FSK and PSK Modulation Techniques Explained
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ScribdTranslationsIMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Class 6
Angular modulation
In digital modulation, it is also possible to have two modulation techniques.
angular: FSK and PSK, when the characteristics of are discretely altered
frequency and phase.
The FSK signal presents two different frequencies and the PSK signal two phases.
different, with the transitions being abrupt and following the variations of
state of the digital signal.
Modulated signals can be practically obtained by methods of
selection. Thus, for FSK the selection is made between different generators and
for the PSK the selection is made among outputs of the same generator, shifted
differently.
There is an aspect that distinctly differentiates the result of signal modulation.
digital of that by modulation through analog signal. The fact that each state
present a section of pure sine wave, despite having one of its
modified characteristics give a certain common nature among modulation
in amplitude and angular modulation.
Both the FSK signal and the PSK signal can be idealized as the addition of
two OOK signals, modulated under opposite conditions, that is, one presenting
non-zero amplitude for state 1 the other for state 0.
a) Composition of FSK signals by adding OOK signals
IMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Class 6
b) Composition of PSK signals by adding OOK signals
We can thus conclude that it is possible to analyze FSK signals.
PSK takes advantage of the results obtained with ASK and also provides the possibility
to merge these methods.
FSK Modulation (Frequency Shift Keying)
Frequency Shift Keying modulation, FSK, presents as its main
a good resistance to noise when compared to ASK.
This makes FSK modulation used in low modems.
speed (with a transmission speed equal to or less than 2400 bps);
transmission via radio (in the transmission of radio-control signals).
The classification of the signal obtained with this modulation is done according to the
nature of the input signal:
If the signal is binary, we will have FSK or BFSK;
If the signal has levels (multi-level signal), we will have multi-level FSK or
MFSK.
Analysis of the BFSK signal
The BFSK signal admits two frequencies ω1 and ω2, we can write:
State 1: Em (t) = Eocos ω1t
State 0: Em (t) = Eocos ω2t
IMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Class 6
Considering still ω1 > ω2, one can define the virtual carrier.
Ev(t)= E0cos(ω)0t )
with the frequency:
and frequency deviation:
Spectrum of an FSK signal
We have two OOK type spectra, one around ω1 and the other around ω2.
however, the rays around ω2 all appear with phase inversion by
cause of the phase term in (-1). n
The inversion of the signal in the strips around ω2 ensures that in a half cycle
while the rays around ω1 reinforce their subcarrier, those in
Around ω2 cancel their subcarrier and vice versa in the other half cycle,
constituting the BFSK signal.
Within the criterion of only needing to recognize the presence of each signal
OK, so it is possible to determine the bandwidth required for transmission.
letting each subcarrier and the two bands that belong to them pass at least
adjacent.
B = 2ωd+ 2ω= 2(ωdFSK signal bandwidth
IMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Lesson 6
Analysis of the MFSK signal
The MFSK signal can be produced by selecting various generators, in the
tuned filters can be used for each frequency. The result
this filtering corresponds to an OOK signal and can be demodulated with a
envelope detector.
According to the frequency present at each moment, only the door
correspondent, from 1 to n, will have a positive signal. The other ports will only have
noise. The regenerator is able to reproduce any of the states
originals and the decision-maker, analyzing the tensions present in the doors, has
condition of recognizing which state should be produced by the regenerator.
The set of filters works like a sensitive response device to
frequency, being able to be discriminated in the conventional FM system.
IMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology – 12th Grade Class 6
Example of an MFSK system
FSK Modulator
Obtaining FSK modulation
FSK modulation can be obtained by applying the digital signal, with the band
of limited frequency, at the input of a VCO:
The amplitude variations of the digital signal force the VCO to vary its
frequency between two different values.
The bandwidth of the FSK signal depends on the transmission speed and the
IMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Class 6
difference between the mark frequencies (bit 1), fm, and space (bit 0), fs. Being the
equation used to calculate the bandwidth of the FSK signal, given below:
BW(FSK) = Vm(1+r) + (fm−fs )
where:
BW(FSK) = bandwidth of the FSK signal, in Hz;
Vm = transmission speed, bps;
R = filtering factor of the low-pass filter, Hz;
Fm = mark frequency, Hz;
Fs = spatial frequency, Hz.
The frequency shift used is the difference between the reference frequency and the
frequency space is related to the transmission speed.
Typically, a frequency deviation, in Hz, between half and the
good transmission speed, in bps. For a speed of
10Kbps transmission, we can use a deviation between 5KHz and 20KHz, by
example. The greater the deviation, the wider the bandwidth occupied and the
immunity against noise.
FSK Demodulation
In the FSK signal demodulation process, the limiter amplifier has the
the purpose of amplifying the FSK signal applied at the input of the demodulator and
eliminate the amplitude variations and noise that may be present in the signal
as an appetizer.
At the output of the limiter amplifier, we will have a signal of constant amplitude,
that will be applied to the band-pass filters of the mark and space circuits.
limiter amplifier is mainly responsible for the good noise immunity of the
FSK modulation.
Another reason for good noise immunity is due to the way it works.
decision circuit used in the demodulator. The decision circuit determines the
output level as a function of the amplitude of the signals at its input. The output will
for high level if the voltage at point c is higher than at point d.
When the frequency of the received signal is equal to the space frequency, it will appear
IMIL – 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Class 6
signal at the output of the band-pass filter of circuit space, b, the signal will be rectified and
after being filtered by the low-pass filter, showing a voltage in d. As the voltage
d will be greater than c, the decision circuit sets the output to level
down
IMIL - 2014 Telecommunications Technology - 12th Grade Lesson 6
In summary:
The FSK (Frequency Shift-Keying) modulation process consists of varying the
carrier wave frequency as a function of the modulating signal, in the present
case, the digital signal to be transmitted. This type of modulation can be
considered equivalent to modulation in FM for analog signals.
The amplitude of the modulated carrier wave is kept constant during
the entire modulation process; when the presence of a level occurs
logic '1' in the digital signal, the carrier frequency is modified to be able to
to be understood in the demodulation process. The frequency
the transmitted resultant will be the frequency of the carrier wave fpdecreased by one
frequency of deviation fdMathematically, the resulting modulated wave will be:
fr= fpfd .
carrier wave frequency - fp
frequency of deviation - fd
resulting frequency - fr
A logical level "0" has been recorded in the digital signal, the frequency
the resulting applied will be the frequency of the carrier wave increased by the
frequency of deviation: