Mouse

The ratón mouse (from English, pronounced mouse) is a pointing device

used to facilitate the handling of a graphical environment on a computer.
It is generally made of plastic and is used with one hand. It detects
its relative motion in two dimensions along the flat surface on which it
supports, usually reflected through a pointer or arrow on the monitor.

Nowadays, it is an essential element in a computer system for most people.

of people, and despite the emergence of other technologies with a similar function,
like the touchscreen, practice has shown that it will still have many years of
useful life. However, in the future it might be possible to move the cursor or pointer with
the eyes or rely on voice recognition.

Characteristics
Types or models
They have a large sphere made of plastic or rubber, with several layers, at the bottom for
wheel movement that generates pulses in response to this movement over the
surface. One variant is the Honeywell model that uses two inclined wheels
90 degrees between them instead of a sphere.

The internal circuitry counts the pulses generated by the wheel and sends the information.
to the computer, which processes and interprets through software.

Optical
It is a variant that lacks the rubber ball that prevents the frequent problem of the
accumulation of dirt on the drive shaft, and due to its optical characteristics it is
less likely to experience a similar inconvenience. It is considered one of the most
modern and practical currently. It can offer a limit of 800ppp, like
number of distinct dots it can recognize in 2.54 centimeters (one inch);
the lower the number, the worse the motion sensor will perform. Its operation is based on
an optical sensor that photographs the surface it is on and detects
the variations between successive photographs determine if the mouse has changed its
position. On polished surfaces or on certain shiny materials, the mouse
Optical causes nerve movement on the screen, which is why the use is necessary.
of a mouse pad or surface that, for this type, should not be glossy and
better if it lacks multicolored engravings that could 'confuse' the information
bright returned.

Laser
This type is more sensitive and precise, making it especially advisable for the
graphic designers and video game players. It also detects movement
sliding over a horizontal surface, but the beam of light from optical technology
it is replaced by a laser with resolutions starting from 2000 dpi, which translates to
a significant increase in precision and sensitivity.

Trackball
The concept oftrackballIt is an idea that starts from the fact: the pointer must be moved,
not the device, so it is adapted to present a ball, in such a way that
when the hand is placed on top, it can be moved by the thumb, without
need to move nothing more or all the hand as before. In this way,
reduce effort and the need for space, in addition to avoiding possible pain from
forearm due to its movement. However, some people do not
it has really become quite comfortable. This type has been very useful, for example, in the
computerization of maritime navigation.

By cable
It is the most popular and cost-effective format; however, there are many
added features that can raise its price, for example if they make use of
laser technology as a motion sensor. Currently, they are distributed with two
possible types of connectors, USB and PS/2; it was also popular to use in the past
the serial port.
It is the favorite among experienced gamers, as the speed of
data transmission via cable between the mouse and the computer is optimal for gaming
that require great precision.

Wireless
In this case, the device lacks a cable to connect it to the computer.
(computer), instead uses some type of wireless technology. To do this
requires a receiver that receives the wireless signal it produces, throughbatteries,
the mouse. The receiver usually connects to the computer through a port
USB or PS/2. Depending on the wireless technology used, several can be distinguished.
possibilities:

•Radio Frequency (RF): It is the most common and economical type of this.
technologies. It works by sending a signal at a frequency of 2.4GHz, popular
in themobile telephonythe cell phone, the same as the standardsIEEE 802.11by
IEEE 802.11gIt is popular, among other things, for its few errors of
disconnection or interference with other wireless devices, in addition to
having a sufficient range: up to about 10 meters.
Infrared (IR): This technology uses an infrared wave signal as
data transmission medium, also popular among controls or commands
remotes oftelevisions, music equipmentor in cellular telephony. Unlike
from the previous one, has an average range of less than 3 meters, and both the emitter
the sender and receiver should be on the same visual line of direct contact
uninterrupted so that the signal is received correctly. Therefore, its success has
became smaller, even disappearing from the market.
Bluetooth (BT):Bluetoothit is the latest technology like transmission
wireless (standardIEEE 802.15.1) that has some success in other
devices. Its range is about 10 meters or 30 feet (which corresponds to the
Class 2 of the Bluetooth standard.
The controller

Yes, for some time now, it is common in anycomputer equipment, in such a way that
all modern operating systems usually come with a software included by default
controllerbasic driver for it to function immediately and
correct. However, it is normal to find manufacturer-specific software that can
to add a series of optional functions, or properly the controllers if they are
necessary.
One, two, or three buttons

Until mid2005, the well-known companyApple, for their Mac systems

I was betting on a one-button mouse, designed to facilitate and simplify for the user.
the different possible tasks. It has currently launched a model with two buttons
simulatedvirtual with sensors under the plastic cover, two side buttons
programmable, and a ball to move the pointer, calledMighty Mouse.

Wireless model with four buttons.

In Windows, the most common is the use of two or three main buttons. In systems
UNIXhowGNU/Linuxthat use graphical environment (X Window), it was common to have
of three buttons (to facilitate the operation of copying and pasting data directly). In
Currently, the functionality of the third button is integrated in many cases into
the central wheel in such a way that it can not only rotate, but can also be pressed.

Nowadays, any modern operating system can make use of up to these three.
different buttons and even recognize more extra buttons than the software
recognize, and can add different specific functions, such as assigning to
a fourth and fifth button for the operation of copying and pasting text.

OPERATION
Its main operation depends on the technology it uses to capture the
movement when being displaced on a flat surface ormouse pad
special for mouse, and transmit this information to move an arrow or pointer
about the computer monitor. Depending on the technologies used in the
movement sensor or by its mechanism and the method of communication between it
And the computer, there are many types or families.

The main or most common objective is to select different options that can
to appear on the screen, with one or two clicks, presses, on some button or buttons.
To manage it, the user must get used to both moving the pointer and to
click with one or two clicks for most tasks.

KEYBOARD
Characteristics

Incomputer scienceun keyboards ainput peripheralthe device, in part

inspired by the keyboard of thetypewriters, that uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or switches
electronic devices that send information to the computer. After the cards
perforated and the paper tapes, the interaction through the keyboard in style
teletype became the main input method for computers. The
The keyboard has approximately between 99 and 127 keys, and is divided into four.
blocks:

1. Function block: Ranges from the F1 key to F12, in three blocks of four: from F1 to
F4, from F5 to F8, and from F9 to F12. They work according to the program that is open.
For example, in many programs, pressing the F1 key accesses the associated help.
to that program.

2. Alphanumeric block: It is located at the bottom of the function block,

contiene los números arábigos del 1 al 0 y el alfabeto organizado como en una
typewriter, in addition to some special keys.

3. Special block: It is located to the right of the alphanumeric block, it contains

some special keys like Print Screen, Scroll Lock, Pause, Home, End,
insert, delete, PgUp, PgDn, and the directional arrows that allow moving the
insertion point in the four directions.

4. Numeric block: It is located to the right of the special block, it is activated when
press the Num Lock key, it contains the Arabic numbers organized as in a
calculator in order to facilitate the typing of numbers. It also contains the signs
of the four basic operations: addition +, subtraction -, multiplication *, and division /;
it also contains an Enter key.

Operation

Although USB keyboards started to appear shortly after the USB standard was defined, it is
with the arrival of the Apple iMac, which comes with both USB keyboard and mouse as standard
when the support for this type of keyboard is standardized. It also has the advantage of
make it independent of the hardware it connects to. The standard defines scancodes
of the 16 bits that are transmitted through the interface. From 0 to 3 are error codes of the
protocol, calls NoEvent, ErrorRollOver, POSTFail, ErrorUndefined,
respectively. From 224 to 231 are reserved for the modifier keys (LCtrl,
LShift, LAlt, LGUI, RCtrl, RShift, RAlt, RGUI

Existen distintas disposiciones de teclado, para que se puedan utilizar en diversos

Languages. The standard type of English keyboard is known as QWERTY.
Denomination of computer keyboards and typewriters that are used
usually in Western countries, with the Latin alphabet. The acronyms correspond
to the first letters of the keyboard, starting from the left on the top row. The
Spanish keyboard or its Latin American variant are QWERTY keyboards that are
They differ from English by presenting the letter 'ñ' and 'Ñ' in their key layout.
Different alternatives to the QWERTY keyboard layout have been suggested, indicating
advantages such as higher typing speeds. The most famous alternative is
the

A keyboard performs its functions through a microcontroller. These micro

drivers have a program installed for their operation, these same
Programs are executed and they perform the matrix scanning of the keys when
Press any, and thus determine which are pressed.

To achieve a flexible system, microcontrollers do not identify each key by its

screen-printed character in the same but a numeric value is assigned to each one
of them that only has to do with their physical position. The Latin American keyboard only
provide support with direct keys to the specific characters of Spanish, which
They include two types of accent, the letter eñe and the exclamation and interrogation marks.
The rest of the accent combinations are obtained using an extension key for
graphics. Otherwise, the Latin American keyboard is oriented towards the
programming, with easy access to the game of ASCII symbols.

Por cada pulsación o liberación de una tecla el micro controlador envía un código
identifier called Scan Code. To allow multiple keys to be pressed
simultaneously, the keyboard generates a different code when a key is pressed and
when that key is released. If the microcontroller notices that the pressing has stopped
from the key, the new generated code (Break Code) will have a press value
increased by 128. These codes are sent to the microcontroller circuit where
they will be treated thanks to the keyboard manager, which is nothing more than a program
from the BIOS and determines which character corresponds to the pressed key
comparing it with a character table that exists in the kernel, generating a
hardware interruption and sending the data to the processor. The microcontroller
also has some space ofRAM memorywhat makes it capable of storing
the last beats in case they cannot be read due to speed of
user input. It should be noted that when we make a press,
they can produce bounces that double the signal. In order to eliminate them, the keyboard
It also has a circuit that cleans the signal.

On AT keyboards, the generated codes are different, so for reasons of

compatibility needs to translate them. This function is managed by the controller of
keyboard that is another microcontroller (normally the 8042), this one already located in the
PC. This controller receives the Keyboard Scan Code (Kscan Code) and
generate the proper Search Code. Keyboard communication is via
series. The communication protocol is bidirectional, so the server can
send commands to the keyboard to configure it, restart it, perform diagnostics, etc.
Simplified Dvorak layout.

Only the keys labeled with an uppercase letter can provide both types:
uppercase and lowercase. To type a symbol that is located in the part
upper left of a key, the shift key is used, labeled as '↑'.
To type a symbol that is located in the bottom right of a key, you
use the Alt-Gr key.