maintain their
maximum speed. At this stage it is important:
Maintain a high stride frequency;
Make contact with the ground with the feet from the front
(front part of the foot);
Pass the heel of the free left foot close to the buttock during the swing.
back;
Raise the thigh to horizontal, in the swing to the front;
Arms with energetic and relaxed movements,
moving with a near arm/forearm angle of
90°
Keep your gaze directed forward.
Deceleration Phase
It can occur in the last meters of the race and should be
mainly due to the accumulated fatigue of the athlete. This phase varies with the
running distance (running 60 m is different from 400 m, both being
speed trials) and the athlete's level.
The critical components are the same as the maximum speed, in
meanwhile there should be an increase in stride length to
to compensate for the loss of frequency.
Arrival
The finish line is the last phase of a race, being also
important because it can depend on the victory in a test.
The arrival can be made with the trunk leaning forward or
advancing the shoulder opposite to the front leg and swinging the arms
backwards. It is important not to reduce speed.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
39
Summary
Speed events are the most technical in athletics.
and they obey the following: departure, acceleration, and maintenance of
maximum run.
Exercise 4
1. Talk about the importance of acceleration in a sprint.
2. Caracteriza cada uma das fases da corrida de velocidade.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
40

Unit No. 5
Couriers
Dear student, welcome to the courier unit.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Know the technical elements of the relay
Correctly execute the relay technique
Objectives
The start is given at the same location as the 400m sprint. Each team has
4 athletes, positioned at the 4 distant points of the post. The 1st athlete of each
team, placing at the starting point, in a starting block, with a
stick in one hand. At the starting shot, he should run and deliver to
2nd athlete of your team (delivery only within the passing zone).
The 2nd athlete in possession of the baton will hand it to the 3rd of their team and this one to
4th last athlete of the team.
The baton exchange zone is 20 meters, being disqualified the
team that completes a baton pass outside the zone. It should not
to have an invasion of rays by any team, and not to harm teams
rivals during the baton exchange.
The relay race involves covering a certain distance by
stages, with each stage being covered by a runner.
Each team is made up of four runners, with each one
they cover a similar distance (100 or 400 meters),
passing a baton. This baton is passed from hand to hand between
all team members.
Hence the designation of relief run, due to the exchange made between
the corridors, which is made within the passage zone, consists of
of a 20m space located within the lane.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
41
In the case of the 4x100m relay, where each runner covers the distance of
100m, the passage area is marked 10m before and 10m after each.
100m that make up each of the stages of the event. Therefore, the
the first zone starts at 90m and ends at 110m. The second
it starts at 190m and ends at 210m and the third one starts at 290m
and finally at 310m, thus forming the set of three areas
by the way, since the fourth team's corridor only receives the
stick and leads it to the end.
As it is necessary for the exchanges to be made quickly.
(4x100), there is a space of 10m before the start of the zone of
passage, called optional zone, where the corridor that receives the
the stick is placed in a waiting position for the companion who brings the
stick.
This zone aims to allow the broker receiving the baton
start your race early, in order to enter the zone of
high-speed passage, to match the speed of
companion that is arriving.
Before the optional zone (10 to 15 feet), a mark is made on the track, which
serves as a starting point for the baton receiver to begin their
run and don't look back, because from this moment on, everything will
the action performed by both runners is automatic, obtained through
training, until the baton is passed from one runner to another.
X
Optional zone
Passage area
The runner who will receive the baton must position themselves at the start of the
optional zone, in a favorable position to execute your action. To
Yes, there are two ways of positioning:
High output: The runner stands up, slightly leaning forward.
facing forward, with legs apart, bearing body weight on one leg
from the front. The head should be turned back, with the gaze directed
to the companion who comes to meet you.
Semi-squat Exit: It is the waiting position in which the
runner, posted at the beginning of the optional zone, places himself in the position of
three supports, with the legs apart and the opposite hand to the foot of
forehead supported on the ground. The gaze should be directed backward, to the side
opposite the hand that is supported, watching the companion who is
approximately. The free arm is placed behind, in a normal position of
running
.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
42
Non-visual or blind passage:
The non-visual passage is used in high-speed elevations.
(4x100), and (4x200) and in it the runner, after starting the race, does not look
for the stick, in order not to lose speed with the movement of
head, therefore, the greatest responsibility of the passage rests with the
delivery person.
Visual passage
The visual passage is used in the 4x400m relays and longer.
the virtue of the athlete who is going to hand over the baton already being tired and having the
receiver to look at the delivery person and snatch the stick from their hand.
In this case, the greatest responsibility for the passage lies with the
receiver, for he is resting, while the deliverer
will arrive exhausted.
Relay race
A team consists of four members;
The witness consists of a smooth tube with a circular section made
made of wood or another rigid material with a length between
28 and 30 cm should not weigh less than 50g;
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
43
The testimony must go through the entire course of the evidence;
Whenever the testimony falls, it has to be recovered by
Last athlete to carry him, you could abandon yours.
hint, if this way does not harm anyone;
For the remaining situations, athletes must stay in
your runners during the race and until all of the
transmissions should take place in a way that does not harm others
participants
In all relay races, the baton must be
transmitted within the transmission zone of 20m of
length
In relay races up to 4x100m, it is allowed for the
competitors, with the exception of the first, use an area of
balance (acceleration) up to a maximum of 10m.
The relay technique
Types or Styles of Baton Passing
French or Descendant:
In this style, the runner who will receive the baton, upon hearing the signal from
the companion who is holding the baton extends one of them back
arms, previously determined, placing the palm of the hand facing
upwards and with the fingers joined, except for the thumb, which is separated
of the others, putting themselves in a position of reception. At that moment, the
runner who carries the baton places it through a movement of
top down, and by the free end of it, in the hand of the
receptor, which quickly grabs it, puts the arm in position of
running, continuing the run.
The advantage of this style is in the fact that the way the stick is
placed on the companion's hand allows for open space
greater, which facilitates the following delivery.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
44
b) German or Ascendant: To receive the baton, the runner places the
arm action semi-flexed backward, with the palm of the hand facing
for the approaching companion, with fingers joined, with
exception of the thumb, which should be pointed downwards, towards
to the ground. Thus, the stick is placed in his hand through a
bottom-up movement, performed by the partner who makes the
passage. Hence the designation of ascending passage, due to the
trajectory of the baton elevation to be placed in the runner's hand
receptor. The inconvenience of this style lies in the danger of the stick falling.
from the hand, since the receiving hand must unite or stay very
next to the hand of the companion making the delivery, so that it does not lack
space in the rod in the following passages, that is, the front half of the
The stick needs to be free.
Methods for the Development of Relief
In addition to the styles and types of baton passes, another
procedure to be taken into consideration, aiming for the best
performance in running refers to the methods employed for the
development of the entire set of reliefs to be carried out on
During the course of the test. These methods complete the mechanism of the
relay races concern the way in which the baton must
be guided during the course of the race, that is, the hand in which the
the stick must be transported. For this, two methods are used, the
uniform and the alternate.
Uniform Method
Characterized by the exchange of hands, because the runner receives the baton
in one hand and immediately passes it to the other. E.g.: the
the first runner starts with the baton in his right hand and hands it to the
second in his left hand; this one immediately switches the baton of
hand, passing it to the right, to continue the race; and so
subsequently, so that the four runners carry out their
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
45
stages of the race holding the baton in the right hand, performing,
therefore, a uniform action.
Considering that there is a small loss of time and a slight
negative influence on the action of running, this method is no longer the most
indicated.
Alternate Method
In this method, there is no exchange of hands; the baton is carried in the
the same hand that received it, and for this reason, it becomes necessary
adopt some measures for the disposal of each one of the
team components on the track.
Thus, the runner who carries the baton in the right hand runs through the
the inside of your goal and what you receive has already been posted on the side
outside the goal, where he will make his run, since the baton
will be deposited in your left hand.
In the whole set, in order, the first runner takes and passes the
stick with your right hand, running along the inner side of the track; the
the second runner receives, carries and passes the baton with his left hand,
running on the outside of the goal; the third receives, carries and
pass the baton with your right hand, running along the inside and,
finally, the fourth and last member of the team receives the baton
in his left hand and keeps it the same throughout the race, until
crossing the finish line, thus completing the terrain.
It is concluded that the shifts were carried out alternately -
right, left, right, left, the reason why this method is
alternating denomination.
Summary
A estafeta é uma das disciplinas de concurso onde os pais se for
selections or the team makes available its best athletes
in a very technical test that relies on a good combination of
involved
Exercise 5
1. Identify the phases of testimony transmission
2. Explain the relay race
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
46

Unit No. 6
Hurdle Races
Hurdle races are speed events whose objective is
coordinate, as quickly as possible, the race and the passage of
barriers.
By completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Correctly execute the hurdle running technique.
Understanding the teaching methodology of hurdle racing
Objectives
The hurdle race consists of covering a certain distance,
passing over barriers placed on the track. The main characteristic
the barrier man is the speed completed by the perfect transposition of the
barriers. Another important quality is hip flexibility, the
which will allow greater ease in overcoming barriers.
To facilitate the study of running technique, we can divide running
in the following phases:
Departure
The hurdle race requires great speed. The race used will be the
low (with starting blocks). The authentic barrier-hoppers must
work remotely until the first barrier so deeply that they can
shoot it blindfolded if necessary. At the moment of the shot, you must
to position oneself normally faster than the sprinter.
The trunk should be in the most upright position at 8 or 10 meters from the
exit. In the 110 meters hurdles, from the start until hitting the first
barriers will be given 7 or 8 steps.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
47
Cada atleta tem mais facilidade em elevar, em primeiro lugar,
a determined leg, to overcome the barrier. We call this leg
that rises first from 'approach leg', and the other from 'leg of'
impulse." The ideal is seven steps until the moment to raise the leg.
of approach. Often the position of the starting blocks does not
allows the athlete to reach the first barrier with the leg they have
easier to approach her. In this case, it is more advisable that one
change the position of the legs in the starting blocks instead of changing the leg
of approach.
Approach
When the athlete has no idea which is their approach leg and
we aim to prepare you for a 400m race (in which there is a transition
in the curves), we must train him to approach with the leg
left, because in the curves the body will be inclined to the left, and the
right leg, which passes flexed over the barrier, will do so with
more ease.
The approach leg, however, should always be the one that the athlete
easier to rise first to surpass the
barrier.
The athlete should always try to take off from the same distance.
from the barrier. This varies for each athlete, but we can say that a
an average distance of 2 meters is recommended. The approaching leg
it should rise semi-flexed, with the toe pointing up.
Errors
Raise the leg describing a lateral arc, causing
imbalance and loss of speed.
Leg raising completely extended, with the foot in
extension, as this will result in a violent shock, when the foot
touch the ground.
The propulsion leg will only leave the ground after being completely
extended. This prevents the athlete from a jump, causing
loss of speed. The barrier must be passed and not jumped.
Passage over the barrier
The approach leg should start the downward movement at about
twenty centimeters before the barrier, only then the approach foot
can lean on the ground near the barrier, allowing the entry of
the athlete's gravity stays in front of this foot, which will enable the run
without losing speed. The lower part of the thigh of the leg
the approach should pass as close as possible to the barrier.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
48
The driving leg, after leaving the ground, should be bent. Then
to pass over the barrier, the take-off leg must be pulled
quickly forward until the foot touches the ground.
The trunk should be bent to pass over the barrier. This is because
two reasons: (1) to give greater speed to the body during the
passage and (2) facilitate the passage of the kicking leg, because the
bent trunk, the leg rises more easily.
Support after the passage
The foot of the approach leg should touch the ground near the barrier,
after your overtaking. This distance is approximately
1.50m. The foot must touch the ground with the sole, leg semi-flexed and the
the center of gravity should be in front of the foot of the leg of
approach.
After the support on the ground, the arm should not be pulled quickly to
behind, in order not to unbalance the athlete, should continue in the
natural running movement.
Race between the barriers
The hurdle race should be run with long strides, but
not exaggerated, so as not to lose balance. In the races
between 100 and 110m, three strides should be taken between the hurdles, and in the
400m races, fifteen. The arm movement is normal, just like the
the speed racing, being advisable to widen it a bit
but.
Final race
The first pass after the last barrier must be executed as it was.
for the previous ones. After that, the athlete will gather all their strength in order
to cross the finish line with maximum speed
possible.
Obstacle courses
1.110 m hurdles (men's event) - Consists of
pass over 10 barriers placed in each lane along
110 m. The barriers must be 1.067 m high. The distance
the distance from the start line to the first barrier will be 13.72 m, the
the distance between the barriers will be 9.14 m and the distance from the
the last barrier to the finish line will be 14.02 m.
2.100 m hurdles (women's event) – Consists of passing
about 10 barriers placed in each lane along 100 meters.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
49
The barriers must be 0.838 m high. The distance from the line
the distance from the start to the first barrier will be 13 m, the distance between
the barriers will be 9.5 m and the distance from the last barrier to
the finish line will be 10.5m.
3,400 m hurdles (men's and women's events) -
It consists of crossing 10 barriers placed in each lane.
400 m long. The barriers must be 0.914 m high.
(male) and 0.762 m in height (female). For both
the distance from the starting line to the first barrier will be
45 m. The distance between the barriers will be 35 m and the distance
From the last barrier to the finish line will be 40 m.
In hurdle races, if a competitor goes over with their foot or leg
below the horizontal plane of the top of some barrier, in
moment of passing, or crossing a barrier outside of your lane, or
if in the opinion of the General Referee he deliberately knocks her down with his foot or
hand will be disqualified.
The standard distances will be 2,000 m and 3,000 m. There will be 28 jumps over
obstacles and 7 about the water pit in the 3,000 m race and 18 jumps
about obstacles and 5 about the water pit in the 2,000m race. In
The 3,000 m race will have 5 jumps per complete lap, being the
passage from the moat the room of the same
The obstacles will be distributed evenly, that is to say, the
the distance between them will be approximately one fifth of
normal lap length of a lap (80m). In the 3,000 m race with
obstacles, the distance from the exit to the start of the first lap should not
including no jumps, obstacles must be removed until
competitors have started the first lap. The obstacles must
to be 0.914 m high and at least 3.96 m wide. For the tests
feminine obstacles will have a height of 0.762 m and a width of 3.96 m.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
50
Summary
The hurdles race is a technical event and the main characteristic
the barrier is the speed completed by the perfect transposition of the
barriers
Exercise 6
1. Differentiate between hurdle racing and obstacle racing
2. Mention the common errors of the barriers as well as those of
obstacle.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
51

Unit No. 7
Jumps
In this unit, we will talk about jumps in athletics. All jumps
consists of a cyclical movement (running) and a movement
acyclic (or the jump itself); and they are essentially distinguished
due to the characteristics of the flight trajectory. Thus, the jumps aim to
to reach a height, or to fall to a maximum distance.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Identify the types of jumps in athletics;
Explain the techniques correctly
Objectives
The long jump is an athletics discipline aimed at
is to achieve the greatest possible distance between the calling zone and the area
of reception. The jumps are performed in an area where there is a track
balance, calling zone and falling zone.
The swing set must have a minimum of 40 meters of
length is between 1.22m and 1.25m in width.
The call zone is marked by a board that should have a
length equal to the width of the seesaw and 20cm of
Width. It should be placed between 1 and 3 meters from the fall area.
In the calling zone, a call line is also marked that the
the athlete cannot step to perform the jump and from which it is measured the
jump distance.
The drop zone should be a sandpit, at the same level as
track, and measure between 2.75 and 3 meters in width a minimum of 10
meters in length.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
52
1
234
1 - Balance track
2 - Call board
3 - Call line
4 - Fall zone (sand pit)
Specific regulation
Athletes have the right to three jumps, with the top 8 athletes qualifying.
who obtained the best valid jumps, to
we will carry out 3 supplementary jumps.
For classification, the best jump of each athlete counts.
In case of a tie, the second best jump counts.
The athlete has 2 minutes to begin their jump.
The measurement of the jump is made from the closest mark.
through any part of the athlete's body or limbs in the box of
sand, up to the call line.
It will be considered a null jump if the athlete:
Start your jump beyond the available time (1min 30s);
•Perform the push or touch beyond the call line;
Make the call externally to the call table or
balance beam;
At the reception, touching the ground outside the reception area, more
close to the call zone than the mark left in the area of
reception;
After jumping, the athlete must step back through the reception area;
•Use any form of somersault.
Technical determinants in long jump
In the long jump, we can distinguish four
fases: corrida de balanço, chamada (impulsão), vôo e queda
(reception). There are different techniques for executing the jump in
length: long jump, triple jump, and triple jump.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
53
What distinguishes them are the techniques used in the flight phase, which can
be: in the past, with scissors or in extension.
Balance Race
•Perform the run with progressive acceleration until reaching the
maximum speed;
Keep the trunk straight (relaxed) and the pelvis elevated;
Looking directed forward;
•Perform a set number of steps (varies from
athlete for athlete.
Call (Boost)
Strongly support the driving MI on the board
call;
Keep the trunk upright;
Lift the free leg knee up and forward (side
opposite to the propulsion one;
Simultaneously coordinate with the movement of the MS to
prepare the flight phase.
Voo (technique in the past)
Project the body well upwards;
Launch the MI free forward and upward to the height of the
bowl;
At the highest point of the jump, bring the MI together and project the body.
forward;
Pull the MS in extension forward and begin the flexion of the
trunk in front;
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
54
Fall (Reception)
Pull the upper limbs forward with the trunk closed over them
(engrupar);
•Reception on the 2 feet, reflecting the MIs to
soften the fall;
Balance the body or project it forward.
The most common mistakes in long jump (technique of
suspension in the past)
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
DURING THE FLIGHT
55
RACE OF
BALANCE
CALL /
IMPULSION
ERRO:Abrandamento da ERRO:Passo
ERROR: The jumper loses the
speed in the last
the laps of the race.
too long
with the settlement
about the heel.
balance
CAUSE: Failures in
CAUSE: The approach is
call, little agility
too long, or
CAUSE: The athlete tries
reaches too early jump very high
a great speed
Correction: Training
specific to the call,
Correction: Improve agility,
running using a trampoline or
approach on the deep jump box
plantar pulp. Train ERROR: Jumper not
the rhythm of the last raises the legs in
Correction: Races
of the acceleration without
jump, for the athlete
improve the meaning of the
speed of the rhythm.
Shorten the approach
and improve the technique of
call to speed
gradually larger
steps.
Jump falls
repeatedly with
approaches to allCAUSE: Lack of
the speed. Attending to tilt backward in the
the placement of the foot - first part of the flight or
calls
with a lack of abs
short approximations.
Jump over
CORRECTION: Train the
contact with the ground
jumping over a
device in position
sitting, correction
posture and work
abdominal
ERROR: Tilt of
trunk forward
CAUSE: There is none
modification of the rhythm
from the last at the end of the
approach. Bad
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
56
Correction: Jumps
with approach
short.
CORRECTION: Train with
sand mountain to the action of
contact with the ground
Touch with knee of
free leg in a
object
ERROR: Bad extension
the ancas
CAUSE: Last step
slow and lacking strength
Explosive
CORRECTION: Train
the rhythmic aspects and
do exercises
special forces
Summary
The long jump is an athletics discipline whose
the objective is to achieve the greatest possible distance from the area of
the call and the reception area.
Exercise 7
1. Mention the phases of long jump.
2. Characterize the techniques of long jump.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
57

Unit No. 8
Triple Jump
This unit is scheduled for the study of Triple Jump.
Triple Jump is a very complicated and demanding horizontal jump.
its origins date back to the ancient Olympic Games of the Greeks,
when there were no rules and the athletes could take two jumps and one
jump, or three steps and a jump.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Correctly execute the triple jump;
Know the characteristics of the triple jump.
Objectives
Triple jump
The Triple Jump is one of the most complicated and demanding types of jumps.
Its origins trace back as far as the ancient Games
Olympics of the Greeks, when there were no rules whatsoever and the
athletes could take two jumps and a leap, or three steps and a leap.
Even in the first Modern Games, James Conolly, the winner,
won with two jumps and a leap. Today the rules require athletes to
a jump, a step and a leap, while trying to cover the largest
possible distance. For this modality, athletes need to be
agile and have very strong legs.
The rhythm is also important, as they needed to make the flights
of each phase as similar as possible and must have an understanding of the
synchronization upon landing.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
58
Jump, step and leap
The athlete strives to gain speed in the swinging run, for
due to the speed and the distance they will lose each time they do the
call.
2- The jump call must be quick and energetic. They hit the board of
kick with the whole foot and advance with that leg, throwing it forward
top, so that your thigh is parallel to the track.
They throw the left leg to a horizontal position, from
way to stay parallel to the ground and push their right knee
backward. At this stage of intermediate contact, they try to "dig" the foot
left on the ground, from front to back, shooting, thus, the body to the
front.
4- When falling, your feet should be a little ahead of your knees and
the hips. They will be propelled forward by the foot on which they fall,
"driven" into the ground, as well as by the oscillation of the right knee.
5- Taking advantage of the oscillatory movement of a single arm,
they enter the stepping phase. The flight is similar to that of a jump. With the
legs well apart, they lift the right leg and throw it to the
front.
6- This intermediate contact step is the most difficult of the triple jump
because it is executed with the weaker leg and because they will have already lost
immense speed and impetus in the previous two calls. When,
they fall, throwing their arms forward, thus preparing their
next call.
Start immediately with the intermediate contact leg.
the jump call is higher than that of the leap and the step, and makes a
angle of 20-24º.
8- When they bring the right knee to meet the left,
seemed to hang in the air for a moment, until they bent their bodies to the
front, ready to land. This movement is called 'gliding jump'.
9- When they touch the sand, they project their arms forward and
let the knees bend a little - preventing the body
fall backwards upon landing.
As measures of triple jump distance, as well as the jump in
length, measured from the call board to the mark
closest to exist on the sand. Therefore, they must always
try to fall forward on landing and move away from the front of the
hole. If they fall or walk backwards, their jumps will be measured at
start from the shortest distance.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
59
The triple jump is the most complete of the four athletic jumps, since
requires great coordination and technique to synchronize the jumps. The
the first is the most important and is done on the little toe; the second,
but shorter, involves a leg change; and the last jump, the most
complete, it is the fall into the pit.
The springboard is 13 meters from the start of the pit in the events.
men's at 11 meters in women's
Triple jump in its basic principles resembles the jump in
distance, however much more complex and difficult to train than this.
This jump consists of three distinct parts with characteristics
own. It consists of executing, after a 35-meter sprint,
42 meters similar to the long jump, three successive jumps
pushing off with the same leg on the first two and on the third
with the other leg. It can be: Left, left and right or
right, right and left. In all of them the speed and the thrust
are related to each other. The fall of the first is an integral part of the
pushing of the third. This is very important because one can never
to make a first or second jump without considering the consequences
of this execution in the following jump.
The triple jumper seeks to avoid losing the minimum speed between one
jump and another, what happens for sure.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
60
The execution of the jumps can, in general, be characterized as
following form:
First jump: predominance of speed.
2. Second jump: Balance between speed and propulsion (both
below the maximum.
3. Third jump: Predominance of the propulsive force.
The ideal athlete must possess speed, strength, power, skill, and be
robust. A good height (1.85m) makes jumping easier. The power of jumping
it must be developed in both legs.
The triple jump technique is subject to speed and power.
To study the triple jump, we will divide it into phases, namely:
The race;
2. The jumps: first, second, and third;
The fall.
The race
It is very similar to the long jump run. The difference
the principal is in the execution of the steps, which is characterized by the least
size of the penultimate step comparing to a long jump.
This avoids loss of speed during the push-off. The long jump
needs this speed but it can be achieved during the last
step, what would not be advisable in the triple jump (concern of
balance after the first jump.
The thrust
This phase is very similar to that of the long jump. The difference
is in the body position, more elevated. The inclination of the body towards
the moment of supporting the propulsion foot is not so pronounced, as
the athlete does not aim to jump very high on the 1st jump.
The first jump
It is the lowest of the three, with an approximate exit angle of 16º.
At the end of the push, the trunk is slightly more inclined forward.
of the long jump. During this phase, the athlete prepares for the landing.
about the same drop in propulsion. To do this he will do a 'scissors'
very fast.
This movement may take a while since the premature execution
it causes a natural imbalance. The fall should be smooth.
The movement:
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
61
The free leg goes up and then down and back with
the purpose of participating in the boost of the next jump.
The driving leg bends with the heel along with the
buttocks, then it is brought forward and extended to take
contact with the soil.
The trunk remains vertical, with the arms making
balance movement.
The foot touches the ground 'flat' and the leg bends to
soften the impact.
The second jump
What we specified for the first jump also basically applies.
for the second. It is the shortest of the three conducted, under conditions of
greatest difficulties, since the same leg has to absorb the
impact of the athlete's weight and give it a new acceleration (a
pressure in jumps of more than 16 meters is six times greater than the weight
of the athlete).
Generally speaking, this second jump is a big leap. The athlete takes
push with one leg and fall on the other. The knee of the free leg
exerts an active action, being lifted forward and upward. During the
time in which he rises, the athlete remains in this position and only
in the last moments, it will bring the free leg forward,
looking for the ground. The foot will touch the ground of "plate"
There are several opinions regarding the arm movement in this phase.
Some coaches believe that the movement should be natural,
synchronized with the movement of the legs, others think that the
the athlete must take both arms back and then simultaneously to
front and up, coming back down at the moment of touching the ground. The
trunk remains upright and the head raised.
The third jump
It's a true leap in extent. The movement is similar to the
of a jump in extension, usually grouped.
The execution of this jump is done under very precarious conditions, as the
speed was largely nullified due to the previous jumps. The
the take-off angle is very high since the athlete uses it in this jump
almost exclusively to its power.
Normally, the third leap is the second in size, the smallest is
always the second jump. As for the exit angle, there is a
progressivity. The distribution of effort is of vital importance in
execution of jumps.
A first leap aimed at maximum results does not make it easier to
execution of the second and so on. The overall result may remain
seriously compromised. For beginners, there are those who suggest as
maximum economy ratio, the following proportion: 35% - 30% -
35%.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
62
With the increase in abilities and the improvement of physical fitness, the relationship
it could be like this: 37% - 28% - 35%, since it does not require a
general standard for this relationship.
The objective of this type of jump is to achieve the greatest distance possible.
between the call and the drop, the athlete must perform a jump on foot
hop, a skipped step and a final jump.
The calling table is 13 meters from the sand for men and 11
meters for the ladies. The height of the heel is measured from the
landing board where the jump lands.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
63
•
•
The jumps are performed in a space with a balance track,
calling zone and drop area, applying the rules
general long jump.
The first jump must be made with the take-off foot, the
jumped past with the other foot and, finally, the reception with two feet.
Components of the jump
Hop
1. Made with the stronger leg;
2. Contact time with the ground shorter than in the jump
length
[Link] decrease in horizontal speed;
4. Great importance of balance and coordination
movements, what determines the next jumps;
[Link] lowering of the center of gravity;
6. Leg swap in flight phase (beginning of movement)
scissors);
2. Jump Step or Stop:
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
64
•
It starts with the contact of the driving leg making full contact with
the ground (greater its impact absorption);
•
•
Small flexion of the propulsion leg (greater elastic tension);
The drive leg experiences great pressure (up to 6 times its weight)
athlete)
•
The call is made with a 'kick' movement where the
jumper make a sudden movement with your leg back and
upwards, trying to thus reduce the loss of speed
horizontal
•
Flight phase, balance correction through rotation
horizontal of the arms, placing the center of gravity on
place.
3. Salto Jump:
It is the one performed with the lifting leg (leg more
weak
touch on the sole of the foot (greater impact absorption);
active 'kick' movement in the call to reduce the
loss of horizontal speed;
longer contact time with the ground;
•flight phase close to the long jump.
The correction of balance is done through rotation.
horizontal with arms, in the flight phase.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
65
Limitations
The second jump must be made with the same leg as the
first.
The third jump should be made with the leg opposite to that of the
first and second jump.
The inactive foot cannot touch the ground;
One cannot, while jumping, fall off the track or out of the box.
sand.
The jump is considered null if at the call, the athlete steps on.
a line marked with plasticine on the attendance board,
if going beyond the table, or a part of the foot crosses the limit
from the roll call
Summary
The Triple Jump is one of the most complicated and demanding types of jumps.
where the athlete must have some specific characteristics given the
requirement of discipline.
Exercise 8
1. Develop 10 exercises to improve the triple jump.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
66

Unit nº 9
High jump
This new style has come to be known as 'Flop' and today has the
preference of the majority of jumpers, of all levels.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Correctly explain the high jump technique.
Know the methodology of high jump teaching
Objectives
The terminology that you will use in this unit is as follows:
International Amateur Athletic Federation - FIAA
Terminology
High jump
The high jump is an athletics discipline whose goal is to jump.
the greatest height possible over a bar without knocking it down. The jumps
are carried out in a space where there is a balancing zone and a zone of
fall.
The balance zone must have a minimum of 15 meters of
length. The beam must have a length of 4 meters, and be
supported on two posts with sufficient height.
The fall zone should be a cushion with at least 5 meters of
length is 3 in width, placed next to the posts.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
67
3
2
4
1
1 - Balance zone
2 - Posts
3 - Fascia
4 - Falling/Receiving area (mattress)
Specific regulation
•
•
•
The call must be made on one leg;
The athlete has 2 minutes to start their jump;
The jump is valid when the athlete clears the bar without the
to knock down, even if it touches you;
•
The athlete can decide at what height to start their event, and can
opt to jump or waive the attempts at the different
heights
•
•
The height at which the bar is placed must be at least
2cm higher than previously exceeded;
Athletes have the right to three attempts for each height they
attempt to exceed; however, after the 3rd consecutive null jump,
even if it is at different heights, the athlete is eliminated;
•
•
The final ranking is obtained by the best jump of each athlete;
The measurement of the jump is done from the ground to the upper edge.
from the bar.
It will be considered a null jump if the athlete:
Start your jump beyond the available time (2 min);
The bar falls from the supports due to the athlete's touch during the
jump;
•The athlete touches the ground or the falling zone beyond the
posts before exceeding the threshold.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
68
Technical determinants in high jump - Fosbury Flop
In the execution of the high jump, we can distinguish four phases:
balance running, calling (impulse), transposition and fall
(reception).
Balance Run
Perform the run with progressive acceleration until the call.
•
•
Keep the trunk straight (vertical), tilting slightly
back in the last 3 steps;
Perform a set number of steps (varies from
athlete to athlete), usually 8 to 12 strides;
The last 3 to 5 passes should be made in a curve.
Call (Boost)
•
•
Make the call with the MI further away from the mattress,
slightly ahead of the 1st post;
Place the calling foot slightly apart and facing towards
the opposite side of the threshold;
•
•
Perform the extension movement of the lower limb that propels;
Raise the free lower limb (the side opposite to the propulsion) with the
bent knee
Simultaneously raise the members
Transposition (Fosbury flop)
•
•
Project the body high up on your back to the bar;
First of all, surpassing the standard with the MS on the side of
free leg;
•
•
Raise the hips during the transposition to arch the
trunk
Extend the MIs for their transposition;
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
69
Fall (Reception)
•
Make the reception on the shoulders and dorsal area and with the upper limbs.
distanced;
The knees should be apart during the fall.
Approach
In the last 3 laps, the speed is progressively reduced and the
length. The athlete reaches this phase with a slope of 45-
50.
Impulse
One of the most important phases is that the athlete must jump with their legs.
books.
Flight
The jumper rotates in the ascent and reaches the bar with his head towards the
front for transporting backwards.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
70
Transposition
The bar is being raised in this order: arm opposite to the foot of
impulse, head, trunk, the other arm, hips, legs.
Fall
The descent is made with the legs straight and apart and the back
rights.
POLE VAULT
Speed, strength in the arms and torso muscles and ability to
concentration are some of the requirements that athletes have who
they compete in the pole vault. A style that consists of jumping over
of a beam supported by two horizontal bars with the help of
a rod.
How much time does the athlete have? Only 2 minutes per attempt. After
3 failed attempts at the same height results in elimination.
The 3 phases
Phase 1: Run - Transport
The distance to be covered is 40-50 meters with the rod in hand. Knees
highs and bent arm.
2nd Phase: Boost
In the last meters, the pole gets stuck in the joint. Taking advantage
the energy of the race, the pole bends and the athlete takes off.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
71
Flight
Next, a strong push of the arms will make you shoot out to
go to the top and manage to surpass the bar.
THE HIGH JUMP TECHNIQUE
Basic characteristics of good high jumpers include the aptitude for
the jump, agility and the force of propulsion.
There are several styles used or previously used for the execution of
high jump, however, two of them are responsible for the
best global brands. They are:
The Ventral Roll style
The Flop style
The ventral roll style
It is characterized by the overcoming of the bar (transverse bar that
limits the height to be exceeded) in the prone position.
We can observe in this style the following technical phases: position of
start, race, boost, overtaking and fall.
1 - Starting position: The athlete positions themselves at the starting point of the race,
usually with both feet together, arms down alongside the body,
looking ahead observing the bar. In this way,
casually, he is focusing for the jump.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
72
2 - Race: The thrust race, which can usually have a total
from 7 to 9 passes, is considered of great importance, as if it is not
well executed, will completely harm the other phases. The speed
The athlete at the end of the race must be monitored to allow them to
conversion of horizontal plane movement to another almost
vertical. It is a race in linear progression, done on the side of the leg
of the thrust and that forms an angle of in relation to the beam
approximately 30º, however, in the case of the beginner,
reach 45º.
In the race, we can observe two parts: the initial one, with speed
progressive, with a lot of ease and exaggerating a bit the impulse
the passed ones. There, the main objective is the acquisition of speed
great. The other part is the final one, consisting of the last three steps that
are the preparation for the push. These last three steps of the run
they must be smooth, faster and broader (the penultimate step must be
about a foot longer than the last, merging with the thrust
properly so). This results in a slight inclination of the body to
trás, com as pernas fletidas, fazendo com que o centro de gravidade se
bring close to the ground and the push-off foot supports in front of the body,
with the leg already extended first by the heel. In this case,
this drive leg rests around an arm's length (70 cm from
(beam).
3-Propulsion: The correct propulsion implies the total utilization of
running speed, maximum utilization of leg capacity
the propulsion and the action of the free leg upwards towards the bar. The lack of
execution or an incorrect execution of any of these three
actions take away all the possibilities of a good jump.
At the moment of the impulse, in reality, two impulses are made.
different and consecutive one after the other.
The first is the action of the free leg, forward and upward (extended
or not), which will alleviate some of the body's weight. The second is the action
energy of the propulsion leg, which will take advantage of the previous action and
will force, with all its strength, the body upward. The action of the leg of
the impulse must be made immediately before the end of the leg action
free (fig. from 6 to 10). As for the arms, in the movement prior to
impulse, they must be taken back. When one raises the
free leg forward and up, they will come together (this is the
parallel or symmetric technical call, since there is still the
normal alternating movement
(fig. from 4 to 9)
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
73

Note:
For the high jump athlete, it is important, first, the strength of
propulsion and flexibility, as well as the ability to learn a
the modern techniques. The thrust force (absolute) is, therefore,
prerequisite for learning the ventral roll and the "Flop"
», the most commonly used high jump techniques. The descriptions that are
they refer, therefore, to these two techniques, in which they must
to employ the main biomechanical aspects of high jump.
The high jump mark is formed by the result of three
components: A1+A2+A3 = Height of the jump (see figure 2).
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
74
(see figure 2).
4 - Bypass of the bar: Already over the bar, the athlete's chest is
finds parallel to this, almost vertical. The head is located in a
lower plane, attacking leg extended and the pushing leg
flexed, with the board between them. In this position,
it remains "to wrap" the rod, causing a spin of the body over it
longitudinal axis, making it roll over the other side of it. Already
having crossed the bar, the athlete raises the knee of the jumping leg
not to touch the bar. (fig. from 16 to 18)
5 - The fall: Let the athlete fall in the best way
possible without suffering any type
5 - The fall: Visa allows the athlete to fall in the best way.
possible without suffering any type of accident. It usually does a
side rolling over the shoulders. Currently, foam mattresses
they greatly favor a drop, without major risks.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
75
Flop style
The main characteristic of this style is the surpassing of the bar of
costs. Some studies have shown that, from a certain point of view
biomechanically, the back clearance is more efficient,
once it maximizes the use of the height at which
the center of gravity was raised.
The technical phases that we can observe are the same as described in
Ventral Roll, that is: starting position, run, jump,
overtaking and falling. According to Szmushowski, the most important
phases are running and propulsion. Overtaking and falling are
direct consequences of these previous phases.
1 - Starting position: Since there is no specific pattern,
similar to the Ventral Roll style.
2 - The race: The jumper who makes use of the Flop technique must perform the
running in the first moment on a straight line (phase of
acceleration), in the direction of the slat, at an angle that can vary from
60º to 90º. Then it goes through a curve (pre-boost preparation) in the
last laps (at least 3 to 5). The total of this race, in lines
usually, it is 9 to 11 shots and the starting point is between 15 to 20 meters.
of the bar. To determine the exit location and the straight line, used in
first part of the race, it is drawn perpendicular from 3 to 5
meters beyond the nearest pole (this distance variation is
justifies the fact that the athlete starts the race at an angle of 60º or
but)
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
76
In the last strides (in curve), which is the preparation for the push,
the body's position is modified, accentuating an inclination towards the
center of the circle (to counteract the action of the centrifugal force). However,
As the last step begins, the jumper's trunk starts to straighten up.
There is still a backward lean (although less than in the style
Ventral Rolo). Thus, the center of gravity is lowered and is extended
the course of the thrust.
This last step will be much faster (similar to the jump in
(distance). The take-off foot is placed approximately at a
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
77
bar rail metro (for jumps around 2 meters), first by
heel, in the direction of the run.
In this style, there is not much need to flex the leg of
intensely thrust (at least, not as much as in the Roll style
Ventral)
3 - The propulsion: After the race, in the position described above, begins.
the propulsion. It is similar to the scissor style, starting
with the leg further away from the beam. Simultaneously to
straightening of the body, vertically, there is the elevation of the free leg and of the
arms, instantly, there exists the violent extension of the leg of
impulse. The impulse should only be upward. It is a serious mistake.
to provoke the parabola during the thrust, for it is determined
when straightening the trunk (moving from the inclined position to
(inside the curve). (Fig. from 3 to 6)
The elevation of the free leg is done upwards, with the knee bent and
to the center of the curve. This causes a rotation of the body about the axis
longitudinal (fig. 4 to 6). Subsequently, there should be a rotation.
from the head to the side of the free leg (Fig. 6). This will enable the stop
of the body turn, and therefore must be executed at the right moment,
so that the backs turn toward the slat. It also allows, in addition
of the compensatory movement, as the athlete keeps their gaze fixed on the bar,
while executing this movement.
4 - Overtaking: The first action for overtaking (as soon as
the shoulders cross the bar) is to suddenly turn the head back
backwards (which will lift the hip). This will allow the body to place
arched shape on the slat (fig. from 8 to 10). According to the technique of
athlete, the arms are placed extended along the body. There is also
those who assimilate better, throwing the arm to the same side of the
leg free upwards as if it were the conductor of the rest of the body
in the transposition. The other arm hangs along the body. After
to pass the hip, the athlete must perform the compensatory movement
of flexion. This movement is still clearly caused by the head
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
78
who leans strongly forward, touching the chin to the chest (fig.
11 and 1212). Thus, there is the "disarmament" of the body, with elevation of the
legs freeing themselves from the wooden plank.
5 - The fall: In the fall, the athlete's body takes an 'L' position,
maintained through muscle contraction. The arms spread apart tend to
touching first the surface of the foam mattress, absorbing the
shock and preparing the correct position of the rest of the body, for a
posterior rolling backwards (fig. 13). Just to mention, without no
Before going into greater technical details, we will make a brief
comment on the Scissor Technique. Already considered outdated
in terms of great results, it is worth mentioning her due to
the simplicity of your movements, which can be easily
assimilated by any school, with a minimum of agility. Receives
this name based on the leg movements during overtaking of the
bar. The race is run at an angle of approximately 45º in
The relationship to the bar and its side depends on the practitioner's propulsion.
For this technique, the jumper pushes off from the left leg.
on the right side, the thrust of the right leg is placed to the left.
We will place more emphasis on this technique in our practical classes.
the main reason for mentioning this leap is that its execution lends itself to
as an auxiliary educational tool, especially for the Flop.
Summary
High jump is an athletics event whose objective is to jump.
the highest possible height over a bar without knocking it down.

Exercise 9
1. Mention and characterize the phases of high jump.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
79

Unit No. 10
Launch and evidence
First of all, it is important to highlight the issue of
terminology that revolves around the words to launch and to throw. In
Portuguese, according to the dictionary of Aurélio Buarque of
Holland, the word launch means the act or effect of launching. Launch is worth
how to shoot or throw with force far away. Throwing is the act of
to launch and, finally, to launch is equivalent to throwing with force or launching. For the
official regulation, the word throw is used for the javelin,
hammer and sickle and launch for weight whose differentiation is
also found in German and English books. This is due to the fact
if there exists a small difference that characterizes the athlete's way
releasing the implement in the air, where we observe that the weight is pushed and
the others are designed with different characteristics. With all this,
we can conclude that both launch and launch have the
the same meaning and the differences are only in the question of
placement.
Upon completing this unit/lesson, you will be able to:
Know the characteristics of launch
Execute the launch correctly
Objectives
SHOT PUT
Of all the events within athletics, the shot put
is undoubtedly the most practiced. The reason for such popularity is due to
to the fact that it is easy to push a spherical implement, of weight
sustainable, proportional to strength, within their age ranges.
Any element that is willing to practice weight throwing
go in search of brands that may come close to the great ones
champions. For this, they dedicate themselves to rigorous training, improving
an increasingly refined technique, without any waste
of energy force.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
80
The specialists in this test are characterized by being structural.
high, reaching 1.95m in height, with a pronounced wingspan. They are
fast and strong.
Regarding the speed of the pitchers, it is noted that they have, on average,
in the 100m sprints of 11.7s and 11.9s. They have motor coordination.
accentuated that allows them to quickly assimilate the instructions to which
the most pronounced physical valences of
launchers are: SPEED, FORCE, COORDINATION.
In the history of launches, it is known that in 1883, LAMBRECHT, from
Great Britain launched the weight to a distance of 13.10m. The
launchers are tall and strong, then the first giant appeared, it was
RALPH ROSE (world record in 1909, with a mark of 15.54m)
with a height of 2.06m and weighing 125kg. The record-breaking athletes were
generally heavy (over 100kg), with the United States
characterized by a large number of world record holders. Test
This is where a great athlete named PERRY O'BRIEN emerged.
At 18 years old, O'BRIEN was catching the attention of the coaches. He was training with the
technician JESSE MORTENSEN, in the morning and afternoon, using the
weight training as a basic principle of its exceptional brands.
Before Perry O'Brien, the great thrower was JAMES FUCHS, who
used an orthodox technique (with lateral movement without crossing)
Fuchs broke the record four times in one year.
worldwide. O'Brien, already in Fuchs' time, stood out as a junior.
From 1953 to 1956, O'Brien won all the competitions in which
participated. In 1959, DALLAS LONG emerged in this competition, equalizing
the record of O'Brien (with the mark of 19.25m). O'Brien did not allow
for less and would break the world record again with a mark of
19.30m to go, in 1960, Dallas Long surpasses him in the competition with the mark.
19.38m.
The truth was as follows: until 1950, throwers used
in the 'orthodox style', with Fuchs as the world record holder from 1949 to
In 1953, O'Brien took the world record from Fuchs, holding it.
until 1959, when Long broke the hegemony. At that time, Long was already
he used O'Brien's technique. However, this year of 1959, again
broke the record, putting O'Brien in the history books as the pitcher
of all time that would break the largest number of world records.
The first athlete to surpass the mark of 20m was BILL NIEDER, from
USA, with a mark of 20.06m in 1960.
In the 80s, another style emerged: SPANISH, which had the
characteristic of the discus throw spin. This style is applied
precisely because the disc throws pain due to adaptation issues
to the specialty
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
81
Launch Styles
Orthodox - with lateral displacement
Perry O'Brien - with back displacement
Spanish - with discus throw spin
Pesos
•Masculino – 7,260kg
Female - 4kg
When starting the weight throwing teachings, one must
take into consideration the use of this implement with the weights of
2kg, 3kg or 4kg, as with light weights the learning is easy.
assimilation.
One should also use the ORTHODOX style in this initial phase.
to later teach the PERRY O´BRIEN style.
Weight is held in different ways, depending on each athlete, as
It depends on the size of the hand and the strength of the hand and fingers.
The most correct way is to hold it with your fingers apart, placing it in the
base of them, without touching the palm of the hand. Note that the
the fist should be flexed backwards.
The hand holding the implement should be near the collarbone or chin.
The elbow high or low.
The final strength of the fist, hand, and fingers in the reversible function is excessive.
important for the execution of a good launch.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
82
Perry O'Brien technique
Start
Standing with your back to the sector, weight of the body on the right foot, foot
left further back (fig. 1). Weight positioned below the jaw,
very close or even touching the neck, elbow of the limb
well opened launcher. The exchange begins while the member is raised
lower left for balance purposes - scale position (fig. 2).
Afterward, there is a flexion of the right knee and the hip and left knee.
bringing the two knees together - grouped position (fig. 3/4)
Displacement
The displacement is initiated by the initial imbalance of the body to
behind (fig. 4/5); next, there is an action of extending the knee and hip
left (which will "pull" the body), simultaneous with the extension of the knee
law. The displacement must be close to the ground (hence the term more
suitable would be sliding) and the left leg should not be thrown
upwards and yes backwards, low flight.
Double support
The right foot will be placed in the center of the circle, according to the plan and in a
angle of about 90 to 120 degrees with the direction of the throw. The foot
left, almost simultaneously, must reach the ground, by the part
anterior, next to the barrier, slightly to the left of the central line of
circle. The trunk continues facing the back of the circle
(looking at a point situated a few meters behind it) and is
in bending and twisting.
At the end of the movement, the weight of the body is on the right leg, if
if the weight were to fall, it should reach the ground at a certain distance from
ceiling height.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
83
Final Stage
This phase begins with the action of the right lower limb (the
the launch begins with the plantar flexion of the right ankle
combined with a rotation of the pelvis and the trunk.
The right side of the body, as a result of these movements, rotates.
forward and upward, in the direction of the launch. The lower limb
the left must perform a containment and leverage action.
In the end, there is a complete extension of the lower limbs, with the
feet pointing in the direction of the throw.
The action of the right upper limb consists of an abduction.
horizontal shoulder joint motion, followed by an extension of
elbow is a vigorous final action of flexion of the wrist joint
(wrist fracture) and the flexion of the finger joints (the palm of
the hand should be turned to the side at the end of the throw.
Throughout the throw, the elbow of the member must throw pain.
to be open (pointing to the side), must come behind the weight and the hand
must have the thumb pointing down. The upper limb
left, bent at the elbow, helps to perform the rotation of the
trunk suddenly stops its movement, when the chest of
the athlete is already facing forward towards the front of the sector,
thus contributing to increasing the output speed of the
implement.
Reversal
To avoid leaving the circle, a movement is made to
legs, which consists of the left leg moving backward, with the
right leg moving forward, which leads to an aerial phase and a
subsequent bending of the right knee and lowering of the trunk, which
contributes to a lowering of the center of gravity, preventing the
imbalance outside the circle.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
84
Javelin Throw
The javelin throw is undoubtedly the most beautiful of the events.
existing in modern athletics. Since the times of the "men of
caves,” this tool, now sophisticated, was used for hunting
of animals. As time passed, the implement was
used for various purposes, among them the search for hunting to
survival, as well as a weapon in the great wars between the
Nordic peoples. Indians also began to use this implement in
fishing.
The way the dart was used did not differ much from the present.
the technique used to launch such an implement has been perfected since
in such a way as to make the most efficient use possible
possible of the energetic force in a straight movement in the plane
vertical and parabolic on the horizontal plane.
The action of throwing or launching some implement reminds us of the way of
how we throw stones. It is a movement that seems to be natural still
that adapted to the characteristics of the instrument used. Without a doubt
none, we will notice that the act of launching this implement in us
brings us closer to our ancestors.
As a javelin thrower, one needs to have speed, coordination,
agility and strength.
There is no specific need for them to be very tall. Notably, it is
a specialty where athletes are quite different from others
throwers (shot put, discus and hammer).
For a long time this specialty was practiced by the Nordics;
the names of Myrra, Pentilla, Jarvinen, and Nikinnen were always present
among the best in the world and candidates for the Olympic title.
With the evolution of brands, above 100m, the Federation
International Amateur Athletics Federation - FIAA, at the assembly of its
affiliates, decided, through a new rule, to modify the structure of this
implement, shifting the center of gravity further forward.
string involved in the dart, causing it to,
straight-line trajectory (vertical) alters the parabolic trajectory
(horizontal), because when it reached the greatest amplitude of its path,
descends faster, reverting back to the old look, or
to 'stake in the ground'.
Correct way to throw the dart
Whatever style is used, it should allow the fingers of the
the hand and the fist act relaxed on the rope involved in the
dart; the mastery of the dart in its flight path, both vertical and
horizontal should offer the hand a position that allows use
a concentration of forces to launch the projectile. There are several
methods for this purpose and we will describe those most
most commonly used.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
85
Finnish method
It is considered the strongest method. It consists of holding the dart, of
way that the index finger is extended on the back of the
tensioning, with a slight flexion of the distal phalanx to the
lateral, in contact with the shaft of the dart or around it. The fingers
thumb and middle are placed at the beginning of the string involved in
dart, encircling it, with the ends almost joined.
These two fingers are practically responsible for the transmission of the
force to the dart: they are the ones who push the dart during the throw. The
other fingers, ring and little, are usually placed on the
chord (figure below).
We noticed that the main characteristic of this grip method of the
the dart is directly related to the position of the index finger,
that aims to improve the launch trajectory,
also providing greater rotation to the dart when it is in the air.
Normal or American method
It is the most used due to its easier adaptation. Here, the dart is
pressed by the index and thumb at the start of the string
involved in the dart, and the other fingers are placed firmly, however
unhurriedly on the rope, as we see in the figure below.
a) The preparatory race
The race is divided into two parts. The first begins in the position of
the throw starts and goes to the intermediate mark. At this stage, the dart is
led over the shoulder, more or less at head height and
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
86
parallel to the ground. The goal of this phase is to give the athlete speed
ideal, which will be transported to the dart at the moment it is
thrown.
The second part is the one that characterizes the style used by the athlete -
Finnish, Bud Held, American with a jump, etc. - whose number of
depends on the style practiced (five, in Finnish). This part
the race is very important, because it depends on it the greater or
less successful launch, in the technical aspect.
b) Duration of the race: It should be sufficient to achieve it.
the necessary impulse for a good throw. The excess of
speed must be slowed down gradually, becoming useless,
because nothing is gained from it and it can put a lot at risk.
c) The actual launch: This phase is interconnected with the
previous ones and their success depends entirely on the good execution of the
precedentes. Assim, se a mão direita for levada correctamente para trás
and with the left foot properly placed, the dart can be taken without
effort to the line of action, over the shoulder. With that, it imposes on the
a minimum of tension, considerably reducing the
possibilities of a bruise. Additionally, this position of the arm
widen your lever, increasing the launch force.
c) Final action and foot swapping or reversal: As seen, in the phase of
the proper launch, the weight of the body shifts to the leg of the
front at the moment the dart is thrown, as a consequence
of the speed blocking of the run, due to the crossed step. This
action results in a forward body imbalance near
final barrier of the throwing corridor, which cannot be touched and
not surpassed by the athlete, who will be punished with a foul that cancels
the attempt.
To prevent this from happening, the pitcher must make a switch of the
leg that is behind from the front and very quickly, in order to block
this movement of the body in imbalance forward, placing it in
a stationary and stable position, to then leave the corridor by the.
allowed space. We call this action reversal or exchange of
feet.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
87
Album Release
The discus throw is undoubtedly the most classic and ancient of all.
which are part of athletics. Since ancient times, it was customary to throw oneself
war shields, a gesture that passed to the Olympics, replacing-
if the shields are made of stone discs of unequal weight characteristics
and diameter. The act of throwing the discus has been perpetuated through
figures or even in statues.
In the modern era of athletics, it was the first throw that
practiced, followed later by the other three (weight, javelin, and hammer).
The way this instrument was launched is different from the current one.
It turns out that over the years, the technique of releasing the album
presented advances that could take greater advantage of
movements based on the laws of physics.
The form that is used today allows for the harnessing of strength.
horizontal centrifuge applied, from inside a circle, with
progressive speed, obtaining greater possibility for the large ones
distances. The improvement of the technique with spins (rotations) makes with
that athletes have to dedicate hours and hours daily to their
training, so that circular movements can be
really taken advantage of at the launch.
The record has improved a lot and today almost all pitchers
they employ the American technique adopted for the first time by the North
American FORTUNE GORDIEN. It can be said that the throwers of
discs are slower than shot putters, because they have
need to use circular movements. (rhythmic).
Discus throwers must dedicate themselves solely and exclusively to the
Test. There were times when weight throwers threw discs, however,
currently, they are rare cases.
There is great concern regarding the movements of
lower limbs, within the circle, because if there is no stability
at the base there will not be a good launch. For the simple fact that the
circular movements can disrupt an athlete's balance, the
they must be executed progressively.
It is important for a discus thrower to have the following
Characteristics: Large wingspan, rhythm, speed, and strength.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
88
Long limbs allow for a greater turning radius, as a result
the peripheral speed generated in the rotation must be greater and therefore
increasing the centrifugal force. It is also very important that a
the athlete has a large hand, as this allows them to have better control over the
disc during its circular movements. An athlete with hand
little has great difficulties in controlling the disk, because during
circular movements are more concerned with the disk than
base, which are the lower limbs, in motion.
The distance from the middle finger to the beginning is 24 or 25 centimeters.
fist, so that a pitcher can stand out. sturdy fingers
contribute to making a launch suitable due to
completion of this action, which gives the disk the necessary balance. A
The average of the big throwers exceeds 100 kg and 1.90 m in height.
With this, they can easily reach 56m.
Styles (techniques)
•Orthodox - lateral (from the side to the drop sector of the
implement) with rotation.
Americano – with their back to the falling section of the implement
(with a turn).
Weighing:
Male: 2kg
Female: 1kg
Technique
The technique of discus throwing is based entirely on
utilization of the centrifugal force that the athlete generates when performing a
one and a half turns (now and then) inside a circle. This technique, as if
it has been said, it was put into practice with great success by the American
GORDILN and from this moment has not ceased to be corrected
and improved.
The thrower begins the movement with their back to the landing sector.
implementing, taking an intermediate step (a low jump)
adding thus the centrifugal force generated in the spin, the linear impulse for
front, following the axis of the circle.
The shot put, like all athletics, is a movement.
continued and without pauses, with a slow start, accelerating
progressively until reaching the final action which is the explosion.
Initial Position
The initial position that an athlete adopts when entering the circle is the
next: legs apart with a distance equal to or greater than
shoulder width (from the back to the drop zone of the implement) and
disc in the launching hand. At this moment, the center of gravity
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
89
is in the middle (between the legs) of the initial position (perpendicular to
alone).
One can or cannot initiate some preparatory movements towards
launch. These movements, when made or executed, are for
start the spin in the circle with the initial impulse for the execution of the turn.
These movements are called balanced.
The legs will flex when the rotation of the swing is performed.
trunk, as well as the foot opposite the throwing hand will have
change in your movement (rotation on the tip of the foot). The arm of
the throw goes behind the shoulder line and the free arm will cross
slightly in front of the body.
Execution of the first phase - trunk rotation:
After the launcher has executed some balances, there is a
transfer of the center of gravity passing the supports of the leg
right to the left leg semi-flexed. When the right leg
it lifts off the ground having completed its propulsion work,
shifting the body's support to the left leg, the arm of
the throw should continue behind the shoulder line. The spin should
occur on the left foot.
At the moment of this turn on the left foot, the body becomes slightly
inclined towards the center of the circle or the axis of rotation.
The position of the right foot at the end of 1othe transfer should be on
tip of the toe, as from this moment it should also be started
another rotation.
It is essential that the athlete's legs are not extended.
during the rotations. The contacts for the completion of the right feet and
left should have the shortest possible timeframe, in the center of
circle.
Execution of the second phase – hip entry phase for
launch:
The position that an athlete should be in is the same as if they were
throwing without displacement, that is, the right foot in the center of the circle,
left leg or foot almost touching the rim on the left side of the
launch alignment (make a division of the circle with chalk).
Launch arm behind the shoulder line. Free arm bent.
with the head turned towards the fist or free elbow (twisted towel).
At this moment, there is a predominance of support on the leg of
impulse (at the center of the circle).
Observe carefully that the head is the axis of the rotations and it is the one that
maintain the body's balance throughout the execution of the throw.
The right leg executes the thrust (semi-flexed leg) for the
hip entrance. Head that previously looked at the wrist
free (more or less downwards) begins its rise, performing the
framing of the hips (advancing the Center of Gravity).
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
90
When the body is turning forward or towards the sector of fall
from the implement, the free arm flexed more quickly to
back. The launching arm also remains behind the line of
Shoulders. There is the transmission of supports.
From the right leg to the left, with an accentuated hip entrance and
face with the gaze turned upwards. In this finalization, it is necessary
greater speed in the throwing arm, that is, execution of greater
speed in the path from the arm to the disk's exit from the hand.
The launching arm should be extended. The action of the fingers
thumb and index finger, mainly, are fundamental for a good
launch. They are the ones that will provide greater balance to the disc.
The search for the launch leg for near the free is essential.
for all body positioning in the throw.
Reversal
It is nothing more than the exchange of support, that is, from the left to the
right on heel, also occurring the inversion of the position of the entry
of the hips, that is, delaying the center of gravity, so that
an athlete can control their faults in throws.
1 - Launch circle,
2 - Antepara,
2
1
4
3 - White Lines,
4 - Weight loss zone;
3
Specific regulation
The weight is thrown in a circle having at the front a
stop curve;
The athlete has 1 minute to start their throw;
The weight must be thrown from the shoulder using only a
hand
The use of gloves is prohibited;
The athlete will have to start the throw from a position
stationary.
A trial will be considered null if an athlete, during a
launch:
•Incorrectly release the weight;
After entering the circle and starting the throw,
touching, with any part of the body, the ground outside the circle,
or at the top of the partition;
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
91
If the weight, at its first contact with the ground, touches the line
delimiter or on the ground beyond the fall zone.
If the athlete leaves the circle before the device has
touched on the ground;
If the athlete leaves the circle through its front half (front part of the
frontal;
The distances will always be recorded up to the centimeter (0.01
m) immediately below the measured distance, if this
distance does not correspond to a complete cm.
The measurement will be made from the mark made by the fall of the
Weight, which is closer to the circle to the inner edge
from the circle's edge, along a line that passes through its
center
When there are more than 8 athletes, each of them will be entitled
the three trials and the eight athletes who achieved the best
Valid brands will be entitled to three supplementary tests.
The launches must always be made from a fixed place.
The circle from where the discus is thrown has a diameter of 2.5 m.
in diameter
When the disc hits the ground, the athlete must leave the circle.
through the back half
The true protagonist: the record!
The disc is a bronze plate that can have different weights. In the
absolute category: 2 kg for men and 1 kg for women. And the
tamanho? 219- 221 mm, para a categoria masculina, e 180-182 mm,
for the female category.
The disc weighs less for juniors. Are you under 17? Catch it
the disc of 1.5 kg. If your age is between 18-20 years, catch the
1.75 kg. Come! To catch the disk!
Why can you be penalized?
Although it is a quite free sport, one must take into account
some basic rules:
You cannot touch the top part of the metal edge nor stay.
out of the circle
It is prohibited to exit through the front area of the circle.
The support of the foot is always done with the heel. The impulse?
With the tip
One must exit the circle before the disc falls.
You cannot throw the discus from outside the circle.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
92
Don't take long to release the album
Going out on one side of the circle is a cause for penalty.
It is believed that...
In the past, the launch area was not circular.
The most common way of launching was done by lifting
first the disk forward and then raising the arm.
Hammer Throw
Irish folklore, rich in epic tales, tells us of the feats
extraordinary ones of a certain Cuchulain (which meant hero in
Gaelic), a kind of Hercules of the Celtic world, which at the Games
Athletics of that people, around 2000 BC, took place.
prodigies of strength and skill.
Thus, at a certain celebration, they remember to fix to the axis of
the union of the wheels of a carriage a 'thick stone', and with this
the hero (mythical?) spun around his own body and launched it
"at a distance that no man could throw and equal" to the hero
at that time as portrayed in ancient Greek history.
The 'roth-cl heas' had been born, or as we know it today: the
hammer throw. It is no wonder, then, that in the early days of
encoded sport of our Era, the first champions may have been
the Irish.
Thus, the first known record belongs to Michael Kennedy.
(Irish naturally), which in 1839 launched 33.52m.
The throwers compete by throwing as far as possible a
heavy ball fixed to a metal wire, with a hard grip
extremity.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
93
The hammer throw does not escape the principle of rotation, commonly known as
milling machine, start and the suspension or flight of the machinery.
THE TECHNIQUE OF HAMMER THROW
The hammer throw is undoubtedly one of the most difficult events.
of athletics. A long process of training and
training to be completely dominated.
In it, we can find the following technical phases:
Grip
Starting position
Balancing for the reels
Turnstiles
Transfers
The launch itself
Reversal
a)HANDLE:
The ring (handle) is first taken with the left hand,
by the distal flanges, which must be protected by a special glove. The
the right hand is placed over the left, in such a way that both
the grips cross. This grip should be firm but without
contractions.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
94
b) STARTING POSITION:
The athlete is in the part of the circle, with their back turned to the
launch direction, in lateral movement away from the legs of
approximately the width of the shoulders. The axis of the circle passes
between the two legs, whose body weight is divided proportionally
about them.
c) BALANCING FOR THE REELS:
There are two types of balance weights to accelerate the hammer, preparing it
for the reels, which are:
1- The hammer is taken to the right and behind, and it can still be inside or
out of the throwing circle. Thus, starting from a bend
lateral of the trunk, there is an extension, thus starting the reel.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
95
2- In the other type of balancing before the reels, the hammer finds
is elevated in front of the athlete and oscillates backward, between their legs.
Taking advantage of the acquired momentum, a new balancing is done for the
forward and upward. Next, the hammer is directed backward and to the right,
making a trunk rotation to follow the implement (that
In this case, it is elevated and not low like the other type of balancing)
the reels begin.
d) TURNSTILES:
After carrying out the balances described above, the legs begin to
partially extending, driving and turning the torso to the left,
moment when the hammer is dragged up and to the left. This
in form, the hammer starts to propel itself through two or three
swings. So that the effective rotation radius of the hammer is the largest
it is possible and the athlete will try to keep the arms extended during
as long as possible. To meet this requirement, all the good
specialists lower the left shoulder a little. During the
there is a bending of the body, with weight transfer,
to the side opposite to the position of the hammer. This is to act against the
centrifugal force. Thus, at the moment the implement
Find its low point (right side of the launcher), the hip is
moves to the left, with the leg on this side semi-flexed, the
extended right and vice versa, when the hammer is in your
high trajectory.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
96
e) TRANSFERS:
An initial acceleration that is created in the reels, in a system of
centrifugal form, where the launcher acts as a fixed axis, has in the
this increased acceleration, where the athlete still continues as the
axis. At the moment the head of the hammer is in the
diagonal, to the right of its lowest point of trajectory, after the last one
whirligig, starts the first momentum spin. From there, the pitcher
transfer the weight of the body to the left leg, which never abandons
the ground, becoming the pivot of all the turns (usually three), which are
executed to give the necessary thrust for the launch, moment
in which a controlled imbalance is produced around the
leg, seeking new support on the ground, positioning itself parallel to the
left, b providing once again the "double support". The faster
If you support your right foot on the ground, you can take the hammer for much longer.
downward and the greater your speed will be. All spins are
similarities and the speed must be technically increasing for it to
thrower can put his weight with increasing force against the
centrifugal force of the hammer, thereby avoiding being dragged or
overthrown.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
97
It is important to extend the arms during the spins, as well as not
project the chest forward, nor extend the legs, during the support of
right, after the initial support phase One should never carry the weight
to the body or fall onto the right leg.
With progressive rotation, as a result of the high speed
in the second and third spin, the placement of the feet becomes increasingly
narrow, from rotation to rotation, so that the right leg can
take a shorter and faster path. left and behind.
The feet work in such a way that the left one pivots on the heel and
external part, then to the left, towards the launch,
while the right turns around the plant, thus making a half turn. A
the second half turn of the left foot will be made over the back of the
even to finish at ground level. The ceiling height rises from the ground
again, quickly passing very close around the leg,
seeking new support in the soil, positioning itself parallel to the
left, providing once again the "double support". The faster
If you support the right foot on the ground, the longer you can take the hammer.
downwards and the greater your speed will be. All spins are
similar and the speed must be technically increasing so that the
the thrower can apply his weight with greater force against the
centrifugal force of the hammer, thus avoiding being dragged or
overthrown.
It is important to extend the arms during turns, as well as not
project the chest forward, nor extend the legs, during the support of
law, after the first support phase. One should never transport the
weight of the body to the right leg or fall onto it.
With progressive rotation, as a consequence of the high speed
in the second and third spin, the foot placement becomes increasingly more
narrow, from rotation to rotation, so that the right leg can
to take a shorter and faster route.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
98
f) THE ACT OF LAUNCHING ITSELF:
After the last rotation, after the settling of the right leg in
alone, and with the previous quarter, the pitcher is at the limit
in front of the circle, with their back to the direction of the throw. The weight of the
the body is on the left leg and both legs are
fletidas. At this moment the launch begins, specifically with
the legs and not with the arms. Both feet keep turning to
to the left, 90º, to then start the simultaneous thrust of the two
legs, together with the trunk and hips. This after the passage of
hammer by the low point of its trajectory. The enormous speed in
that having the hammer at this moment makes it advance the
your position in relation to the one you had at the end of each lap.
Due to this, the athlete acts quickly, bringing the torso back,
exercising with both arms the action of pulling the hammer,
lifting it back and up, without the action decreasing the radius of
turn. The hammer is dropped at shoulder height and at 90º, the shoulder
the left points in the direction of the throw and the back is fine
arched. The recommended exit angle ranges from 42º to 44º.
g) REVERSAL:
In order not to cross the limit of the throwing circle, the
the athlete absorbs the impact by reversing the position of the
legs. The left one is pulled back while some bend the
right. Others continue to spin on the right leg, bringing the foot
left to the center of the circle.
The complete analysis of all movements can be observed in
next figure.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics
99
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 100
Combined tests
Two of the events that test athletes the most are the decathlon and the heptathlon.
that are aimed at discovering the male and female athlete who is
multisport. The decathlon for men consists of ten events in
two days: the 100 and 400 m, the high jump, the long jump,
the shot put, the 1500 m, the 110 m hurdles, the pole vault,
javelin throw and discus throw. The first decathlon
modern was carried out in Germany, in 1911, and all the evidence
occurred on the same day. It emerged at the Olympics in 1912, and, just like
it currently took two days.
The heptathlon for women consists of seven events over two days.
also: the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put,
the 200 m, the 800 m, the long jump and the javelin throw.
The heptathlon (for women) was introduced in 1981 to replace
the pentathlon, which included five events. It was added to it the
javelin throw and the 800 meters, to emphasize strength, well
like the speed. In each set of trials, the winner is
chosen by a scoring system, in which the competitors
earn points based on the time, distance, and speed demonstrated in
Each event. The athlete with the highest score wins.
HEPTATHLON
First Day
100 meters Hurdles
The events in the heptathlon have a 30-minute interval between them. The set
of modalities tests speed, strength, agility and the
the resistance of an athlete. The training for this first event - the 100 m
hurdles - also benefits the 200 m.
High Jump
In this jump, technique and agility are put to the test. The rules are the
the same as in the individual modality, but the athletes are divided into
groups with similar patterns. The athletes eat foods
energetic throughout the day.
Weight Throw
It serves to test an athlete's strength. The distances achieved.
in heptathlon are often lower than in the events
individuals, because the athlete is much lighter, and to increase her weight
corporal for this test could harm your performance in the others.
In the throws, the athletes have only three attempts.
metros. This event is practiced at the end of the first day, when the athlete
starts to feel tired. Therefore, it is both a test of endurance.
like speed.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 101
Second Day
Long Jump
Athletes only make three attempts in this jump. Speed is also
vital, to ensure a good balance run.
Javelin Throw
The technical ability as well as the strength of the trunk are vital in
javelin throw. In individual events, the javelin throwers
they are low and light.
Most heptathlon athletes have a similar physique, and
many times, they manage to score quite a lot in this test.
800 meters
O segredo é mais a resistência do que a velocidade. Nesta fase, a atleta
should focus on marking the points you need to
establish the final result and should aim to regulate its
past.
DECATHLON
First Day
100 meters
This is the first event of the first day. In the track events,
athletes are allowed three false starts, in contrast to the two
habitual.
Long Jump
After the speed of 100 meters, this jump tests the ability
athlete's technique. Athletes who compete in combined events must
start each of them, or they will be disqualified.
However, if they do not complete the test due to a failure of a jump, due to
For example, in this case they didn't score points, which can be disastrous.
for the final result.
Shot Put
As in heptathlon, a prominent physicist can benefit this and others.
launch tests, but they may slow down the decathlon athlete
in sprint races and in the 1500 meters.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 102
High Jump
Athletes participating in combined events must take advantage of
maximize your training time, and often train at the same
long jump, high jump, and pole vault.
400 meters
It is important to drink throughout the day, especially in hot climates.
after effort tests, like the 400 m. This is the one that concludes the
first day, and the athletes will have to think about resting before the
exams of the next day.
Second Day
110 meters
The scores on the second day are often lower, as
athletes can have stiff muscles and be tired after the
eve.
Album Release
It is a difficult test because it requires balance and coordination
perfects, and a more refined technique than other proofs of
release.
Pole Vault
Jumpers must be fast, strong, and flexible to perform.
all the movements required to catapult oneself over the bar supporting-
on a fiberglass rod.
Javelin Throw
At this stage of the competition, the decathlon athlete will be tired, and
you should focus on throwing the javelin with precision to ensure that
which scores points. In its first "valid" launch, it should have for
aim at the center of the landing area. The second and third launches
can be used later to improve the distance achieved.
1500 meters
The last and the hardest of all the tests. Like in the 800 m.
for women, tactics are more important than speed.
Paralympics
In these competitions, athletes with various types of disabilities compete. Just like the
Conventional games, the Olympics for the disabled take place in
every four years and, whenever possible, in the same country as the
Olympic Games.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 103
The first complete Olympics of this kind were in Rome, in
1960 and, since 1976, there have also been the Olympics of
Winter para sports, which include bicycle and judo.
Marathon
The marathon is a long-distance race with a course of about
of 42 km, it demands.
It has been part of the Olympic Games since 1896. It was thus called
due to the race carried out by a Greek soldier, from the city of
Marathon to Athens to bring news of the victory of the Greeks over
the Persians.
Selection of the Throwers
For the choice of a future launcher, it is essential to observe the
following qualities:
Morphological qualities - young individuals of good stature, good
body mass distribution (weight/height ratio) and good
wingspan.
Physical qualities - speed and good nervous reaction,
dynamism and agility, strength, coordination, and flexibility.
Psychic qualities
-
voluntariness, consistency
combative spirit, psychological resistance to frustrations, and power of
concentration.
Compared to athletes in other athletic events, throwers are
athletes from:
Long and slow period of formation.
Long athletic maturation period.
Prolonged decline.
Criteria for the training period
Versatile training.
Practice of different launches.
•Allocate special psychological attention to the beginner.
Determine the definitive specialty of the launcher, only
when we have
certainty of your personal taste and your future possibilities.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 104
Pedagogical criteria
To reach the global gesture, it is recommended to start with
a degree
•elementary pedagogical. This method occurs in the reverse sense to the
chronology of the total gesture, for
• facilitate the study of the technique, which is divided into the following
phases:
a) Preparatory phase: This phase begins with the movements
preliminary steps for the launch, such as the relocation in the
weight, turns, on the disc, swivels and spins, on the hammer.
b) Realization phase: It starts with the arrival of the right foot to the ground
(always, during our course, we will deal with right-handed athletes), after the
start of the launch. So we have, in weight, when the right foot
reaches the center of the circle. In the dart, in the penultimate step. In the disc,
arrival of the right foot at the center of the circle and in the hammer, when the foot
law reaches the ground, at the end of the third spin, are examples
clear. This phase ends when the left leg receives
the weight of the body on itself.
The two phases described above have the following objectives:
Overcome the inertia of the implement.
Increase the path of impulse.
Advance the line of the pelvis, in relation to the line of the shoulder.
•Put the launcher in better condition in the penultimate.
support for the execution of the launch.
c) Final phase: Begins with the arrival of body weight on the leg.
left and understands: the launch itself and the
recovery of balance. It has the following objectives:
Give the implement the greatest possible acceleration, using the
the longest path and the greatest sum of forces possible.
Recover the balance within the impulse zone, once
that the implement loses contact with the thrower's hand.
Summary
Releases and launches; the proofs of launches or
throws are competition events in athletics,
releases are distributed according to sex and age.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 105
Exercise 10
1. Identify the phases of the shot put.
2. Characterize the javelin throw.
3. Mention the techniques of shot put.
Practical Studies I and II - Athletics 106
Bibliography
BRAVO, J., PASCUA, M., GIL, F., BALLESTEROS, J., CAMPRA,
E..ATHLETICS I - Races and Walking. Spanish Olympic Committee,
1990.
BRAVO, J., LÓPEZ, F., RUF, H., SEIRUL-LO, F.. ATHLETICS II–
Jumping. Spanish Olympic Committee, 1992.
BRAVO, J., MARTÍNEZ, J., DURÁN, J., CAMPOS, J..ATHLETICS
III –Releases. Spanish Olympic Committee, 1993. Bulletins of
Regional Development Center of the IAAF (No. 1 to 8).
CARREIRA, S.. [Link]ção Desportiva , Lisboa, 1963.
FERNANDAES. Athletics Throws. S. Paulo, 1971.
FPA - Portuguese Athletics Federation, regulation of the
athletics;Lisbon, 2009
ATHLETICS MANUAL of the 3rd level of 2005
SCHMOLINSKY, G.. Athletics – Sport, Lisbon, Estampa nº 8,
1982. Technical Regulation of the International Federation of
Athletics Associations (IAAF).
[Link]
[Link]/educationandsports/[Link]
ATHLETICS. [Link]/wiki/Athletics/history
[Link]/