MANUAL-DISTRIBUTION-VALVES

LEVERS-PUSHERS-ROCKERS-
ELEMENTS-REGULATION-SYSTEM-
SV-OHC-OHV-DIMENSIONING

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 TOPIC 4.- DISTRIBUTION

INTRODUCTION that the pressure of gases opposes their

opening.
The distribution can be defined as the
set of necessary elements to regulate the The movement that the valve makes from
inlet and outlet of gases from the cylinder of the its closing position up to the maximum opening
four-stroke engines. denominated, which is achieved thanks to the
To do this, it acts by opening and closing the takes the truck, which is activated by its axis, which
receives the movement from the crankshaft transmits it
valves in the intake and exhaust timings of
alternate movement to the valve almost always due to
synchronized with the crankshaft rotation.
half a pusher.
The elements that constitute the distribution
The arrangement of the valves varies from one
they are the following:
motors to others, and although the arrangement most
Valves normal is the one with valves in the cylinder head, it is possible
Levers. find valves arranged on the side of the
Pushers cylinder, although this valve arrangement only
Swinging chairs. it is adopted in engines that have a low ratio of
Regulatory elements. compression.

The valves in the cylinder head allow for a more

The basic scheme of the distribution of a reduced and greater compression ratios.
alternative motor is how it is presented in the
next figure:

4
7
6

5
Figure 2.- Arrangement of the side valves and in the cylinder head.

The operation of the valves must be such

Figure 1.- Basic outline of the distribution.
that allow for maximum filling of the cylinder and the
The valve is composed of a head, which minimum possible resistance at the exit of the gases
it is used to close the passage hole of the gases, and quemados. Para ello tienen que moverse de forma
stem or tail, which is used to guide the movement that the opening and closing occur at the most instant
and to transmit to the head the thrust of the cam and suitable, as quickly as possible and with the
the strength of the spring. maximum cross-section during most of the
of the aspiration and exhaust time.
Sealing is carried out, as a general rule, The control systems of the valves
through a carved truncated conical surface vary according to their position in the engine and according to the
on the periphery of the head, this surface is elements that serve as links with the cams. The
it rests on a seat that is carved with a counter more employees are represented today
cone that ensures the airtightness. The valve is by acronyms that can often be seen in the
opens moving inward into the camera engine cover
of combustion, which favors the tightness already

40
- SystemSV.
OHV System. The OHV system and block camshaft
SystemOHC. valves in cylinder heads is the most widespread system
due to its simple construction and its
The lateral valve system is the interesting operating features.
type of distribution that has cams and valves
located next to the cylinder. As linking elements between the cams and the
valves use a system of pushers and
balancers, as shown in the following
figure.

Figure 3.- SV distribution system.

This system, although it is very simple, since

uses few elements for the activation of
the valves and minimizes the effects of the
Figure 5.- OHV distribution system
inertia produced by the alternating movement of
pushers are seldom used today,
The pusher or tappet in contact with the cam,
due to the excessive volume it requires in the
combustion chamber, which results in low values it is in the form of a hollow cylinder inside which
compression relationships and, therefore, little place a metal rod that serves as a link with
thermal performance. the seesaw, which, like a first-class lever
gender, has two arms one of which receives
A between the lever and the valve tail is placed a the rod's thrust and is equipped with a
play adjustment device that
pusher or block provided with a screw
regulator that allows to modify the clearance between the it consists of a screw threaded onto the rocker
with a fastening nut
valve stem and the push rod. Sometimes the
the pusher has a rotating roller interspersed with The OHCode system levers and valves in
the one that achieves smoother operation
culataes is the most direct means of transmitting the
and, above all, less wear.
movement to the valves. But, although it avoids the
inertia and play effects, it becomes more
complex since the placement of the trees on
the buttstock requires special supports that give to
motor higher height and require in its manufacturing
specific elements to activate the pump
fuel, the oil pump and the distributor
of the ignition, which, in the systems
previously described, take the movement
from the same axis that drives the levers
known as a camshaft.

Despite its inconveniences, this type of

distribution minimizes the effects of
inertia in transmission, which makes it
particularly suitable for very engines
revolutionized.

Figure 4.- Push mechanism of the SV system

41
 inside the guides. At its end, it has a recess
to support the valve closing system
about the buttstock.

1.- Head.
2.- Cone.
3.- Stem.
4.- Reduce.

Figure 6.- OHC System.

The operation of the valves can be by

direct command by means of counterweights, Figure 8.- Valve.
as presented in the following figure:
Steel is used for its manufacturing.
able to withstand the loads without deforming and
to resist the corrosion effects produced
the high temperatures and the products of the
combustion.

The valves, especially the exhaust one,

they come to be subjected to temperatures that
exceeding 800 ºC, they must be designed for
so that, in addition to being lightweight, they have
adequate dimensions to allow filling and
emptying the cylinder with ease and to achieve
its cooling, since the diameter of the head
Figure 7.- OHC system with direct and remote control directly influences the amount of energy
semi-white
absorbed during work, so that to
larger diameter, the heat that strikes the
The adjustment of tappets or clearance between the rocker arm the valve is larger. Because of this, the valves of
escapes are built with a smaller diameter than the
and the valve is achieved by placing thin sheets
of steel until achieving the desired clearance.
of admission, since these are refrigerated by the
fresh gases that enter during the intake.
In what follows, a study will be carried out. The heat evacuation that they receive
detailed description of the constituent elements of the valves are made from the stem to the guide and from
distribution. it is in the cooling circuit.

The valves are manufactured from rod.

VALVES. cylindrical and the head is shaped by extrusion
of the hot material. The heating of the
The valves that, as has already been stated, the rod reaches the proper temperature
they have the mission of opening and closing the orifices of by electric induction.
inlet and outlet of gases in each cycle, have the
Edge of the cut-off head all around its perimeter at Steel is used for the exhaust valves.
cone shape with a 45º inclination, for to chromium - nickel and to tungsten - silicon, which are
that, when settling on the corresponding countercone alloys that are not only very resistant to
a hermetic seal is achieved from the cylinder head. heat and corrosion, have a high
resistance. To avoid wear, the stem is
The head carries a stalk or tail subject to nitriding treatment.
perfectly cylindrical, thanks to which all the
the piece is refrigerated and moves alternately
42
 In the intake valves, are used
lower quality steels due to the conditions The most commonly used types of valves are the
less rigorous work. Generally, it is about following:
carbon steel, with small proportions
chromium, silicon, and nickel. Spherical head valves, which have
the head with a bulging shape. Due to its robustness
The head of the valve whose diameter is are the most used.
limited by the size of the camera of
combustion, must have the maximum dimensions Flat head valve, which, although
possible. As this entails problems of less robust than the previous ones, reduce the
overheating, today the technique is used inertia effects, and are used in motors
called multi-valves or of several assemblies lightweight small and medium displacement.
valves per cylinder, which increases the
volumetric performance and a better one is achieved
cooling.

D
d

90º

Figure 10.- Flat head valve.

Tulip valves, which have an angle

of 120º cone, which facilitates the entry and the
gas evacuation, used in engines
designed for high performance.

Figure 9.- Dimensions of the valve.

Practice shows that the entry speed

the fresh gases should not exceed 80 m/s, and the
The exhaust gas outlet must not be
greater than 100 m/s. 120º

The dimensions of the valve stems Figure 11.- Tulip valve.

to avoid exceeding the tolerable limits by the
used materials must be from: In some cases, it is possible to find
engines that have special valves such as
the valves with deflector, which were used in
d los motores Diesel dotados de sistemas de
low-pressure injection, to promote the
4 agitation of gases and with it improve the
combustion.
The most widely used seating angle is the
of 45º because, although in some engines are used
30º on the intake valves with which it
achieve better filling of the cylinders.
The opening of the valve, whose value depends
of the eccentricity of the cam and of the shape of the
sliders, relate to the dimensions
from the head, and is determined by the formula:

h d
4
Figure 12.- Valve with deflector.

43
 Each valve moves in the hole of its
corresponding guide and, when the lever does not operate,
they keep closing the hole in the head by the
action of a spring placed around the
stem, to which it is joined by two halves
chavetasy a cup, as presented in the
next figure

2 Figure 15.- Valve seat.

1.- Locking slot. The assembly of these pieces is carried out

3
2.- Chavetas.
heating the head gasket housing where it goes
3.- Cazuela.
situated the seat, which is kept in a bath
of dry ice for its contraction. Once
placed the seats in their accommodations, to the
reach the same temperature both elements
Figure 13.- Assembly of the valve and breakdown of its parts they fit perfectly.
components.
To avoid excessive wear on the cylinder head
The opening of the valves can be done by
the valves move in some bushings
a single camshaft, or by two, one for the cylindricals called valve guides
intake valves and another for the exhaust ones, they are placed following the indicated process. In addition
situated one on each side of the camera to prevent the wear of the cylinder head and to serve as
combustion. Depending on whether one model or another is used,
guide to the valve during its movement, the
the arrangement of the valves in the cylinder head can guides transmit the heat absorbed by the
introducing oneself as shown in the following valves to the cooling circuit.
figures:
The material used in the production of guides
the valve is an alloy similar to that of the
seats, which also contains molybdenum, which gives it
it confers self-lubricating characteristics.
E AA E E AA E

A A A A
2

E E E E 1.- Valve.
2.- Valve guide.
3 3.- Seat.
Figure 14.- Distribution of valves in double line.

As the buttstock cannot withstand the impacts Figure 16.- Valve seat and guide.

that occur during the operation of the The guides are built with a very fit.
valves are placed in it, the so-called
valve seats, which are simple I need with the valve stem to avoid
pressed-in parts in housings gas leaks.
carved into the stock itself, shaped in a way To keep the valve seated against its
that the valve cone sits perfectly
in them, and made of an alloyed steel springs are used in the seat
chrome-nickel with the necessary hardness, treated valves. In these, it can occur, due to the fact of
subsequently to the manufacturing by bear the necessary efforts to open and
nitriding. close the valves, which have a
variable frequency with the rotation regime of
motor, at frequencies close to its natural one
vibration, bouncing in such a way that when by the

44
spring effect the valve is closing,
distribution opens it again, which harms the
correct functioning of the engine. To avoid this
problems use springs whose elastic constant
varies gradually, building them in such a way that 1.- Base circle.
2.- Flank.
increase the pace gradually from the
3.- Crest.
spirals closest to the seat.
- Opening angle.

Figure 18.- Cam detail.

The valve begins to open at the point of

tangency between base circle and flank, it goes
opening throughout all this, stays
open throughout the crest, it begins to close
during the second flank and closes at the point
of tangency of this with the base circle.
The opening angle of the intake cam or
the escape is half of the angle turned by the
Figure 17.- Gradual tension spring. crankshaft adding the angles to 180º
corresponding to the adjustment levels of
admission or escape respectively.
Currently, in very engines
fast, double springs with the coils are used Representing in Cartesian axes in
inverted, thanks to which the abscissas the angle turned by the cam, and in
indicated effects. ordered the valve displacement, we
obtains the so-called elevation diagram, which
offers the following features:
LIFT

The valve remains closed by the action displacement

from the spring and opens due to the push of the cam.
How it should be opened and closed once for each
two turns of the crankshaft, the cam has to make one 3
return in each cycle.
2
In the theoretical cycle, it was assumed that the valves 4

they opened and closed instantly, 1 5

remaining in maximum opening position angle turned by the cam

during all the time corresponding to the

admission and escape.
Figura 19.- Diagrama de alzada.
Mechanical limitations force to
The movement of opening and closing of the
carry out the opening and closing of the valves of
gradually, for this the profile of the cams has valves are operated by pushing the stem of the
a segment, called base circle, that valve with enough force to overcome
corresponds to the closing period, two sections the action of the spring, thanks to which, when
curvilinear rectilinear tangents to them, there's no more push, they're back to their
that correspond with the opening periods and closing position.
closing of the valves called flanges and a The opening and closing of valves, which has to
second circle called crest, which unites the to be synchronized with the operating cycle
two flanks corresponding to the phase of of the engine, is carried out by arranging the cams, as many
maximum opening. how valves carry the engine, on an axis
called camshaft, which normally
it is mounted on the engine block and for its rotation
it is supported by antifriction bearings.

45
 4 1 3 4 2 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 1

1.- Levers.
2.- Eccentric, fuel pump control.
3.- Drive pinion distributor.
4.- Bearings.

Figure 20.- Camshaft

1.- Drive gear.
2.- Driven gear.
It is normal for the same camshaft
the pump drive is located at Figure 22.- Transmission for short distance.
flammable, that of the ignition distributor, and the
from the oil pump. When the wheelbase is
suficientemente grande como para que los
gears in constant engagement are too much
large, a simple train is often set up
gears with an idler wheel, as it
shown in the following figure:

Figure 21.- Layout of the camshaft in the engine.

The camshaft is made by casting in a

2
mold and once machined they are subjected to a 1.- Driving gear.
tempering treatment, thanks to which it acquires 1 2.- Intermediate gear.
3.- Driven gear.
great hardness. Once the treatment is completed,
rectify for its finish.
Figure 23.- Transmission for medium distance.
The sizing of the camshaft is due to
In this case, to obtain a transmission
to do taking into account that during its
operation has to actuate the valves and silent gears are used
in addition to moving other auxiliary engine parts. helical and the intermediate pinion is made of
That is why it is advisable to give it a larger size than the plastic material to avoid direct contact
strictly necessary since, as the between metal wheels.
transmission is carried out from one of its ends
When the camshaft is located in the
and the resistance pair is high, if this is not done,
the fatigue due to torsion would produce head, the transmission system consists of two
deformations that would make the cylinders more pulleys connected by a chain with a tensioner,
distant ones had an inaccurate distribution. thanks to which the discrepancies are eliminated in the
distribution and the increase in noise levels that
The operation of the camshaft is carried out they produce the inevitable elongation of the chain
from the crankshaft, for which are used after prolonged periods of operation.
different transmission systems, which
depend on the type of engine and its situation in the
same.

Like the angular velocity of the camshaft

it has to be half that of the crankshaft, the
the diameter of the driven gear has to be the
double that of the driving gear. 2 3

When the wheelbase is short, the 4

1.- Driving gear.
transmission is carried out through two 2.- Roller chain.
3.- Driven gear.

gears in constant engagement, as shown 4.- Tensor.

in the following figure: Figure 24.- Long-distance transmission.

46
 In engines with a camshaft in the
cylinder head or with a dual camshaft is common
to use a rubber toothed belt with
polyamide armor, whose greatest advantages
is their absence of noise and their low inertia. This
the system has the drawback of requiring a
greater entertainment, although, like the pine nuts AAA
the conductor and the towed are mounted on the outside
from the block, the belt change is made easier
when the wear of it occurs.

2 3 4 Figure 26.- Marks on the steering wheel and crankcase.

1.- Driver pin.

2.- Dragged pinion.
3.- Tensor. Between the valve stem and the cam, there has to be
4.- Dragged pinion. to have a strike, which is necessary to
5.- Timing belt. absorb thermal expansions of the
elements that make up the distribution. If not
it will leave a space when the engine is cold
5
sufficient between valve and lifter, when the engine
the temperature of the regime is reached, the head
1
the valve would remain detached from its
seat, which in addition to a loss of energy,
Figure 25.- Transmission of the distribution by toothed belt. it would cause a rapid deterioration of the valves.
The most appropriate strike can be obtained

The synchronization of the camshaft and the through the so-called tappet adjustment, which
it is essential for the proper functioning of the
crankshaft for the opening and closing of the system, since if a strike were to be allowed
valves match exactly with the moments insufficient, when the expansion occurs the valve
established by the engine manufacturers is it could remain open, in which case there would be
necessary. For this, each engine has some marks leaks and if a gap were left it is excessive the
reference in the distribution gears the valve would take longer to open and close, it would open
they need to be matched. However, less than expected and there would be a minor
when these brands are not recognized, the deployment to
indicated performance.
the point is achieved through the flywheel,
for this purpose, and once the adjustment limits are known The corresponding slack is determined
of the engine, the first cylinder is placed at TDC. by the manufacturer, who determines it empirically. Its
continuation two matching marks are drawn in The adjustment is made using gauges that are placed.
any point of the steering wheel and the crankcase. Starting from between the valve tail and the end of the
they and in the sense of progress, it is marked in the rocking chair.
steering wheel the angle corresponding to the advance of
opening of the admission and the steering wheel is turned in
opposite direction, until the new one matches rockers
mark with the previous one.
Once in this position, the tree is rotated. They are levers that transmit the movement of
you raise until the intake valve of the the camshafts to the valves. In some cases, the shaft of
first cylinder is in position to start its the swing of the rockers can be in its center,
opening, which happens when the rocking lever enters with what constitutes first-class levers,
in contact with the valve tail and, finally, and in others it can be at one end of the
the drive gears are connected. lever, with which they constitute levers of
second gender. In the first case, they are called
tilting balance beams and in the second
oscillating balance beams.

47
 Check the wear and the
1.- Push in the valve tail.
3 2.- Rocker axis. deformations.
2 3.- Adjustment screw with nut
1 of fixation.
4.- Push in valve tail. Make adjustments between the shaft and the cam.
6
5.- Adjustment screw with nut
of fixation.
5
6.- Leva.
Rectify and grind the valves and their
7.- Rocker axis. seats.
7
4 Check the springs.

Figure 27.- Rocking balance and oscillating balance.

The type of rocking balance is the

normally used when the camshaft is
place in the block.

The type of oscillating rockers or

semi-balance weights are used when the shaft of
the lever is located on the buttstock.

Both types of rockers are manufactured from

steel, through casting and its set goes
mounted on an axis called axis of
rockers, so that each rocker carries a
anti-friction bearing or a needle bearing
to facilitate its rocking movement and
reduce wear due to friction.

The rocker shaft that is usually hollow and

closed at its ends, it carries a series of
holes that match the bearings or
rocker arm bearings, through which it exits
lubrication oil.

Figure 32.- Rocker axis.

Distribution Entertainment

The set of elements that constitutes the

distribution, is subject to continuous wear
and deformations caused by friction,
the shocks and the high temperature at which they are
exposed.

For its proper functioning it is necessary

carry out the following with some frequency
operations:

Cleaning.

Check the airtight closure of the valves.

48